大学英语口语“Should students only learn from books？”一课教案

第一篇：大学英语口语“Should students only learn from books？”一课教案

大学英语口语“Should students only learn from books？”一课教案

2008年6月4日 教师：

一、单元名称：lesson 10

Should students only learn from books？

二、教学目的

1、让学生知道在教学过程中，教师只是起引导作用。

2、学生从现实生活中学习知识和学习书本知识两者一样重要。

3、练习学生的英语口头表达能力。

三、教学要求

1、通过这课学习，学生能够正确的看待生活给予的知识，能够从自己的生活中试着去发现，总结出可以学习的东西。

2、学生必须重视课本所提供的知识。

如，（1）Teach students the basic knowledge about living skills（教学生关于生存的基本的知识）

（2）Enrich student’s knowledge and theory（丰富学生知识和理论）（3）Learning one’s country’s history.known more about their country（学习国家历史，了解更多关于国家的知识）

3、学生需要发表自己的观点及支持自己观点的因素。

四、教学重难点

重点：让学生自由表达想法及观点。

难点：学生正确的、准确的用英语表达出自己的思想。以及正确看待书本和生活教给的知识。

五、教学方法

讲授课、演示课和讨论课相结合

六、课的类型

单一课

七、课的结构

1、讲授课外知识：（1）What roles does teachers play in teaching area？（教师在教学过程中的作用）（2）Problems about Education？（教育中的问题）

2、讲授新知识：Should students only learn from books?（学生应该只学习课本吗?）

3、巩固新知识:让学生联系狼孩的故事和美国著作Children Learn What They Live（你给孩子什么？）总结出结论。

结论：The real life you experienced, have a direct influence on what person you will be.（你经历的真实生活，将直接影响你以后成为什么样的人。）

八、课时

1个课时

九、教学步骤

第一步，提出与教学相关的问题---What roles do teacher play in teaching area

and Problems about Education（教师在教学过程有什么作用以及现代教育存

在哪些题？）让学生思考。

第二步，向学生解说教师在教学过程有什么作用以及现代教育存在哪些题。教师在教学过程作用：

First of all, throughout the teaching process, teachers are a leader.（首先，教师在教学过程中只是一个领导作用）

Secondly, to stimulate enthusiasm for learning students.（其次，激励学生的学习热情）

Thirdly, to teach students learning methods.（再者，教学生学习方法）

Last but not the least, to teach students master the necessary and necessary

knowledge.（最后，教学生掌握必要的基础知识）

现代教育问题：

（1）Funds :the funds put into education are limited ,and the limited funds for education haven’t always been used in right way.---This may lead schools teaching equipment old-fashioned, then teachers cannot make the most of their knowledge.（2）Teachers are poorly paid and house conditions are also poor.---For this reason, a large number of teachers are resigned to find better pay jobs.Then, it have a bad influence on education because there were no teachers available.（3）The students’ tasks are over-loaded.It include two aspects: first is the school tasks are heavy.Second is most parents impose their children to learn more things and they do not care whether their children like it or not.---The two aspects lead students cannot sleep or rest well and have a bad influence on students health.Sometimes it may cause students psychological and physical problems.第三步，导入新课，让学生分组讨论学生是否该只从课本学习。总共分成两

组，A组支持只从课本学习，B组反对。

第四步，两组同学讨论后选出代表说出各自组的意见，并说出为何只学习课

本或不应该只学习课本。A组是李俊杰总结，B组是王晓燕总结。

第五步，总结两组学生的意见。

A组认为Book is students basic tool to learn knowledge and students must master the basic knowledge and theory on books at first.(书本是学生学习知 识的最基本的工具，学生必须先掌握书本上的基本知识理论。)B组认为The knowledge on books are rally limited, students need to learn more.（书本上的知识真的很有限，学生需要学习更多知识。）第六步，向学生解说学习课本知识优缺点及从生活中学习的优缺点。

The things students learn from books：（学生能从课本学到的知识）： •（1）teach students the basic knowledge about living skills（教学生关于生存的基本的知识）-----cannot improve student’s practical ability---students just like a bird in the cage.(不能改善学生的实践能力，学生只能像笼中鸟一样)•(2)enrich student’s knowledge and theory（丰富学生知识和理论）

•(3)learning one’s country’s history.known more about their country.（学习国家历史，了解更多关于国家的知识）------Enhance our sense of patriotism and national honor（这会增加我们的爱国意识和民族自豪感）

Things we get from our real life：（学生能从生活学习到的知识）：

(1)Practice makes perfect.---put knowledge into practice, improve student’s social ability and make students gradually brave.（熟能生巧——把知识运用的实际，改善学生的社会交际能力，使学生渐渐成熟、勇敢）（2）Try to find out about real life.（试着探究真实生活）

(3）Students may more easily to remember or learn things from real life and experience.（从真实生活和经验中，学生更容易的记住或者学习东西）(4)Society can teach students to be full of love, helpful and responsibility.（社会会让学生充满爱心、乐于助人和有责任感）

(5)Travel some place-----broaden students horizons and known more about different cultural.(旅游一些地方-----开拓学生的视野，知道更多不同的文化)(6)Knowing the world outside the campus may awaken students in a high sense of duty and help students make greater achievement in future（了解校园外面的世界，让学生有高度的责任意识，有助于学生在以后取得成功）第七步，做出最后总结。

（1）Both books and real life can teach students useful things(书本和生活都交给学生重要的知识。)（2）Books teach students the basic knowledge and how to live（书本教给学生基础知识，教如何学生生存）

（3）Real life teach students the responsibility and improve us.Let students know how to get on with one another and how to form relationships（生活教会学生要有责任心，不断改善学生。教学生怎么和别人相处，怎么建立社会关系。）

十、布置作业

本章课后练习题1-3题

1、Do you think university students in China are overburdened with their studies? What is it like at your college?

2、What do you think is the main task students have at school? Is it to learn more about society? Why?(Why not?)

3、What do most of the university students do both in China and in the West to prepare themselves for the future?

十一、板书设计

1、Should students only learn from books？

2、打开书，采用学生两人一组练习对话，再进行表演。第一组：李俊杰和王晓燕。第二组：周学和李青云

3、在黑板上写出分组。A组和B组（教师左边的是A组，教师右边的是B组）

4、写下学生意见。

A组认为Book is students basic tool to learn knowledge and students must master the basic knowledge and theory on books at first.（书本是学生学习知识的最基本的工具，学生必须先掌握书本上的基本知识理论。）

B组认为The knowledge on books are rally limited, students need to learn more.（书本上的知识真的很有限，学生需要学习更多知识。）

5、在黑板上给学生写出自己总的结论。

1.Both books and real life can teach students useful things（书本和生活都能交给学生有用的知识）

2.Books teach students the basic knowledge and how to live（书本教学生最基本的知识，教学生如何生存）

3.Real life teach students the responsibility and improve us.Let students know how to get on with one another and how to form relationships（生活教会学生有责任感，不断改善他们。让学生知道如何与他人相处，然后形成社会关系）

十二、教后记

1、自我评价：

教学效果基本达到预定目标，学生积极性较高，比较感兴趣。

2、内容调整与补充：

作为一节课，内容稍显多，学生的自由讨论及自由表达还需要另一节课。

第二篇：大学英语口语

我认为理想的生活应该是快乐而且衣食无忧，每天都过得充实而且快乐，不用担心衣食住行，能够做自己想做的事和喜欢做的事，创造属于自己的人生价值。

I think the ideal life should be happy and comfortable, had a full and happy every day, don't have to worry about food and clothing live line, to do what you want to do and do, create their own value of life.例如，可以抽出时间看自己想看的书，见自己相见的人和去自己想去的地方。

For example, you can take time out to see oneself want to see of book, saw that they meet each other and to the places they want to go.工作对于一个人非常重要，因为工作是一个人实现价值和满足基本需求的需要。

Work is important for a person, because the work is a person value and meet the needs of the basic requirements.对于处理工作与休闲的关系，我认为工作时应该认真工作，提高工作效率，休闲时应该尽情享受，体验生活的乐趣。

To deal with the relationship between work and leisure, I think work should work in earnest, improve work efficiency, should enjoy leisure, experience the fun of life.白领应该是受过高等教育，工作能力强，衣食无忧的人，不喜欢，因为白领的生活方式不健康，比如：吃饭很快，不吃早餐，过度饮用咖啡

White-collar workers should be trained in higher education, work ability, desultory person, don't like it, because of the white-collar lifestyle is not healthy, such as: eat quickly, don't eat breakfast, excessive drinking coffee

第三篇：大学英语口语

1.What is addiction? What are the things people can easily get addicted to? An addiction is the condition of being dependent on a drug, or the crave 渴望，乞求

to do something because one cannot stop doing it.One can be addicted to cigarette smoking, drugs and the Internet.2.Why do you think some people, especially young people, take drugs? Some people take drugs to feel good.Others take drugs to temporarily forget their problems.And still some others take drugs to reduce stress.Young people may try drugs out of curiosity, or may be tempted to take drugs because of peer pressure.3.Why is drug abuse such a threat to our society?What can we do to prevent or reduce drug abuse? Drug abuse harms not just the abusers, but also their loved ones, their family and society at large.A drug addict will resort to crime and violence or any means to get money to buy drugs.The behavior will be a threat to our society.Punishment alone is not an effective way to help drug users quit drugs or stop drug users from committing crimes.In order to prevent drug abuse, we can launch drug education programs to teach young people about the risks involved, toughen laws to prevent drug offenses, and make greater efforts to crack down on drug trafficking 交通来往.毒品交易

1.What do you think are the causes of war? War breaks out because of religious conflicts,economic disputes.Throughout the history, most wars have been waged to protect the economic interests of superpower.2.Consequences(结果，推论)of War/What damage does war do to mankind? War is a human tragedy.Millions of people die and families fall apart as a result of war.For example, in peace-time sons bury fathers, but war violates the order of nature and fathers bury sons.On the other hand, war is costly in money, resources and human lives.What is worse, disputes often persist after wars.3.What is your favorite book or movie about war?How dose it affect you and your attitude toward war? My favorite movie about war is赤壁,from the movie I know that if a country is attacked,it has the right to fight.What’s more,to prepare for war is one of the best ways to preserve peace.1.What does aging mean?How old are people considered elderly? Aging is the natural process of growing old.It refers to a decline in all areas of a person’s mental and physical abilities.People over 65 years old are generally considered elderly or senior citizens.2.How should we treat old people? Old people are an asset of society.They are more experienced and responsible.But Old age is often accompanied by various kinds of illnesses such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, etc.A typical sign of aging is forgetful-ness.So We should treat old people with respect, affection, patience, and kindness , take good care of them, especially when they are sick.3.What problems may people have as they grow old? Many elderly people suffer from varying degrees of memory loss.A typical sign of aging is forgetfulness, decline in vision and hearing and weakening of muscle strength.1.Why do some young people pick up smoking? Some young people may have picked up smoking out of curiosity.And some young people may have picked up smoking because they thought it was cool.2.How harmful is smoking to smokers? Smoking is harmful to one’s health.For example,smoking is known as a fatal cause of lung cancer.Smoking is also found to be related to other types of cancer.3.In what places has smoking already been banned? Are you in favor of this policy or not? Why? I think all public places should at least partially ban smoking.Besides,all public places should create a smoke-free area for non-smokers.4.What troubles can a smoker have if he works in a non-smoking environment? Once you become addicted to smoking, it will be hard to quit the habit.Whether a smoker can give up smoking or not depends on his will, his determination and the support of his friends and family.5.Is smoking also harmful to nonsmokers? In what way? Smoking is dangerous not only to the smokers themselves but also to the nonsmokers around them.Passive smoking can also cause lung cancer.1.What is the general attitude toward wealth in our society? Modern life is built around money.Money, whatever form it takes, is essential for buying goods and services.In a commercialized society, money ranks very high in people's value system.2.Do you think money can bring happiness? Why or why not? Money does not necessarily bring us happiness.It brings you medicine, but not health.Happiness does not depend on the amount of money you have.A happy man is one who is content, whether he is rich or poor.3.How is life different for the rich as compared with the not-so-rich? For the rich,good education,travel,luxury and security are all readily available.While the poor attain these with great difficulty,if at all.4.Do you think wealth is a source of happiness or a source of problem.For me,wealth is a source of happuness.As is known to all,modern life is built around money.Whatever form it takes, is essential for buying goods and services.1.What is memory? Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use.2.What techniques do you use to help you remember things? Whether you can remember things well or not depends on the way you try to remember them.Don't try to memorize all the facts, but focus your attention on what you consider more important.It is impossible to concentrate if you are tense or nervous.Try to relax and you'll remember things.3.How can we improve our memory?

Memory is like a muscle---the more it is used, the better it gets.So if we want to improve our memory,try to use our memory to the utmost.Learning new skills could stimulate our brain.1.What is the purpose of an oral presentation?

Our performance in oral presentations will form an important part of the overall assessment of our work.We are often expected to give oral presentations to our classmates and teachers.2.How can we make our presentations more effective?

In giving an oral presentation, we should not only organize information and ideas coherently but also deliver the speech in a clear and vivid way.Using charts, photos and computer graphics can help us to get our message across.3.What is OHP and what are its functions?

The OHP is a device which projects enlarged images from transparencies onto a screen or a white wall.Using an overhead projector enables the audience to see the charts, diagrams and photos clearly.Using an overhead projector enables the audience to follow a presentation more easily.1)In what sense do you think we can regard the world we live in as One World? The world in which we live gives birth to the human race and nurtures the human race.Besides,Contacts between cultures promote understanding among peoples of the world.What’s more,With the rapid development of transportation means and the information technology the world is getting smaller and smaller.So we can say that........2)Do you think people in the world are largely similar? Why or why not? All human beings have the need to eat, to have shelter, and to work.They also need to love others and be loved.We, people of the world, are one big family, for together we exist, and together we try to make the world better for all.Although people in different countries have different traditions, they all seem to celebrate certain days such as New Year’s Day, Mother’s Day, Children’s Day, etc.3)What are the traditions of birthday celebrations in some Western countries? How do they differ from the Chinese ones? Cakes, lights, and candles are often associated with the celebration of a person’s birthday in many Western countries.In China, special noodles are served for lunch in honor of the birthday person.The noodles are extra long to symbolize longevity or a long life.1.What do cultural differences mean? People from different countries speak different languages, keep different value systems, and have different ways of looking at things.These differences are generally called cultural differences.3.What problems may be caused by our failure to recognize cultural differences? Failure to recognize cultural differences may cause many problems.On the one hand, those who are uninformed about cultural differences may have difficulty communicating with their business associates from other cultures.On the other hand, inability to recognize cultural differences can make mutual understanding difficult.A certain amount of small talk about the weather, family, and personal hobbies is expected before getting down to business with your foreign associates.4.How can we deal with cultural differences? There are many ways to deal with cultural differences.For example,we can avoid unintentionally offending others by learning the basic characteristics of other cultures.For instance, we may ask our foreign friends about their everyday customs or take time to explain certain common customs of our own culture to them.1.What kind of friends do you think are true/good friends? A good friend is a real friend, and a real friend is a friend for life.A friend is, as it were, a second self.First, a friend is one whom you can count on, trust and talk to.Second, a friend is someone who will listen to you when you talk about your problems or before whom you may think aloud.What is more, a friend is a person who will help you if you are in trouble.Just as the saying goes: A friend in need is a friend indeed.2.How do you make friends? We should make friends with those who are kind-hearted, compassionate, caring, honest and thoughtful, because they are sincere and reliable.So don’t try to win a friend with gifts only.The only way to have a friend is to be one.3.What is true friendship? Friendship involves affection and intimacy.Friendship is based on warmth, trust and shared experience.True friendship is a plant of slow growth, the value of which can stand the test of time.True friendship is like health, the value of which is seldom known until it is lost.4.How valuable is friendship in a person’s life? Life without friends is like life on a desert island, and life without friendship is not worth living.Sharing joy and sorrow is the way to show your deep friendship.If you tell your joy to your friend, your joy will double.And if you pour your sorrow to your friend, your sorrow will be reduced by half.5.How can we keep friendship alive? Sharing your joy and sorrow with your friends can nurture friendship and keep friendship alive;keeping your friends informed about yourself can improve friendship, and make friendship permanent;remembering important days in your friends’ lives can promote friendship and keep friendship fresh in our minds.

第四篇：大学英语口语课程教案

大学英语口语课程教案

学 院： 外国语学院

学 期： 2008-2009学年第一学期

学 时 18 教 材 《大学英语基础口语教程第一册》

（Let’s Talk Book 1）

授课教师 大学英语口语精品课程组

授课对象 2008级普本

上课地点 南、北校区、学院路校区

上课时间 周一至周五

授课题目（Teaching Title）：

Unit 12 Foreign Customs

授课类型(Class Type)：

Lecturing and practice

授课课时安排（Teaching Periods）： periods

本授课单元教学目标(Teaching Objectives)：

In this unit students are required to:

1.master the basic vocabulary related to Western wedding.2.learn to describe the different manners between Chinese and Western customs.3.learn the proper way to behave in Western society.本授课单元教学重点(Main Points of Teaching)：

1.Instruct Students to speak and behave properly in western society concerning some important events.2.Analyze the different manners between Chinese and Western countries.本授课单元教学难点(Difficult Points of Teaching)：

Instruct the students to use cultural-related words to describe and compare the proper manners in Chinese and western events.教学手段(Teaching Aids)

Multimedia(audios, videos, pictures, texts), blackboard.本授课单元教学步骤及时间分配(Teaching Procedures and Time Allotment)：

1.Warming-up Activities(about 15 minutes)

1.1 Role play: A Typical Western Wedding(about 10 minutes)

Student are assigned the task in the previous class.They are asked to perform a typical western wedding.Useful materials and information should be collected before the class.(about 10 minutes)

1.2 Wedding-related Vocabulary and Oath of Wedding:(about 5 minutes)

After the role play, the wedding-related vocabulary and Oath of Wedding should be introduced to all the students:

Wedding-related Vocabulary

Bride bridegroom bridesmaid groomsman Pastor ring oath church

Oath of Wedding

Pastor:

Dearly beloved, we are gathered together here in the sight of God and in the face of this congregation to join together this man and this woman in holy matrimony, which is an honorable estate, instituted in the time of man’s innocence.If any man can show any just cause or impediment why they may not be lawful joined together, why they may not be lawfully joined together, let him speak now or for ever hold his peace.Do you promise to love her, comfort her, honor and keep her, in sickness an health and forsaking all others, keep thee only unto her for as long as you both shall live.Bride and Bridegroom: Yes, I do.2.In-class Activities

2.1 Individual Work(about 8 minutes)

.1.1 Comparison: Differences between a typical western wedding and a traditional Chinese wedding.Students are required to compare the weddings and make a discussion on their differences.Sample for reference:

Chinese Wedding:

• Color of wedding dress: White

• Location of wedding celebration: Lobby of home

• Wedding process: presided by the master of ceremony • Others: fire cracks, character of double happiness •

Western Wedding

• Color of wedding dress: White

• Location of wedding celebration: Church • Wedding process: presided by pastor

• Others: ring, flower, cake, bridesmaid, groomsman

2.1.2 Video Clip:(about 15 minutes)

Watch the video.What mistakes do the man made in the dinner party?

Students are required to watch a 5-minutes short video about culture conflict and to find out the wrong thing the man did in the dinner party.Proper answer:

a.Greet people in his own way

b.Talk to the people not besides him

c.Take retire as retard and keep talking about it d.Compliment the lady with improper word

e.Perform extremely stupid in using restroom.f.Bring his friend without being permitted

2.1.3 Listening Practice(about 7 minutes)

2.2 Pair Work(about 10 minutes)2.2.1 Discussion in pairs

Western Manners: Discuss with your partner what we should pay attention to in the western countries according to the following situations: having dinner, greeting, visiting others home Samples for reference:

Having dinner: knife and fork;you have your own plate of food;Eat up all the;food on your plate;Do not put food on the plate of your guests with your own fork;Go Dutch;tips

Greeting: The simplest thing to say is “Good morning,” “Good afternoon'” or “good evening.” This greeting is given to one whom you know only slightly, or to any one you are passing quickly.“How are you” is usually used when you are not in such a hurry.No answer is expected other than “ Fine, thank you.” "hello' is the commonest form of greeting between good friends.Visiting other’s home: When invited to luncheon, dinner, or supper, it is very impolite to arrive late, as it is usually planned to have the meal at the exact hour given in the invitation.After the meal is over it is not polite to leave for at least half an hour, lest you seem to have come only for the meal.An evening dinner invitation usually implies that you stay for the whole evening.2.2.2 Dialogue Practice(about 15 minutes)

Imagine a visitor from the United States is coming to China.Give advice on these topics:

Driving a car, giving gifts, traveling by bus or subway, eating in a restaurant respecting older people, using business cards, eating on the street, standing in line, using the telephone

Sample:

A.I will go to China next week.B.Really? How long will you stay there?

A.For several months.So would you please tell me some thing that I should pay attention to during my stay in China?

B.Of course.First, you should get accustomed to the Chinese traffic.In the street, there are a lot of transportation tools.Bus, cars, motorcycle, bicycle.A.Well, do it mean a busy traffic?

B.Yeah.In fact, the problem traffic jam is extremely serious in China.A.Oh, I see.Anything else? I’ve heard that Chinese eating manner is greatly different with our US.Is that true.B.Well, nowadays there are a lot of western restaurants in China.But Chinese has their own dinning customs.For example, in a typical Chinese dinner, each dish is shared.Chopsticks are used instead of knife and fork.One person would like to pay the bill as his treat.A.Well, it seems that there are so many differences between the two countries.B.Take it easy.Chinese people are hospitable.You are surely to have good time there.2.3 Group Work(about 20 minutes)

Debate: Should Chinese celebrate Western Holidays?

Each group presents their own ideas on the topic first.Then a free debate will be directed among students.Sample:

We should celebrate western holidays

I think we should celebrate western holiday.First, it's a good way for globalization, and we can know more about the culture in other country.Secondly, foreigners will also have a chance to know more about the Chinese culture.Thus, we could avoid some cultural misunderstandings.First，I do not think it is a bad things ,and the holiday is a good thing ,many people could celebrate not only the Chinese people but also the American, and so on.Second, many people go aboard every year, and they should adjust themselves to the aboard environment，so the must to celebrate the holiday，so I think we should celebrate it，and other people that come from union.We should not celebrate western holidays

To begin with, there are so many meaningful traditional festivals in China, from which people could have a rest and get relax.In the festival, without the burden of work, people call on relatives, visit their respected teachers, and chat with their best friends.Though the temperature is very could in that time, the atmosphere among people is very warm and happy.Besides, there are other meaningful and instructive festivals in China, such as Autumn Day, National Day, Pure Bright Festival, etc.Furthermore, western festivals have the cultural and historical origins in the western countries, which are not known and comprehended by Chinese people.There are so many western festivals, which are originated from or related with Christian or Catholicism which are not believed in by the majority of Chinese people.We could not gain the happy feeling since we could not understand these holidays’ meanings.Finally, there are negative aspects on unhealthy people in the western festivals which should not be celebrated by us.All Saints Day is a very thrilling festival, in which people put the horrible or sinister mask upon their faces.Though these kinds of actions help people to boost their courage, it is dangerous to the unhealthy people or ill people with heart diseases or cerebrovascular diseases.4.Assignments

Get prepared for Unit 16 The future

Prepare a presentation: What I would be like in ten years.Task description:

A group consisting of 4—5 students will give the presentation.The main content should mainly about one’s future life ten years later, for example, career, marriage, children.本单元参考资料：

1.《新时代交互英语》视听说第一册，赵勇主编，清华大学出版社，2004。2.《英语口语教程》初级，吴祯福主编，北京外国语大学出版，1993。3.《英语口语教程》第一册，姚保慧主编 高等教育出版社，1998。

4.《大学英语口语教程》第一册，梅德明主编，上海译文出版社，2001。

5．《新视野大学英语视听说教程》第一册，郑树棠主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2004。

6.http://www.xiexiebang.com/publish/portal0/ 7.http://ts.hjenglish.com/

8http://www.xiexiebang.com/article.php?articleid=81 9.http://www.xiexiebang.com/

第五篇：大学英语口语教学浅析

创先职称论文发表网

大学英语口语教学浅析

摘要：在英语教学中，由于多种因素的共同影响，学生的实际应用能力一直难以提高。本文分析了影响学生口语能力的因素．围绕诺言学家Littlewood将交际能力所概括的四个方面，提出培养学生交际能力的途径。

关键词：口语；输入；跨文化；教学途径

普通语言学认为语言是有声的，任何有声语言总是以口语为第一性，书面语是口语的文字记录，是第二性的，在语言的发展过程中口语始终处于首位。社会语言学认为，交际功能是语言的本质功能，语言是一种交际工具。交际能力不仅包括对一种语言的语言形式的理解和掌握，而且还包括对在何时何地、以什么方式对谁使用恰当语言形式进行交际的知识体系的理解和掌握。交际能力是一个复杂的概念，涉及语言、修辞、社会、文化、心理等多种因素，包括一个人运用语言手段(口头语或书面语)和副语言手段来达到某一特定交际目的的能力。语言学家Littlewood将交际能力概括成四点：①掌握语言知识，并能运用语言清楚地表达思想;②不仅掌握语言知识，还了解这些语言知识在交际中的作用；②学习者在使用语言时应考虑自己的社会地位及社会语境．并能从听者的反应中判断出所用语言是否恰当；④学习者必须了解语言的社会含义，能使用本族人普遍接受的语言。语言教学应该以教学生如何使用这种交际工具为主。语言知识的学习是为了更好地使用语言工具，发挥其交际功能服务的。英语口语教学应该围绕交际能力包含的内容，着重培养学生运用英语进行口头交际的能力。

一、影响学生口语能力的主要因素

以学生进入初中阶段开始学英语算起，进入大学之前，每个人接触英语的时间平均6—7年。初中3年加高中3年，英语学习往往花费上千学时，然而培养出来的学生只能背出一系列语法条条，却连最简单的常用语也听不借或说不出，英语听说能力严重不足。究其原因、我认为有以下几点。

(1)长期以来，英语教学一直走“语法翻译教学法”的路子。传统的英语课堂上教师采用“讲解一翻译一朗读—做题”的教学模式，语法知识被视为教学核心，教学以讲解词汇、语法和分析课文中的语言点为主，把语言作为理论知识来教，忽视了语言的交际功能。教学中以教师为中心，忽略了学生的主体因素。教师在课堂上就知识讲知识，学生被动机械地背诵模仿。久而久之，学生感到乏味。大多数学生语音不过关．他们付出了努力，所学得的却是“聋哑英语”，导致大部分学生知难而退，放弃英语学习。

(2)应试教育的观念根深蒂固，中考和高考乃至四级、六级考试试题都比较重视语法和书面知识。尽管这些年越来越多的教师认识到这一不足，将听力增设为考试内容。但内于实际操作难度较大，口语考试一直被排除在外，只有极少数四级、六级成绩优秀的学生才有机会参加。在这种情况下．教师不得不采用传统的模式，“肢解”课文．做句子的分析和翻译、词汇的讲解和练习，重视语言知识的学习，却忽视了学生运用语言能力的培养。

近年来，各种新兴的教学理论层出不穷，高校英语教师在这方圆也进行了积极的探索，但由于教学时数、教材使用、教学条件和设备及班级学小数量等因素的影响，成效并不显著。

二、口语教学中培养学生交际能力的途径

（一）加强阅读听力训练，增加语言输入与储备

众所周知，语言输入是语言输出和完成交际的必备条件。读与听是语言、知识、信息获取的重要手段．也是开口说话的第一步。大量的阅读与听力练习是学生获得语感以及学会正确表达自己思维的基本途径。读与听的过程不仅是一个接收的过程而且还是一个建立的过程。这个过程的第一阶段被称为感觉阶段。在这个阶段，学习者得到的仅仅是一个肤浅的印象，这基本上是一个被动和接收的阶段：第二阶段被称为识别阶段。这一阶段中学习者把所接收的信息加以识别，把已经识别的与正在识别的联系起来。这个识别过程是积极的、细致的。第三阶段为领悟和建立阶段。学习者通过认知系统重复一遍所接触到的材料，而且不时地把已经理解的东西与新学到的加以对照和修正，并以一种比较容易保留的形式被存入记亿里。这样，理解了的材料得到了改变，被保留下来的是语义信息。有了语义信息，人们再寻求表达形式*从这个过程，我们可以得出结论：学习者学说英语必须从听和读开始，开口说话，表达思想，进行语言交际便成了大量听和读的必然结果。学习者由于接触材料的深度与广度不同，口头交际能力差异很大。那些听得多、理解得多、读得广的学习者，口头交际能力就强；而那些听得少、读得不透彻的学习者，在表达时就会感到无话可说，或者不知如何说，口头交际能力自然就差。

(二)培养用英语思维的习惯，充实跨文化知识

用英语思维是指排除本族语的干扰，用英语直接理解、判断和表达。口语教学的日的在于培养学生的口头交际能力，学生应养成良好的口头交际的习惯，做到语言清晰、流畅、准确。培养学生用英语思维的习惯，加强英语思维能力训练是培养学生用英语表达思想能力的重要手段和途径。由于缺乏有效的语言输入，大多数学习者在表达前，把语义信息，即他想说的．在脑子里下意识地寻求母语的表达式，然后再把它译成英语。这种做法不可避免地会导致母语的干扰。这样借助于母语表达出来的东两多数是不地道的，运用这种方式与人交际经常会导致交际出现障碍甚至失败。在英语口语教学中应该让学生听地道的英语，培养他们边听边直接用英语把听到而且理解了的东西储存在记忆里的习惯，以及培养他们克服母语干扰直接用英语表达的良好习惯。学生通过一系列主动、积极的思维活动，理解和表达思想，接受和输出信息。正是在这种积极的思维和表达过程中，学生：才能获得真正的英语口头交际能力。

英语学习者在与英语本族人进行实际交往中，很容易将自己的母语使用习惯带人跨文化交际，从而引起误会，导致交流出现障碍甚至失败。由于母语文化因素的干扰，而说出不得体的英语的现象非常普遍。我们都知道，语言交流所涉及的不仅仅是一系列的语法规则及词条，而且还涉及语言使用的社会文化及风俗习惯。一句完全符合语法规则的话，用在不恰当的场合，说得不合说话人的身份，或者违反当地的社会风俗习惯，就达不到交际的日的。所以，在英语口语教学中，应该比较系统地将目的语的文化知识的传授融入教学中，使英语口语教学与文化教学相结合。在口语教学的初级阶段，教师应着重交际文化的导入，内容包括介绍日常生活交往方面英汉主流文化的差异，以及在语言形式和运用中的具体表现，打招呼和告别、各种称呼、祝贺和赞扬以及其他社交礼节等的差异介绍属于此类。介绍由于文化差异引起的英汉词语、成语、谚语和格言的意义及运用方面的差异，介绍英汉语言在比喻和联想运用上的差异以及英汉语言中典故、委婉语和禁忌语运用方面的差异等。学生通过这些差异的学习，就能理解各种英语表达法所涉及的文化内涵。在口语教学的高级阶段则着重导人知识文化，从中西文化差异的深层人手，介绍中西方思维方式、价值观念、认知行为、交际关系以及言语表达方式等方面的差异。学生通过中西文化此类差异的学习，就增强了文化差异意识，了解了西方的人际关系及交往的深层次模式，从而学会得体地进行交际。

（三）加强师生互动，趣化口语课堂

外语口语能力并非与生俱来，也很难在教学过程中立竿见影，它需要一系列的输入、模仿、分析等各方面的习得之后而取得。因此，口语课堂的每个环节、每个活动都必须有意义、有趣味，从而使学生集中于教学的内容而非形式上。教学内容必须难度适中。在具体的操作中，则宜遵循先模仿后应用、先机械后活用、先语言后交际的总原则来安排和开展，即呈现、机械性操练、有意义操练到交际性练习。

在教学的第一个阶段，教师可将与实际生活密切相关的语言资料或信息材料发给学生．并附上相关的词汇、句型及对话，让学生在对这些词汇和句型认知的基础上，先模仿其中的对话，再分组讨论，从中学习和掌握一些英语最基本的句型和习语、惯用语，要熟练到脱口而出的程度。掌握一些公式化的套语、记住许多现成的口头话语，对能编制出创造性的言语、弥补第二语言规则的不足以及摆脱交际困境都是必要的。由于这些交际性的内容难度适巾，又与学生的实际生活密切相关，为学生提供了很有价值的语言材料和语言信息，触发他们积极地投入学习的热情。

第二阶段的训练目标主要是培养学生连贯说话的能力。教学内容可包括爱情友谊、公共道德、人际关系、个性特点、生活习惯、趣味爱好、生活经历、体育运动、勤工俭学、学习方法、健康减肥等。在训练过程中，坚持采用“师生合作”、“小组合作”的教法和学法，充分体现教学民主，发挥“教与学”两个积极件，让学习主体更有发挥和展现才华的活动空间，具体做法是：让学生三至四人一小组进行分组讨论或说话演练，并以小组总体成绩作为评价和奖赏的依据；小组活动前，先指定“话题”，明确要求，让学生的讨论和“说话”能围绕“话题”，且有所侧重；在讨论中可以随时提问，问同学、问老师，随时把不懂的东西弄懂。这样，教师成为教学过程中的指导者、参与者和合作者，从中发挥主导作用，学生成为课堂学习的主人。计学习活动在教与学互动、学与练协调、资源共享、分工合作、互教互学、取长补短、教学相长的课堂氛围中体验学习的成功和语言实践活动的无限乐趣。这种“合作型”的教法和学法让每个学生以平等的身份互相切磋、合作学习、个体竞争，为互学互帮的合作学习活动。

第三阶段亦可称为创造性阶段。通过初级、中级阶段的学习，学生已有了用英语进行口头交际的强烈欲望，掌握了基本的英语口头交际的技巧，又具备了连贯说话的能力，这就为学生自由运用语言以及创造性使用语言打下了基础。高级阶段的教学内容可扩展到对各种问题及现象的讨论与辩论，比如孩子的教育、青年人的思想、妇女的社会地位、老年人问题、种族歧视、广告的优劣、电视中的暴力、代沟问题、浪费问题、人口问题、环境污染问题、住房问题、工作的意义等，教学方式主要采用辩论、演讲、小组讨论、总结发言等。通过这三个阶段的学习，学生就能逐渐地做到运用英语清楚地自由地表达自己的思想感情、意志以及观点，也就具备了比较强的英语口头交际能力。

三、结语

2l世纪，全球已经内产业经济时代步入到知识经济时代，具有创新意识和开拓能力的人才将具有特殊的价值。这种格局对我国的现行的人才培养模式和方向提出了重大的挑战，教育改革势在必行。外语专业人才的培养也要面向世界．重在交流和应用能力的培养。2004年教育部颁发的《大学英语课程教学要求(试行)》(教高字[2004]1号)中明确指出：“大学英语的教学目标是培养学生英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交

往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，同时增强其自主学习能力、提高综合文化素养，以适应我同经济发展和国际交流的需要。”这就为我们明确了外语教学改革的方向。灵活运用现代化的教学方法，结合本地区、本校的教学实际，有效地提高学生的交际能力是摆在每位教师面前的重要任务。总之，提高英语口语是一项系统工程，如何兼收并蓄、博采众长、因地制宜地制定出灵活有效的教学策略仍然值得广泛的探索与研究。

参考文献

[1]Larry A Samovar.Communication between Cultures [M].Beijing,China:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.