第一篇：幼儿园数学感知数位教案 Linda
幼儿园数学感知数位教案
活动目标：
1、初步了解个位、十位、百位的含义及数位之间的关系，能在日常生活中感知数位，并能正确地认读三位数。
2、乐于参加认识数位的教学活动。
3、通过幼儿自己动手操作，进一步感知数位。
活动准备：数位板、数字卡片、彩色珠。幼儿用具：数字卡片、彩色珠。活动过程：师生相互问候
游戏，请你像我这样做，我就像你这样做。
1、认识数位
“今天徐老师带了数字宝宝来和小朋友做游戏了，小朋友想不想和它们玩啊？” 幼儿：“想。”
“但是数字宝宝说有些小朋友不认识数位，把它们的名字读错了，它们想请徐老师给小朋友们介绍一下数位，让小朋友们都认识它们，再和你们做游戏。”（1）出示数位板
“这个就是数位板，小朋友看看这个数位板上都有什么啊？”
幼：“个、十、百”
“哦，有三个字，个、十、百。”
“我们今天认识的是数位，那从右边起，第一个是个位，第二是„” 幼儿：“十位。” “第三个是什么啊？” 幼儿：“百位。”（2）认识彩色珠
“小朋友真棒，现在呢，嘟嘟龙想给小朋友们介绍一位朋友，它可以帮小朋友更好的掌握数学知识。” 出示彩色珠，“这个就是嘟嘟龙的好朋友彩色珠。”
“小朋友看看老师拿了几粒彩色珠啊？”
幼儿：“1粒彩色珠” 放在百位板个位的上面。
“小朋友看看老师拿的这又是什么啊？”
幼儿：“一串彩色珠”
“数一数一串彩色珠有几粒粒珠啊？”
幼儿：“1.2.3.4.5„„..10粒粒珠。”
“一串是10粒粒珠，那两串是多少粒粒珠啊？”
幼儿：“20粒粒珠。”
放在数位板十位的上面。
“那用数字怎么表示啊？请小朋友摆好了数字后把彩色珠也摆在数字的上面。”
说数字，如：78，请一位小朋友上来摆一摆。其他的幼儿用自己的学具摆数字和彩色珠。
“小朋友你为什么这样摆啊？”
幼儿：“„..”让幼儿自己说说摆的意图。
“好，小朋友看看他摆的，个位上是„.”
幼儿：“个位上是8.”
“彩色珠要摆几个？”
幼儿：“8个”
“我们来数一数。”
“十位上是几？用几串彩色珠表示？”
幼儿：“十位上是7，用7串彩色珠表示。” “那我们一起来读一读”
幼儿：“78”
“小朋友我们在摆一个304.”
“那小朋友可以自己试试用数字和彩色珠来表示一下。” “串珠够不够啊？” 幼儿：“不够。”
“那小朋友看看旁边的片珠，看看它能不能帮助你们。” “片珠一片是几串啊？” 幼儿：“10串”
“那10串是多少粒彩色珠啊？” 幼儿：“100粒彩色珠。”
（让幼儿自己摆，老师从旁引导。）“0要怎么表示啊？” 幼儿：“0就表示没有。”
“哦，0呢就表示没有可以不摆，但要把它的地方空出来。0在什么位上啊？ 幼儿：“0在十位上。”
“那记得把十位的地方空下来。”
让幼儿自己操作摆数字和相应的珠子。摆好以后读一读。
（2）.收拾好教具。
（3）.小结：今天我们学习的是感知数位。个位上的1表示1个，十位上的1表示10个，百位上的1表示100个。（引导幼儿一起小结。）
2、活动。
（1）听数说数位。
“小朋友真棒，都认识数位了吗？”
幼儿：“认识了。”
“数字宝宝想对小朋友进行检测，看看谁的反应最快，我们来玩听数说数位的游戏，老师说数字，小朋友来说一说个位是谁，十位是谁，百位是谁。”“56”
幼儿：“个位上是6，十位上是5.”
请个别幼儿回答，78 145
297
（2）谁的手儿摆的快。
“小朋友真聪明啊，现在找你身边的小朋友，两人一组来做游戏，你们的面前有白纸和笔，还有珠子，一个小朋友写数字，一个小朋友摆数字、珠子，看看哪组速度最快。准备好了吗？”
幼儿：“准备好了。”
“开始。”
完成的小朋友检查一下旁边的小朋友摆的数字和珠子是否正确。
请个别幼儿读一读，说一说。（读数字，说说是怎么摆的珠子。）
互换角色，写数字、摆数字、珠子。
3.收拾教具
4.小结：今天我们认识了数位，个位上的1表示1个，十位上的1表示10个，百位上的1表示100个.（引导幼儿一起总结。）
第二篇：linda语法教案
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
第一讲
语法层次
教学目标：帮助学生认识词素和词以及词的分类，掌握名词的性、数变化。教学步骤：
1、词素、词及其分类
2、名词的分类、数、所有格
3、练习
一、词素和词
一）词素
词素(morpheme)是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语意单位。词素分为两大类：自由词素（free morpheme）和粘附词素（bound morpheme）。
1）自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能做为“简单词”（simple word）而单独使用的词素，比如boy, girl, kind take等都属于这一类。自由词素可以充当词根(root)加上词缀（affix）构成派生词（derivative）.另外还可以构成复合词（compound word）例如：bookmark.2）粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须黏附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词上充当词缀。二）词
词(word)是比词素高一级的语法单位，由一个或一个以上的词素构成。3）根据构词法，英语的词可分为简单词，派生词和复合词。
a)简单词，又叫“单词素词”，是由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如at, by, in.b)派生词，是由词根加派生词缀构成。例如：un-,mis-,pro-c)复合词，通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成。如：deadline, handbook, something
二、名词
一）可数名词和不可数名词 1．可数名词和不可数名词的区别
a)可数名词有单复数形式，如a book, an egg b)下列名词常用做不可数名词accommodation, advice, baggage, fun, luck, paper等
2、可数名词和不可数名词的相互转化
a)很多蔬菜动物等名词，一般是可数的，但用来表示食品时就转化成不可数名词。
例如：They grow their own carrots.Good stew must contain carrot.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
There are few lambs in the zoo.Would you like some lamb or pork? b)物质名词或抽象名词一般是不可数的，但用来表示具体个别事物时，通常是可数的。例如：Beer ie refreshing in summer.They have two beers.Some rich men live in luxury.A refrigerator is a luxury here.c)物质名词用于表示各种不同品种时，几乎都能用做可数名词。例如：a store selling many different teas, various soaps等。应注意某些物质名词或抽象名词用做复数时，词意往往起变化。例如：
Light travels faster than sound.Do you have lights in the corridor? d)当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示某一种或某一方面的抽象概念时，其前可加a, an。例如： There is a certain honesty about this man which forces me to admire him.Geography gives us a knowledge of other countries.二）复合名词
2）复合名词的形式
a)两个名词写做一个名词，中间无连字符，如：headache, newspaper, railway b)两个名词写做一个词，中间有连字符，如：mouse-trap, tooth-brush c)两个名词分开写，如：flower shop, police station, goods train 上面三条无一定的规则可循，需要熟记。3）复合名词的复数
a)以不可数名词结尾的复合名词没有复数形式，如：homework, moonlight b)以可数名词结尾的复合名词有复数形式，如：bedrooms, bookcases c)以man 或woman为前缀的复合名词变复数时，前后两个名词均变成复数，如：woman student---women students d)以可数名词加介词（短语）构成的复合名词，在名词后加s,如：looker-on---lookers-on, mother-in-law---mothers-in-law e)以动词或动词的ed形式加副词构成的复合词，在词尾加s,如：sit-in---sit-ins, stand-by---stand-bys, grown-up---grown-ups 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
f)一动词ing形式加副词构成的复合名词，在动词ing形式后加s,如：coming-in---coming-ins(收入)三）单位名词
单位名词常用来表示不可数名词的个体性，即使之能以“个体”计算，也能与可数名词搭配表示“一双”，“一群”等意义。
4）表示形状的单位名词有：a ball of string, a bar of chocolate, a block of ice, a cake of soap, a drop of water, a grain of sand, seven head of cattle, a loaf of bread, a lump of sugar, a slice of meat等。
5）表示容积，重量的单位名词有：a bag of flour, a basket of fruit, a bottle of wine, a gallon of oil, a quart of milk, a pound of butter,等。
6）表示成双成群的单位名词有：a couple of players, a flock of birds, a pair of shoes, a swarm of bees等。
单位名词及其搭配需要结合句子或课文熟记。练习书后P69,73 四）名词复数
1）以字母o结尾的名词复数
a)加-es的有：echo, hero, Negro, potato, tomato, torpedo, veto b)加-s的有：auto, bamboo, dynamo, kilo, memo, photo, piano, radio, shampoo, studio, tango, zoo c)既可加-s又可加-es的有：buffalo, cargo, Eskimo, mosquito, motto, tornado, volcano 2)以字母f或fe结尾的名词复数
a)加-s的有：belief, chief, cliff, grief, gulf, handkerchief, roof, proof, safe b)去掉f或fe加-ves的有：calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, thief, shelf, self, wife, wolf c)有几个常见名词可以直接在后面去掉f加-ves或直接加s: hoof, scarf, wharf 3)单复数形式相同的名词有：deer, means, series, sheep, species 4)一些外来词汇的复数需要看见的时候特殊记忆，如：analysis—analyses 五）名词属格
英语名词有两种属格，’s属格和of属格。例如： what is the ship’s name? What is the name of the ship? 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
1)s’属格的使用
a)主要用于表示有生命的名词，如：women’s clothes, the horse’s mouth
b)用于国家机关，社团及一些地理名称，如：the government’s property, Europe’s future c)用于船只，飞机，火车等，如：the ship’s bell, a glider’s wings
d)用于表示时间，距离，价值和重量的名词，如：a moment’s thoughts, eight hour’s drive, two dollar’s worth
e)常用于一些习惯用语当中，如：for heaven’s sake, at the wit’s end 2)of属格的使用
主要用于表示无生命的名词，如：the wheel of history, the windows of the houses 3)双重属格
双重属格用来表示的所有关系是人而不是物。例如：a friend of mine, some sons of Mrs White’s , two plays of Shakespeare’s
双重属格还常用this, that, these, those修饰of短语前面的名词，以表示爱憎褒贬等情感。例如：this idea of yours, that dog of Robert’s
三、练习见书 86、87 页
第二讲 句子结构类型
教学目的：
要求学生掌握英语句子的基本类型，并能对基本句型加以分析和改写。
教学步骤：
1.介绍英语句子的基本类型。2.要求学生做课堂练习。.3.课外作业,完成剩余练习。
教学过程：
一、英语句子的基本类型。英语句子有五种基本类型。.1.Subject + Intransitive Verb 此句型特点：既然该句型中动词后面不带宾语，所以用于此句型的动词应该是不及物动词。a.Man proposes；God disposes.b.Modesty benefits；pride hurts.这种句型谓语动词后往往带有状语： c.Great minds think alike.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
d.The sun sets in the west． 2.主语+系动词+主语补足语（也称作表语）Subject + Link Verb + Subject Complement 此句型特点是：句中动词一般是be动词或其他系动词。1).最常见的是形容词、名词(短语)作表语。a.He looks unhappy.b．Bread is the staff of life． 2).也可用介词短语作表语: c．Beauty is in the eye of the beholder。3).在英语中，除了be动词以外，还有以下系动词：
(1)．单纯表示主语的特征、状态的：feel，look，sound, taste，smell seem appear等。a．The iron feels hot．
b．The rose doesn't smell much．
(2)．表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的：become，grow，get，turn，fall，go，come等（这些系动词与形容词连用，一般是具有固定的搭配关系）a．Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short。b．Hope your dreams will come true．
(3)．表示主语保持某种状态的：continue，remain，Stay，keep，hold，rest，prove等。a．The weather continued fine for several days． b．He held silent for the whole day． 3.主语+谓语+宾语
Subject +Transitive Verb +Object 英语中绝大多数动词都适用于这一句型，而且能作宾语的成分很多 a．Beauty will buy no beef． b．I’ve finished reading the book． 主语+谓语+双宾语
Subject +Dative Verb +Indirect Object +Direct Object 有些动词后边需要接两个宾语：一个指人的宾语，称之为间接宾语；另一个指物的宾语，称之为直接宾语。间接宾语和之间宾语统称为双宾语。a．He showed the guard his passport.b．I will buy you a meal．
能这样使用的动词可分成三类：(根据间接宾语和介词的关系来分)1).同give一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词to，表示间接宾语是动作的接受者。这样的动词有：assign，award，bring，deliver，deny，feed，give，grant，hand，lend，offer，owe，pass，promise，post，read，recommend，sell，send，show，take，write，ect.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
a．He showed his passport to the guard.b．He showed the guard his passport．
2).同buy一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词for，这样的动词有：book(预订)，buy，build，change，choose，cook，fetch，find，get，keep，make，order，prepare，sing，ect.a．I am going to buy a gift for her.b．I am going to buy her a gift．
3).有个别动词只用于这样的结构：“主语+动词+间接宾语(+直接宾语)”，而不用介词来替换。这样的动词有：charge，cost，bet，ect.a．I’ll bet you ten dollars.b．The repairman charged me ten dollars．
此外，较特殊的动词如：ask，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词of。
a．Can I ask a question of you.4.主语+谓语+复合宾语
Subject +Factitive Verb + Object + Object Complement 1).接复合宾语的动词
有些动词后面接宾语时意思不完整，因而在宾语后还需要接补充说明宾语的补足语，宾语和宾语补足语统称为复合宾语。
常见的带复合宾语的动词有：appoint，believe，call，choose，consider，declare，elect，feel，find，keep，leave，let，make，name，nominate，prove，see，suppose，vote，ect.a．They appointed John chairman.b．A hedge(树篱)between keeps friendship green． 2).区分双宾语和复合宾语 比较：
I made John our chairman． I made John a cake．
判断两种宾语的方法很简单：在宾语后边加上be动词，若能构成完整的句子，则是补足语。比如我们可以说：John is our chairman。说以上句中的our chairman是宾语补足语。无法构成完整的句子，则为直接宾语。比如我们不能说：John is a cake。(约翰是一块蛋糕)所以，a cake 是直接宾语。
四类名词从句
在英文中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、表愈和同位语(见下表一列)。如果我们把句子当作名词来用，分别在另一个句中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语(见下表二列)，于是构成了四种从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为这四种从句在本质上 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
相当于名词的作用，所以我们把它们统称为名词从句。1.要在陈述句句首加上that 从上述表格我们可以看到，我们并不是把三种句子直接用来作另一句子的某一成分，而是要分别对三种句子稍加修改。
对于陈述句，我们需要在句首加上that，然后把“that+陈述句”这一结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成四种名词从句。1)主语从句
把“that+陈述句”这一结构放在主语位置即构成主语从句： That English is difficult is not my idea.That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge.更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将主语从句放在句末。It is obvious that he doesn’t understand English.It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.因此，下列都是常见的主语从句句型：
①It is +过去分词+that 从句 It’s reported that„„ It’s believed that„„
It’s generally thought that„„ It should be noted that„„ It has been found that„„ It must be pointed out that„„
同样可以这么用的动词有：say，expect，know，estimate，forcast，等。
②It is+形容词+that从句： It is clear that„„ It is possible that„„ It is likely that „„ It is natural that It is certain that„„ It is strange that„„ It is fortunate that„„ It is necessary that„„
③It is+名词短语+that从句：a pity，a shame，an honor，a good idea，no wonder，等等。
It is a pity that„„ It is a fact that„„ It is good news that„„ 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
It is a good thing that„„ It is no wonder that„„ It is a shame that„„ It is an honor that„„ It is common knowledge that„„ It is my belief that„„ It is a miracle that„„ 2)宾语从句
把“that+陈述句”这一结构放在宾语位置即构成宾语从句：
I think(that)you are right.We know(that)the world is round.只有宾语从句中的that才可以省去，主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中that一般不要省去。
3)表语从句
把“that+陈述句”这一结构放在表语位置即构成表语从句：
My idea is that the child should be sent to school.4)同位语从句
把“that+陈述句”这一结构放在同位语位置即构成同位语从句。所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分，当我们用一个完整的陈述句来补充名词时，即构成同位语从句。所以同位语从句都是位于一个名词后边，形式上变构成“名词+that+陈述句”。
He has prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.注意：同位语从句可能与所修饰的名词被其他成分隔开。
They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.A saying goes that practice makes perfect.2.为什么要加that？
首先，that完全是后来在陈述句开头加上去的，因此，that显然不要充当从句任何成分，只起着引导作用。
That English is difficult is not my idea.假如我们把that去掉，上句就说成： English.这就话就有两个中心谓语不分：is difficult 和is not my idea。
在英文中，句子的核心意思主要是靠谓语部分来表达的，一个句子只表达一个核心意思(因为我们说话要一句一句说)，也就只能有一个谓语部分。现在句子有两个谓语部分，势必会造成读者混淆不清，因为他会先读出： 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
English is difficult.可是当他继续往下读时，又出现了is not my idea这个谓语部分。English is difficult is not my idea.为了避免这个混淆，我们在句首加上一个标志that，that一出现就等于是在告诉你说：that后面紧接着的句子是要作为另一个句子的某一个成分来使用，不是我要表达的核心思想。因此，读者读到：
That English is difficult„„
对于同位语从句和表语从句，若没有that作标志同样会存在这种意思混淆不清的问题。
一般疑问句可分别充当四种句子成分
1.一般疑问句要变成特殊陈述句，并且用whether或if来引导。1)主语从句
Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.2)宾语从句
I don’t know if/whether he needs my help.3)表语从句
My concern is whether he comes or not.4)同位语从句
They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.2.if还是whether? 1)if一般只用于引导宾语从句,而whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。a.if he comes or not makes no difference b.The question is if he will come 2)if不和or not 直接连用，即一般不说I or not。但可以说if „„or not。而whether没有此限制。
a.I don’t know if or not he comes。b.I don’t know whether or not he comes。
特殊疑问句可分别充当四种句子成分
1.特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序，而不是倒装语序。a．I have no idea when he will returu。
b．Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery。2．充当四种成分 1)主语从句
a.September 11，2001 started out as an ordinary day，but what happened that morning will be forever etched in our memories。英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
b.How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.2)宾语从句
a.The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.b.We don’t know why he did not come yesterday.3)表语从句
a.Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative.Change is what keeps us from getting stale.Change is what keeps us young.b.Yesterday is history.Tomorrow is a mystery.Today is a gift.That’s why it’s called the present!4)同位语从句
a.I have no idea who he is.b.There arose the question where we could get the loan.最后要说明的是，同位语从句通常是由that引导，而很少用whether，if以及连接代词或连接副词引导，这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充名词的内容，而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充名词的内容。
二.课堂练习
要求学生完成练习P27。
三.作业
要求学生完成剩余部分练习。
第三讲：主谓一致
一）主谓一致的种类
1．语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如： The number of the students present is 200.Jane and Mary look alike.2．意义上一致
1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were shouting.单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, , cattle,等。
2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：The news was so surprising.形复意单的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics, economics等。3．就近原则
即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：
Either your students or Mr.Wang knows this.（二）主谓一致的应用 1．名词作主语
1）某些集体名词，如family, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如： 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
His family is a happy one.The whole family are watching TV.这类名词有：audience，class，club，company，crew，enemy，crowd，government，group，party，public，team等。2）某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如： The police are searching for the thief.3）单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如： A sheep is over there.Some sheep are over there.4）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：
Three years has passed since then.5）不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如： Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.6）如果主语有more than one很多 非常…或many a许多„„构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
More than one student has read the book.Many a girl has been there.但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如： More members than one are against your plan.7）一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，例如：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
A pair of shoes was on the desk.8）this kind of book =a book of this kind（这种书），其谓语动词用单数；短语this kind of men =men of this kind =these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
This kind of men is dangerous.Men of this kind are dangerous.10）复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致原则，作用单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有：means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese，Japanese等。如：
The(This)glass works was set up in 1980.(这家玻璃厂建于1980年。)The（These）glass works are near the railway station.（这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。）
当它们前面有a, such a , this, that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数，但means, no means, 11）如果名词词组中心词是all，most, half, rest等词语，所指的复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。如： All of my classmates like music.All of the water is gone.12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如： Between the two windows hangs a picture.2．由连接词连接的名词作主语
1）用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如： Plastics and rubber never rot.Walking and riding are good exercises.2）当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由引导词前面的主语而定。如：
The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.３）以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
原则。如：
Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.Either you or he is to go.3．代词作主语
1）关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如： Those who want to go please put up your hands.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.2）疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如： Who lives next door ? It is Xiao Liu.Who live next door ? It is Zhang and Liu.What produce(s)heat ?
3）ther, neither单独作主语时，谓语通常用单数。
但后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词当然用单数形式，若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数，在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。如：
Do(es)any of you know his address ? None of them has(have)seen the film.4．分数、量词作主语
1）“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，例如：
Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”谓语用复数译为大量，许多，the number of中心词是number,谓语用单数，译为„的数量
A number of students have gone home.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.注意：(large)quantities of„„不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数，例如：
Quantities of food(nuts)were on the table.短语in quantity, in large quantities意为“大量”；in small quantities意为“少量”。
2）a great deal of , a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，例如：
A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.3）表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.5．名词化的形容词作主语
如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数，这类词有：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等；
The blind study in special schools.The poor live in a undeveleped country 6．从句作主语
1）由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如： What we need is more time.What we need are doctors.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.A.hundreds people B.hundred people C.hundreds peoples D.hundred peoples 2.Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.A.is handing out B.are to hand out C.are handing out D.is to hand out 3.I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.A.am B.is C.are D.be 4.The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all.A.is to hold;is B.is to be held;was C.are to hold;is D.are to be held;is 5.There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.A.were;it B.are;them C.was;it D.is;them 6.Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.A.is exploited B.are exploited C.had exploited D.have exploited 7.Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.A.is B.was C.are D.were 8.Mathematics _______ the language of science.A.are B.are going to be C.is D.is to be 9.Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.A.is B.are C.was D.were 10.________ either of your parents come to see you recently? A.Have B.Had C.Has D.Is 11.What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.A.is B.are C.have D.has 12.The whole family _______ TV attentively.A.are watching B.is watching C.is seeing D.are seeing 13.Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday.A.was B.were C.have been D.would be 14.At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village.A.were B.was C.is D.sits 15.If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.A.are not preserved B.is not preserved C.were preserved D.have not been preserved 16.There ______ little change in that middle school.A.have B.had C.have been D.has been 17.What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.A.going to be B./ C.is D.that 18.Seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface ______ with water.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
A.is covered B.is covering C.were covered D.are covered 19.The following ______ some other mental diseases.A.being B.are C.was D.were 20.Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.A.are B.is C.am D.were 21.“ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite’s history.A.have told B.tells C.were told D.was told 22.You and I _____ twin sisters.A.were B.are C.is D.am 23.A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.A.are telling B.is telling C.are given D.were given 24.Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.A.rots away B.rot away C.has rotted away D.are rotted away 25.Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.A.is cleaning B.are cleaning C.were cleaning D.have cleaned 26.Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.A.have known B.knows C.is known D.are known 27.The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.A.were B.has been C.had been D.was 28.“ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？” “______.”
A.Nobody of us has B.Nobody of us have C.None of us has D.None of us did 29.A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.A.were advancing B.were advanced C.was advancing D.advancing 30.Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.A.is enjoy B.were enjoying C.enjoys D.enjoy
第二讲
形容词和副词
教学目标：形容词：形容词的作用、形容词的位置；副词：副词的构成、位置。
教学步骤：
1、形容词的构成、形容词-that 从句、形容词的位置。
2、副词的位置、常见副词的用法。
3、练习
一、形容词 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
1）形容词在句子中的作用：
Healthy children are happy children.（定语）We make our children happy.（宾语补语）The patient is asleep.（主语补语）
注：以a开头的表示状态的形容词若用作定语，必须后置。如果
它前面有修饰它的副词，可以前置。
The patient, tired and asleep, came a long way from a factory.The half-asleep patient was taken to the operating room.常见的这类形容词有：ablaze, adrift, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, aware
2)形容词加that 从句
I’m sure he’ll succeed.We are aware that there is danger.3)起形容词作用的名词和名词词组
a)名词用作形容词
stone wall---wall made of stone
honey bee----bee producing honey
fire brigade----a brigade for fighting fire
b)名词词组用作形容词
There wasn’t a ghost of chance(a ghostly chance)that Jack would win.They had a hell of a time(a hellish time)in the desert.You will catch your death of cold(a deadly clod).4)形容词的位置
a)单个形容词作定语，一般前置，但也有后置。
Do you know the man clever at painting?
There’s something wrong in this sentence.John is the best person available.They have tried all the ways possible.有几个形容词修饰一个名词时，形容词的次序并无固定的规律，一般的顺序是：
限定词----性质----大小，长度或形状---年龄---颜色----国籍----名词或动词ing形式。
She has a very valuable big gold watch.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
This is a long brown leather belt.Two brilliant young Chinese engineers live here.二、副词 1）副词的构成
a)大部分副词由“形容词+-ly构成，如capable----capably, extreme—extremely, gay---gaily, slow---slowly, true---truly, whole---wholly等。但是brotherly, friendly, heavenly, likely, lonely, lovely等词虽然有-ly后缀，却不是副词，而是形容词。
b)deep, direct, early, enough, far, fast, hard, high, late, low, much, near, pretty, straight, wrong等既是形容词又是副词，但要根据上下文确定其词性，有时词义也不同。
Adj.Adv.an early train
The train arrived early.hard work
He works hard.a pretty girl
The problem is pretty difficult.副词的比较级或最高级常不带-ly.Would you mind walking slower? Let’s see who is able to run quickest.2)副词的位置
几个副词在一起时的次序
程度---状态---地点---时间
They played fairly well there yesterday.注：不能把副词放在动词和宾语之间，如果宾语较长，可以把副词放在动词前。
John earnestly recommended to adopt their method of making the machine.副词位置不同，有时意义也不一样。
He answered the questions foolishly.他的回答不高明。
He foolishly answered the questions.他真傻，回答了这些问题。3）几个常见副词的意义和用法 a)fairly, quite, rather
这几个副词都可用来表示形容词或副词强度的变化。他们表示的程度：
fairly最弱，quite较强，rather更强。
The film is fairly/ quite/ rather good.（这部电影还好/ 好/ 很好。）英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
Fairly一般只与褒义连用；rather既可以与褒义连用也可与贬义连用。
Tom is fairly clever, but Peter is rather stupid.不定冠词可以放在rather之前或之后，但只能放在fairly之前，quite之后。
This is rather a silly book.This is fairly interesting lecture.I took quite a long walk this morning.rather 可以用在比较级前，意为a little 或slightly
The weather was rather worse than I had expected.too 可用于rather后，不用于fairly, quite, very后。
Jack is rather too sure of himself.quite 与alone, amazing, exhausted, finished, perfect等词连用时，相当于completely, absolutely.They are quite exhausted.Her Russian is quite perfect.b)hardly和scarcely 这两个词都含有否定的意思，可通用。They hardly/ scarcely need your help.c)high, highly;late, lately;most, mostly The plane flew high above.（表示位置）This book is high interesting.（表示程度）He arrived late.（early的反意词）I haven’t seen him lately.(=recently)
Which one do you like most?(= in the greatest degree)My friends are mostly engineers.(= mainly;chiefly)4)名词或名词词组起副词作用
The water tower stood miles from the place.（距离）
This cloth is thirty six inches wide.（度量）
I don’t care a bit what you do with it.（程度）
Step this way, please.（方向）
He is thirty years old.（年龄）英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
This is twenty five cents above the usual price.（价值）
This box weighs five kilogrammes（重量）
I am coming next week.（时间）
Wait a minutes.（持续时间）
I have told you several times.（重复次数）
此外,kind of, sort of, hand and foot等也都可用作副词。
I kind of admire him.（我有些敬佩他）
I was sort of tired.（我有点累了）
He was bound hand and foot.（他手脚被捆绑着）
三、练习见书P420, P443
第三讲 代词、限定词
教学目标：使学生了解代词的分类及其用法，冠词的用法、常见的几个限定词的用法 教学步骤：
1、人称代词的分类及其用法。
2、冠词的用法。
3、常见的几个限定词的用法。
4、练习。
一、代词 一）人称代词
1）人称代词的主格与宾格 we sat in the car.（主语）It was she.（主语补语）
The police found her.（动词宾语）The call is for me.（介词宾语）2）人称代词的次序
在连续使用两个以上人称代词时，通常单数you放在第一位，I放在最后；复数we放在第一位，they放在最后。3）人称代词做同位语
The two captains, Lola and I , were to set the date.The group chose two representatives, Tom and me.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
二）反身代词
4）一般用法
Heaven helps those who help themselves.（做直接宾语）Mary asked herself the same question.（做间接宾语）I am not worried about myself.（做介词宾语）
Why don’t you be yourself？（你为什么不能自然些？做主语补语）5）强调用法
I myself took Mary to the airport.I want to speak to the president himself-----and to nobody else.3)常用的反身代词短语 a)beside oneself(发狂，情不自禁)，all by oneself(单独地，独自地)，for oneself(亲自地，独立地)，抽象名词加itself=very+形容词
三）疑问代词
1）who 与whom
Who borrowed my tie?（主语）
Who is it?（主语补语）
Whom did you take to the theatre?（宾语）
Whom did you go with?(介词宾语)4）whose, which, what 可以单独使用,也可以和名词放在一起,前者称名词性用法,后者称形容词性用法.例如: Whose is that bike outside?（名词性用法）Whose bike is that?（形容词性用法）What do you like to drink?（名词性用法）What size do you wear?（形容词性用法）
四）不定代词
5）one, oneself ,one’s
One must take oneself seriously.One is usually over-sensitive about one’s own family.在美国英语当中可以用himself herself her his 与前面的one 对应
二、限定词 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
限定词用来限定名词所指的范围，如使名词成为泛指、特指或说明数量。限定词包括冠词、不定代词、指示代词、名词或代词所有格、数词与某些形容词性的物主代词。一）、冠词 冠词的位置
1)在名词词组中，冠词一般放在最前面。例如： the last few days
a really good concert 2)名词词组里如果有all ,both, exactly, just, many, quite, rather, such, what, 等词，这类词可以放在冠词之前。例如：
all the time
both the brothers
exactly the wrong colour
just the right place
quite a nice day
rather a mess
such a funny story 3)和 as, howhowever, so, too连用时，形容词放在冠词之前。例如：
He is not so big a fool as you think.She is as clever a girl as you’re ever likely to meet.This is too heavy a bag for me to carry.How large an armchair did he have? 一）、不定冠词
1）aan表示“任何一个（类）”，只能用于单数可数名词前。如：
We are having a committee meeting this afternoon.但不可数名词用做可数名词时，前面可以用aan。
6）表示职业，社会地位，宗教，民族和年龄的名词用做补语或同位语时，前面一般要用aan。例如：
When he was a child, he decided to become a racing driver.He’s a lawyer, a bachelor, and a Methodist（卫理公会教徒）。She become an American by naturalization.They are nearly of an age.但有是并不需要冠词。如： He was once secretary to the president.3)用于表示价格，速度，比率等名词前，如：five pence a kilo, four times a day 4)用于下列这样的固定短语中。如 a couple of, a dozen , a hundred, a lot of, a great number of 等。英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
二）、定冠词
实际上所有的名词前都可以有定冠词the。究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的意思。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的，限定的特指的意义，就用它。反之就不用。定冠词主要用于带有修饰语的名词词组前面，也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前面。如：The Georgian houses have been sold.The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.1)定冠词的主要用法
a)用于单数名词前，表示某一类人或物，以区别与其他人或物。例如： The tiger is a fierce animal.b)用于指世界上独一无二的东西，如the moon, the sun, the world等。
c)用于表示“乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示“体育运动”的名词前。如： Can you play the guitar? I play football every day.d)用语某些形容词前，可以表示某一类人。如： The young are impatient, they want changes.e)一般不用于表示“疾病”的名词前。如： I’m just recovering from rheumatism.下列病名前一般用a/an I have an ache in my head.He has a cold.特指是需要用the ,如：
Jim has never really got over the malaria he caught in the East.f)一般不用于表示“膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用the。例如： Breakfast is served at eight.The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.如果泛指就用a.g)bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, work 等名词用来指有关活动时，一般不用冠词。例如： It’s time for children to go to bed.(to sleep)He goes to church every Sunday.(to pray)英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
After the crash, seven people were taken to hospital.(to be cured)He spend six months in prison.(to be punished)After I leave school, I want to go to university.(to study)Ken is a seaman.He spent most of his life at sea.(to seal)h)当cinema, theatre, radio等名词表示“看电影，看戏，听无线电”时，一般要用the。例如：
We went to the cinema last night.Do you often go to the theatre? I heard the news on the radio.但television 用于表示“看电视”是，不用the。如： I watched the news on TV。2）专有名词前定冠词的主要用法
a)一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调是需用the 如： He’s the Mr.Smith I saw yesterday.复数人名前要用the
b)不用于“头衔+人名”前，但有头衔无人名是需用the表示特指。例如： I saw Queen Elizabeth when I was in London.I saw the Queen when I was in London.c)不用国家，省市等名词前，但由短语组成的国名，或以s结尾的国家名前要用the.例如：
the Philippine
the Netherlands
the United States
the United Kingdom
注：the Ukraine the Congo
the Sudan
the Hague为例外
d)用于表示国籍、民族的名词前。例如： the British
the Chinese
e)用于表示地区的名词前。例如： the Middle East
the Far East f)不用于街道,建筑物等名词前,但有of介词短语修饰时，需用the.例如： Broadway
Red Square
the Tower of London g)用于河流，海洋，群岛，山脉，海峡，海湾等名词前。例如： the Mississippi
the Atlantic
the Persian Gulf 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
h)不用于大学名称前，但有of介词短语修饰时，需用the.例如： Yale University
Oxford University
the University of North Carolina i)不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。例如： Newsweek
Natural History The Daily News
the Washington Post 三、一些常用限定词的区别及使用
1）a lot of, plenty of, many, much,(a)few,(a)little a)a lot, lots of, plenty of 这几个限定词既可以和可数名词搭配也可与不可数名词搭配。例如： a lot of people/luck
lots of books/time plenty of ideas/money
lots of多用于非正式文体
2）much, many a.much many常用于否定句和疑问句。例如： We didn’t spend much money.Did you spend much money? I haven’t made many mistakes.How many mistakes have you made? Much many 处于主语位置时常用于肯定句。例如： Much efforts is needed to complete the project.Many languages are spoken in the United States.too much/many, so much/many多用于肯定句。例如： He’s got so much money ,he doesn’t know what to do with it.Robert has written too many letters.3)(a)little,(a)few little few 前加a 表示虽少但有，无则表示几乎没有。例如： let’s go and have a drink.We’ve got a little time before we leave.I enjoy my life here.I have a few friends and we meet quite often.4)some any no a)some any no 既可用于可数名词也可用于不可数名词，表示不肯定的数量。I must write some letters, so I need some paper.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
We have hardly any coffee left.Have you ever been to any interesting places? any常用于否定句或疑问句,some用于肯定句。Have you got any razor-blades.Sorry ,I haven’t got any zazor-bladers.特殊用法 与more连用
Please give me some more.Have you any more of those? There is no more cake.Some any 与单数可数名词连用时表达的特殊意义。Any body in the class can pass the exam.Some idiot parked his car outside the garage.5)another
a)只用于单数可数名词，指再一，另一 Ted want another cup of coffee.也可与one搭配；或单独使用。
This shirt is soiled.I am going to put on another one.This glass is broken.Get me another.b)在表示时间，金钱，距离等的短语前，可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前。I will be here for another three years.I need another five dollars.c)常与它连用的短语 one after another one another 6)other a)other既可用于可数名词也可用于不可数名词，others只能单独使用。This bread seems stale.Is there any other.? The prefers this coffee to other kinds.Some of the tourists went to the beach, others explored the town.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
b)some , any, no, every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般用单数。The secretary told tom to come back some other time.No other book has had a greater influence on my life.c)none other than不是别人，正是, other than除。。。以外
The man who had sent the flowers was none other than the one she had spoken to the night before.There was nothing to do other than wait 7）both, all 1)用法 a)作限定词
Both banks of the river were covered in bushes.Both his sisters are tall.All six boys arrived late.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.b)作代词
Both of the brothers are honest.Bill visited all of us.That’s all I want to say.2)位置
All my flowers are dead.Both my sisters want to go.My flowers are all dead.My sisters both want to go.不能说my all flowers
my both sisters
3)与否定词连用时，均表示部分否定。
He hasn’t paid it all.(=he has paid some of the money.)
I can’t promote both of you.(=I can promote one of you.)
4)all与whole的区别
a)whole用于单数可数名词前；all既可用于复数可数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。
The spent the whole evening watching television.All the bottles were broken.All the ink was spilt.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
b)all(the)与the whole常可通用
He spent all(the)day / the whole day in the library.5)由all构成的常用短语
a)all but
what you say is all but impossible.b)all the same
the cold weather causes him to get up all the earlier.c)for all
I wouldn’t like to be in his position, for all his weath.8)each every
1)意义
a)every 虽然指每个人，实际上是指全体。
Every student has a dictionary b)each强调具体每个人。Each student has a dictionary.2)用法
a)each 既可用作代词，又可用作限定词；every只能用作限定词。
Each knows what he should do.Each man knows what he should do.3)位置
each的位置比较灵活。
Tom and I each made different suggestions.They were each praised for their suggestions.4)everyone与every one 的区别
everyone指人；every one指人或物。
He gave a box of chocolates to every one of the girls.Examine every one of the glasses carefully.四、练习见书101，120
第十四讲 从句
（一）教学目的：
要求学生掌握状语从句的分类和状语从句的用法。英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
教学步骤：
1.介绍状语从句的分类。2 各种状语从句。2.要求学生做课堂练习。.3.课外作业,完成剩余练习。
教学过程：
一.状语从句概述
英语中的状语从句有九大类。这九类从句是：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式。尽管数目较多，但理解并不难。
从本质上来说，状语从句就是用不同的连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。例如：
a.I’ve brought my umbrella in case rains.b.I’ve brought my umbrella because it’s raining.c.I’ve brought my umbrella so that I don’t get wet.d.I’ve brought my umbrella even though it’s raining.e.You don’t need an umbrella unless it’s raining.因此，学习状语从句关键是要掌握引导九类状语从句的有关连接词。只要记住连接词一般都能识别是何种状语从句，从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。状语从句的省略
在同时满足以下两点的情况下：1)当主句的主语和从句的主语一致；2)从句谓语中含有be动词。可将从句的主语和be动词省去。这种省略主要常见于时间、地点、条件及让步状语从句中。
a.Metals expand when(they are)heated and contract when(they are)cooled.b.When(he was)a student in the university, he read a lot.c.While(he was)waiting, he took out a magazine to read.d.When I was ten years old, my family moved to the city.二.各类状语从句
状语从句主要分为： 1.时间状语从句
1)时间状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来
a.I’ll speak to him when he arrives.不说：„„when he will arrive。b．I’ll tell him about it when he comes back。不说：„„when he will come。2)when 意思相当于：at that time(在„„时刻)，从句谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表示某一时刻的 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
动作。注意主句和从句的时态。
a．I’ll speak to him when he arrives。b．When I got there，he had already left。
从句也可直接延续动词，这时从句往往用过去进行时态，表示某一时间段内发生的动作。
a.The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.3)while 意思相当于: during that time(在„„期间)，表示某一时间段内发生的动作，因此，从句谓语动词通常只接持续动词。
a.The doorbell rang while we were watching TV.b.A detective(n.侦探)arrested a criminal and was about to handcuff(v.上手铐)him when a huge gust(n.一阵狂风)of wind blew off the detective’s hat.4)until ① 当主句谓语动词是延续动作时，通常用肯定形式。例如：
a.Wait until he comes back.b.We’ll stay here till it stops raining.② 若主句谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式。这就是我们常说的“not„until„„(直到„„才„„)”的结构。
a.I did not realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.b.Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.③ 我们还可以把not until变成倒装句型: a.Not until 12 o’clock last night did I go to bed.b.Not until his boss come back did he leave the office.5)表示“一„就„”
表示“一„就„”的连词有：as soon as，once，immediately，the moment。这些连词后边通常都是接短暂动词，表示一点动作。
a.We will leave as soon as it stops raining.b.Once it stops raining, we will leave.c.It began to rain immediately I arrived home.6)by the time by the time意思是“在„„之前”，强调的是“一个动作在另外一个动作之前已经完成(one event is completed before another event)”，因此，与by the time搭配的主句要用完成时态。
2.地点状语从句
1)通常由where引导 a.Stay where you are.b.A driver should slow down where there are schools.英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
2)也可由wherever,、anywhere和everywhere引导地点状语从句。a.Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home.b.Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.3)地点状语从句有时含有条件意味
a.Where there is a will, there is a way.b.Wherever there is love, there is also wealth and success!3.原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句最常用的连词有：because，for，as，since。1)because 语气最强,只有它才能用来回答why引导的问句。所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道的或最感兴趣的原因。
a.You want to know why I am leaving? I am leaving because I’m fed up with the job and boss.b.My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.它可与强调词only、just连用。
a.Just because I don’t complain, people think I’m satisfied.b.You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.2)Since 表示人们已知的事实、不须强调的原因。所以常译成“既然„„”。通常放在主句前边。a.Since everyone is here, let’s get started.b.Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.3)As As与since用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已成为人所熟悉而不须用because加以强调。
a.I left a message as you weren’t there.b.I have to speak English with them, as the guys I live with don’t know any Chinese.4)For 表示推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。通常放在主句后边。
a.The days are short, for it is now December.b.It must be morning, for the birds are singing.4.目的与结果状语从句 1)目的状语从句常见引导词
主要有:so，in order that。从句中常含有情态动词will/would或can/could。
a.I turned off the TV so that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.b.We climbed high so that we could get a better view.2)结果状语从句常见的连接词 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
主要有：so„that，such„that，从句中一般不带情态动词，且从句都要放在主句之后。a.Sensible Sam: I saw you pushing your bicycle to work this afternoon.Foolish Fred: Yes, I was so late that I didn’t have time to get on it.b.The food is so bad in the school cafeteria that flies go there to lose weigh.不要受汉语思维的影响，把这里的so改成very或too，常见于考试改错题。3)注意下句中such和so的用法区别 so后边直接及形容词，such要先接冠词a(n)a.He is such a good teacher that everyone likes him.b.He is so good a teacher that everyone likes him.Such可修饰不可数名词，so不可：
c.It was such nice weather that we went to the beach.d.It was so nice weather that we went to the beach e.The weather was so nice that we went to the beach.Such可修饰复数名词，so不可：
f.He got such heavy boxes that he couldn’t carry by himself.So可与many，much，few，little搭配，such不可： g.I made so many mistakes that I failed the exam.h.He has so few friends that he is always lonely.5.条件状语从句
条件从句由下列词来引导: if，unless，suppose(that)，supposing(that)，on condition that，providing/provided(that)，so long as，as long as a.If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.b.Don’t worry about the mistakes you may make in conversation, so long as you can make yourself understood in English.c.I may lend you the book on condition that you return it to me in time.6.让步状语从句
1)常见的让步状语从句的引导词
主要有：thought，although，even though，even if 注意：主句前不可用but，但可用yet/still。
a.Though/Although he tried hard,(yet/still)he failed.b.The family is the essential presence-the thing that never leaves you, even if you find you have to leave it.2)介词表示让步
(al)though是连词，后边只接从句(有时是省略形式的从句)，而despite，in spite of，for all是介词，后边只接名词(短语)，不接从句。注意比较下列句子： 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
a.Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.= In spite of his inexperience, b.Although it was dangerous, „„ = Despite the danger 3)While位于句首，一般表示“尽管„”，引导让步状语从句。
a.While I sympathize(同意)your point of view, I can not accept it.b.While he has time, it doesn’t mean he has capacity and patience.4)As引导的倒装句，表示让步。
句型：adj.+ as+主语+谓语
a.Young as he is, he is knowledgeable.b.Poor as he is, he is kind and honest.前置的也可以是：名词或副词。例如：
c.Much as I respect him, I can not agree with him.d.Hard as he tried, he failed the exam again.7.比较状语从句（略）8.方式状语从句
方式状语从句表示主句动作的方式，引导词有：as，as if，as though，the way等。请看例句：
a.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.b.Do as I say, not as I do.三.练习
要求学生做练习P557 四.作业
要求学生完成剩余练习。
第十五讲 从句
（二）教学目的：
要求学生掌握定语从句及其用法,掌定语从句中引导词的用法、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别、定语从句和主语从句的区别。
教学步骤：
1.介绍定语语从句的作用。2 定语从句中引导词的用法。
3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 4.定语从句和主语从句的区别 5.要求学生做课堂练习。.31 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
6.课外作业,完成剩余练习。
教学过程：
一 定语从句概述
1.形容词作定语和从句作定语
在英文中，很多时候我们可以用一个形容词作定语来修饰一个名词(见下表例句)，但是如要表达更为复杂的意思，简单地用形容词作定语就无能为力了，我们就要借助于一个句子来修饰名词，用作名词的定语，对名词进行限制。2.定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词
1)先行词：被定语从句所修饰或限制的对象称为先行词。上句中the people即为先行词。2)关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连词。上句中的who即为关系词。因此关系词有两个作用：a)代词作用:重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分,上述例句中who作主语；b)连接作用：起连接主句和从句的作用。
3)主句和从句：上句中I don’t like the people.是独立主句；who are lazy/never on time.则是定语从句。
二.引导词的用法
一).关系代词的用法 引导定语从句的关系代词有： 先行词指人：who，whom； 先行词指物：which；
先行词指人或指物均可：that，whose。下面一一详细介绍这些词的用法。先行词指人，用关系代词who/whom 1.先行词指人才能用who/whom 先看两个简单句：
a.The woman is a famous dancer and she lives next door.这位女士是一名著名的舞蹈演员，她就住在我家隔壁。
上述两个简单句有一个“重复元素”：这里的she就指代the woman，两句之间有个交叉点，而通过这个交叉点建立起两句之间的关系，所以定语从句也称之为关系从句(relative clause)。我们现在要用she lives next door来作定语修饰the woman，以告诉对方哪个woman是舞蹈演员。而在定语从句中，代指人的关系词用who。前面说过关系词既有代词作用又还起着连接的作用，因此，上句可改写成：
The woman is a famous dancer who lives next door.定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词后边。因此，上句也可进一步写成： The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.关系词who既指代the woman，同时又在从句中作成分——从句的主语。
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
b.He who is not handsome at twenty，nor strong at thirty，nor richat forty，nor wise at fifty，will never be handsome，strong，rich，or wise.c.There is this difference between happiness and wisdom：the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so；but the person who thinks himself the wisest the generally the greatest fool.2.who和whom的区别
1)who在定语从句中可做主语、宾语或表语，但who之前不可用介词(如不能说with who，而是with whom)。
a.I like the people who I work with.b.I like the people with whom I work.c.I’m talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.表示人或物的所有关系，用whose 我们用whose表示所有关系。它的作用就如同物主代词my，your，her，their，our一样，whose后边要接名词。Whose可指人也可指物。“whose +名词”在从句中可作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语。
a.When I looked through the window，I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.b.Atlas(in Greek mythology)was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested.3.先行词指物，用关系代词which We are studying sentences.They contain adjective clauses.同样道理，我们用which代替they，来指代sentences，告诉对方我们正在学习什么类型的句子。
which可以指代单个名词：
a．Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind。
b．Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not。
Which可以指代一个短语：
He likes climbing mountains，which is a good exercise。Which可以指代前面整个句子
a．Tom was late，which surprised me。
b．She wore her swimming things in the office, which shocked her boss a great deal.4.that可以指代人，也可以指代物
that既可指人，也可指物；that不用在非限制性定语从句中；(关于限制性和非限制性定语从句，第四节详细讨论)that不能用于介词后边，这同who一样。
1)当先行词既是有人又有物时，用that。
The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.2)先行词为指物的all，little，few，much，none，the，frist，用that。
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
a.All that glitters is not gold.b.There is not much that can be done.3)先行词是不定代词something，anything，nothing，everything时，一般用that。Is there anything that I can do for you？
4)先行词被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little，序数词，最高级，the only，the one，the every，the right，the last修饰时，用that。
a.There is no difficulty(that)they can’t overcome.b.The very problem that I want to solve is like this.5.在从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省去
上述关系代词who，whom，which，that若在定语从句中用作宾语，我们往往可以省去关系代词。例如：
a.Tina likes the present I gave her for her birthday.b.I like the people I work with.二).关系副词的用法
在英语中，引导定语从句的关系副词主要有when，where，why，它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。1.when的用法
1)先行词指时间
when引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，其先行词须是表示时间的名词，如day，year，time等。when可用on which来替换。
a.I’ll never forget the day when I met you.b.I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.c.March 10,1876 was the day when(=on which)the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.2)关系副词when在从句中作时间状语
当心：表示时间的先行名词，若定语从句不是缺状语，而是缺少主语或宾语，要用which或that来引导定语从句。因为用when来引导定语从句的前提条件是：when在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语。
a.The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.b.I’ll never forget the time which I sepent on campus.2.where 的用法
1)where的先行词指地点
where引导定语从句，其先行词必须是表示地点的名词，如place，house等。
a.——Since you work in the theater，can’t you get me a free ticket now and then?.b.Do you know any place where I can buy Clint’s grammar book? 2)关系副词where在从句中的作地点状语
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
当心：与when类似，并非凡是表示地点的名词，都得由where来引导定语从句，这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。Where在定语从句中作地点状语，若定语从句缺主语或宾语，要用which或that来引导定语从句。
a.This is the town where I spent my childhood.b.This is the town which I told you about before.Which作about的宾语
a.The library, which was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.b.One of the places which I want to visit someday is Tibet.(which 作宾语)3.why的用法
用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。This is the reason why I didn’t come here.三.限制性和非限制性定语从句
英语中的定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分。二者在形式上的区别是：限制性定语从句的关系词和先行词之间不用逗号分开，而非限制性定语从句则有逗号分开。这种在形式上的有逗号或没有逗号并不是随意的，换句话说，二者更重要的是在意义上有区别。根据意义上的差别，我们可以把定语从句分三种情况来分析。24.不用逗号隔开——限制性定语从句
作用：用来提供必要的信息，以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定语从句，则主句部分含义不明确，或意义不完整。I don’t like people who are never on time.以上句子黑体部分的定语从句都是用来说明people的性质，是必不可少的信息内容。因此不能用逗号把它变为非限制性定语从句。
a.There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence.b.People who live in glasshouse shouldn’t throw stones.25.用逗号隔开——非限制性定语从句
作用：用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释、补充或说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。
a.Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.b.Einstein, who was a great Jewish scientist, created the theory of relativity.以上句中的定语从句都是对它前面的先行词进行补充说明,向读者提供附加的信息。均不能变为限制性定语从句。
总的原则：如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，我们一般要用逗号，也就是说要用非限制性定语从句。这是因为专有名词本身意思已经很完整，不需要限制，用定语从句只是对它进行补充。
四.that引导定语从句和同位语从句的区别
27.that引导定语从句和同位语从句的区别
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
1)that是否作成分
that在定语从句中充当成分；在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅起连接作用。a.The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.b.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.以上两句先行词都是the rumor，连接词都是that。但a.句中的that在从句he spread everywhere中作成分，充当spread的宾语。故为定语从句。
b.句中的that在从句Tom was a thief中不作任何成分，从句Tom was a thief是一完整的句子，不缺任何成分。故其为同位语从句，作the rumor的同位语，补充说明the rumor的具体内容。
2)从句的作用
定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述、限制的作用；同位语从句相当于一个名词，它是前面名词的内容的具体表述，二者是同位关系。
b.The news that you heard is not true.c.The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theatre is true.五 练习
要求学生做练习P563。
第十六讲 虚拟语气
（一）教学目的：
要求学生掌握虚拟语气及其用法。
教学步骤：
1.非真实条件句。2.要求学生完成练习。.教学过程：
虚拟语气概述
语气(mood)是英文中一种动词形式，它用来表示说话者的意图和态度。在英文中语气可分为三种：陈述语气(indicative mood)，祈使语气(imperative mood)和虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)。
在一些场合里，当说话者谈到自己的与实际情况相反的愿望时，主观想象某事有可能发生时，或建议、要求某事发生时，就需要借助于虚拟语气来表达他的这些心态。一 非真实条件虚拟句
1)三种形式
非真实条件从句，顾名思义，它是用来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景，这些情景通常是不可能发生的，与客观实际相反的，或发生的可能性极小，只表示说话者的一种主观愿望、假象和建议等等。它可以表示现在、过去、将来的事实进行虚拟，主句和If从句中的谓语动词形式
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
列表如下：
虚拟语气的三种基本形态：
表示虚拟 IF从句的 主句谓语形式 的时间 谓语形式
现在 Did or were Would(should, might, could)+to 过去 Had done or had been Would(should, might, could)+have done(been)将来 Were to(should)+do Would(should, might, could)+do ①与现在事实相反：
a.If I could rearrange the alphabet, I’d put U and I together.b.If I had enough money, I would run a company of my own.c.If all difficulties were known at the outset of a long journey, most of us would never start out at all.d.I have often though it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight； silence would teach him the joys of sound.②与过去事实相反
a．If you had invited Wealth or success, the other two of us would’ve stayed out, but since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him.Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success!b.You would have missed the train if you had not hurried.c.If the flowers had been planted earlier, they would have been in bloom for the garden party last week.③与将来事实相反
a.If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.b.If he were to come here, how would you tell him about this? c.Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life.2)混合时间虚拟句
前面介绍的三种基本形态的虚拟语气，其If从句中谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间是一致的，即同为现在、过去或将来。可是当二者动作发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句各自的谓语形式要根据它们动作发生的时间按照上述原则作适当调整。常见的混合时间是：从句表示过去，主句表示现在。请看例句：
a.If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today.Had not studied是对过去的事实进行虚拟，would never be是对现在的事实进行虚拟。
c.If they had invested in that stock, they might be wealthy now.d.A: I don’t like my mother-in-law.37 英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law? A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her.3)倒装虚拟句
当If条件句中有助动词should，had或were时，则可以省去if，而将sdhould，had或were置于句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句，意义不变。
a.Had he not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.b.Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.c.Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.4)含蓄虚拟句
我们前面讨论的虚拟句，都含有虚拟的条件从句。含蓄虚拟句是指没有完整的条件从句，但在上下文隐含了虚拟条件的意味。隐含的条件意味可以通过下列方式表达：
①介词或介词短语
a.What would I have done without you? b.In his position, I would commit myself.c.Anyone in his position would have done it like that.d.Before liberation, such floods would have caused terrible disaster.e.But that the doctor arrived on time that day.f.But that he needed money desperately, he would never have turned to his brother for help.注意：but for或but that意为“若不是„” but for + 名词短语
but that +从句(谓语动词用陈述语气，如g，h句)可表示对过去、或现在、将来的虚拟
表示对现在、将来的虚拟，but for相当于If it were not for„(如e句)；表示对过去的虚拟，but for相当于if it had not been for„„(如d句)。其中介词for不能省。5）.跳层虚拟句
这是一类较为特殊的虚拟语气。这类句子一般分为两部分，两部分在语气上截然相反，一部分虚拟，另一部分不虚拟，而用的是陈述语气，用以陈述一件事实。它们二者之间往往有but，or，or else，otherwise来连接。正是因为这种虚拟和不虚拟兼而有之一部分虚拟，一部分又跳出虚拟的圈子，故而得此名。
１)虚拟句+but+陈述句
a．He would put on weight，but he doesn’t eat much．
b．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital，had it been at all possible，but I _____fully occupied the whole of last week． A．were
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
B．had been e have been D．was 正确答案：D。
2)陈述句+or else+虚拟句
a．I didn’t know the extent of his difficulty, or else I would have promised to help him.b.In other words “If I remembered where I read the article, I would show it to you now.”
c.He must have had an accident，or he______ then． A.would have been here B.should be here C.had to be here D.would be there 二.课堂练习
要求学生做练习P284。
第十七讲 虚拟语气
（二）教学目的：
要求学生掌握虚拟语气及其用法。
教学步骤：
1.名词从句与虚拟语气。2其它虚拟语气。3要求学生完成练习。.教学过程：
一 名词从句虚拟句
虚拟语气除了在上述非真实条件从句中应用以外，在特定的名词从句中也需要用虚拟语气。这里所说的“特定的名词从句”，是指这样的名词从句中均要含有特定的标志词，这些标志词可用来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求、意志等语气。而且，与非真实条件虚拟句中主句和从句谓语动词形式完全不同的是，名词从句虚拟句谓语变化形式只有一条规律，那就是：名词从句虚拟句无论主句的谓语动词是何种形式，从句谓语形式均为：should+动词原形，should可以省去。这里特别提醒注意的是：不是用would，而是用should。
先看下例：
I suggest that we should so tomorrow．
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
I suggested that we should go the next day． 1)在下列词的宾语从句中，从句谓语须用（should)+do的形式
ask(要求，请求)，advise，beg，command，demand，decide，deserve，desire，determine，insist, move(动议，提议)，order，prefer，propose，require，recommend，request, suggest，urge等。
a．His father urged that he study me dicine．(不用studies)b．The chine se government and people have demanded that the US Government shoulder all the responsibilities for the incident，apologize to the Chinese side and take effective measures to prevent the recurrence of such incidents． 2)it is+形容词或过去分词或特定的名词+that的主语从句中。
①接这种结构的形容词有：astonishing，amazing，advisable，appropriate，crucial，desirable，essential，important，imperative，keen，necessary，natural，normal，odd，proper，preferable，strange，sorry，shocked，surprising，urgent，unusual，vital等。这些形容词一般表示个人对事件的反应。
a．It is natural that l should dwell upon his successes rather than upon his failures． b．It is strange that he should not come here．
c．It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy．
②接这种结构的特定的名词有：advice，decision，desire demand，suggestion，motion，pray，resolution，wish，preference，proposal，recommendation，requirement，idea，order等。
It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．
3)在上述名词的表语从句和同位语从句中
a．For my own part，it seems that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned．
b．The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted．
c.Reports indicate that both sides have softened their respective positions for a possible settlement.The government has backed away from demands that the software giant be broken up, while Microsoft is now more willing to accept restrictions on how it manages its business.二 其他虚拟句型
在英文中，除了上述两大类虚拟句以外，还有其他一些句型表示的虚拟语气。它们无法列入上述任何一类，所以在此将它们一一单列，分别讨论。
1)在wish后的宾语从句中
这是大家非常熟悉的一个虚拟句型，它用来表示说话者的难以实现的或与事实违背的愿望，具有较强的感情色彩。可分别表示对现在、过去和将来情景的虚拟。
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
①对现状表示的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去时，意指从句谓语和主句谓语所表示的动作同时发生。
a．1 wish 1 were a little younger．
b．1wishlcould travel to the moon．(But l can’t do that．)c．1 wish l knew his address．(But l don’t know his address)②对过去发生的事情表示遗憾、后悔，从句谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)或would／could+／现在完成时，意指从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前。
a．1 wish l had been there．
b．1 wish I had not attended that party．
③对将来发生的事情表示祝愿，从句谓语动词用would／could+动词原形，意指从句谓语动词所表示的动作可能发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之后。a．1wishhecouldexplainwhathemeans．
b．1wishyou would shut Up．
注意：即使将wish改为wished，上述例句谓语时态仍然不变。2)在If only感叹句中
If only表示“但愿”、“要是„就好了”，它的用法和wish基本相同，可表示对现在、过去、将来的虚拟，只是比wish更具有强烈的感情色彩。
a．If only he had followed your advice!(对过去虚拟)b If only l were taller．(对现在虚拟)c．If only the rain would stop．(对将来虚拟)3)在as if／as though从句中
①表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时。
a．I really don’t care for the way you’re speaking to me．It seems as if you were my father．
②表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时。
b．We have not seen each other for ten solid years，but when we encountered on the street that day，we were still so affectionate that it seemed as if not a single day had gone by．
注意：若从句中的情形是根据现在迹象作出推测，有可能发生，则用陈述语气。a．It is becoming dark．It looks as if it’s going to rain． b．It seems as if he has been to America． 4)在it is(high)time(that)从句中
表示“该是„的时候了”，含有“晚了一点”的意思，从句中用过去时。
a．Don’t dawdle away your youth any more．n is time you。thought about your future． b．It seems to be high time that this argument______ put to an end． A.must be
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
B.is C.were D.should be 正确答案: C 5)在would rather，would(just)as soon，would sooner，would prefer等从句中
意指某人宁愿让另一个人做某事。其后的宾语从句的谓语应该用虚拟语气：(1)表示现在或将来要做的事，从句谓语须用一般过去时；(2)表示过去已经做的事，从句谓语则用过去完成时。a．I’d just as soon you didn’t，speak rudely to her． b．I’d as soon, you hadnt, spoken rudely to her．
c．She says she’d rather he left tomorrow instead of today．(不用would leave)
三、要求学生完成练习P287。
第十八讲 倒 装
教学目的：
要求学生掌握倒装句及其条件，用法。
教学步骤：
1.部分倒装。2 全部倒装。
3.要求学生做课堂练习。.4.课外作业,完成剩余练习。
教学过程： 一.部分倒装
倒装在英文中是一种较常见的语法现象。从结构上来讲，倒装句可分为：全部倒装和部分倒装。
全部倒装：将整个谓语部分全部放在主语之前。
部分倒装：只将谓语的一部分(如助动词或系动词)放在主语前面，其余部分仍在主语之后。a．Now comes your turn． b．Could you show me that book? 1.句首有否定词或否定短语时，句子要部分倒装。
①常见的否定词有：never，hardly，scarcely，little，seldom, not，not until，rarely，no sooner．．．than，nowhere，etc．
a．Nowhere in the world can you find a man who is more foolish than John．
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
b．No sooner had I taken a bath than the bell rang． c．Never before have I heard such a story．
d．Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land．
e．Not only did we lose all our money，but weal so came close to losing our lives．
②常见的否定短语有：in no way，in no case，at no time，by no means，in no sense，on no account，under no circumstances。这些否定短语常放在句首，表示强调，译为“绝不„”。大家一定要记住它们规定的介词搭配。
a．In no way do I blame you for what happened． b.On no account——rudeness from his employees． A．the manager will tolerate B.the manager will not tolerate C.the manager tolerates D．will the manager tolerate 正确答案：D。
③如果否定词不是修饰整个句子，而只是限定句子主语，则句子不用倒装。Scarcely a sound came from among the crowd． “So+形容词或副词”及“to the extent／degree”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装。a．To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire． b．So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep． 3.在含有were，had，should的虚拟语气中，省去if须倒装。4.as引导的让步状语从句须倒装。
a．Look as 1 would up and down，I could see no men at all． b．Change your mind as you will，you won’t gain his support． 5.“only+状语”置于句首。
①only+表示时间或方式的短语置于句首。a．Only then did she realize she was wrong． b．Only by working hard can you achieve your goal．
c．Only by having an independent ego can women fully control their own lives．
②only若加各类状语从句置于句首，则注意是主句中的主谓须倒装，而不是从句中的主谓倒装，这一点与not until同。
a．Only when he had failed times did he turn to me for advice．
b．Only when a man’s life comes to its end in prosperity dare we pronounce him happy． c．An intimate relationship does not banish loneliness．Only when we are comfortable with who we are and can function independently in a healthy way，can we truly function within a relationship．Two halves do not make a whole when it comes to a healthy relationship：it takes two wholes．
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
③若only修饰的是句子主语，而非状语时，句子不用倒装。Only she knew how to deal with this problem． 6.代词so，neither，nor，no more置于句首 a．I can’t speak French，nor can he．
b.he had no money, nor did he know anyone he could borrow from.此外，要注意：这种结构也可用来表达对别人讲的情况有同感时，此时不用倒装。A: It’s a very nice day.B: So it is.7.让步状语从句的倒装句：be it…
a.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.b.Be he ever so tired, he continued to go farther.二.全部倒装
1.以介词开头的地点状语置于句首
a.From the window came sound of music.b.On the ground lies a man whose leg is broken.c.By his side sat his faithful dog.2.副词out，in，along，then，now，up，down，away，here，there等位子句首时 a．In came the teacher，books under arm． b．Just then along came Tom．
c．When Greek meets Greek，then comes the tug of war．
D．As a gift，Zeus gave Pandora a box，but to1d her never to open it.However，as soon as he was out of sight she took off the lid，and out swarmed all the troubles of the world．Only Hope was left in the box，stuck under the lid． 3.such位于句首
a．Such will be my future dreams.b．Such is my whole story． c．Such were his dreams as a boy． 4.表语置子句首
．
a．Blessed is the person who is too busy to worry in the daytime and too sleepy to worry at night．
b．Gone are the days when we had no food to eat．
c．Gone are the days when you had to get dressed up to make an impression．On the net，you can dress down，slouch in your seat and disguise yourself as a prince charming．
英语语法教案 喀什师范学院外语系
三.练习
要求学生完成练习P7431-20。
第三篇：幼儿园小班科学感知色彩教案
一、活动目标
（一）感知色彩的丰富,尝试将颜色标记与周围的颜色相匹配。
（二）愿意与同伴愉快地交流生活中对色彩的发现。
二、活动重难点
（一）重点:有兴趣寻找身边的颜色,感知色彩的丰富性。
（二）难点:能将颜色标记与周围的颜色进行匹配。
三、活动准备
（一）色彩精灵杖偶“色彩精灵妈妈”一个。
（二）将多种颜色不干胶剪成直径5厘米左右的圆片若干。
（三）照相机一架。
（四）记录表一张。
四、活动过程
（一）色彩妈妈来啦。
1、欣赏色彩精灵杖偶(上面有各色的贴纸)的对话互动,感知生活中有多种色彩。
小朋友,你们好!我是色彩精灵妈妈,你们知道我有哪些色彩精灵宝贝?(红色、黄色、绿色、紫色、蓝色……）
2、发现色彩小精灵(圆片加笑脸),进行互动打招呼。
3、交流互动,选择色彩朋友。
你喜欢和哪个色彩精灵宝宝做朋友?说说为什么。
4、到教师处拿取色彩精灵图片。
比如,幼儿说“我喜欢红色精灵”,并到教师处拿取红色精灵图片。
5自由和同伴交流自己喜欢的色彩精灵。、（设计说明：通过拟人化情境、“捉迷藏”等游戏活动,激发幼儿对颜色的兴趣,并主动发现、感知身边更多的颜色。）
（二）贴贴色彩小精灵。
1、互动游戏“色彩精灵躲在哪里”:根据自己喜欢的]颜色,去寻找和发现周围生活中的色彩,感知1颜色的匹配对应。
色彩精灵宝宝要和你们玩捉迷藏了。如果你是红色精灵的朋友,就请你再找出一个红色精灵宝宝贴在身上。
2、睁开眼睛,找出相同的色彩精灵,并相互检验找得对不对。
先请你们闭上眼睛。(事先已在明显物品上贴上了对应的颜色贴纸。)它们已经藏好了。
我们一起来看看是不是都找对了。
3、同伴互动游戏,感知不同颜色的对比。
现在该你们藏颜色精灵了。想一想,把你的色彩精灵宝宝藏在哪里好呢？
先请男孩子将颜色贴纸藏起来。女孩子找出两个不同的精灵贴在身上。
4、再交换游戏一次。
（设计意图：除了游戏,也需要回归生活,让幼儿在生活中体验感知颜色。带幼儿走出教室,走进自然,自主地探索与发现,他们将获得更多的关于颜色的体验。）
（三）找找色彩小精灵。
1、准备更多颜色的贴纸,请幼儿到户外去找一找“色彩精灵在哪里”。
在幼儿园里,还有更多的色彩精灵在等着你们去发现，让我们一起出发去找一找吧!
2、尝试用一句话表达自己的发现。如:“我找到的色彩精灵是红色,它躲在大型玩具滑梯上。”
你找到的色彩精灵是哪一种颜色?请你用好听的一句话来说说。
3、在找到的物品上面贴上相日应的颜色贴纸,将发现通过拍照的方式记录下来。
（设计意图：活动同时考虑幼儿的能力差异性,能力强的幼儿可能认识更多颜色,因此教师需准备更多颜色的贴纸,以满足不同幼儿的能力需求。）
五、活动延伸
（一）请家长协助,引导幼儿在周围环境中寻找相同颜色或不同颜色的物品,并记录下来，带到幼儿园里，丰富“色彩大收集”区域。
（二）将幼儿在户外发现的颜色和做的记录表布置在主题墙上,供幼儿与同伴交流，分享自己的发现，初步感知生活中的丰富色彩。
第四篇：幼儿园小班数学活动：逛公园(感知接龙)
活动目标：
1、学习用三种颜色有规律地进行接龙，感知接龙的特点。
2、通过活动，培养幼儿细致的观察力。
3、愿意参加操作活动，体验活动的快乐。
活动准备：
1、创设情景：布置公园情景，装饰公园的龙灯（每节龙灯有两种不同的颜色，三节为一小组，有红、黄、蓝三种颜色的花）
2、操作材料：
集体操作材料：造小桥的小石块（每块石块上有两种不同的颜色，三块为一小组）。
分组操作材料：制作龙船的纸盒。
活动过程：
一、看龙灯。
1、看一看：
师：小朋友，今天老师带你们到公园去玩。（带领幼儿进入活动场地）过节时公园真漂亮，看，那里有一只龙灯，让我们一起去看一看。（幼儿边看边说，老师引导幼儿将龙灯上的内容说清楚）
2、说一说：
师：走了这么长时间，我们该休息一下了，找块草地坐下来吧。（幼儿坐下）刚才我们在龙灯上看到的花是怎么样排队的？（幼儿回答）
老师引导幼儿看清楚接龙的方法。师：红红的花想找和它一样的好朋友拉拉手，黄（蓝）的花也想找和它一样的好朋友拉拉手。
二、造小桥。
师：公园的景色真漂亮，怎么没有小桥呢，我们就用这一堆小石头给公园造一座小桥吧。
1、引导幼儿看清楚小石头上图片上的不同。
2、老师与幼儿一起造小桥：老师先搬起第一块石头放好，请幼儿说一说这块石头上的图案有什么颜色，然后请幼儿接下去操作。老师提醒幼儿找一样的好朋友拉拉手，这样造出来的小桥又结实又漂亮。
3、带领幼儿在造好的小桥上走一走，体验劳动后的快乐。
三、做龙船。
师：公园里不光有漂亮的景色还有好玩的玩具呢，想不想要？不过今天的玩具要请那么自己来做。
1、老师介绍材料和简单的制作方法。
2、幼儿制作，老师指导。
幼儿在制作时老师用语言提醒龙头放在第一个，龙尾放在最后一个，龙身上一样的好朋友勾在一起拉拉手
3、老师检查幼儿的操作结果，给接龙正确的幼儿奖励穿有夹子的彩带，让幼儿夹在龙头上在公园里自由的玩一玩。
第五篇：幼儿园小班数学优秀教案《感知正方形》及教学反思
《小班数学优秀教案《感知正方形》含反思》这是优秀的小班数学教案文章，希望可以对您的学习工作中带来帮助！
活动目标
1、能感知正方形。
2、感知正方形在生活中的应用。
活动准备
1、正方形图标，记录用的大张白纸、彩色笔。
2、大方巾、大小不同的彩色计划和图形片
活动过程
一、认识正方形：
1、出示正方形图标，引导幼儿正确说出正方形的名称。
2、请幼儿说说什么东西是正方形的，;.来源快思老师教。案网;教师将幼儿的答案记录在白纸上。
二、游戏：给大方巾找朋友 教师将大方巾放在桌上，向幼儿展示各种色彩、大小的几何图形片，请幼儿把各种正方形都放在大方巾上面，鼓励幼儿边做边说：“大方巾我给你找到了正方形的朋友。”
三、找班上的正方形：
引导幼儿在活动室里找找，还有哪些东西也是正方形。
四、激发幼儿回家找正方形的兴趣：
请幼儿和爸爸、妈妈一起找一找，记一记，家里哪些东西是正方形的。
教学反思
本次活动的选材十分适合小班幼儿的认知年龄特点，抓住了他们的最近发展区，用多种形式达到了一个目标，逐层推进、逐步提高要求。各环节环环相扣，紧密联系，使幼儿的注意力始终处于集中状态。教师还注重了低年龄幼儿的语言、社会能力的发展。若在最后环节添上一些让幼儿的情绪得到高涨的游戏活动会更贴切小班幼儿的心理。
小班数学优秀教案《感知正方形》含反思这篇文章共1431字。
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