第一篇：最全的采矿工程专业英语词汇总结
Chapter 3.1 Mining method
mining method 采矿方法； mining operation 采矿作业；
transportation 运输； ventilation 通风；
ground control 顶板管理；
the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本； recovery 回采率；
subside v.subsidence n.地表沉陷； subsidence control 地表沉陷控制 cover 覆盖层；
overburden 上覆地层； immediate roof 直接顶； floor 底板；
dip（Pitch）倾角； hardness 硬度； strength 强度； cleavage 解理；
gas，methane 瓦斯
daily operation 日常工作 single operation 单一工序
unit operation 单元作业 auxiliary operation辅助作业 cutting n.切割，掏槽； blasting n.爆破 loading n.装煤 haul v.运输，搬运 drainage n.排水
power n.动力 power Supply 动力供应 communication n.通讯
Chapter 3.2 Mine Preplanning
Hercules【希、罗神】赫尔克里斯, 大力神--> Herculean, adj.力气极大的；需要大力气的。herculean effort 巨大的努力 inadequacy n.不足，缺乏。
lighting n.照明。
disruption in production 停产； reduction in production 减产； compromise 折衷
room and pillar 房柱式 by far 到目前为止
in common with … 和…一样 underground mining 井工开采 outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层； crosscut 联络巷、石门； drift平硐； entry平巷；
development stage 开拓阶段； production stage 生产阶段； face 工作面。
continuous miner 连续采煤机； haulage capacity 运输能力； main entry 主巷。
barrier pillar 隔离煤柱； butt entry 区段平巷；
property line 矿井边界线。shearer 滚筒采煤机 planer，Plow 刨煤机 surface mining 露天开采 auger mining 螺旋钻开采 rapid excavation
快速掘进
hydraulic mining
水力采矿
underground gasification 地下气化
ocean mining
海洋采矿
transportation facility 运输设备
inflationary adj.通货膨胀的,通货膨胀引起的<--inflation n.胀大, 通货膨胀,(物价)暴涨<--inflate v 膨胀，充气。inflationary process 通货膨胀过程 drive up 抬高，提高
drive into 掘进到… be faced with 面临
monumental adj.[用以加强语气]非常的, 极端的<--monument n.纪念碑 coal reserve 煤炭储量
electromechanical adj.机电的 electro(电子的)+mechanical(机械的)electromechanical mine operation 矿井机电作业
staff v.雇用，聘用 season v 适用，适应
coordinate n.坐标。v.（使）互相配合，（使）协调，调整。
a multitude（n.多数，多量）of 大量 capital investment 基本建设投资。foremost 最主要的，最重要的，1Billion = 1，000，000，000 即10亿。Mt metric ton 公吨。
453.5Mt = 500 million tons 0.907Mt = 1 million ton put into operation 投产，投入使用 raise 筹集
the life of the property 矿产/井的使用年限。
commercial value 市场价值，商业价值。for convenience 为了方便其见 minability 可采性
marketability 适销性，可销性 coal reserve 煤矿
nominal，名义上的,极小的。option 买卖选择权,优先购买权 enter upon 开始
preliminary examination 初步调查 operating mine 生产矿井
to the extent that 达到这种程度以致...；就...来说；在...方面来说； adjacent to 邻近的
surface topography 地面地形，表面地形
coalfield 煤田 measure 层组
coal-bearing measure含煤地层 feature 特征；地貌。
structural feature 构造特征
surface improvement 地面上的改造 tilled area 耕地 reservoir 水库
power line 电力线，输电线
reservation n.保留地；自然保护区 on record n.留有记录的,记录在案的 preferred 优先 〔选用〕的，首选的 traverse 导线。
traverse with compass 罗盘定位。system surveying 系统测量 sampling 采样
have a bearing on 对…有影响，与...有关 available 有效的，可用的 pricing schedule 定价方案 preparation treatment 洗选加工 selective adj.有选择性的,选择的
a master plan of operation 总体生产计划。serve as 用作，作为，起到…作用。basis 基础，根据，依据 since 引导原因状语从句
justify 调整，证明，证明…是正确的，prospecting 勘探
drilling pattern 钻孔布置，钻孔图式 basic map 底图，基本地图 log sheet 钻孔柱状图 tabular adj.<==table tabular record 表格记录
operating management经营管理部门，经营管理
life expectancy 预期使用年限，使用寿命 delivery of supplies 材料供应 estimate of the cost 成本估计 sales department 销售部门
Chapter 3.3 Mine development
portal 井筒
expected life of the mine 矿井的设计使用年限 rail haulage 轨道运输 as well as 即…又…
be of ＋n.具有…（性质）drift平硐
shaft 立井，竖井 slope 斜井
main shaft主立井 auxiliary shaft 副立井 air shaft风井
transfer house 中转煤仓 headframe 井架
hoist house 提升机房，绞车房 skip 箕斗 cage 罐笼
car dump 卸煤设备 storage bin 井底煤仓 deplete 耗尽、衰竭
whether…or…是…还是… pressure drop 压降
net effect 净效应，有效效应，实际结果 capital cost 基建费用
Chapter 4.1 Walling system introduction
working face 工作面 coalface：采煤工作面 interconnection：切眼 panel entry：区段平巷 gate entry：工作面顺槽
head gate：区段皮带巷，运输巷 tail gate：区段轨道巷，回风巷
headentry：工作面运输巷（下顺槽）
tailentry：工作面回风巷（上顺槽）bleeder entry：区段回风巷 cross-cut：联络巷 gob, goaf：采空区 end：端头
Longwall mining 长壁采矿法 Shortwall mining 短壁采矿法 pillar system.柱式系统 longwall mining on strike 走向长壁采煤方法
mining in advance / wall advancing mining 前进式采煤方法
mining in retreat / wall retreating mining 后退式采煤方法
inclined longwall mining 倾斜长壁开采 underhand mining 俯采 overhand mining 仰采
Coal mining machine, coal-getting machine 采煤机；
Shearer，滚筒采煤机
Plow，planer 刨煤机
Face conveyor 工作面运输机
Pan line,”溜子”
Chain conveyor 链式运输机
Scraper chain conveyor 刮板输送机
Armored chain conveyor 铠装运输机 Roof support system：顶板支护系统
Friction props：摩擦支柱
Friction metal props：摩擦支柱
Hydraulic prop：液压支柱
Single/Individual hydraulic prop 单体液压支柱
Hydraulic powered self-advanced support：液压自移式支架
roof support 顶板支架 stage loader：转载机
panel belt conveyor 区段皮带运输机 electrical control 电力控制装置/设备 hydraulic pump 液压泵站
blast mining technology 爆破采煤工艺 conventionally mechanized mining technology 普通机械化采煤
fully mechanized mining technology 综合机械化采煤
fully mechanized mining with sublevel caving technology 综采放顶煤方法
Chapter 4.2 Ground control
工作面周围地层：
Overlying strata 上覆地层： Main roof 老顶，基本顶 Immediate roof 直接顶
Gob采空区--Face—rib（煤壁）Floor 底板
Underlying strata下伏地层
Ground control顶板处理方式：（1）Caving；（2）Pack。
Stable 切口，机窝
dead work 准备工作，非生产性工作。Mobile belt conveyor 可移式胶带运输机 No exception 无一例外
regular maintenance n.日常修理,定期检修 Downtime 停工期(由于损坏、修理等原因造成的停机时间),停工时间,停机时间
Clearance 空隙
Immediate area of the face：工作面的直接区域
Rib line 煤壁线，腰线 heading 掘进头，平巷 up to dip 沿倾斜上行
Compression strength 压缩强度 Underlying strata 下伏地层 bed separation 离层 On strike 沿走向 Rad ＝ radian，弧度 Cleat 解理
Hold true 有效，适用
Half butt cutting 半垂直切割 Angle of attack 冲角
virgin conditions 原始条件； Harder roof strata Softer coal seam――uniformly distributed stress，the overburden weight Harder floor strata induced by mining 采动引起的 Stress distribution 应力分布
Deflect 偏斜，偏转，挠曲，下垂 Cave in 冒顶，垮落
Front abutment pressure 前方支承压力 Side abutment pressure 侧向支承压力 Rear abutment pressure 后方支承压力 前方支承压力： 分布范围：
150m first felt/occur出现，有反应，有感应；
45－60m pick up slightly略有增长，略有加速；
15－21m increase rapidly迅速增长；
1.5-5m支承压力峰值 peak abutment pressure magnitude of the peak abutment pressure峰值大小：1.5-5 overburdern weight
后方压力：vertical pressure
face area：far below the cover load gob area：gradually increase at last：the cover load
范围：0.3-0.4 the overburden thickness.No abutment pressure Side abutment
First felt：At the same time as the front abutment pressure
范围：from the rib to 1/3 or 1/4 h
largest at the ribside, decrease exponentially with distance from rib
position of peak pressure：0.015h
Magnitude depend on the thickness and length of the immediate roof hanging in the gob.Gob area 采空区
稳定--slip, sag, separate--cave in Face area 工作面区
Support the immediate roof Solid coal 实体煤
Chapter 4.3 Roof support system
Face-to-gob distance 控顶距，工作面到采空区的距离。
Yield pressure 屈服压力 support resistance 支架阻力 Face-to-tip distance 端面距 Precut 预切割 Frames 节式支架 Stroke 行程
Chock support 垛式支架
Double-acting ram 双作用千斤顶
Web cut 截深
Shields 掩护式支架 Double link 双键
Lemniscate 双纽线，四联杆
Roof canopy 顶梁
Chock-Shield支撑掩护式支架 leg，prop 立柱
canopy 顶梁
forward canopy 前梁
rear canopy 尾梁
caving shield 掩护梁
flipper，spauling shield 护帮板
slider, jack board 插板
ram，cylinder，jack 千斤顶
hose 油管
emulsion 乳化液
valve 阀
support yielding 支架卸载
Chapter 4.4 Longwall coal-getting machine
miner，mining machine 采煤机
continuous miner 连续采煤机
shearer 滚筒采煤机
motor 电动机、马达
electric motor 电机
haulage gearcase 牵引部
gearhead 传动部
cutter drum gearcase 滚筒截割部
bedplate 底盘、底座
control unit 控制装置
chain 链条
reducing gear box 减速箱
pillboard 挡煤板
cowl 挡煤板
bit 截齿
drum 滚筒
ranging-arm 摇臂
gear 齿轮
track 轨道
gear track 齿轨
gearcase
n.齿轮箱 Rotor 转子
Chapter 4.5 Conveying system
flexible flight conveyor / face chain conveyor 工作面可弯曲刮板输送机
main components 主要部件 drive head机头部
electric motor电动机
Hydraulic coupling液力联轴器 speed reducer减速器
chain wheel / sprocket链轮
drive head frame机头架
middle sections中间部
line pan溜槽
flight / scraper刮板
link chain刮板链 endless chain无极链
机尾部 tail end 机尾架 Drive end frame 链轮 sprocket 附属装置 auxiliary drives/units 挡煤板 spillboard / spill plate(cowl 罩，外壳)
铲煤板 ramp plate 千斤顶 jack
chain drive链式传动：
classification according to chain arrangement
双边链 double strand outboard chain 三链 triple strand chain 单中链 single middle chain 双中链 double middle chain 新型刮板输送机
侧卸式 side-loading fight conveyor 垂直转弯式 roller-curve fight conveyor 转载机Transfer conveyor
A short heavy flexible flight conveyor 桥式转载机（bridge）stage loader 区段皮带输送机 Main components 皮带 belt
托辊 roller 支撑托辊 supporting roller 机架 frame 传动装置 drive unit 电动机 electric motor 联轴器 coupling 减速器 speed reducer 滚筒 drum ① 卸载滚筒 unloaded drum ② 机尾导向滚筒 tail guide drum ③ 拉紧滚筒 take-up drum ④ 机尾导向滚筒guide drum 拉紧装置 take-up units 制动装置Braking devices 采区运输系统： 上山 rise 下山 dip Dip angle ≤15° belt conveyor 15°＜Dip angle≤25° chain conveyor Dip angle＞25° ceramic conveyor 水平运输系统
水平运输大巷 horizontal haulage entry belt conveyor 矿车 trolley wagons 机车 locomotive 电力机车 trolley locomotive 蓄电池机车 battery locomotive 矿车 wagon 固定箱式矿车Fixed box wagon Tipping bucket wagon Front unloading wagon
底卸式矿车Bottom-dump wagon 立井提升系统
矿井提升系统Mine hoist system 提升机Engine hoist 钢丝绳 wire rope 天轮 head sheave（n.滑轮）
Chapter 4.6 Ventilation system
箕斗 skip
辅助运输 auxiliary transportation
Transportation of material, equipment, waste and personnel 材料、设备、矸石、人员
副井Auxiliary shaft Similar to main shaft
罐笼Cage――hoist container 斜井Slope
In the slope, material and equipment are usually transported by direct rope hoist and endless rope hoist.While the waste is transported by skip and train according to the dip angle.The personnel are transported by a special man-car in the slope.水平运输大巷 horizontal haulage entry Electric locomotive haul the wagons to transport material, equipment, waste.Electric locomotive haul the special man-cars to transport miners.采区上下山 district rise and dip 1）有极绳提升Direct rope hoist dip angle：8-22
钢丝绳的一端与矿车相连，通过绞车（winch）放出和收回。
2）无极绳提升Endless rope hoist dip angle：≤10 区段运输
Tail entry：wagons ＋ wire rope Overhead monorail 单轨吊
Overhead endless rope hoist Transfer conveyor 转载运输机 Stage loader 桥式转载机
Roller curve conveyor 滚轴转弯运输机
风机：Ventilation fan 回风井：Return shaft 进风井：Intake shaft Working face Intake working 回风巷道：Return roadway 新鲜风：Fresh air Air flow 乏风：Dirty air 回风系统：
抽出式通风：Exhaust ventilation 负压 negative pressure 压入式通风：Forced ventilation 正压 Positive pressure 风机类型：
离心式风机：Centrifugal fan； 轴流式风机：Axial flow fan。通风设施：Ventilating structures 风墙：Ventilation wall 风门：Air door 风桥：Air bridge
Air regulator
防尘、灭尘：Dust suppression water spray 洒水，mist spray 喷雾
固定滚筒双向截割采煤机 fixed-drum bi-directional shearer
单滚筒可调高采煤机 single-drum ranging-arm shearer
双滚筒可调高采煤机 double-dram ranging-arm shearer 矿井瓦斯：mine gas
瓦斯：gas，methane，firedamp
All hazardous gases in underground coal mines, its major component is CH4.Colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous, Combustible.Its density is less than that of the air, so it often accumulates near the roof.Gas/methane control瓦斯控制 Gassy mine 高瓦斯矿井
Chapter 5 Pillar system
Two distinct phases of operation：
First rooms and pillars are developed in a section.The second is mining pillars.Two basic mining methods: Conventional mining method.普通采煤方法
Cutting 掏槽 at the bottom of the coal seam a horizontal slot is 6-9 inch, 5-7feet deep Drilling 钻眼 the optimum number and location of boreholes coal fragments after blasting neither too big nor too small for efficient loading.Blasting 爆破 explosives are loaded into each borehole and detonated n.起爆
Loading 装煤 shuttle carsection belt conveyor.Two shuttle cars are used.roof bolting 顶板锚杆支护
为了充分发挥设备和人员的能力，至少同时掘进5个平行的巷道。
由于生产环节多、分散，逐渐被连续采煤方法取代。
Continuous mining method.连续采煤方法 I continuous miner ＋ shuttle car 连续采煤机＋梭车工艺
＋ section belt conveyor ＋ roof bolting
间断运输工艺 II continuous miner ＋(intermediate)conveyors 连续采煤机＋输送机工艺 ＋ section belt conveyor ＋ roof bolting 连续的运输工艺
Pillar recovery 回收煤柱
There are three methods of extracting pillars, open-end method, pocket and wing method and splitting method.open-end method 开端式
pocket and wing method 袋翼式 splitting 劈柱式
pillarblockslifts/slices 煤柱――块――切块
Coal property 煤矿 Area 盘区
Set of entries 巷道群 Engineer vt.设计
Slough 脱落，剥落，碎落；崩落，坍塌，滑坍
Crush 压碎
A function of 是…的函数，随…而变。Relative strength 相对强度 Clearance 净空 Block of coal Room work Cutting consequence 切割顺序 Face mining cycle 工作面开采循环
Mining practice 开采
Colloquial [ kE5lEukwiEl ] adj.口语的, 通俗的
Dictate 规定，制定 Outline 形成…轮廓 Incorporate … as …
Ample 充足的，丰富的 solid work
chain pillar 巷道煤柱 lessen 减少，减轻 lift 小煤块、slice 切块
physical condition n.实际条件 post 柱子，支柱 stump 煤柱 slab平板
fender 煤柱，窄煤柱 hand loading 人工装载 common practice 惯例
concurrently n.同时发生地,并行地 in place 就地，原地；在地层内 ride over 骑马来，跨在…上
masonry n.砖石工程,砖石建筑 砌筑。Masonry stopping 砌筑风墙 Canvas stopping 帆布风帘 Line Brattice 纵向风障 Loading station 装车点
Chapter 6 Roadway excavation and support Roadway section巷道断面 掘进 drive, tunnel, excavate平巷掘进Drifting
巷道掘进 roadway excavation平巷掘进 n.drifting 沉井，凿井 n.sinking 上山掘进 n.raising 下山掘进 n.1）The shape of roadway section断面形状
巷道断面形状主要取决于地层条件、服务年限和支护材料。
The shape of roadway section depends mainly on strata conditions，the serving life and supporting materials.井筒Shaft , circular 大巷Main entry , arched, horseshoe 上山 rise, ladder-shaped, trapezoidal 顺槽Gateway , ladder-shaped, trapezoidal 2）The size of roadway section断面尺寸 巷道断面尺寸主要取决于巷道的用途。
The size of roadway section depends mainly on its use.它取决于运输或提升设备或其它设备的尺寸，还要根据通风要求对巷道断面尺寸加以修改。
It is dependent on haulage or hoisting equipment or other devices used，and it is modified according to the ventilation requirement.净宽，net width；净高 net height；净断面面积 net section area。2 Roadway excavation in rocks岩巷掘进 炮掘，爆破掘进：blasting excavation 装岩，除渣：mucking 掘进工艺包括主要作业和辅助作业，其中主要作业包括破岩、装岩、运输、支护，辅助作业包括通风、铺设轨道、挖掘排水沟、铺设管线等等。
The excavation technique consists of main operations including breaking, loading, haulage and support, and auxiliary work including ventilation, laying the track, digging ditches and laying pipes etc.1）Breaking 破岩
打眼放炮是目前应用最广泛的破岩方法。
Drilling and blasting is the most widely used method of rock breaking at present.（1）drilling Drill n.钻机
气动轻型钻机，风钻Air-jackleg 气腿式钻机Air-jack leg drill 架式钻机Drifter
钻车，凿岩台车 Jumbo, drill carriage 湿式钻进 Wet drilling 干式钻进 Dry drilling 钻孔 borehole（2）Blasting 爆破 炸药：Explosive 装药：Load explosive in the borehole, charge 起爆：detonate雷管：detonator；电雷管：electric detonator 炮眼布置方式：drilling pattern 掏槽眼：cut hole 辅助眼：auxiliary hole 周边眼：trim hole 顶眼：roof hole 帮眼：flank hole 底眼：Bottom hole 起爆顺序：firing sequence Cutauxiliaryroof & flankbottom The type of explosive used, rock properties, and method of loading and sequence of firing the holes, affect hole depth, diameter, alignment and spacing.采用的炸药的类型、岩石的特性、装岩方法、各个钻孔的起爆顺序，这些都影响着钻孔深度、直径、排列和间距的确定。
A blast round consists of cut, relief, breast, and trim holes.一个爆破炮眼组包括掏槽眼、辅助眼、压眼和边界眼。2）Excavation face ventilation 掘进面通风 Fan 风机 Air pipe 风筒
3）loading and haulage 装岩和运输 铲斗装岩机Shovel mucker 耙斗装岩机Scraper mucker
机车＋矿车Locomotive ＋ wagons 4）support 支护 Roadway excavation in coals煤巷掘进
1）conventional excavation of coal drift 传统的煤层平巷掘进法 Breaking is by means of drilling and blasting.手持式电钻：handheld electric drill loading: hand loading 人工装煤
scraper mucker：耙斗装煤机 coal loader：装煤机
扒抓，蟹抓2 gathering-arms 刮板输送机：1 scraper conveyor 2）综掘 fully mechanized excavation（1）gateway machine平巷掘进机 组成： 掘进头，（boom）cutterhead，cutting head 装煤装置：loading mechanism 扒抓，蟹抓gathering-arm 刮板输送机：scraper conveyor haulage：
皮带输送机：belt stage-loader mechanism 履带行走装置：crawler travel mechanism 支撑千斤顶：supporting cylinders，用来固定机器 other cylinders，control cutterhead 液控箱hydraulic control box 操作：
操作时，首先驱动履带行走装置，使得切削头碰到煤壁； 然后，伸长导向千斤顶和后部千斤顶，支撑到巷道上； 这样就固定住了掘进机。
然后，切割头在掘进面底部的一侧钻入煤壁。操作水平摆动千斤顶，使切割头割到底部的另外一侧，这就在掘进面底部完成了一刀作业。
操作升降千斤顶，使切割头向上割一定距离（切割头的直径），然后用相同的方法再割第二刀。
执行这个循环作业，直到割完整个断面。
平巷掘进机可以掘出任何形状和尺寸的断面，如圆形、马蹄形、拱形和长方形。
Gateway machine can excavate any size and shape of cross section: circular, horseshoe, arched and rectangular.（2）continuous miner 连续采煤机 roof bolter 锚杆安装机，锚杆机。
The roof bolter is a rubber-tired vehicle used to drill and insert bolts into the roof to support it.锚杆机是一个用来打锚杆眼安装锚杆来支护顶板的机器，它是用胶轮行走的。4 Roadway supporting 巷道支护 永久性支护：permanent support 临时性支柱：temporary support 刚性支护：rigid support 柔性支护：yieldable support 主动支护：active support 被动支护：negetive support 类型：
（1）木支架：timber support 梯形巷道：basic form：1 beam ＋ 2 posts 基本形式：一梁二柱
（2）钢支架：steel rib support 梯形巷道：1 beam ＋ 2 posts，工字钢：I-steel 拱形巷道：U-steel arch yieldable support U形刚拱形可缩型支架
（3）块石或混凝土砌碹：stone or concrete lining 直墙拱形：straight-sided arch（4）锚杆支护bolting support Enhance the self-supporting capability of surrounding rock.提高了围岩的自承能力。喷射混凝土：shotcreting 锚喷：bolting and shotcreting 锚网：bolting and metal mesh 锚索：anchored cable 锚注：bolting and injecting The length of time the rock safely can be left unsupported will greatly effect the overall drifting-operation cycle.岩石开挖后无支护而且安全的时间长度，即拱桥作用的时间，对于整个平巷掘进工艺循环有着很大的影响。
In some cases, no support is needed.In others, close support, or support ahead of the last set, is required.在一些情况下，不需要进行巷道支护。
其它的情况，需要及时支护，或者超前最后一个支架进行支护。超前支护：Advancing support 导管：Pipe spilling
Chapter 7 Novel mining methods
Novel mining methods新型采矿方法 掘进 drive, tunnel, excavate 巷道掘进 roadway excavation平巷掘进 n.drifting 沉井，凿井 n.sinking 上山掘进 n.raising Term vt 称为；把…叫做
Warrant n.许可证,保证,理由,执照;vt.向...保证,批准, 使有正当理由 Curiosity n.奇特性,好奇心,珍品 Auger mining 螺旋钻开采法
Leaching 溶浸法；leach vt.过滤 borehole mining 钻井采矿法
oblivion n.遗忘, 湮没
on the verge of 接近于, 濒临于
technology transfer 技术推广,技术转让 R&D 研发，研究和开发 Stoping，回采，采矿法 Sublevel，分段
Commodity n.矿种,矿产
Viability [ 7vaiE5biliti ] n.生存能力, 发育能力
Tie to 依靠，依赖
synthetic fuel 人造燃料,合成燃料 cartel 企业联合，卡特尔
intriguing adj.迷人的, 有迷惑力的 unconsolidated 未固结的，非胶结的，疏松的
extraterrestrial adj.地球外的 untried 未试过的
Nonetheless adv.虽然如此, 但是
Deterrent [ di`tE:rEnt ] n.阻碍,威胁力量 Roadheader 巷道掘进机 Mole 隧道全断面掘进机
TBM隧道掘进机 SBM井筒掘进机
Coin v.创造，杜撰（新词）
Overbreak，overexcavate 超挖 欠挖
alignment n.定线,准线,校正，定位 pilot hole 导向钻孔，导洞 in terms of 根据，在…方面 13
第二篇：城市规划专业英语词汇集[模版]
城市规划专业英语词汇集
urban planning城市规划
town planning城镇规划
act of urban planning城市规划法
urban comprehensive planning城市总体规划
urban detailed planning城市详细规划
Residential district detailed planning 修建性详规
regulatory detailed planning控制性详规
规划类的专业课程
regional planning区域规划
urban system planning城镇体系规划
urban sociology城市社会学
urban economic城市经济学
urban geography城市地理学
urban infrastructure planning城市基础设施规划
water supply and drainage electricity supplyroad building城市供水、供电、道路修建 urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系统和交通规划
urban road cross-section城市道路横断面
urban management information system城市管理信息系统
GIS: geography information system地理信息系统
RS: remote sensing遥感
Gardening: Landscape architecture园林=营造景观学
Urban landscape planning and design城市景观规划和设计
Urban green space system planning城市绿地系统规划
Urban design城市设计
Land-use planning土地利用规划
The cultural and historic planning历史文化名城
Protection planning保护规划
Urbanization城市化
Suburbanization郊区化
Public participation公众参与
Sustainable development(sustainability)可持续性发展（可持续性）
Over-all urban layout城市整体布局
Pedestrian crossing人行横道
Human scale人体尺寸
Street furniture街道小品
(sculpture fountaintea bar)（雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）
Traffic and parking交通与停车 Landscape node景观节点
Brief history of urban planning短暂的历史的城市规划
Archaeological考古学的Habitat住处
Aesthetics美学
Geometrical几何学的Moat护城河
Vehicles车辆，交通工具 mechanization机械化 merchant-trader商人阶级 urban elements城市要素 plazas广场 malls林荫道
Adaptable适应性强的 Organic entity有机体 Department stores百货商店 Opera歌剧院
Symphony交响乐团 Cathedrals教堂 Density密度 Circulation循环
Elimination of water水处理措施 In three dimensional form三维的 Condemn谴责 Rural area农村地区
Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构 Service-oriented以服务为宗旨的 Frame of reference参考标准 Distribute分类 Water area水域 Alteration变更 Inhabitants居民
Motorway高速公路 Update改造 Edifices建筑群
Urban fringes城市边缘
Anti-前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的 anticlockwise逆时针的Pro-前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的Sewage污水 Sewer污水管
Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂 Brain drain人才流失 Drainage area汇水面积 Traffic flow交通量
Traffic concentration 交通密度
Traffic control交通管制
Traffic bottleneck交通瓶颈地段 Traffic island交通岛（转盘）Traffic point city交通枢纽城市 Train-make-up编组站
Urban redevelopment旧城改造 Urban revitalization城市复苏
Urban fabric城市结构 Urban form城市形体
Material processing center原料加工中心 Religious edifices宗教建筑 Correctional institution教养院
Transportation interface交通分界面
CBD=central business district城市中心商业区 Public agencies of parking停车公共管理机构 Energy conservation节 能 Individual building单一建筑 Mega-structures大型建筑 Megalopolis特大城市
Rresidence居住用地黄色 Ccommercial商业用地红色 Mmanufacture工业用地紫褐色 Wwarehouse仓储用地紫色 Ttransportation 交通用地蓝灰色 Ssquare道路广场用地留白处理
Uutilities市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色 Ggreen space绿地绿色 Pparticular特殊用地 E水域及其他用地
（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地）Accessibility可达性；易接近Service radius服务半径
Topography地形图 Well-matched相匹配 Visual landscape视觉景观 Visual environment 视觉环境
Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量 Tour industry旅游业 Service industry 服务业 Relief road辅助道路 Rural population 城镇居民 Roofline屋顶轮廓线
风景园林四大要素：landscape plant；architecture/building；topography；water
Nature reserve自然保护区 Civic enterprise市政企业
Artery动脉，干道，大道 Land developer土地开发商 Broad thorough-fare 主干道 Water supply and drainage
A water supply for a town城市给水系统 Storage reservoir水库，蓄水库 Distribution reservoir水库，配水库 Distribution pipes配水管网 城市规划实施city planning implementation 城市规划管理city planning management, city planning administration
城市规划纲要city planning outline 城市规划标准city planning standard 城市市区部分city proper 城市选址city sitting 城市规模city size 城市广场city square 城[墙]city wall
Water engineer给水工程师 Distribution system配水系统 Catchment area汇水面积 Open channel明渠
Sewerage system污水系统，排污体制 Separate分流制 Combined合流制 Rainfall降水
Domestic waste生活污水 Industrical waste工业污水 Stream flow河流流量 Runoff径流
Treatment plant处理厂 Sub-main次干管 Branch sewer支管
City water department城市供水部门
Spatial structure空间转移 Blueprints蓝图
License执照，许可证
Hydroelectric power source水利资源 Monuments纪念物
High-rise apartment高层建筑物 Lawn草地 Pavement人行道 Sidewalk人行道
Winding street曲折的路 Metropolis都市
Construction work市政建设 Slums平民窟 Alleys大街小巷 Populate居住 Gothic哥特式
Renaissance文艺复兴式 Baroque巴洛克式
城市规划区city planning area
城市景观 城市艺术 cityscape, urban landscape civic art
第三篇：城市规划专业英语词汇集
专业英语词汇集
urban planning城市规划
town planning城镇规划
act of urban planning城市规划法
urban comprehensive planning城市总体规划
urban detailed planning城市详细规划
Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规
regulatory detailed planning控制性详规
规划类的专业课程
reginal planning区域规划
urban system planning城镇体系规划
urban sociology城市社会学
urban economic城市经济学
urban geograghy城市地理学
urban infrastructure planning城市基础设施规划
water supply and drainage electricity supplyroad building
城市供水、供电、道路修建
urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系统和交通规划 urban road cross-section城市道路横断面
urban management information system城市管理信息系统 GIS =geograghy information system地理信息系统
RS=remote sensing遥感
Gardening==Landscape architecture园林=营造景观学 Urban landscape planning and design城市景观规划和设计 Urban green space system planning城市绿地系统规划 Urban design城市设计
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Land-use planning土地利用规划
The cultural and historic planning历史文化名城
Protection planning保护规划
Urbanization城市化
Suburbanization郊区化
Public participation公众参与
Sustainable development(sustainability)可持续性发展（可持续性）Over-all urban layout城市整体布局
Pedestrian crossing人行横道
Human scale人体尺寸
Street furniture街道小品
(sculpture fountaintea bar)（雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking交通与停车
Landscape node景观节点
---------
Archaeological考古学的Habitat住处
Aesthetics美学
Geometrical几何学的Moat护城河
Vehicles车辆，交通工具,mechanization机械化
merchant-trader商人阶级
urban elements城市要素
plazas广场
malls林荫道
---------------
The city and region
Adaptable适应性强的Organic entity有机体
Department stores百货商店
Opera歌剧院
Symphony交响乐团
Cathedrals教堂
Density密度
Circulation循环
Elimination of water 水处理措施
In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn谴责
Rural area农村地区
Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构
Service-oriented以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference参考标准
Distribute分类
Water area水域
Alteration变更
Inhabitants居民
Motorway高速公路
Update改造
论文写作
Abstract摘要
Key words关键词
Reference参考资料
---------
Urban problem
Dimension大小
Descendant子孙，后代
Luxury奢侈
Dwelling住所
Edifices建筑群
Residence居住
Employment工作
Recreation休憩
Transportation交通
Swallow吞咽，燕子
Urban fringes城市边缘
Anti-前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的 anticlockwise逆时针的Pro-前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的 Grant助学金，基金
Sewage污水
Sewer污水管
Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂
Brain drain人才流失
Drainage area汇水面积
Traffic flow交通量
Traffic concentration 交通密度
Traffic control交通管制
Traffic bottleneck交通瓶颈地段
Traffic island交通岛（转盘）
Traffic point city交通枢纽城市
Train-make-up编组站
Urban redevelopment旧城改造
Urban revitalization城市复苏
-----------
Urban Function
Urban fabric城市结构
Urban form城市形体
Warehouse仓库
Material processing center原料加工中心
Religious edifices宗教建筑
Correctional institution教养院
Transportation interface交通分界面
CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区
Public agencies of parking停车公共管理机构
Energy conservation节 能
Individual building单一建筑
Mega-structures大型建筑
Mega-大，百万，强
Megalopolis 特大城市
Megaton百万吨
Rresidence居住用地黄色
Ccommercial商业用地红色
Mmanufacture工业用地紫褐色
Wwarehouse仓储用地紫色
Ttransportation 交通用地蓝灰色 Ssquare道路广场用地 留白处理
Uutilities市政公共设施用地 接近蓝灰色 Ggreen space绿地绿色
Pparticular特殊用地
E水域及其他用地
（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地）Corporate公司的，法人的Corporation公司企业
Accessibility可达性；易接近
Service radius 服务半径
-----------------
Urban landscape
Topography地形图
Well-matched相匹配
Ill-matched
Visual landscape视觉景观
Visual environment 视觉环境
Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量 Tour industry旅游业
Service industry 服务业
Relief road辅助道路
Rural population 城镇居民
Roofline屋顶轮廓线
风景园林四大要素：landscape plant
architecture/building
topography
water
Urban design
Nature reserve自然保护区
Civic enterprise市政企业
Artery动脉，干道，大道
Land developer土地开发商
Broad thorough-fare 主干道
--------------------Water supply and drainage
A water supply for a town城市给水系统 Storage reservoir水库，蓄水库 Distribution reservoir水库，配水库 Distribution pipes配水管网
Water engineer给水工程师 Distribution system配水系统
Catchment area汇水面积
Open channel明渠
Sewerage system污水系统，排污体制 Separate分流制
Combined合流制
Rainfall降水
Domestic waste生活污水
Industrical waste工业污水
Stream flow河流流量
Runoff径流
Treatment plant处理厂
Sub-main次干管
Branch sewer支管
City water department城市供水部门-------------------Urbanization
Spatial structure空间转移
Labor force劳动力
Renewable可再生*
Biosphere生物圈
Planned cities
Blueprints蓝图
License执照，许可证
Minerals矿物
Hydroelectric power source 水利资源 Monuments纪念物
High-rise apartment高层建筑物 Lawn草地
Pavement人行道
Sidewalk人行道
Winding street曲折的路
---------
A view of Venice
Metropolis都市
Construction work 市政建设
Slums平民窟
Alleys大街小巷
Populate居住
Gothic哥特式
Renaissance文艺复兴式
Baroque巴洛克式
第四篇：采矿工程
采矿工程——矿长：采矿人的“最高境界”
周剑波谈起采矿工程专业，大多数人都有一种“神秘”的感觉：采矿就是下矿井挖矿石吧，一定会干很多苦活累活吧！的确，所谓采矿，是指将有用矿物从地壳内或地表开采出来，并运送到选矿厂或其它使用地点的一种生产过程和作业。简单来讲，就是“挖矿”。但是，这仅仅是“采矿”二字的含义，加上“工程”，就不能单纯地理解为到矿山“挖矿”了。采矿工程是一种规模最大、最复杂的岩土工程，是应用工程学知识和科学方法，来圈定、设计、开拓和回采含有用矿物的矿床。而我们采矿工程专业的学生，正是要学习这种矿床开采的理论和方法。
采矿工程专业分为煤、金属及非金属方向，培养的是能掌握固体矿床开采的基本知识、基本理论和基本技术，具备采矿工程师的基本能力，能从事矿区开发规划、矿床开采(露天、地下)设计、矿山安全技术、工程监察、生产技术管理以及科学研究与技术创新的高级应用型工程技术人才。我们老师曾自豪地说过：矿业公司的总工程师无一例外都是采矿工程专业出身，采矿人的“最高境界”是矿长。
要成为总工程师或矿长，必须具备全面的知识与素养。而采矿工程专业开设的课程所涉及的学科领域是非常广泛的，包括各种公共基础课程，如高等数学、综合外语、大学物理、计算机基础、经济管理等，还有矿床开采的基本理论与专业知识以及岩土开挖的基本知识。其中，主干学科是力学与矿业工程，主干课程包括工程制图、工程力学、VB程序设计、地质学、测量学、岩石力学、爆破工程、采掘机械、井巷工程、矿床地下开采、矿床露天开采、矿井通风与安全。当然，课程的设置会因学校和专业方向的不同而有所差异。
在目前的采矿工程专业培养中，课程虽然涉及面广，但是真正“专业”的课程却相对不足，采矿方法的创新比较困难。老师曾说，我们现在用的教材跟上世纪七八十年代的教材的内容是大同小异的，采矿方法在本质上是基本相同的，近年来才发展创造了一些爆破技术和数字化矿山技术。与国外先进矿山相比，我国的采矿技术与装备、安全规范等都相对落后。因此，这也给我们新时代的采矿学子提供了广阔的推陈出新的契机。
采矿工程专业的实践性非常强，这也弥补了专业课相对不足的缺陷。主要的实验和实习有：工程训练、物理实验、电工电子技术实验、岩石力学实验、爆破实验、测量学实习、采矿专业认识与地质实习、生产实习、毕业实习。通过这些实践，学生能将理论与实际结合起来，既增加了趣味性，又掌握了知识、开拓了视野。这也是采矿工程专业的优势之处。选择这个专业必须要有足够的心理准备！因为矿山不可能建在城市里面或郊外，它只能在偏僻的地方。条件好点的矿山可能有自己的职工宿舍、娱乐设施，福利待遇也不错，还可以安置家属；那些处在深山老林、穷乡僻壤的矿山就算有很好的福利待遇，也抵不过艰苦的环境。所以，选择这个专业必须要有吃苦耐劳、奉献的精神，这不是嘴上说说能吃苦耐劳就可以的！我国矿山的安全隐患一直是个严重的问题，尤其是煤矿，随着技术的不断发展与法律法规的不断完善，矿山的安全系数越来越高了，安全事故逐年减少，矿山的安全隐患并不是人们想象中的那样可怕。我们去矿山工作同样必须掌握好技术，并时刻保持安全意识。此外，很多开设采矿工程专业的院校是不招收女生的，就算招也不过几个女生，这是由人的身体条件决定的，这并不是对女性的歧视，相反是出于尊重和保护。而男生到矿山工作，也可
能因为缺少女性而面临着无法结婚生子的问题。因此，选择专业必须慎重考虑，结合自己的家庭因素与个人的兴趣爱好，真正喜爱这个专业，全心全意地从事这个行业，才可能有所作为。
2011年6月，麦可思研究院发布的就业蓝皮书《2012年中国大学生就业报告》中指出，采矿工程专业是2012年全国本科就业十大“绿牌”发展专业之一。“绿牌”专业是指：月收入、就业率持续走高，失业量较低且就业满意度较高的专业，为需求增长型专业。可见，在我国经济增长面临较大压力、部分矿产品价格下降的背景下，采矿工程毕业生仍然保持着较高的就业率，采矿工程专业人才仍是社会发展急需的人才。但是，高就业率不可能一成不变，四年过后国家政策、经济形势可能发生转变，就业形势也会随之改变。
除了直接面向矿山就业外，毕业后可以进入政府管理部门从事能源开发与规划工作，进入安监局从事矿山安全监管工作，也可进入矿山设计研究院从事矿山开采设计工作。但能够得到这种“铁饭碗”工作的本科生在极少数，一般情况下最低门槛是硕士研究生。如今，越来越多的同学选择继续深造，考研[微博]甚至考博，因为研究生毕业能进入全国各大冶金设计院和省级设计院。
另外，对于学习采矿工程专业的学子来说，也可以跨专业领域就业。这就得益于较广的课程学习。比如你对爆破感兴趣，将来可以进入爆破领域；采掘机械学得好，你可以从事机械制造行业；计算机技术过硬，你可以进入矿山软件公司；你也可以到与采矿工程专业毫不相关的行业工作。总之，只要你有能力、够努力，相信“条条道路通罗马”，你一定会找到属于你自己的路！
拥有本专业国家特色专业院校名单：中国矿业大学、东北大学、重庆大学[微博]、贵州大学[微博]、西安科技大学、河北工程大学、内蒙古科技大学、华北科技学院、江西理工大学、河南理工大学等。
第五篇：专业英语结课作业 人文地理学 研究生二年级
专业英语结课作业
——李宁 2012级人文地理
On Financing Models of Real Estate
Enterprise
房地产公司的融资模式
Abstract: Against the background that the central government is strengthening macro control and tightening credit scale of real estate businesses, financing capacity becomes the determinant for a real estate enterprise's development.Domestic enterprises nave many ways of financing, and this paper describes ten common models, simply analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each model, while explains and recommends three financing examples models with practical examples : individual entrusted loan, trust financing and assets securitization.摘要：在国家加大宏观调控力度、紧缩房地产信贷规模的背景下，房地产企业面临严峻的资金压力，融资能力成为决定房地产持续发展的决定因素。国内房地产企业的融资方式较多，本文深入浅出地介绍了常见的十种模式，简单地分析了各种模式的优缺点，并结合工作实际，推荐和较详细地介绍了三种融资模式：个人委托贷款、信托融资、资产证券化。Keywords: real estate enterprise, enterprise financing, individual entrusted loan, trust financing, assets securitization, equity financing
关键字： 房地产企业；企业融资；个人委托贷款；信托融资；资产证券化；股权融资
文章分为四部分：
1、Introduction介绍
2、Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式
3、Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models 对比选择房地产公司融资模式
4、Conclusion结论
1、Introduction介绍
Real estate industry features in capital intensive, long development cycle, great input, high risk and so on.Traditional financing ways for real estate enterprises mainly include self-funded plus bank loans.Since the People's Bank of China issued No.121 Paper, financial institutions tightened cash flows, enterprises dependent on commercial banks for financing get into difficulties, meaning financing capacity has become a determinant for the sustainable development of a real estate enterprise.The financial system in China is not mature, so real estate enterprises should not only be confined to bank loans, but also seek for more financing channels and fully play the diversified financing functions of the society, for survival and further development.Only enterprises with timely innovation in financing and plenty of capital can survive and develop.Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to study and analyze various financing ways.2、Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式
Domestic real estate enterprises have different financing models, each with advantages and disadvantages, and they are summarized as follows:
2.1 Bank loans 银行贷款
This is a traditional financing method.According to statistics, before No.121 Paper from the People’s Bank of China, real estate projects sourced about 60% of the fund directly or indirectly from banks.Bank loans include credit loans, mortgage loans, etc.Some enterprises used to mortgage the land they take for loans, arrear part of land transferring fees, stage the project development, subcontract the project with advance capital and forward sale, etc.to rapidly recover funds.Nowadays, these ways are not workable.2.2 Institutional investments + bank loans 机构投资+银行贷款
Institutional investments plus bank loans, this model is also referred as bridge loans.When real estate enterprises are not able to self-fund for land grant fee, etc., institutional investors
provide short-term capital support(bridging), to keep the project moving(crossing bridge).When the projects have cash inflow, Banks began to loan.For enterprises targeting at further
development, this model only ease the cash tightness for a while, not a guarantee for long-term financial support.2.3Equity financing 股权融资
Equity financing model is broadly adopted in real estate industry.In order to get financed, many real estate project developers are willing to attract funds through capital and equity
increase.The largest shortcoming缺点 of this model is that the developers have to give out分发 a large part of profits, which is not quite acceptable for companies with good projects这一点并不能为拥有好项目的公司所接受.In addition, as equity financing involves management and administrative power由于股权融资包括管理和行政权力, enterprises for long-term
development would not prefer this method企业长期发展并不喜欢这种方式.2.4Corporate bonds 公司债券
This method is often used for new projects, with a higher interest rate than that of banks of the same period比银行同期利率更高的利息.Large enterprises generally issue more bonds, while general real estate projects seldom can get a chance to issue bonds大公司通常会发行很多债券，但通常不动产项目很少能有这样的机会.The requirements on the bond-issuer are strict, only exclusively-state-owned companies, public companies, and limited liability companies established by two state-owned investment subjects are qualified 债券发行人的要求是严格的,只有完全国有企业,上市公司,有限责任公司建立了两个国有投资主体才有资格。Meanwhile, the bond-issue should be entrusted to a security company, and there are strict requirements for the enterprise asset-liability ratio, capital fund and guarantee资本金和保证金.The procedure is complicate and rigorous, and because of the limited size and activities of China bond market, both issuing and holding bonds are risky.这个过程是复杂和严格,由于有限的规模和活动的中国债券市场,无论是发行和持有债券是有风险的。
2.5 Financing by listing 上市融资
Financing through listing in the stock market is a well known financing method.Besides domestic security markets, listing in overseas especially in HK stock markets are preferred by domestic enterprises.通过上市融资是股票市场上一个众所周知的融资方法。除了国内安全市场,在海外尤其在香港上市股票市场是国内企业的首选。
Due to numerous restrictions on real estate enterprises to go public, back-door listing借壳上
市 is the dominant way for them to complete the plan.If they can technically make use of
back-listing, enterprises will get financed easily.Long process, complex procedure, high cost, and strict qualification requirements, all these would fail most real estate companies.2.6 Joint financing within the industry行业内的联合融资
Enterprises in the industry join together, collect idle capital in other fields and put it into enterprises or projects in need of funds, while the later pay for the utilization.企业在行业内联合，收集闲散资金并投入需要资金的企业或项目上，后者需支付一定的使用金 With this mutual and self financial assistance, enterprises can boost the project development, improve surrounding environment, and optimize the use of funds.But this model is confined to a small range and projects with small amount of capital needs, and is not suitable for relatively large projects with great investments.2.7Project financing 项目融资
This model is used for specific projects.特殊工程使用这种方式 Project undertaker
(meaning shareholders)sets up a project company for a specific project, applies for loans with the project company as the borrower, repay the loans with the cash flow and earnings of the company, and mortgages assets of the company as loan collateral.项目承担者(即股东)为特定的项目设立项目公司,项目公司作为借款人申请贷款,公司现金流和收益偿还贷款,抵押公司资产作为贷款抵押品。Project financing raising capital relies on the project initiators’ credit or assets, while loan banks qualify the repayment ability through assets of the project and future cash flow.This mode is commonly used for power generation, road bridge and other large
infrastructure projects with stable cash flow, and now large petrochemical projects are included.这种模式常用于发电、道路桥梁等大型基础设施项目和稳定的现金流,以及大型石化项目。
2.8 Individual entrusted loan个人委托贷款
This model is to finance specific areas and groups through cooperation between real estate enterprises and banks and other financial institutions.这个模式是房地产企业和银行以及其他金融机构在特殊金融领域的合作。Individual investors entrust banks to loan idle capital to real estate enterprises, to get a fixed return much higher than bank deposit interests of the same period, while real estate companies get loans special for real estate development projects, and take the responsibility of repaying capital and interests on schedule.2.9 Trust financing 信托融资
Compared with bank loans, real estate trust financing can not only reduce the overall
operation cost of real estate industry and cut financial costs, but also be good for continuoususe of real estate funds and the development of real estate enterprises.With trust financing, real estate companies can get direct loans, equity investment, and asset securitization and so on, via trust investment companies’ system arrangement, innovation design and implementation.Trust has unique systemic advantage, vast innovation potential and great flexibility, and can serve real estate companies of different levels and different grades.2.10 Asset securitization 资产证券化
Asset securitization means turning commodity apartments into financial products to be sold with vouchers.Real estate securitization refers to representing investments in real estate projects in the form of securitization, which turns the direct property rights between investors and investees into securities.Overseas practices prove that real estate securitization can not only expand the capital sources financial institutions involving in real estate mortage loan business,but also greatly enhance the liquidity of mortgage loans by financial institutions to real estate industrial players.From an investor’s point of view, investment in real estate securities can reduce survey costs for investors into individual cases, and will be helpful for various investors to get in.For a long-term development, domestic real estate enterprises need to develop various financing models, and real estate securitization is the trend.3、Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models对比选择房地产公司融资模式
Besides trust financing, there are many other financing models like corporate bonds, issuing stocks and listing, bank loans, equity investment, industrial funds, etc.In fact, most financing methods have disadvantages.Here we will select and explain three practical or potential
financing models in detail, in hope of being helpful to Changqing Property Group Co., Ltd.in the financing and sustainable development.3.1 Individual entrusted loan个人委托贷款
Xi’an Changqing Property Group Co., Ltd.tried a low cost financing method in
2004—individual entrusted loan, which had a good result.After several months’ operation, the company has attracted an accumulative fund of 60 million RMB.2004年，西安长庆房地产集团有限公司尝试了一个低成本的融资方法——个人委托贷款。这种方法效果显著，经过几个月的运行，公司吸引了一比高达6000万元的累积基金。Judging from current results ,this method is practical for Changqing.At present the procedure for individual entrusted loan is: the principal(depositor)deposits capital in a specific branch of China Construction Bank, and signs relevant legal documents with Changqing, entrusting the bank to make loans to Changqing.The loan is one-year term, with an interest rate of 4.03%, meaning the principle will have a net return of 3.8%, deducting stamp duty, interest tax and so on.一年期的贷款利率为4.03%，这意味着扣除印花税、利息税收等，净收益率为3.8%。
Individual entrusted loan adds a new way for employees to make investments, and also a try by Changqing in market financing, which can accelerate housing projects development, meeting oilfield workers’ demand of a home in cities.Changqing should keep pm this practical financing model, and gradually expand the range.3.2 Trust financing信托融资
In 2004, trust products including 3rd Ring Road fund trust, Shaanxi Power fund trust, Shaanxi Natural Gas fund trust caused a buying wave in Xian.2004年,三环基金信托、陕西电力基金信托以及陕西天然气基金等信托产品迎来一个消费热潮。
Take the supporting residential project of Science and Technology Park of Xian Jiaotong University for example, under several principles’ entrust, trustee utilize the collected trust funds in the residential project based on the principles’ will, and under the condition that the risk is under effective control.以支持住宅项目科技园区的西安交通大学为例,在几个信托项目中,受托人利用在住宅项目收集到的信托基金,并且在这种情况下风险是可以有效控制的。Taking advantage of the skills and abundant experiences in financing, trustee can provide professional financial services, and obtain trust returns.The trust plan involved an amount of 160 million RMB, providing one-year, two-year, and three-year contracts, and the yield for three-year investment was 4.5%.Trust products can flexibly adapt to and deal with various real estate economic and legal relations, overcoming difficulties other methods fail to solve.信托产品可以灵活地适应和处理
各种房地产经济和法律关系,并且克服其他方法无法解决的困难。Trust is flexible in delivery, and can be designed into custom fund trust products according to the enterprise’s operation requirements and the project, thus expanding choices for both the supply and the demand.In view of current operation modes, there are three modes for real estate enterprises using trust for financing: 依据当前的操作模式的不同,可以将房地产企业使用信托融资的方式分为三种:
(1)Conventional Mode of Loaning
This is the same with conventional commercial bank loans, and the operation includes five steps:
First, property developers and trust investment companies negotiate on the project
financing and sign agreement;
Second, trust company applies to the relevant governmental departments for approval for the design and distribution for the trust products;
Third, the trust company issues trust vouchers publicly to investors;
Fourth, the trust company puts the funds raised from issuing vouchers into the real estate projects as credit loans;
Fifth, developers complete construction and sale of the project, and trust company gets the funds repaid.This model is easy to manage, and has a stable financing costs, but it has to meet the
requirements of 200 vouchers with each on less than 50,000 RMB.这个模型很容易管理,并有一个稳定的融资成本.This model has limitations in the amount(100 million RMB or so)and the scope of the funds.该模型的金额和资金总量需控制在1亿元左右。
(2)Staged Equity Financing股权融资
In this mode, trust companies inject capital into real estate enterprises through taking equities in it.在这种模式下,信托公司注资房地产企业并通过控股的形式来控制该类房地产企业。When raise funds, the trust companies invest in real estate companies through capital increase, and hold some equities in it.当房地产公司需要筹集资金时,信托公司通过增资的方式获得一部分股票。Real estate enterprises promise to buy back the equities in two years at a premium price.房地产企业承诺两年内以溢价的价格回购股票。This mode takes advantages of trust, and can function where a bank can’t(as banks are not allowed for industrial investments).This procedure is:
First, trust investment companies raise capital from fund holders by issuing trust products;Second, trust investment companies inject fund in real estate companies through equity investment;
Third, trust investment companies obtain equity in the real estate companies(such equity is similar to preferred stock, meaning having no rights to make decisions on routine operation, personnel appointments, but have rights to know, veto, make suggestions and so on);
Forth, trust investment companies entrust holding equity to original shareholders, and sign equity repurchase agreements with the original shareholders and affiliated parties(in order to ensure the buyback, both sides need to have guarantees);
Fifth, real estate companies operate the development projects, and obtain cash flows.Sixth, affiliated parties(or the original shareholders)get fund from real estate companies, and repurchase equity.The trust financing process is over.This mode can increase real estate enterprises’ capital fund, helping them meet the
requirements of bank financing.这种模式可以提高房地产企业资本基金,帮助他们达到银行融资的条件。Trust companies’ equity financing only requires a reasonable return in the set time period, not a share of profits, so that real estate companies can solve financial problems, while keep control of the project.信托公司只需要在特定时间段内的资金回报,而不参与分红。所以,房地产企业在解决金融问题的同时,并对该项目进行控制。
(3)Transactional trust products事务信托产品
This trust plan can bring a return as high as 6% to investors, but with more intermediate
operations and low liquidity, which matters most.此类信托计划可为投资者带来高达6%的回报。
Judging from future development, the diversification of trust investment products is vital to trust products, and also is an important trend for real estate trust financing.从未来的发展来看,对于房地产信托融资，信托投资产品的多样化是至关重要的,也是信托产品的一个重要趋势。There is great potential for China real estate trust financing.3.3 Asset Securitization资产证券化
Asset securitization is the financing method with the most potential.Real estate securitization as an innovative financing method emerged in 1950s in the United States.20世纪50年代，房地产证券化作为一种创新的融资方法最早出现在美国。In late 1960s, real estate securitization mode in the United States and other developed countries gradually matured.In 1986, the United States Federal National Mortgage Association was renamed to Federal Housing Loan Mortgage Company, and set up Government National
Mortgage Association.Based on these two institutions, the United States creatively carried out residential mortgage loan securitization: the two institutions mentioned above undertake all the mortgage loans by financial institutions for residential purchase, then through legal ways issue bonds to turn the creditor’s rights on the loans into cash, repay the financial institutions by buying rights on the loans, to accelerate relevant financial institutions’ capital flow to provide new loans to homebuyers.Conclusion结论
Under the background that national economy maintains high growth rate, social reform
speeds up and industries have a promising future, Real estate enterprises are facing opportunities for development and various financing choices, each with advantages and disadvantages.在国家经济保持高速增长的背景下,社会改革的进程加快，产业的发展前景一片光明。房地产企业所面临的发展机遇以及所采用的融资方式,均有其利弊。For most real estate enterprises, bank loans are still a conventional choice, so it should not be given up;individual entrusted loan has potential to expand the scale, so it is worth trying;trust financing is getting popular in recent years and has developed many flexible financing modes, so it should be paid more attention;asset securitization with a promising future should be watched and investigated as soon as possible.
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