第一篇：精读教案1
Unit 1 Essentials of business Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know what business is and the four basic factors of production.B.Understand how to greet people and say good-bye in informal and formal situations.C.Master countable and uncountable nouns.D.Grasp the words and phrases related to business.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background A.Business(生意)In business English, business means the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy society’s needs.Generally business can mean buying or selling goods or services.That is the activity of making money by
producing or buying and selling goods, or by providing services.When it is used in this meaning, it is uncountable.It can also be used to refer to an organization such a company, shop, or factory that produces or sells goods or provides a service.When it is used in this meaning, it is countable.B.Entrepreneur(企业家)A person who risks his or her time, effort, and money to start and operate a business is called an entrepreneur.C.Types of business Businesses are generally of three types.Manufacturing businesses(or manufacturers)are organized to process various materials into tangible goods, such as trucks or towels.Service businesses produce services, such as haircuts or legal advice.And some firms------called middlemen------are organized to buy the goods produced by manufacturers and then resell them.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points
1.relate: v.to connect 联系，涉及
[相关搭配] relate „to/with与„有关，有联系
【例句】Faced with the facts I had to relate the matter with you.面对这些事实我不得不把你和这件事联系起来。
[相关词] relation n.similarity, contrast or connection between people, things or events联系，关联，关系
【例句】There is close relation between rainfall and crop production.降雨量与农作物之间有密切的联系。
2.construct: v.build sth.;put or fit together;form 建造，建筑，构成
【例句】construct a factory/ an airplane/a sentence 建工厂/造飞机/造句
[相关词] constructor n.person who constructs things建筑者，建设者
construction n.action or manner of constructing 建筑，建造的活动或方式
3.finance: v.provide money for(a project);fund 为（某计划）提供资金，提供款项
【例句】The scheme is partly financed by this company.此计划部分是由这家公司资助的。
finance company(or finance house): company that lends money for
hire-purchase transactions 信贷公司，财务公司
the Ministry of Finance 财政部
the Minister of Finance 财政部部长
[相关词]financial adj.concerning money and finance 财务的，金融的，财政的
【例句】a financial magnate 金融巨头
financial circles 金融界
financial reports 会计报告
4.stock: n.[C usu pl] a portion of capital of a business company held by an investor, share股份
[相关词]stockholder/ shareholder股东
stockbroker n.person who buys or sells stocks and shares for clients
证券经纪人；股票经纪人
stock exchange n.place where stocks and shares are publicly bought and sold
股票交易所；证券交易所
5.insurance: n.guarantee of compensation for loss, damage, sickness, etc.in return for regular payment 保险
【例句】an insurance against theft/ fire 盗窃保险/火险
personal insurance人身保险 6.secure: v.1）to make sure of getting sth.获得
【例句】He’s lucky to have secured himself such a good job.他能找到这么好的工作是幸福。
2）make safe 使安全，防护，保卫（常与against, from , to 连用）
【例句】By strengthening the river banks the city secured itself
against
flood.由于加固河堤，该城可以免遭水灾。7.distribute: vt.1)give or send out 分配，分发，配给（常与to, among 连用）
【例句】distribute the books to the students 给学生分发书本
2)spread out, scatter 分布，散步，散开（常与over连用）
【例句】Our shops are distributed all over the city.我们的商店遍布在城市的各个地方。
3)give out or deliver 分送，运送
【例句】The man had thirty parcels to be distributed at houses all over the town.这个人有30个包裹要分送全镇各家。
[相关词] distribution n.the act of distributing分配，分发
distributive adj.of or having to do with distribution分配的，分布的
8.estate: n.1)a large area of land developed for a specific purpose, e.g.for houses or factories 做某种用途的地区
【例句】a housing/ trading estate 住宅区/商业区 an industrial estate 工业区
2)area of land, esp.in the country 地产，（尤指）庄园
【例句】He owns a large estate in Scotland.他在苏格兰有大量地产。
3)all the money and property that a person owns , esp.that which is left at death
个人财产，（尤指）遗产
【例句】Her estate was divided among her four children.她的遗产分给了她的四个子女。9.yield: v.1)to give, produce, bear, etc.生产，出产，生长出，结出
【例句】The tree has yielded a lot of apples this year.这棵树今年结了很多苹果。
This land yields abundantly.这块地收成很好。
2)give up, surrender 让步，让与，放弃，屈服，投降
【例句】He yielded all his possessions to the state.他把自己的所有财产都转让给了国家。
He was yielding to public pressure.他屈服于舆论的压力。10.manufacture: v.1)to make goods on a large scale(尤指大量)生产
【例句】manufacture shoes 制造鞋
manufacturing industry制造业
2)invent 假造，虚构，捏造
【例句】She manufactured a false story to hide the facts.她编造瞎话以掩盖事实。
11.accomplish: v.to succeed in doing 完成
【例句】He accomplished his purpose.他达到了他的目的。
[相关词]accomplished adj.完成的，达到的 【例句】an accomplished fact 已成的事实
[相关词]accomplishment n.实行，完成，达到,成绩，成就 12.process: v.1)to perform operation on(sth.)in computer(用计算机处理)【例句】data processing equipment数据处理设备
2)a continued set of actions performed intentionally in order to reach some results 步骤，程序，过程
【例句】Unloading the cargo was a slow process.卸货是个缓慢的过程。
in the process 在进行中 13.conduct:
v.1)manage, direct, carry on 经营，管理，指挥
【例句】The oldest son conducts the family’s business.由长子掌管家里的日常事务。
2)behave oneself 行为，举止
【例句】He conducted himself honestly.他为人诚恳。
3)lead or guide 指导，引导
【例句】The curator conducted the visitors round the museum.馆长领着游客们在博物馆各处参观。
n.1)moral behavior 行为，品行
【例句】His conduct in school is excellent.他在学校的品行是极好的。
2)manner of directing or managing affairs.执导，管理
【例句】under the conduct of 在„的引导下
His conduct of the business was very successful.他的商业经营十分成功。
14.initiate: v.1)start(sth.)working 创始，发起
【例句】This year we shall initiate a series of free concerts.今年我们将发起一系列的免费音乐会。
They initiated certain reforms.他们创始了某些改革。
2)introduce(someone)into a club, group esp.with a special
ceremony
以正式方式介绍加入
【例句】We were initiated into a sports club by one of the members.一位老会员以正式仪式介绍我们加入体育运动俱乐部。
[相关词] initiation n.创始，开始
initiative adj.主动的，起始的，初步的
15.innovative: adj.make changes, bring in sth.new or new ways of doing
things革新，变革：（常与 on, upon 或in连用）
[相关词] innovation n.改革，革新
innovational adj.革新的，富有革新精神的
innovative, innovatory adj.tending to innovate, characterized by
innovation 革新的，创新的，富于革新精神的innovator n..革新者，创新者
【例句】innovative behavior革新的行动
Inventors are innovative people.发明者都是富于革新精神的人。
innovate in techniques 在工艺上革新
innovate upon religious forms革新宗教形式
These are innovations in methods of teaching.这些都是教学方法上的改革。
16.profit: 1)n.money gained by business 收益，利润，赢利
【例句】How much profit did you make? 你获多少利润？
2)n.advantage or benefit gained from sth.益处，好处
【例句】What profit is there in worrying? 担忧有何益处？
There is no profit in such pursuits.做这种事情徒劳无益。
3)vt.be of use or advantage to sth.or sb.有利于，有益于
【例句】It’ll not profit you to start an argument.引起争论对你不利。
4)vi.learn or gain advantage from 得利，获益（常与by, from连用）
【例句】I profited by/ from the deal.我在那笔交易中获利。
He profited greatly from his year abroad.他在国外的一年获益匪浅。
[相关词] profitable adj.1）yielding profit 有利可图的，有赢利的【例句】profitable business 有利可图的买卖
2)resulting in advantage 有益的，有用的
【例句】His advice was profitable to all of us.他的建议对我们大家都有好处。
profitless adj.无益的，无利可图的，没有好处
profitably adv.有利地，赢利地，有益地
17.relate…to/with:
1)relate sth.to /with sth.connect(two things)in thought or meaning;
associate sth.with sth.else(在思想上或意义上)将(两事物.)联系起来；将某事物与另一事物相联系
【例句】It is difficult to relate cause and effect in this case.这个案件中的动机与效果很难联系起来。
People relate high wages to/with high consumption.人们把高收入和高消费联系起来。
2)relate to sb./sth.be connected with sb./sth.else;refer to sb./sth.与某人[某事物]有关；涉及某人[某事物] 【例句】Wealth is seldom related to happiness.财富鲜与幸福相关。
Statements relating to his resignation 与他辞职一事有关的说法
18.refer to:
1)mention, speak of , be directed towards 提及`，谈到，指
【例句】He doesn’t like anyone referring to his wooden leg.他不喜欢任何人提及他那条木制的假腿。
The new law doesn’t refer to land used for farming.这条新法令并非指农用土地。
2)look for information or help参考，引用，查询，查阅
【例句】If I’m not sure how to spell a word, I refer to a dictionary.若拿不准一个单词的拼法，我便查阅词典。
19.be extracted from: to take sth.from sth.else 从„„中提取
【例句】Oil can be extracted from olive.油可自橄榄中榨取。
A miner extracts gold from earth.矿工从泥土里提取黄金。
Some sentences are extracted from grammar books.一些句子可从语法书中摘取。
20.be responsible for: to have the duty of looking after sth.对„„负责； 负责某事
【例句】He is not primarily responsible for it.他对这事不负主要责任。
directly responsible for 对„„ 直接负责
hold sb responsible for 使某人负担„的责任
make oneself responsible for 负起„的责任
21.decide on: consider and come to a conclusion;make up one’s mind
做出决定（选定某物）
【例句】After seeing so many candidates we have decided on this one.我们见了所有的候选人，决定选这位。
decide against: 决定反对„，做出不利于„的决定
decide against changing the job 决定不改变工作
22.distribute…to/among: separate sth.into parts and give a share to each
person or thing;give or send out 分配，分发，配给
【例句】He distributed the food to the hungry people.他把食物分给饥饿的人。
Mother distributed the candy among the children.母亲把糖果分给孩子们。
23.pay for:
1)to give money for 为„什么而付钱
【例句】They tried to leave the restaurant without paying for their
meal.他们不付钱就要溜走。
How much did you pay for your house? 你们买房花了多少钱？
2)suffer or be punished for sth.为某事是苦头或受惩罚。
【例句】I’ll make him pay for his insolence!他蛮横无礼，我要让他尝尝苦头。
He paid much for his own dishonesty.他为自己的不诚实付出了巨大的代价。
II．Difficult Sentences 1)Other forms of business include merchandising, which is the selling of
products, and providing various services, such as accounting，distributing, and repairs.要点：本句的主语是other forms of business谓语动词是
include;
include后跟了两个宾语merchandising和providing various services而which is the
selling of products为定语从句，修饰merchandising;such as accounting，distributing, and repairs也是定语，举例说明前面的various services.译文：其他形式的生意包括出售产品之类的买卖和提供诸如会计，分配和修理等不同形式的服务。
2)It refers not only to a piece of real estate where we might build a
factory, but it also means all the raw materials used for production.要点：本句由but连接一个并列句，在句中又由not only„„ but also这一结构连接两个并列的谓语动词refer
to和means。where we might build a factory做定语，修饰a piece of real estate;
在后面的句子中used为过去分词做定语修饰前面的raw
materials, 可以把它改成定语从句which are used for
production。
译文：土地不仅指我们可以建造房子的一块地，也指用于生产的所有原材料。
3)Therefore, to a certain extent the next factor, capital, can be used to
replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor that
humans have to use in order to conduct business.要点：to a certain extent: to a certain degree达到某程度
or在本句中连接两个并列的谓语动词replace 和reduce;that humans have to use in order to
conduct business 为定语从句，修饰前面的physical and mental labor。
译文： 因此，某种程度上，下一个要素-资本，可以用来取代劳动或者减少为了经营生意，人类不得不花费的体力和脑力劳动的量。
4)He must be able to decide on the value of things that other
people
invent, whether it is a new toy, a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising.要点：decide on/upon: 对„„作出决定
【例句】They have decided on/upon building a reservoir there.他们决定要在那里建一座水库。
句中whether it is a new toy ,a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising shi 是名词性从句，修饰前面的things.译文：他必须能够决定其他人发明出来的东西的价值，不管它是一个新玩具，一种新的文件归档的方法或者是一种新的广告宣传方式。
5)It is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere;the
customers must look for another place to buy the products;creditors
usually lose some of the money to the company.要点：本句是由三个句子组成的并列句，具体解释了前面的it causes problems for many people.译文：对于那些不得不在其他地方找工作的员工们来说，这是一件难事；顾客们必须寻找另外一个地方购买产品；债权人通常也会从这个公司失去一些钱。
III.Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1)Introduction: What is Business?
Business is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services.This paragraph explains the definition of business through three ways: 1)Business includes the production of goods.2)Business can also provide the finance for production activities.3)Business also includes merchandising products and providing various
services.Part II(Paragraph 2-8)
Explanation of the four basic factors of production 1)(Paragraph 2)It introduces the four basic factors of production: land，labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.2)(Paragraph 3)It explains what land is: land not only refers to a piece
of real estate, it also means all the raw materials for production
extracted from the land, the air, and the oceans.3)(Paragraph 4-5)These two paragraphs explain what labor is: labor
refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods.(1)In industrialized countries, labor is generally more mental than
physical.(2)In other countries, robots and other forms of data processing
equipment perform many jobs requiring a lot of mental labor in the past.4)(Paragraph 6)It explains what capital means: Capital refers to
anything that helps to produce and distribute goods.(1)Generally capital means wealth or money.(2)It also means the equipment that money purchases, eg.tools, machines
and buildings.5)(Paragraph 7-8)These two paragraphs explain what entrepreneurship is:
Entrepreneurship refers to some activities conducted by the entrepreneur
by initiating business activity and managing the business.It emphasizes
that in order to be successful, an entrepreneur must be
innovative and be
able to decide on the value of things invented by others.Part III(paragraph 9)Discussion of the risks of the business 1)It emphasizes that everyone connected with a business shares the risks
of the business.But the entrepreneur takes the biggest one.2)It illustrates when the business is profitable and when it goes
bankrupt.Reading II I.Notes 1.辨析company, firm and business “A company” is an organization made up of people who work together for the
purposes of making or selling goods or services in order to get money.【例句】an insurance/ automobile company 保险公司/ 汽车公司
a state-owned company国营公司
“A firm” refers to a small business company that makes goods or provides
services.【例句】a law firm 法律公司
an engineering firm工程公司
a firm of accountants 会计师事务所
“A business” is a shop, a factory or a company that sells goods or
provides services, esp.one that employs a small number of people or even
only one person.【例句】He runs a small business in the town.他在镇上经营着一家小铺子。
to start up a new business 新开一家商号
2.“sb.be said to do”: 据说 This phrase can be used to introduce
information or message.Besides “ said”, some other verbs can also be
used, such as “ assumed, believed, considered, estimated, expected，recognized, recommended, regarded, reported, supposed”.相当于 “It is said +that clause” 结构
【例句】He is said to be the richest man in the world.= It is said that he is
the richest man in the world.据说他是世界上最富有的人。
3.expand: to increase something so that it covers a wider area or range
of activities.使（某事物）变大，扩大，增大，增加，增强，扩展
【例句】expand business 扩展生意
Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热则膨胀。
[相关词]expansion n.扩大，扩展，膨胀
4.tonne: metric ton, measurement of weight, which is equal to 1,000 kg.公吨
5.in bulk: in large quantities大批，整批
【例句】to buy/ sell in bulk整批或大批购买/出售
We always buy in bulk then we will get a big discount.我们总是大批购买，这样我们就能获得比较大的折扣。
6.wholesale & retail: Wholesale refers to the sale of goods in large quantities at a time，usually to storekeepers or others who will in turn sell them in small
quantities to users.批发
Retail is the sales of goods in small quantities at a time, directly to
the consumer.零售
[相关词]wholesaler 批发商
retailer 零售商
7.distributor: a wholesaler who has exclusive rights to market, within a
given territory, the goods of a manufacturer or company.批发商
8.compete: to try to win something竞争
[相关搭配] compete for: 为„„ 而竞争
【例句】compete for attention 争着出风头
compete for the contract 为赢得合同而竞争
[相关搭配] to compete with/ against 竞争，对抗比赛
【例句】compete with/ against each other 相互竞争
compete with a trading company for the contract为合同和一家外贸公司展开竞争
[相关词] competition n.比赛，竞赛
competitive adj.比赛的，竞争的
competitor n.竞争者，比赛者，对手，敌手
9.keep ahead of: surpass, be in a more successful position than胜过，优于，领先于
【例句】If she works hard, she will surely keep ahead of her colleagues.10.have an advantage over somebody: to have a better position than
somebody与„„相比具有优势
【例句】 She has an advantage over other girls.她比其他女孩子具有优势。
11．give sb./ sth.an edge on/over = have an/the edge on/over: have a
slight advantage over sb./sth.略胜过某人/某物
【例句】The young tennis player definitely had the edge on his older opponent.这个年轻的网球运动员显然比哪个年纪大的对手略胜一筹。
II．Difficult Sentences 1)A firm which is just starting up is going into business and a company
which stops operating goes out of business.要点: which is just starting up为定语从句修饰主语a firm;which stops operating
为又一个定语从句修饰主语a company.start up: begin working , running启动，开始
go into business: to begin business 开始做生意
go out of business: become bankrupt 破产，倒闭
译文：刚初建起来的公司就开业了，而停止运营的公司就破产停业了。
2）If one year it produces 100 tonnes and the next year it produces 110
tonnes, it has increased production by 10%.要点: “increase production by”.Here the proposition “by” indicates the
amount or degree of increase, and the Chinese for it is 增加了.Similarly，“to reduce„„by” means 减少了。
If we use another proposition “to”, it indicates the total amount
including the part that has been increased “增加到” or reduced, “减少到”。
【例句】Our car production has increased by 10% to 33,000 a year.我们的年汽车产量增加了10%，增加到了33，000辆。
译文：如果厂家一年生产100公吨，下一年生产110公吨，它的产量就增加了10%。
Word Study 1.risk 基本用法
n.1)a danger(of)sth.that may have a(stated)bad result 风险，危险性：
【例句】There is a risk.有很大危险性。
The business was insured against the risk of failure.那家企业投保以防破产的风险。
2)a danger 危险：
Fishermen face a lot of risks in their daily lives.渔民在日常生活中面临着很多危险。
3)（stated）danger , a person or thing that is a(stated)danger for the
insurance
(某种)险；被保人，被保物：
【例句】fire risk火险
He is a good risk.他是个条件好的被保对象。
vt.1)place in danger 下赌注：
【例句】He risked his fame.他以他的名声作赌
2)take the chance of 冒„„的危险：
【例句】He risked his life for honor’s sake.他为了名誉而甘冒生命危险。
相关搭配：
at all risks无论冒多大风险
at risk 在危险中
at the risk of 冒着„的危险
相关词
risky adj.dangerous 危险的2.perform 基本用法
vt.1)do, accomplish, carry out(a place of work)做；完成；实行：（比 do, carry
out 正式）
【例句】The doctor performed a difficult operation.那位医生做了一个复杂的手术。
2)fulfill(a promise, order, etc.)履行，执行（允诺，命令）
【例句】He performed his duty faithfully.他忠实地履行了他的职责。
3)direct or go though the form and actions of(a ceremony)指挥或举行（仪式）
【例句】The ceremony was performed on April fifteenth.四月十五举行仪式。
vi.1)of machines work(in the proper or intended way)(机器)操作
【例句】Is that new car fulfilling well ? 那辆新车好开吗? 2)(of people)carry out a particular activity, esp.well and with great
skill(人)表现
【例句】He performs well under pressure.在艰难情况下他表现得很坚强。
相关词
performance n..1)the action of performing sth.执行，履行，实现
2)the action or an act of performing 表演，演出
3)the ability to do sth.性能，能力
performer n.a person(or thing)that performs, esp.an actor, musician表演者
3.replace
基本用法
vt.1)put sth.in its former or proper place again 放回
【例句】He replaced the book on the shelf.他把书放回架上。
2)pay back 送还
【例句】Has he replaced the borrowed money? 他借的钱还了没有？
3)take the place of 代替，取代
【例句】Can anything replace a mother’s love and care? 有什么东西能取代母爱和关怀吗？
Horses have been replaced by cars.马已被汽车所代替？
相关词
replacement n.代替，替换
4.limit 基本用法
n.1).the farthest point or place, boundary 界限，界线，边
界
【例句】Yao Ming’s fame passed beyond the limits of China.姚明的名声超越了中国的国界。
2).the largest(or smallest)extent 限度，范围，极限
【例句】His energy seems to have no limits.他的精力似乎无限。
3).restriction 限制，限定
【例句】Is there a speed limit on that throughway? 那条快车道限定车速吗？
vt.keep below or at a certain point or amount 限定，限制
【例句】Our holidays are limited to two weeks a year.我们的假期被限定为一年两周。
相关搭配：
limit sth./sb.to 限定于
【例句】I’ll limit myself to the discussion of this topic.我将只限于讨论这个题目。
within the limits of 在„的范围内
without limits无限制的，无限的
reach the limit of one’s resources 山穷水尽
相关词
limitation n.an act of limiting 限度，极限，范围
limited adj.having a limit, narrow 有限的，限定的，狭窄的
limitless adj.without limit or end无限的，无止境的5.share 基本用法
n.1)one of the parts of sth.that is divided among several people, etc.一份，份儿。份额
【例句】Everybody ought to have his proper share.每个人都应得到他应得的一份。
His company now commands a larger share of trade in the European market.现在他的公司在欧洲市场的贸易中占很大的份额。
2).one of the equal parts into which the capital of a business firm is
divided 股，股份
【例句】The company was formed with 3000 shares.该公司由3000 股组成。
v.have a share with sb.else 分享，分担，共享，共用
【例句】They share their joys and sorrows.他们同甘共苦。
Everyone in the house shares the bathroom.住在这所房子里的人共用这间浴室。
相关搭配：
have/take a/ one’s share in 分担，参加
on/upon shares 共负盈亏，同甘共苦
Grammar Focus Countable and Uncountable Nouns 可数名词与不可数名词
1.不可数名词
不可数名词通常指不能直接计数的名词（如land, advice等），表示材料和成分的物质名词，如coal, oil, air, cloth 等，和表示抽象概念的抽象名词，music, love, equality, modernization, trade, service，education 等。
2.集合名词的单复数用法
集合名词指的是同一类人或物的集合体，其中有的是复数含义。例如police, cattle, clothes, people, goods 等；
但有的集合名词也是不可数名词，如furniture, equipment, merchandise, machinery 等。
3.名词单复数的特殊变化
1)大多数名词直接加-s: 如soldier, model, car, joke 等。
2)以s, x, ch, sh 结尾加-es: 如 bus, boss, match, sketch 等。
但如词尾ch 的发音为/k/, 其复数要加¬s: 如stomach.Epoch 3）以o结尾的单词：
a.有些加-es: 如hero, potato, tomato, echo等。
b.有些加¬s:如 piano, photo, tobacco, memo 等。
c.有些加-s/-es 均可：如cargo, motto, volcano 等。
4)一些以f或fe 结尾的可数名词复数需要把f 或fe变为ves。如: half, knife, leaf, life, shelf，thief, wife, wolf 等。
5)不规则变化
foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen，phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, criterion-criteria, basis-bases，thesis-theses, crisis-crises 6)单复数相同
deer, headquarters, means, series, species, sheep等。
4.可数名词和不可数名词的转化
1)当抽象名词表示抽象概念时，为不可数名词；但当抽象名词的意义具体化时，该名词为可数名词。如：
She was a beauty in her youth.(美人)She had much beauty in her youth,（美丽动人的气质）
2)动物的名称作个体解释时为可数名词；作肉解释时为不可数名词。如：
There are many chickens in the yard.(小鸡)I like chicken.(鸡肉)3)iron 解释为 “铁” 时为不可数名词；解释为 “熨斗”时为可数名词。如：
Iron is harder than aluminum.(铁)We need an iron.（熨斗）
4)experience 解释为“经验”时，为不可数名词；解释为“经历”时，为可数名词。如；
we share a common experience.（经历）
I have not much experience in teaching.（经验）
5)hair 解释为“头发”时，是不可数名词；但若强调一根根头发或几缕头发，则是可数。如： These old men have
long hair.（长头发）
Look!A hair is in my soup.（一根头发）
She has some grey hairs.(几根花白的头发)
6）paper 解释为“纸张”时，为不可数名词；解释为“考卷”、“报纸”或“文件”时，为可数名词。
7)room 解释为“房间”时，是可数名词；解释为“空间”时，是不可数名词。例如：
Make room for me, please..8)glass 表示“玻璃”时，是不可数名词；解释为“玻璃杯”时，是可数名词；glasses 还可以解释为“眼镜”，是复数形式。
9)space 表示“空间；太空”时，为不可数名词；表示“空格”时，为可数名词。
10)word 表示“词语”时，为可数名词；表示“消息”时，为不可数名词。例如：
How many words are there in this article?(单词)
Word came that the war had ended.(消息)Function and Structure 1.Using right vocabulary and phrases is important when you
meet someone or introduce yourself in English.First impressions are important, so here’s some guide to using the right expression in the situation.Two friends’ meeting:
Friends often say “Hi” to each other.Then they often ask a general question, such as “How are you?” or “How are things?” or “How’s life?” The reply to this question is normally positive.“Fine thanks, and you?” “Fine thanks, what about yourself?” “Not bad.” Or “Can’t complain.”
Greeting people you don’t know:
You can say “Hello” to people you don’t know.A more formal greeting is “Good morning/afternoon/evening.” The other person normally replies with he same greeting as you have used, and then makes some polite conversation, such as “How was your trip?” or “Did you find our office easily?”
2.Chinese like to greet each other by asking questions such as “Where are you going(去哪呀)?” “Have you had dinner yet(吃过了吗)?” or “ Are you eating your lunch(吃饭呐)?” For Chinese, these questions are asked simply as sort of a greeting rather than a genuine request for information.But in English it is not appropriate
to greet people in this way.Questions of this sort are usually interrupted as a lead-in to a suggestion or invitation;otherwise, it seems rather weird or rude to ask about something quite obvious or very personal.3.Americans use “small talk” when they first meet another person.The most common topic of small talk is the weather;another very common topic is the speakers’ current surroundings------the room or building they are in, the sidewalk where they are standing, etc.Later, Americans may talk about past experiences they have both had, such as watching a particular TV program, going to New York, or eating at a particular restaurant.Besides these very general topics of small talk, Americans talk about different things according to the life situation of people involved and the setting in which the conversation is taking place.Students are likely to talk about their teachers and classes;if they are of the same sex, they are likely to discuss their social lives.Adults may discuss their jobs, interests, houses, or family members.Men are likely to talk about sports or cars.Housewives are likely to talk about their children or about household matters or personal care(e.g., hairdos).Americans are taught not to discuss religion and politics unless they know the people they are talking to fairly well.Politics and religion are thought to be “
controversial”, and discussing a controversial topic can lead to an argument.There are other topics Americans generally avoid because they are “ too personal”.Financial matters is one.Inquiries about a person’s earning or about the amount someone paid for an item are usually not acceptable topics.Practical Reading 时间表是一种实用文体，形式直观，阅读的关键是要注意同所纵横坐标确定要学找的信息的位置。时间表往往涉及到以下内容：时间及其发生的时间；时间的顺序，排位。
在考查这类文体的阅读效果时,往往是图表给出了一部分内容,要求学生根据文章填出其他部分或其他环节等.要完成这类任务,学生需要在准确把握文章内容的基础上,读懂图表,并能够利用图表解决有关问题.本题要求学生能通过文字部分完成列车时刻表,考查学生跳读(也叫寻读,即scanning skill: glancing from point to point of, often hastily, casually, or in search of a particular item)的能力和推理的能力(inferring skill: deriving as a conclusion from facts or premises)。
根据原文前面3句话,我们可以将从Stone这个地方始发的时间,按照先后,一一列举出来。每个小时里的15和50分各有一班。
1.50分这一班中途不停,直达目的地Keel,是快车,所以时间是4小时20分.利用这一线索,我们可以知道6点50分,7点50分,8点50分,9点50分从Stone出发的列车,到达Keel的时间分别是11点10分,12点10分,13点10分和14点10分。
2.15分这一班在一小时和两小时15分后分别到达Mont和Trent,这样我们就可以得到6点15,7点15,8点15,9点15从Stone始发的列车分别到达Mont，Trent以及终点站的时间。
3.8点25分和9点25分另有两趟慢车,到达三个站所需时间与15分始发车一样.4.注意:题目要求我们完成的只是时刻表的一部分。
5.有了这个时刻表,要完成后面回答问题的练习,就一目了然了。
Notes 1.a stopping train:每站停靠的列车,慢车.2.a through train:快车,直达列车.这里through的意思是without stopping.3.community college: In Canada and the United States, a community college, sometimes called a junior college, is an educational institution providing post-secondary education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and associate’s degrees.美国和加拿大的社区大学，有点近似于我国培养大专生的地方性大学.4.graduation ceremony: 毕业典礼
5.attend a conference: 参加会议
6.do a survey on: 做关于„„的调查
7.marketing: 营销.注意,营销不同于销售(sales).营销是一个范围广泛、内容丰富的概念,是 “ 人或组织进行的社会的管理的过程, 是通过创造并交换产品价值来满足他们的基本需求和个性需求的过程”.(a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others------Philip Kotler)
Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar 3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
第二篇：英语精读(综合)1教案
英语精读（综合）1教案
教材：《新编英语教程》1
课时：96课时
Unit 1 I Objectives: 1.Simple past and present perfect tense 2.Past progressive tense 3.Past perfect tense
II Time Allotment: 1st period: Language structure practice 2nd period: Dialogue 1 3rd period: Dialogue 2 and oral practice 4th period: Readings 5th period: Exercises in the Workbook 6th period: Note writing and assignments
III Teaching tasks and process Part One Language Structures & Dialogues 1.Grammar review 1.Simple past and present perfect tense Verbs in sentences beginning with “This is the first/second… time are in the present perfect form.For example，This is the first time I’ve been in Xi’an.This is the second time I’ve seen this movie.2.Past progressive tense Past progressive is a combination of the progressive aspect with the past tense.The use of the past progressive has much in common with that of the present progressive, only the time reference being pushed back to the past, often overtly expressed by a time –when/while adverbial.For example，Susan was washing her hair while her mother was cooking.Dick was changing a flat tire while his father was mowing the lawn.3.Past perfect tense For the past perfect tense we set up an additional focal point in the past and say that another act was completed before that time.For example, Greg had finished his work when I visited him.The chair had collapsed before I sat on it.In-class Activity One Ask the students to fill in the gaps in each dialogue while listening to the recording and then do the substitution exercises.2.Language points Have the students listen to the recording of Dialogue I once or twice and ask them questions on specific details.Go through the dialogue and explain some language points:
1.You know what? – This question is used to introduce a piece of information which is surprising.A similar expression is Guess what?.2.scenic spots – places of natural attractive scenery 3.I was greatly impressed by its natural beauty.– I was moved by its beautiful scenery.impress – to influence deeply, esp.with a feeling of admiration: The students were impressed by his inspiring speech./ We are impressed by his performance.4.I bet you had lots of fun there.– I am certain you had lots of fun there.Another example, I bet(that)it will rain tomorrow.5.It brought back such sweet memories.– Sweet memories came to my mind.bring back – to cause to return to the mind: Hearing the song brought back happy memories.6.You remind me of my last trip there.– It seems to be similar to my last trip there.remind sbdy.of sbdy./sthg.– to appear to be similar to;to cause to remember : This museum reminds me of the one we visited last year./ The event reminded me of my school days.7.I wish I had been there with you this time.– This is a wish about a non-fact in the past.Another example, I wish I had passed the exam.8.hobby groups – different groups of students classified by hobbies.9.Some staged an exhibition.– Some held an exhibition.stage – to perform or arrange for public show;put on: The art group is going to stage an art show on Sunday.IV Discussion In-class Activity
1.Ask the students to read Dialogue I aloud in pairs with feeling and expression.2.Ask the students to listen to Dialogue II and then retell it.3.Make a dialogue discussing about one of your traveling experiences.V Assignments:
1.Work in pairs to practice the situation in each dialogue.2.Work in groups to discuss the topic of “How I spent the summer vacation”.3.Have the students form their own dialogues by using the phrases from Dialogues I & II.4.Do the corresponding exercises in WB.Part Two Readings Have the students read the passage first and do the corresponding exercise in workbook.Then the teacher may ask them questions in class to check their comprehension.I Language points:
1.Herbert went to France for holiday.– For is an preposition used here to show purpose: I came to this building for an interview./ What is this handle for? 2.run out of – to use all one’s supplies, to have no more: I am afraid we’ve run out of sugar.3.expect – to think or believe(that something will happen): I expect that she will come to our party./The spokesman is expected to make an announcement later on today.4.The back door burst open.– The door opened suddenly.burst – to come into the stated condition suddenly and often violently: In spring the flowers burst open./He burst free from the chains.Another similar use of the pattern: The door banged shut.5.peer at – to look very carefully or hard, esp.as if not able to see clearly peek at – to take a quick look at something when one should not peep at – to look at something quickly and secretly, esp.through a hole or other small opening 6.convince – to make(someone)completely certain about something;persuade: They failed to convince the directors that their proposal would work./ I am convinced by your story.7.a sound sleeper – a deep sleeper 8.to thumb a ride/lift – to ask passing motorists for a free ride by holding out one’s hand with the thumb raised 9.made his way in the dark – went in the dark: He made his way home.10.He was not supposed to be back.– He was not considered to be back.Be supposed to – to be intended to;to be generally considered to be;to have the regulation of being: The volunteers are supposed to help the blind in the street./I haven’t read this novel, but it is supposed to be a good one.11.to keep an eye on – to watch carefully: I often ask my neighbor to keep an eye on my house while I am away.12.was about to – This construction expresses the immediate future in the past.In some contexts, it is often used in the sense of an unfulfilled intention.For example, I was about to leave when he came to visit me.II Note-writing Notes must be precise and direct;however, the style is casual.In notes of introduction, the following are usually included:
1.The name of the person to be introduced 2.His/Her identity 3.The purpose of the introduction 4.Appreciation III Assignments:
1.Write a note of introduction 2.Exercises in WB
第三篇：精读教案
对外汉语教学教案《篮球明星姚明》
一、教学对象
本教案的教学对象大约需学习了200个小时的汉语，掌握的汉语词汇在160个左右。
二、采用教材
《HSK快乐阅读》（北京大学出版社）
三、教学目标
1、掌握本课数量词的用法
2、理解课文内容并能复述课文
3、掌握新学的生字词
4、了解姚明的形象特点，并能用所学词语描述人物特点
四、教学内容
“汉语精读课”是对外汉语教学语言技能课中的主干课，也叫核心课、综合课。“汉语精读课”以讲解教授汉语语言知识为主要教学任务。本课共用三课时。（1）教学重点：量词的用法（注：海外学生量词基础较弱）。（2）复习上一课“家庭暴力和婚姻”、导入新课《篮球明星姚明》。（3）情景对话：“对话姚明”。（4）拆解本课生字、组词（5）以听说为重点练习课文
（6）课文，通过大声朗读以及问题提问等方式加深学生对文章大意的理解。（7）练习，重点放在语言点的练习上。
五、教学方法
1.对于生词和语言点的讲解，重点放在词义、语义以及用法上。在讲解的基础上，通过设置语境对重点生词和语法进行操练，帮助学生理解并掌握，达到会应用的目的。
2.在课文教学中，在掌握生词的基础上，首先通过领读和大声朗读使学生感知文章，对难理解处进行简单的讲解，力求掌握文章大意。
3.围绕课文相关内容进行简单地提问并小范围讨论，加深学生对作者写作意图的把握。
六、教学环节
1、复习（1）听写
掐
掠
不堪
法庭
涉嫌
状告
无独有偶
忍无可忍（2）提问
为什么不部分已婚男人都把钱交给妻子 以前，人们心目中的妇女形象是什么样
为什么说在家庭重大事务的决策上，妇女已经能够取得了决定性的领导地位？
2、生字和词
.拆解生字的部首、笔画数和组合（要求师生互动）。（板书）
傲视 竞技 觅 配角 涌现 破天荒 震撼 可想而知 熏陶 显露 耀眼 荡气回肠 隔岸观火 竞选 状元 殿 轰动 效应 进取 超越 挑战 魅力 含蓄 铺天盖地 拥戴 超凡 低落 霸
3、语法点：量词
1.、解释什么是量词（板书）
通常用来表示人、事物或动作的数量单位的词，叫做量词。量词是表示人、事物或动作行为的计量单位的词。A．表示人或事物的计量单位的是物量词，又称名量词。如：尺、寸、斗、个、只、支等等。课文实例：
（1）在一些热门的体育运动中（2）但他们毕竟还只是一些配角
（3）破天荒的出现了一张来自东方神秘国度的黄种人面孔（4）1980年9月12日出生于上海的一个篮球世家（5）逐步成长为一颗耀眼的篮球明星
（6）一种不断地超越自我、挑战自我的人格魅力（7）也许已经超过了其他一些原有的宣传手段（8）可以说已经形成了一种“姚明现象”
（9）它也是中国人渴望参加世界最高水平的竞争并且在竞争中展现自我的一种体现（10）但是我们不能只有一个姚明，不能只靠一个姚明来体现中国人的形象 B．表示动作行为的计量单位的是动量词。如：次、回、趟、阵、顿、遍等等。课文实例：
2004年希腊奥运会上，中国队又前进了一大步，金牌数一跃而成为第二 2．练习运用量词（请学生上黑板做）。
(板书)一条（蛟龙）一团（浪花）
一幅（图画）一架（飞机）
一个（老人）一只（小鸟）
一次（旅行）一阵（鼓声）(注：括号里面的词是参考答案)4．课文
（1）老师示范朗读，板书提示词。（2）分读。
检查学生的课文朗读，纠正发音。3）复述课文。5.、作业
（1）书面作业：
完成课文课后练习。
（2）预习新课《网络语言》。
课文：
第四篇：精读教案3
Unit 3 Career
Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know the special terms of occupations and career.B.Understand how to make invitations and accept or refuse them.C.Master the skills of describing one’s appearance.D.Grasp the words or phrases related to jobs.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background A.Choosing your career(选择职业)Your career choice determines the course that your life will take–----It determines how successful you are, how happy you are and whether you live a good, bad or indifferent life.You have to think though what you want to achieve with your life in
important areas such as your career, your family, artistic or sporting goals and public service.A crucial part of this is setting if the major focus of your life is to spend a lot of time with your family and contribute to voluntary organizations, then you must recognize that this with limit the time and effort you can dedicate to your career.If you want to focus exclusively on your career, then you must understand and manage the consequences.Bear in mind that your priorities will probably change over time –many people focus completely on their careers in their twenties as they make a place for themselves in the world.In their thirties, they may take more of a family focus, and other things may become important later on –this is a normal part of life.B.Planning your career(规划职业)In order to choose an appropriate career which suits your abilities, skills, ambitions and ideals, you have to plan your career very carefully.Here are the steps you can follow:
1)Develop a career plan.Think about what you want to do and find out more about the kind of training, education, and skills you will need to achieve your career goal.2)Assess your skills and interests.Think hard about what you enjoy, what you are good at, what kind of personality you are, and the values you hold.3)Research occupations.Find out more about the nature of the jobs that interest you, such as educational requirements, salary, working conditions, future outlook, and anything else that can help you narrow your focus.4)Compare your skills and interests with the occupations you’ve selected.The career that matches your skills, interest, and personality the closest may be the career for you.5)Choose your career goal.Once you’ve decided what occupation matches up best with you, then you can begin developing a plan to reach your career goal.C．Different types of people take related careers(不同的人适合不同类型的职业)The Realistic Personality Type: 1)Likes to work with animals, tools, or machines;2)Generally avoids social activities like teaching, counseling, nursing, and informing others;
3)Has good skills in working with tools, mechanical drawings, machines or animals;4)Values practical things you can see and touch –like plants and animals you can grow, or things you can build or make better;5)Sees self as practical, mechanical, and realistic;In the realistic group, for example, there are jobs like animal caretaker, farmer, firefighter, guard, police detective, architect, engineer, surveyor, inspector, cost estimator, aircraft pilot, upholsterer, plumber, carpenter, mason, mechanic, sailor, production manager, driver, operator, clerk, librarian, chef, jeweler, welder, computer programmer, optician, appliance repairer, landscape architect, electrician, etc The Investigation Personality Type: 1)Likes to study and solve math or science problems;2)Generally avoids leading, selling, or persuading people;3)Has good skills at understanding and solving science and math problems;4)Values science, and sees self as precise, scientific, and intellectual.In the investigation group, for example, there are jobs like scientist, astronomer, chemist, geologist, meteorologist, physicist, urban planner, sociologist, marketing researcher, historian, economist, dentist, surgeon, biomedical engineer, information system manager, computer software
engineer, network administrator, statistician, computer support specialist, curator, actuary, lab technician, etc.The Artistic Personality Type: 1)Likes to do creative activities like art, drama, crafts, dance, music, or creative writing;2)Generally avoids highly ordered or repetitive activities;3)Has good artistic abilities –in creative writing, drama, crafts, music, or art;4)Values the creative arts-like drama, music, art, or the works of creative writers;5)Sees self as expressive, original, and independent.In the Artistic group, for example, there are jobs like biographer, editor，writer，poet，architect，cartoonist，commercial/graphic/industrial/interior designer, painter, sculptor, photographer, actor /actress, dancer, director, disk jockey, producer, radio and TV announcer, composer, musician, orchestra conductor, singer, etc.The Social Personality Type: 1)Likes to do things to help people –like teaching, counseling, nursing, or giving information;2)Generally avoids using machines, tools, or animals to achieve a goal;3)Has good skills at teaching, counseling, nursing, or giving information;4)Values helping people and solving social problems;5)Sees self as helpful, friendly, and trustworthy.In the Social group, for example, there are jobs like coach, umpire, recreation and fitness worker, schoolteacher, special education teacher, instructional coordinator, librarian, childcare worker, personal and homecare aid, dietitian, clergy or religious worker, employment counselor, probation officer, social worker, registered nurse, etc.The Enterprising Personality Type: 1)Likes to lead and persuade people, and to sell things and ideas;2)Generally avoids activities that require careful observation and scientific, analytical thinking;3)Is good at leading people and selling things or ideas;4)Values success in politics, leadership, or business;5)Sees self as energetic, ambitious, and sociable.In the Enterprising group, for example, there are jobs like counter/rental clerk, sales agent, sales representative, travel agent, hair stylist, bartender, flight attendant, reservation or ticket agent, waiter/waitress, lawyer, judge, business manager, management consultant, top executive, school superintendent, public relations specialist, reporter, news analyst, desktop publisher, customs inspector, occupational safety and health specialist, etc.The Conventional Personality Type: 1)Likes to work with numbers, records, or machines in a set，orderly way;2)Generally avoids ambiguous, unstructured activities;3)Is good at working with written records and numbers in a systematic, orderly way;4)Values success in business;5)Sees self as orderly, and good at following a set plan.In the Conventional group, for example, there are jobs like computer operator, data entry keeper, file clerk, mail carrier, office clerk, measurer/checker, typist, bank teller, cashier, dispatcher, receptionist, switchboard operator, loan officer, secretary, administrative assistant, accounting clerk, billing clerk, book-keeper, stock clerk & order filler, claim examiner, hotel /motel desk clerk, etc.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points 1.nanny: n.a woman whose job is to take care of the children in a
family, usually in the family’s own home 保姆，奶妈
Inflected Form(s): plural nannies
【例句】She found a job as a nanny with wealthy Italian family.她找到一份工作，做一个富有的意大利家庭的保姆。
2.辨析career & profession Career:
1）n.a profession for which one trains and which is undertaken as a
permanent calling 需要特别训练的并终身或长期从事的职业；一生的事业
【例句】He realized that his acting career was over.他意识到他的演艺生涯结束了。
【相关搭配】choice of career 职业选择
a career in banking 在银行业的一份职业
a change of career 职业改变
2）adj.career can also be an adjective, which means
professional 职业的
【相关搭配】career soldier 职业军人
career diplomat 职业外交家
career woman /girl职业女性
Profession：n.1）Profession is a form of employment, esp.one that is possible
only for an educated person and after training(such as law, medicine, or
teaching)and that is respected in society as honorable
尤指受过教育和专门训练的法律、医学、教育等脑力劳动方面的专业、职业
【例句】He is a lawyer by profession.他是一位职业律师。
The teaching profession claim(s)to be badly paid.教师职业宣称待遇非常差。
He was well respected in the medical profession.他在医药界备受推崇。
【相关搭配】professional standard 专业标准
a professional photographer 职业摄影师
professional foul（体育运动中的）故意犯规
【例句】He is a footballer who turned professional.他刚转为职业足球运动员。
2）Professional can also be a noun, which refers to a person who has great
experience and high professional standards 专业人士；专家；内行
【例句】She’s a real professional.她是一个专业人士。
3.辨析part-time & full-time
part-time：adj.& adv.working for only part of each day or week 兼职的/地
【相关搭配】a part-time job 兼职
full-time: adj.& adv.just the opposite to part-time, meaning ―working
for all the hours of a week 全职的/地
【相关搭配】a part-time student 非全日制学生
a full-time job 全职工作
a full-time student 全日制学生
4.delicious: adj.highly pleasing or agreeable to the senses, especially
of taste or smell 美味的
【相关搭配】a delicious meal 一顿可口的大餐
【例句】After school she made us delicious teas and read us stories in bed.放学后她为我们做了一顿美味的下午茶点，还在床上为我们讲故事。
5.wear:（wore, worn）v.to have something such as clothes, shoes, or
jewelers on your body 穿、戴（衣服，鞋子，珠宝等）
【例句】Susan was wearing a black silk dress.苏珊穿着一套黑色丝织的服装。
He wore glasses for reading.他戴着眼睛看书。
6.uniform: n.a particular type of clothing worn by all the members of a
group or organization such as the police, the army, etc.制服
【例句】He was still wearing his school uniform.他依然穿着校服。
【相关搭配】school /army /police uniform 校服/军装/警服
7.get on with: to form or have a friendly relation 与„„友好相处
【例句】Do you get on well with your boss ? 你和你的老板相处融洽吗？
8.at the time: at the moment when something happened 当时，那时候
【例句】I was living at Beijing at the time.我当时就住在北京。
9.phase: n.one of the stages of a process of development or change 阶段
【例句】It’s just a phase he’s going through.这只是他
必须要经历的一个人生阶段。
【相关搭配】in/out of phase 同步/不同步； 协调/不协调
10.go through: to suffer or experience;endure 遭受
【例句】The country has gone through too many wars.这个国家已经遭受了太多的战争。
【相关搭配】go through fire and flood 赴汤蹈火
11.make it up with: to become friends, again(after a quarrel)和解，言归于好
【例句】It’s time you made it up with your sister.是时候你该和你的姐姐和解了。
They made up after an argument.他们在争论后重归于好了。
12.turn out: to happen in a particular way, or to have a
particular result, especially one that you did not expect 证明是„„，结果是„„，发展为„„
【例句】To my surprise, it turned out that I was wrong.令我惊讶的是，结果出来证明我是错的。
The job turned out to be harder than I thought.这工作结果比我想的更难。
13.apply for: to make a formal request, usually written, for something
such as a job, a place in a university, or permission to do something
(正式以书面)提出请求或申请，以获得一个大学的一份工作，或获得做某事的许可
【例句】I’ll apply for the job today.今天我要申请这份工作。
【相关搭配】apply sth.to sth.贴，敷，涂
【例句】apply the glue to both surfaces 两面都涂上胶水。
14.a wee bit: rather 有些，有点
【例句】He’ s a wee bit drunk.他有点醉了。
15.take after: to look or behave like(an older relative)
长相或者举止像（某个长辈）（不用于进行式）
【例句】The child took after his father only when seen at a
distance.那个孩子只有在远处看才像他爸爸。
Mary really takes after her mother;she has the same eyes, nose, and hair.玛丽和她妈妈长得很像，她们有一样的眼睛，鼻子和头发。
16.make a decision: to decide after thinking carefully about something，especially about something that is very important下决心，作出决定
【例句】After weeks of sleepless nights, I finally made a decision.经历了几周的不眠夜，我终于做了决定。
【相关搭配】arrive at /come to /reach a decision: to officially decide about
something important after discussing and carefully considering it
经过慎重的讨论和考虑后最终作出决定
【例句】Before reaching a decision the chairman usually talks to senior
managers.在做出决定前，主席通常会找各高级经理谈话。
17.bring up: to educate and care for a child until drown-up 教育，教养（孩子）
【例句】She was brought up to believe that money is not the most important
thing in the world.她自小就被教导金钱并非是世上最重要的东西。
Jack and Tom were born and brought up in the America.杰克和汤姆都出生于美国，并在那里被抚养长大。
18.think of: to take into consideration=think about 考虑；想到
【例句】We are thinking of going to France.我们正在考虑去法国。
I had never thought of becoming a businessman.我从未想过会成为一个生意人。
19.follow in sb.’s footsteps: to follow an example set by someone in the past
继承某人的事业；步某人的后尘
【例句】The girl’s following in her father’s footsteps and studying to be a doctor.这女孩继承她父亲的事业，学习成为一名医生。
20.辨析childish & childlike Childish: adj.1)characteristic of a child 孩子特有的。
【相关搭配】Childish laughter 孩子的笑声
2）(derog 贬）(of an adult)(behaving)like a child;immature;silly
(指成人)（举止）像孩子气的，幼稚的，傻里傻气的【例句】Don’t be so childish.别这么幼稚了。
Childlike: adj.(esp.approv 尤作褒义)like or characteristic of a child;
innocent;not devious 孩子般的，孩子气的，天真无邪的【相关搭配】childlike enjoyment, trust, honesty 孩子般的快乐、信任、诚实
21.make up with / to end a quarrel or dispute with sb.言归于好
【例句】Why don’t you two kiss and make up? 你们两个为什么不接个吻，言归于好呢？
II．Difficult Sentences 1）I know that she and Daddy thought it was just a childish phase I was
going through, but it wasn’t.要点：„„phase I was going through„„.是一个后置的定语从句，先行词是phase，关联词此处省略。
译文：我知道，她和我爸爸都以为那只是我正在经历的孩子气阶段，但事实上不是的。
2）Everything has turned out for the best.要点：It proves that everything is going on well.译文：一切都在慢慢转好。
3)I had a nanny when I was a child but I never thought of being one
myself, but times have changed and ―nannying‖ has been socially acceptable
for a long time.要点：Taking a job as a child’s nurse is accepted in the society.It implies
that the occupation is not despised by the society.译文：在我孩提时代我家里有个保姆但我从未想过我有一天自己会去从事这个行业，但随着时代的改变，这个行业已经被社会广为接受好久了。
III． Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1)Introduction: What is the background of Amanda Peniston-Bird?
Amanda is a daughter of a judge and specializes in being nanny for two
years.Part II(Paragraph 2-3)
To Amanda, what’s the impression about the two nannies they got? 1)As to the first one, she was young, wonderful and responsible though
she was just a part-time student worker.2)To the latter one, she was traditional and professional, Amanda enjoyed
the whole course of being taking care of.What happens to Amanda’s family after her choice-making to be a nanny? At first, there were a terrible row with her families and her parents were
very angry about her decision.They made it up before she went to college，finally her parents changed their opinions and had encouraged her ever
since.Part III(Paragraph 4)
What’s Amanda’s mother’s opinion about their daughter’s career decision? She and her husband gradually accepted the fact and respected her
daughter’s choice.She felt proud about her daughter’s independent
thinking and realized the wide acceptance of this career.Reading II I.Notes 1.gardener: n.someone whose job is to grow flowers and plants and work
gardens 园林工人；园艺家
[相关词]
gardening: n.the activity of working in a garden, growing plants, cutting
a lawn etc.园艺学
2.surgeon: n.a doctor whose job is to perform medical operations.The
performing of medical operations is called surgery.外科手术
[相关词] a trees surgeon: it refers to an expert who is specially trained to treat
diseased trees.In other words, a tree surgeon is a tree doctor.外科医师
3.Oxford University: a famous university at Oxford, England, founded in
the 1200’s 牛津大学
4.archaeology: n.the scientific study of historic or prehistoric people
and their cultures by examining the remains of their houses，pots, tools，tombs and other objects 考古学
5.drop out:
1)If someone drops out, it means he leaves school, college or university
before his course of study has finished and he has no intention of
returning.退学
【例句】One third of the city’s students drop out before graduation.这个城市有三分之一的学生在毕业前退学。
2）“Do drop out “can also mean to move away from or refuse to join ordinary
society because of not agreeing with accepted practice, standards, and
ways of living.由于不能接受或同意生活的标准或方式而远离甚至拒绝接触社会
[相关搭配] drop out of society 隐退；遁世
6.surveyor: n.a person whose job is to survey or measure buildings and
land.土地测量员；建筑物鉴定人
7.interior designer: a person whose job is to plan and choose the colors，furnishing, etc., for the inside of a room or house.An interior designer
usually does not do the actual work of putting them in.Actually, he just
designs.室内装修师（通常不实际参与具体工作）
8.Tudor house: a house with the Tudor style.Tudor style refers to the
style of architecture which was once very popular in the Tudor dynasty in
Britain.9.acre: n.a unit for measuring land area, now equal to 43,560 square
feet or 4,047 square metres英亩
10.drive: n.There are different words for the idea of ―road ‖.You may
refer to the following table: drive / driveway（私用车道）a road for vehicles that connects a
private house or garage with the street
road（马路）a hard level surface made for cars and other vehicles to
travel on
street（街道）a road with houses or shops
path(小径)a winding way made by or for people walking over the
ground
avenue（林荫道）a broad street in a town sometimes having trees on
each side
highway（公路）an American word meaning a wide fast road that connects
big cities and towns
expressway/freeway（高速公路）an American word meaning a wide fast road
that takes traffic into and out of a big city and is often very busy.motorway（高速公路）a British word meaning a wide fast road that
connects big cities and towns for fast long-distance travel
track（小道，小径）a narrow rough road leading to a farm or a field，usually formed by the pressure of farm vehicles on the ground
lane（小路，小巷）a narrow winding road connecting villages or farms
passage（走廊，过道）a long narrow connecting way inside a building
alley（小巷，胡同）a very narrow street or path between buildings in a
town
11.pick up: learn something easily without making much effort 轻松学会
【例句】I picked up quite a lot of Spanish when I was in Spain last summer.去年夏天我在西班牙的时候轻松学会了很多西班牙语。
12.furious: adj.very angry in an uncontrolled way, in a fury。狂怒的
【例句】He will be furious with us if we are late.如果我们迟到他会发飙的。
13.carry on: If you carry on doing something, you continue to do it in
spite of interruptions or difficulties.继续
【例句】We carried on our discussion after lunch.吃完午饭后我们继续讨论。
14.The moment …: ―the Moment‖ can be used to introduce
a time adverbial
in the pattern ―the moment(that)somebody does something‖, meaning as
soon as someone does something.【例句】He said he would phone you the moment he got home.他说他一到家就给你电话。
15.enjoy every moment of sth.: enjoy something very much 好好享受每一刻
16.redundant: adj.no longer employed because there is not enough work，usu.used with “make” 失业的
【例句】Seventy men in the factory were made redundant because of falling
demand for products.由于产品需求的下降，工厂里有70人被迫下岗。
17.be taken aback: If you are taken aback, you are so surprised or
shocked by something unexpected that you have to pause
for a moment and
cannot think or do anything.大吃一惊
【例句】I was rather taken aback by his rudeness.我被他的粗鲁吓了一大跳。
18.makes them respect…;help them plan …: these are V + O + Inf.(without
to)constructions.Some verbs can be used with a bare infinitive
(不带to的不定式)as object complement（宾语补足语）, such as make, have, help, let，see, hear, watch, and feel.【例句】She had them read the letter.I often hear them sing the song.Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense.She lets her children stay up very late.Could you help me unload the car?
My new position made them respect me more.19.delighted: adj.1）When somebody feels pleased or satisfied, we say “he is delighted ”.高兴的
【例句】We were delighted with the effect of our advertisement.当我们的广告效果出来的时候我们十分高兴。
2）But if something is satisfactory and pleasant, we say “it is delightful
”.令人雀跃的
20.manual labor: Manual labor is the kind of work in which you use your
hands or your physical strength rather than your mind.体力劳动The kind of
work which involves the use of the mind is called “mental work.” 智力劳动
21.only son: one with no brothers or sisters 独生子
22.fall out: If you fall out with someone, you quarrel or have an
argument with someone and stop being friendly with him or her.吵架
【例句】Jane and Paul have fallen out with each other over the education of
their children.简和保罗就孩子的教育问题大吵了一架。
23.miserable: adj.unhappy, uncomfortable 悲惨的24.millionaire: n.a person who has a million pound or dollars;very rich
person 百万富翁
II．Difficult Sentences 1)But I knew it was a waste of time to carry on studying archaeology, and
the moment I started gardening again, I knew I’d made the right decision.要点：“a waste of time”, 浪费时间；
“the moment I started„.”是时间状语从句，the moment
引导的，相当于as soon as ；
译文：但我知道，继续学考古学对我而言只是浪费时间，而我再次开始从事园艺，我就知道，我做的决定是对的。
2)Times have changed and all kinds of people do all kinds of work, and I
think the world’s a better place for it.要点：„ I think the world’s a better place for it 中的’s 不是属格，而是实义动词have 的第三人称单数形式。
译文：时代在转变，人们从事着各种各样的工作，我相信这世界会给它一个更好的认可。
Word Study 1.adore
基本用法
1)vt.to like very much 非常喜欢
【例句】She adores the cinema /going to the cinema.我非常喜欢看电影。
2)vt.to love deeply and respect highly（无进行式）敬慕，爱慕
【例句】He adores his elder brother.他非常敬慕他哥哥。
相关词
adoration n.敬慕；敬仰
【例句】He looked at Julia in obvious adoration.他用一种明显的敬仰的眼神看着朱丽叶。
adorable adj.迷人的；可爱的
【例句】What an adorable baby!好可爱的宝宝!2.realize 基本用法
1)vt.to understand and believe(a fact);be or become conscious of
（不用于进行式）了解；领悟；认识到
【例句】He didn't realize the risk he was taking.他根本没意识到他正在冒险。
Do you realize you are being impolite? 你知道你现在很不
礼貌吗？
2)vt.to make(a hope, purpose, goal, etc.)real 使（希望、目的、目标等）实现
【例句】My worst fears were realized when I saw what the exam questions were.当我看到了试卷的题目，我最不希望的事情还是发生了。
相关词
realization n.认识；体会；领悟；实现
【例句】Getting this role in the film was a realization of her childhood
dreams.可以得到这部电影里的角色是他儿提时代的梦想的实现。
realizable adj.可以实现的
【例句】Our hopes are hardly realizable.我们的希望几乎是很难实现的。
相关搭配：
realize one’s long-cherished wish 实现夙愿
self-realization 本人才能的充分发挥
3.row
基本用法
1)n.a noisy quarrel;a public argument;a dispute or controversy 争吵；辩论；争论
【例句】Rows about /over money are the common reason for the breakdown of
marriages.为钱而争论是许多婚姻破裂的最常见的原因。
have rows /a row with sb.与某人争吵
【例句】I had a row with my boyfriend last night.昨晚我和男友大吵了一架。
2)n.a noise（贬义）喧闹声；吵闹声
make a row 吵吵嚷嚷
【例句】Stop making such a row;I can’ sleep.别发出那样的噪音，我无法入睡。
3)vi.(British English)to argue in an angry way 争吵；吵架
【例句】I’m not going to row with you –I’d just like you to explain.我不打算和你吵架，我只想听你解释。
vt.to move a boat through the water with oars 划船
【例句】Can you row(a boat)? 你会划船吗？
5)n.a neat line(of people or things)side by side 一排；一行；一列
【例句】 a row of houses 一排房子
相关搭配：
in rows /a row（排成、站成）一排/行/列
【例句】The children stood in row.孩子们站成一排。
in a row 一个接一个地；没有间断
【例句】She won the competition three times in a row.她连赢三次。
row upon row 一排一排地
【例句】She could see row upon row of people waiting to be served.她看到有成排的人等着接受服务。
a blazing row 大吵一顿
【例句】We had a blazing row a couple of years ago and I haven’t seen her
since.自从几年前我们大吵一架至今我都没有再见到过她。
4.turn
基本用法
1）vi./vt.to move around a central or fixed point 旋转；转动
【例句】The big wheel turned slowly.这个大车轮慢慢的转动。
2)vi.to change so as to become(esp.sth.bad)转变成（尤指不好的状况）；使成为
【例句】The milk has turned sour.牛奶已经变酸了
3)vt.to go round 拐过；拐弯
【例句】The car turned the corner.车已经拐弯了。
4)n.转动；旋动；转弯；顺序
【例句】You have missed your turn so you’ll have to wait.你已经错过了轮到你的那次，等吧。
相关搭配：
turn one’s back on 反对
turn a deaf ear to 对„„充耳不闻
turn a blind eye to 对„„视而不见
take turns 轮流
the turn of the century 世纪之交
by turns 轮流；依次
out of the turn 不合时宜地；鲁莽地
5．spend
基本用法
1）vt.to pass or use(time)消磨（时间）；度过（时间）
Spend…(time)doing sth.(with sb.)
【例句】We spent a pleasant hour or two talking with our friends.我们在同朋友交谈中愉快地度过了一两个小时。
2)vi./ vt.to give out in payment for goods or services 用（钱）；花费
spend …(money)on sth.【例句】I’m good at spending but not at saving.我擅长于花钱而不是存钱。
3)vt.to wear out or use completely 耗尽；用尽
【例句】The storm soon spent itself /its force.spender n.花费者
spent adj.用过的；失效的；不再使用的【例句】spent cartridge 空弹壳
spending n.花费；支出
【例句】government /public /state spending
defense / education /health spending
相关搭配：
spending money 零花钱
spendthrift 奢侈的人
money well spent 值得花的钱
【例句】The repairs cost quite a lot, but it was money well spent.Grammar Focus
Describe people’s appearance
1.整体描写和局部描写
在描写人物时，我们通常会使用一些形容词描述人的身体各部分：体形、脸形、面颊、鼻子、眼睛、嘴巴、下巴、牙齿、头发的颜色和发型以及肤色等。有些形容词属于整体描写，例如：cool（酷），fashionable（时髦的）, healthy, strong, tall, meager, smart，kind等；有些形容词属于局部描写，需要与某些身体器
官搭配使用，例如：round face, deep-set eyes（深陷的双眼）,red
cheeks（红色的面颊）, crooked nose（鹰钩鼻子）,pointed chin（尖下巴）,big mouth, even teeth
（平整的牙齿）,blonde hair（金发）, curly hair（卷发）, sunburned skin（晒黑的皮肤）等。
2．生理特征的描写和人格特征的描写
以上与人体器官搭配的形容词都属于生理特征描写。但除了生理描写外，我们也可以描写人的性格特征，例如：generous
（慷慨的）,modest（谦虚的）,honest, serious, obstinate（固执的）, self-conceited(自负的)，kind-hearted（善良的）等
3．单个形容词和复合形容词
有些形容词由单个词构成，例如：tall, short, fat, thin slim
;有些形容词由两、三个词共同构成，成为复合形容词，例如：snow-white（雪白的），suntanned（黝黑的），ordinary-looking（相貌平平的）warm-hearted（热心的）等。
4．常用于人物描写的语法结构
系动词＋形容词或名词
【例句】My brother is tall and handsome.He is tall and sturdy（强壮）.The boy is extremely bright.My mother is thrifty with money.As a child, he is meager（瘦的）and weak.The old man looks thin.He looks old and his hair is all white.The girl tends to be jealous of those who make greater progress.形容词＋名词
【例句】a serious –looking face a grey –haired woman
a wrinkled face a bad temper
a pretty girl a timid boy
Tom has a strong body and high intelligence.动词＋副词
【例句】live happily;work actively
介词＋名词
【例句】of medium build;of great wisdom
5．描写人物的基本原则
1）描写要具体，避免笼统化，应注重细节描写，体现人物的音容笑貌。在实践中，学习者要避一些泛泛而谈的词，例如：awful, bad，beautiful, fine, good, great, interesting, lovely, nice, pretty，wonderful等。好的描写需要注意具体的细节，所以用词要具体化。
【例句】He was thin, short, and dark.His hair was like a bundle of straw.His
dirty clothes and tired look were clearly signs of a long travel.His
clothes were made of cheap cloth.The coat was too short and the trousers
too loose.And he wore a pair of rubber shoes, which were very
unfashionable.He did not look smart at all.2）生理特征描写应与人物的性格、思想和要表达的情感相结合，并通过具体的事例得以体现，表现出人物的特性和特征。
【例句】Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body.But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors.His gaunt, expressive face was dominated by piercing eyes, conveying a mixture of intensity and repose, of wariness and calm self-confidence.He wore an immaculately tailored gray coat, at once simple and elegant.He moved gracefully and with dignity, filling a room tot by his physical dominance but by his air of controlled tension, steely discipline, and self-control.As if he were a boiled spring.He conveyed an easy casualness, which, however, did not deceive the careful observer.The quick smile, the comprehending expression that made clear that he understood English even without translation, the palpable alertness, were clearly the features of a man who had had burned into him by a searing half-century the vital importance of
self-possession.Function and Structure 1.It is important to learn how to say thanks and how to show your appreciation the proper way.Here are some tips: At a party —Take your cue from the host.If he went to the trouble to mail an invitation, send him a note in return.Receiving a Gift—If you thank a person profusely(极多地)after receiving a gift, it’s not necessary to send a note —so it makes you look extra-classy when you do.A business Function —If you’ve been at a formal business meeting and want to thank potential clients or business partners, type a paper note.If the event is a lunch or social function, write it by hand.2.In business, it is customary to express appreciation to people who help your company succeed.In fact, the absence of a ―thank you‖ may be misunderstood to mean the effort was not appreciated.Thanking customers has always been very effective for building royalty, demonstrating corporate commitment to service, generating referral business and differentiating a
business from the rest.There are a variety of ways to express gratitude.The way in which you thank your customers does not have to cost a lot of money and nothing says ―you are important‖ like a handwritten note.A short handwritten note has the power of personal engagement and high impact.It’s a small gesture but keeps customers coming back.Inside a business, when a boss wants to motivate his or her employees, a simple ―thank you‖ also works best.A smart employer knows it well that frequent recognition of accomplishments is the best way to encourage employees.Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar 3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
第五篇：精读教案6
Unit 6 Jewelry
Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know the general knowledge about different kinds of Jewelry as well as diamond.B.Learn to use the communicative skill of “making an apology”.C.Master the use of article.D.Grasp the words or phrases related to diamond.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background
A.Different kinds of jewels:(precious)stones: a rare and valuable kind of mineral.宝石
gem: a pearl of mineral that has been cut and polished for use as an
ornament.宝石，珠宝
ruby: a bright red precious stone.红宝石
sapphire: a kind of transparent precious stone of a bright blue color.蓝宝石
emerald: a bright green precious stone.祖母绿，绿宝石
opal: a precious stone which looks like milky water with colors in it.蛋白石，猫眼石
jade: a precious, usually green stone from which ornaments or jewelry are
made.玉，翡翠
amber: a yellowish brown hard clear substance used for ornaments or
jewelry.琥珀
jet: a hard, black material that can be made to shine brightly used to
make ornaments.黑玉
topaz: a transparent yellowish mineral.黄晶，黄玉
pearl: a hard round small silvery-white mass formed inside the shell of
shellfish.珍珠
B.Diamonds Diamond(金刚石，钻石)is a clear, very hard and valuable stone, used in jewelry
and in industry, for example, a diamond engagement ring.It is the
birthstone of April and anniversary gemstone for the 10th and 60th years
of marriage.Diamond was discovered in 500 B.C.in India.The name
“diamond” comes from the Greek word “adamas” which means unconquerable---
suggesting the eternity(永恒)of love.Since ancient Greece diamond has
been the traditional symbol of love.The ancients believed they were
hardened dew(露水)drops, splinters(碎片)from the stars or crystallized
lighting.A diamond, the hardest substance known to man, is a crystallized
carbon which has unique powers of light reflection.Because it is composed
of a single element, a diamond is the purest of all gemstones.Diamond is
a colorless stone.Some other occasional colors are: blue, yellow, amber
(琥珀色的), red, green, pink.C.World production of natural diamonds World natural diamond production for 2003 has been estimated at a total of
million carats(1.克拉: 宝石重量单位=200毫克 2.开: 黄金纯度单位, 纯金为24开)with a value
of US$ 9.4 billion.About 20% of this volume are gems, which will be
polished and set into diamond jewelry and 45% are near-gems, which would
have been graded as industrial 40 years ago but are now polished by the
vast low-cost Indian cutting industry.The balance is of industrial
quality.DeBeers is the largest diamond miner in the world.Its mines in
Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Tanzania produced 41%(US$ 3.9
billion)by value or 31% by caratage(43.9 million carats)of the world’s
2003 production.The company’s marketing arm, the Diamond Trading
Company(DTC), sold 48% of world total production---a steep fall from the
recent past when(in 2000)the company’s market share was about 60% and
the 1970s and 1980s when it was 80%.In 2003, Canada’s Northwest
Territories mines produced 11.2 million carats, 7.5% of the world total by
weight, worth an estimated value of US$ 1024 billion, which is over 12% of
the world total by value, making Canada the third largest producer of
diamond in the world, behind Bostwana and Russia, surpassing South Africa
and Angola.A large production of the gem-quality diamond produced by both
the mines in the NWT is in the range of high color and quality, and in
sizes that are most in demand in the world’s leading consumer market, the
USA.Botswana was again the world’s number one diamond-producing country
in 2003 terms of value(estimated at US$ 2.48 billion)and only marginally
behind Australian in carats mined(30.4 million carats).South Africa
contributed an estimated 12.4 million carats to the world’s total
production, which represents about 11% by value(US$ 1.1 billion), 96% of
which comes from mines owned by DeBeers.Namibia now recovers about half
of its diamonds from mining the sea bed with the remainder being found on
its beaches, which have been swept for alluvial diamonds since 1908.The
stones are high in average value, though small in average size.Russia is
the world’s number two producer of diamonds.All the mines are situated in
the Western Yakuti(西伯利亚的雅库特地区), and are owned by the state company
Alrosa.In Russia, half of the rough output is currently sold for
polishing and half is exported.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points 1.jewelry: n.“Jewel” is a countable noun, meaning a valuable stone, such as a diamond，while “jewelery” is an uncountable noun, meaning small things that you
wear for decoration, such as bracelets(手镯), rings, earrings or necklaces
made of precious metals set with gems(宝石)or imitation gems.“Jewellery”
is British English spelling, and in American English it is spelt as
“jewelry”.As it is uncountable, we need to use words such as “a piece of”
or “a lot of” with it if the quantity is mentioned.【例句】a piece of jewelry She wears a lot of gold jewelry.2.to do with: be related to something, or be involved with something 【例句】Their conversation had been largely to do with work.他们谈论的话题主要是和工作有关的事情。
I’m sorry about the accident, but it’s nothing to do with me.出现这样的事故，我感到很遗憾，但我与这事没有一点关系。
This question doesn’t have anything to do with the main topic of the
survey.这个问题和调查的主题没有任何关系。
3.as had been this father: In this sentence, “as” is used to introduce a
non-restrictive attributive clause.This usage is frequently found in
English.【例句】Fred, as might be expected, was attending the conference.像大家预期的那样，弗雷德当时参加了会议。
He is absent, as is often the case.他迟到了，这是经常发生的事情。
When used to introduce attributive clause, as is more often found together
with “such” or “same”.【例句】Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming.认识汤姆的女士都认为他很有魅力。
I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他告诉我的这些故事。
You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.你要像尊敬我一样尊敬我的妻子。
She knew he felt just the same as she did.她知道他和自己有同样的感受。
4.be true of / for: something that is true of a group of people relates
to all the people in that group 适用于;符合于
【例句】Parents of young children often become depressed, and this is
especially true of single parents.孩子很小的父母亲们经常情绪低落，那些单亲家长们更是如此。
I’m very sorry that you’ve decided to leave, and I am sure that holds true
for everyone else here.你决定离去，我感到很难过，我相信，这里的每个人都会如此。
5.in particular: especially 【例句】I noticed his eyes in particular, because they were such an unusual
color.我特别注视着他的眼睛，因为他的眼睛的颜色非同寻常。
6.be cut out for sth./to do sth.: to be naturally well suited for sth.天然适合于(有做...的天赋,很相配)【例句】I am not cut out for city life.我不适合在城市生活。
I am not cut out for teaching / politics.我不适合当老师/搞政治。
7.be apprenticed to: to be an apprentice to sb.成为学徒
【例句】She was apprenticed to a plumber.她曾学徒做过管道工。
Bill didn’t go to college, now that he was apprenticed to a carpenter.贝尔没有去上大学，因为他学徒做了木匠。
The boy was apprenticed to a carpenter.这个男孩被送去学木匠。
[相关词]apprentice n.学徒, 实习生
【例句】My grandfather learnt shoe-making as an apprentice to a master
craftsman.我祖父跟一位大师傅当学徒,学会了制鞋。
He began his career as an apprentice.他以当学徒开始他的职业生涯。
8.intuition: n.instinctive knowing(without the use of rational
processes)直觉
【例句】My intuition told me he wasn’t to be trusted.直觉告诉我他不值得信任。She had an intuition that her friend was ill.她有一种直觉:她的朋友病了。
I had a sudden intuition about the missing jewels.我凭直觉突然对失去的珠宝有所感知。
9.tension:
1)n.the amount of a force stretching something 张力；拉力
【例句】This wire will take 50 pounds tension before breaking.这根金属线在断裂之前能承受五十磅的张力。
The tension was so great that the rope broke.绳子拉得太紧绷断了。
2)n.mental strain;excitement 心理紧张；兴奋
【例句】We feel some tension before we take an exam.考试之前，我们觉得有点紧张。
Tension mounted as we waited for the exam results to be
published.我们在等待公布考试结果时气氛越来越紧张。
3)n.an anxious, untrusting, and perhaps dangerous condition in the
relationship between people, countries, etc.(一般用复数)紧张关系；紧张局势
【例句】The border dispute has been a continuing source of tension.边界争端一直是紧张局势的根源。
10.split: vi./vt.to divide into separate parts 分裂, 分开
【例句】He spent the whole morning splitting the wood.他整个一上午都在劈柴。
Disagreements split the party into rival factions.意见分歧使该党分裂为对立的几派。
The huge tree split when struck by lightning.这棵大树遭雷击时被劈开了。
The old farm has been split up into house lots.这古老的农场已被划分为一块块的宅地。
11.take one’s time:
1)to take more time than is reasonable 拖拉，慢吞吞
【例句】The old lady took her time as she walked up the steps.这位老太太慢慢地爬上楼梯。
2)to use as much time as is necessary, not hurry不慌不忙，从容。
【例句】Please take your time, there is no rush.你慢慢来，没有关系，并不急。
12.choosy: adj.picky;difficult to please 挑剔的；难伺候的[相关搭配] be choosy about: be particular about 对„挑剔
【例句】She's very choosy about who she goes out with.她愿意和谁幽会不愿意和谁幽会是很挑剔的。
He is very choosy about what he eats.他对吃的东西非常讲究。
She is particular about what she eats.她过分讲究吃。
13.irritate: 1)vt.to make angry or impatient 激怒，使烦躁
【例句】 His letter irritated me a little.他的信使我有点恼火。
2)vt.make part of the body a little hurt or uncomfortable 刺激；使难受
【例句】The cigarette smoke irritates my eyes.香烟的烟雾刺得我眼睛难受。
[相关词]
irritation n.the psychological state of being irritated or annoyed
激怒；生气，恼怒
【例句】He could not hide his irritation that he had not been invited.他无法掩饰因未被邀请而生的气恼。
irritable adj.easily annoyed 易怒的,急躁的
【例句】The old man is an irritable person.那个老人是个易怒的人。
14.bachelor:
1)n.an unmarried man 未婚男子；单身汉
【例句】He remained a bachelor all his life.他终生未娶
2)n.[C] 学士
【例句】a Bachelor of Arts文学士(略作 BA,B.A.,A.B.)a Bachelor of Medicine医学士(略作B.M.)a Bachelor of Science理学士（略作 B.S）
bachelor’s degree 学士学位
15.in someone’s stead: in someone’s place;instead of someone(正式）代替某人
【例句】She asked me to attend the meeting in her stead 她要我替她去参加会议。
I can't attend the meeting but I'll send my assistant in my stead.这个会我来不了, 我让助手代我出席。
16.in communion with:(formal)in special relationship with someone or
something which makes you feel that you understand them very well 与...有联络，有共同利害关系
【例句】He lived in close communion with nature/ God.他与大自然为伴。
[相关词] commune v.to get very close to someone or something by exchanging feeling
or thoughts 与...建立密切关系（with）
【例句】I often walk by the sea to commune with nature.我常在海滨漫步，与大自然神交。
17.fall apart: to break(into piece)分裂；破碎；崩溃
【例句】My car is falling apart.我的汽车要散架了。
Their marriage finally fell apart.他们的婚姻终于破裂了。
She fell apart completely, crying like a baby.她完全崩溃了，哭得像个孩子。
18.an odd chance that… unusual: “that” here is an adverb of degree, which
means “so” or “to such a degree”.【例句】It wasn’t that good, actually.事实上，没有那么好。
Is the problem that easy? 问题有那么简单吗? He knows only that much.他只知道那么多。
I was that angry I could have hit him.我十分生气, 简直想揍他。
19.infect:
1)vt.to fill(sb.’s mind or spirit)with feelings(感情上)感染（别人）
【例句】She infected the whole class with her laughter.她的笑声感染了全班同学。Her cheerful spirits and bubble laughter infect the whole class.她那快乐的情绪和爽朗的笑声感染了全班。
2)vt.(of disease)to get into the body of someone, often through the
air(疾病)感染/传染（别人）
【例句】The open wound soon became infected.裸露的伤口很快就受到了感染。
[相关搭配] be infected with
【例句】I was infected with a bad cold by my brother.我哥哥把重感冒传染给我。
[相关词] infection n.传染
【例句】He suffered from a lung infection.他肺部受到了感染。
infectious adj.传染性的
【例句】Their enthusiasm was infectious.他们的热情有感染力。
Flu is an infectious disease characterized by fever, aches and pains and
exhaustion.流感是一种传染病，其特征是发热、全身疼痛和疲乏无力。
20.destined: adj.intended in advance or by fate 注定的；命中注定的；预定的【例句】He was destined never to meet her again.命运注定他再也见不到她。
The man is destined for success.这个人注定要成功的。
It was destined that they would marry.他们结婚是缘分。
[相关词] destiny n.fate.命运；天数；天命
【例句】a master of one's own destiny 掌握自己的命运的人
It was his destiny to die in a foreign country.他注定要客死异国。
Your destiny is interwoven with mine.你的命运已和我的命运结合在一起了。
II．Difficult Sentences 1)His father was to do with diamonds, as had been his father.要点：The job his(Ephraim’s)father did is about diamonds, and his
grandfather did this job too.这类似于下面结构的用法，so+ 助动词/ be动词/ 情态动词＋主语
【例句】 He is a teacher, so was his father.他是老师，他的父亲也曾是。
译文：他父亲从事的工作与钻石有关，他的祖父也是这样。
2)To cut a diamond perfectly is an act like a samurai’s sword-thrust, or
a master archer’s centered arrow.要点：This sentence means: If a samurai intends to make a correct thrust at
his rival with his sword or a master archer wants to shot an arrow in the
center of the target without missing it, perfect skills are needed.Likewise, splitting a diamond perfectly also needs excellent skills.译文：要完美的切割钻石，就像武士准确地刺向自己的对手，高明的弓箭手每次都射中
靶心一样，需要高超的技艺。
3)When an important diamond is shaped a man may spend a week …will split
it exactly so.要点：In this long sentence, the structure “spend„(in)doing sth.” is used
and the word “moment” is modified by the attributive clause introduced by
“when”.译文：当打造一颗重要的钻石时，一个人可能要花一周甚至几周时间去研究它，要集中所有的记忆、直觉和注意力，直到最后确定用恰如其分的轻敲力才会将原石准确地按需要分开。
4)He was the son who took his time about getting married, and about…… who
refused to fulfill the ordinary purpose of nature.要点：This sentence means: He(Ephraim)was such a person who didn’t want to
marry early and not paid more attention to what his family members said，sometimes jokingly, about his unwillingness to get married soon because he
was choosy.But when other people spoke of him with a sharp tone, the
family members had nothing to say.Why those people blamed him with such a
harmful, threatened tune was that they felt very angry when people like
Ephraim refused to get married and have children.译文：他总是不把结婚放在心上，对于家人开玩笑说是太挑剔了，他也不太在意。当别人生气地，有时恶意地，甚至用威胁的语气谈到此事时，他的家人无话可说。人们之所以这样说是因为像Ephraim
这样不想结婚养孩子的行为让他们感到生气。
5)Nothing was expected of him.要点：His family members didn’t expect him to make any great achievements in
his career.expect sb./sth.of sth.期望（某人）；指望（某人）
【例句】I wouldn’t have expected such rudeness of you.我没有想到你这样粗鲁。
Don’t expect too much of his idea.别指望他能有什么好主意。
译文：他的家人并不指望他能在工作上有任何大的作为。
6)He should have flown home again;but the merchant asked him to dinner.要点：“should have + V-ed” refers to obligation unfulfilled, that is, an
action which should take place in the past was actually not performed.【例句】You should have switched off the electric current.你本应该把电源切断。
译文：他本打算再坐飞机回到家去，但这位商人邀请他一起共进晚餐。
III． Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1-2)Introduction: The trade of diamond-cutting by mentioning the man called
Ephraim.1)Ephraim’s family was to do with the diamonds.2)Stating that Diamond-cutting needs excellent skills by comparing it to
a samurai’s sword-thrust and a master archer’s centered-arrow.Part II(Paragraph 3-5)
Ephraim’s experience of successful cutting a diamond for a rich
merchant made his skill known and he became a master diamond-cutter.Reading II 1.Notes 1.deposit:
1)n.first payment for something 存款, 定金
【例句】a bank deposit银行存款 demand deposit 活期存款
You must pay a deposit if you want to reserve the room.你要预订房间，就得先付定金。
2)n.something deposited 矿层, 堆积物;储量
【例句】diamond deposit钻石储量
deposit of crude oil原油储量
The country is short of known deposits of coal.这个国家缺少已知的煤矿矿床。There are rich deposits of gold in those hills.在那些山里有一些富金矿。
3)v.put something somewhere to keep it safe 放下, 寄存, 存放
【例句】You may deposit your case in the left luggage office.你可以把手提箱存放在寄存处。
4)v.沉淀;堆放；沉积
【例句】When the River Nile is in flood, it deposits a layer of mud on the
fields.尼罗河泛滥时, 便在田野上沉积一层泥。
2.Kimberley: a city in the central Republic of South Africa, famous for
its diamond mines.It is called Diamond City and still thought of as the
diamond capital of the world.金伯利市（南非）
3.extensive: adj.large in amount, area or range 广泛的，深远的;广阔的【例句】extensive knowledge广博的知识 extensive reading泛读
We had fairly extensive discussions.我们进行了相当广泛的讨论。
They own extensive land by the ocean.他们拥有海边的辽阔土地。
4.Siberia: a vast region of northeast Russia, extending from the Ural
Mountains(乌拉尔山脉)to the Pacific(太平洋)西伯利亚
5.crystal: n.a transparent(透明的)natural mineral that looks like ice 水晶
6.crystalline: adj.made of crystals 水晶的, 透明的, 结晶性的【例句】crystalline carbon水晶碳
crystalline rocks水晶岩
7.individual
1)adj.for one person or thing only 单独的；个别的【例句】individual economy 个体经济
A teacher can't give individual attention to each pupil if his class is
large.如果班上的人数多，老师就不能给予个别辅导了。
2)adj.独特的;个性的, 有特性的
【例句】The model has an individual way of dressing.这个模特儿有着独特的穿衣方式。
3)n.each person, by himself, not with others 个人;个体
【例句】Exceptions can not be made for individuals.对个人不能有例外。
8.boart: n.(also called bort or bortz)a quantity of low-quality
diamonds and small fragments, valuable only in crushed or powdered(粉未状的)form 圆粒金刚石
9.carbonado: n.a massive black variety of diamond, found chiefly near
Salvador(萨尔瓦多[拉丁美洲]), Brazil, and formerly used for drilling and other
cutting purposes 黑金刚石
10.cluster: n.number of things of the same kind growing closely
together串；束,簇；群,组
【例句】There was a little cluster of admirers around the actress.女演员周围拥着一小群崇拜者。
11.polish: 1)n.光泽, 优雅, 精良
【例句】A hot plate will spoil the polish on this table.热盘子会毁坏桌面的光泽。
2)v.抛光, 磨光, 擦亮;使精练（优美），润饰(文章)【例句】polish shoes 擦鞋
He polished his spectacles with a handkerchief before answering.回答之前, 他用手帕擦拭了一下眼镜。
The speaker spent several days polishing her lecture.演讲者花了几天时间润饰她的演讲稿。
12.revolving: adj.cause to move by turning over or in a circular manner
of as if on an axis 旋转的, 周转的, 循环的【例句】a revolving door 旋转门
I think they are using a revolving stage.我想他们用一种旋转舞台。
[相关词] revolve: v.turn on or around an axis or a center 旋转,考虑,循环
【例句】My life revolves around my job.我的工作是我生活的中心。
The earth revolves round the sun.地球环绕太阳运行。
13.bore:
1)v.to make someone feel tired;not to be interesting 使烦扰
【例句】He bores me with his endless tales.他那讲不完的故事使我厌烦。He bored us all by talking for hours about his new house.他连续几个小时大谈他的新房子，使我们大家都厌烦透了。
2)v.make a narrow, round, deep hole 钻孔
【例句】The worker bored a hole through the board.工人在木板上钻了一个孔。
[相关词] boring adj.dull;not interesting
【例句】I found the talk very boring.我觉得那次讲话非常没意思。
bored adj.not interested;unhappy because you have nothing interesting to
do 厌烦的
【例句】The teacher went over the same point so often that the children were
bored.那位教师对同一问题讲了又讲，讲得孩子们都烦了。
14.cleave: v.separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument 劈开;
把„分成若干块
[相关词] cleavage n.split or division;line along which material such as rock or
wood splits.裂缝；分开
15.respective: adj.各自的,各个的
【例句】He drove them both to their respective homes.他驾车把他们分别送到家里。
The three men were given work according to their respective abilities.这三个人根据各自的能力被分配了工作。
[相关词] respectively adv.各自地,分别地
【例句】The salesclerks and the teachers got pay rises of 6% and 9%
respectively.店员和教师的工资分别增加百分之六和百分之九。
16.take on: 1)accept a job;promise to do something 承担, 接受
【例句】The doctor says I'm too tired and has advised me not to take any more
work on.医生说我太疲劳了，并劝我不要承担更多的工作。
2)呈现出
【例句】Her eyes took on a hurt expression.她的眼里流露出受委屈的神情。
3)employ;hire;engage 雇用
【例句】He was taken on by a factory as a worker.他被一家工厂录用当工人。
17.diamond-faced: 表面装有金刚石的或钻石的
-faced: having a face or facing especially of a specified kind or number
(often used in combination)(常用以构成复合词)具有...脸型的, 有...表面的, 有...贴边的 【例句】 sad-faced 一脸悲伤的 rough-faced 表面粗糙的II．Difficult Sentences 1)Some of the earliest diamonds known came from India.要点：Some of the earliest diamonds which are known to people/ which people
have known came from India.Known一词作后置定语，修饰diamonds.过去分词(短语)作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。如:
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(=that has
ever been written).这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
Who were the so-called guests invited(=who had been invited)to
your party last night?
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀? 文中同样的用法还有第三段句子The name “boart” is given to...material already mentioned.及第七段第一句中mention的用法。
译文：我们已知的最早的钻石中的一部分产自印度。
2)Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you
see on a ring---they just look like small, blue-grey stones.要点：The diamonds don’t give out bright light as a ring does until/ before
they are cut and polished.---It looks like they are just ordinary small ，blue-grey stones.In this sentence, the structure “not „until„” is used.直到„才
【例句】I didn't leave the boy until his mother turned up.直到这孩子的母亲来,我才离开。
The noise of the street didn't stop until it was midnight.街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
当not until位于句首时,句子要部分倒装。其结构为:Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+...。如: 【例句】Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
Not until next week will the sports meet be held.直到下周才开运动会。
not until的强调结构为:It is / was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+...。上面两句改为强调句为: 【例句】It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped
talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止谈话。
It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.直到下个星期运动会才举行。
译文：钻石在切割和打磨以前，不会像你看到的戒指那样熠熠闪光。他们看起来就像是普通的兰灰色的小石块。
3)However, a revolutionary change in the methods of …..a swiftly
revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder.要点：这个句子中 “ with its edge faced with fine diamond powder”
是with的复合结构用法。通常用作状语，也可作定语。即 with + n/pron + adj./ adv./ n./分词/不定式/介词短语
文中用的是过去分词短语faced with fine diamond power.“be faced with” 面临。
【例句】We are faced with a lot of problems but we'll win through in the end.我们面临许多问题, 但终将获得成功。
【例句】He left the room with the door open.(adj.)门开着，他就离开了屋子。
With Tom away, I always feel lonely.(adv.)汤姆不在，我一直感觉孤独。
The fellow stood there with his hands crossed.(participle)这个家伙两手交叉，站在那里。
The old man looks down upon everyone, with his son chairman of the
company.(n.)因为他儿子是公司的主席，这个老头瞧不起任何人。
With so many problems to settle, the new manager was too worried to eat
anything.(infinitive)有着太多问题去处理，新经理担忧的吃不下任何东西。
The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy.(prepositional phrase)那个脖子上带项链的女人一定很有钱。
译文：但是在1476年，钻石的切割和打磨方法发生了革命性的变化，当时，比利时布鲁斯市的Lugwig Van
Berquen发明了使用高速旋转的金刚石镶边的齿轮切割和打磨钻石的方法。
4)Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be
split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.要点: 本句是“介词＋关系代词”的用法。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to
at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which, whose.不可用 that
。介词的选择受上下文的制约。在结合语意的基础上，可以从下面几个角度判断该用什么介词。
看先行词与哪一个介词是习惯“介 ＋ 名 ” 搭配的。
【例句】This is the factory in which he works.(in the factory 在工）
这就是他工作的那个工厂。
看定语从句中的动词是与哪一个介词形成习惯“动 ＋ 介” 搭配。
【例句】The car on which he spent 40,000 Yuan is made in Nanjing.(spend money
on sth.)The car for which he paid 40,000 Yuan is made in Nanjing.(pay money for
sth.)
他花4万块钱买到那辆车是产自南京。
既要看定语从句中的动词，又要看先行词有何习惯“动 ＋ 介 ＋ 名”搭配。
【例句】I don't know the student with whom Mary quarreled yesterday.(quarrel
with sb.)
我不认识昨天和玛丽争吵的那位学生。
译文：每一个钻石都有一道天然的裂缝，沿着这条裂缝，用切割刀口使劲一击就可以把钻石分开。
Word Study 1.reveal
基本用法
1)vt.make known(something previously secret or unknown)揭示；揭露；泄露
【例句】He never revealed his secret.他从来不泄露自己的秘密。
He didn't want to reveal his real feelings.他不想露出他的真实情感。
I promise never to reveal his secret.我答应决不泄漏他的秘密。
2)vt.to show or allow sth.to be seen 展现；显露出
【例句】These few words fully revealed her noble quality.这寥寥数语充分显示了她的高贵品质。
His genius revealed itself.他的天才（渐渐地）显露出来了。
相关搭配：
reveal a scandal 揭露丑闻
reveal a secret 揭开秘密
reveal one's identity 揭示身分
reveal the objective laws 揭开客观规律
reveal the inside story(of)揭开内幕
相关词
revelation n.the making known of some secret 展示；揭露；显露
【例句】The revelation of his scandalous past led to his resignation.他那不光彩历史的揭露导致了他的辞职。
Have you read the ex-minister's amazing revelations in the newspaper? 你看了前任部长在报上揭露的那些惊人的事实没有？
2.accumulate
基本用法
vi./ vt.get or gather together积累；集聚
【例句】Dust quickly accumulates if we don't sweep our room.我们如果不打扫房间, 灰尘很快就会积聚起厚厚的一层。
His debts accumulated.他债台高筑。
They set to work accumulating a huge mass of data.他们开始累积大量的资料。
He accumulated wealth through illegal means.他以非法的手段敛财。
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。
相关搭配：
accumulated profit 累积利润 accumulated fund 积累的基金
相关词
accumulation n.积聚, 累积, 积聚物
【例句】the accumulation of useful knowledge 有用知识的积累
An accumulation of work is waiting to be done.一堆积下的工作等着要做。
The accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amassment of
objects of value;the increase in wealth;or the creation of wealth.资本的积累简单地说就是指有价值的东西的积累，财富的增加或创造。
3.fulfill 基本用法
1)vt.to supply or satisfy(a need, demand, or purpose)满足（需要、要求）；使达到（目标）
【例句】Does your job fulfill your expectations? 你的工作符合你的期望吗？
He fulfills all the conditions for employment.他完全符合雇用的条件。
2)vt.to carry out;perform;obey 履行；执行；遵守
【例句】You must fulfill your promise.你必须履行诺言。
The doctor's instructions must be fulfilled exactly.必须一丝不苟地遵照医嘱去办。
3)vt.to make or prove to be true 应验；实现
【例句】All my dreams are fulfilled.我的所有梦想成真。
If he’s lazy, he’ll never fulfill his ambition to be a doctor.如果他很懒惰，他当医生的抱负就永远不能够实现。
相关词
fulfillment 1)n.the act of fulfilling or the state of being fulfilled 实现；完成；履行
【例句】the fulfillment of a promise 诺言的实现
After many years, his plans have come to fulfillment.很多年之后,他的计划实现了。
2)n.satisfaction after successful efforts（经过努力而获得成功的）满足感
【例句】People find fulfillment in working for a common goal.人们在为一个共同目标而努力的过程中得到满足。
4.expect 基本用法
1)vt.to think or believe(that something will happen)预料；预期
相关搭配：
expect+ that;expect to do;expect sb.or sth.to do sth.【例句】We expected that you would succeed.我们预计你会成功的。
He expected to finish the work by March.他预期三月份完成这项工作。We didn’t expect so many people to come to the party.我们没有想到会有这么多人参加晚会。
2)vt.to think or consider that(sth.or sb.)is likely to come or
happen 认为（某人）会来；认为（某事）会发生；预计
【例句】I expect I will be back on Sunday.我预计我会在周日回来的。
3)vt.to have or express a strong wish for(something)or that(someone)
will do something, with the feeling that this is reasonable or necessary
认为理应得到;指望;要求
【例句】Don't expect too much of him.別对他期望过高。
I expect you to be punctual.我要求你准时。
The professor expected respect from his students.教授认为学生理应尊敬他。
You can't expect me to approve of it.你别指望我赞成。
相关词
expectant adj.waiting hopefully 期待的
【例句】The expectant crowds in the streets waited patiently for the queen.街上期待的人群耐心地等待着女皇。
expectation n.the act of expecting or something that is expected 预期；预期的事物
【例句】She had high expectations of what university had to offer.她对大学所能给她提供的一切期望很高。
His parents have great expectations for his future.他父母对他的前途深寄厚望。
相关搭配：
against/ contrary to one’s expectation(s)与„„ 预料的相反
【例句】We thought Mary would pass, but against/contrary to our expectation，she didn’t.我们以为玛丽能通过，但出乎我们意料的是，她没有。
beyond expectation/ one’s expectations 出乎意料；比预料的还好
in expectation of 预料;期望[待]
come/ live up to one’s expectation 不辜负某人的期望
5.refuse
基本用法
1)vi./vt.to state one’s strong unwillingness to accept;say no(to)
拒绝；谢绝；不接受
【例句】He asked me to marry him but I refused.他向我求婚，但我拒绝了。
She refused his offer.他主动提出帮助,被她拒绝了。
2)vt.not to give or allow 拒绝；不允许
【例句】 We were refused permission to enter.我们被拒之门外。
3)vt.to show or state strong unwillingness(to do sth.)不愿（做某事）
相关搭配：
refuse to do sth.【例句】I refuse to answer that question.我不愿回答那个问题。
相关词
refusal n.a message refusing to accept something that is offered 拒绝；谢绝
【例句】We interpreted his silence as a refusal.我们认为他的沉默是拒绝的表示。
My request was met with a flat refusal.我的要求遭到了断然拒绝。
Grammar Focus The Use of Article 冠词的使用
冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词(the)，另一种是不定冠词a/an，还有一种是零冠词(即不用冠词)。
1.不定冠词的用法
1)表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：
A Mr.Ling is waiting for you.有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2）代表一类人或物。例如：
A knife is a tool for cutting with.刀是切割的工具。
Mr.Smith is an engineer.史密斯先生是工程师。
3）组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many /
many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short
while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of
a sudden等。
2.定冠词的用法
1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：
Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：
He bought a house.他买了幢房子。I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun, the sky，the moon，the earth等。
4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人;
the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）
They are teachers of this school.（指部分教师）
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：
She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：
She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens
格林一家人（或格林夫妇）
11)和形容词和分词连用，表示一类人或事物。例如
the sick the dead the old the wounded
12)用于“名词＋of +名词”的结构中，表示同位关系。如： the city of Shanghai the Tower of London
13）用在惯用语中。例如：
in the day, in the morning(afternoon，evening), the day after
tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, on the whole, by
the way, go to the theatre 3.零冠词的用法
1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：
They are teachers.他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：
Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：
The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess。
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：
I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。
10)
有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court
等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）
11）不用冠词的序数词；
a.序数词前有物主代词时。his first prize 他获得的第一个奖
b.序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race.他跑步得了第一。
c.在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。
Function and Structure The Art of Apology（道歉的艺术）
Most of us were taught that offering an apology, any apology, when we make
a mistake will take care of most offenses.But offering the right apology，particularly in the corporate world, is not as simple as saying, “I'm
sorry.”
Done right, an apology can enhance both reputations and relationships.Done wrong, an apology can compound the original mistake, sometimes to
disastrous consequences.Sometimes Chinese do not consider westerner’s apologies to be sincere
although the westerners involved were being sincere in the western way of
honestly and directly expressing feeling of regret.So then the question
becomes, what do the Chinese on the receiving end of the apology consider
to be sincere? The conclusion is that for an apology to be considered
sincere, it must follow a proper form.Words of regret are not always
sufficient.The person apologizing must express a higher degree of respect
to the offended party to restore the balance in the relationship.Westerners sometimes use a cursory(草率的)apology to move past the
troublesome event and on to the next thing.This is offensive to a Chinese
who is paying attention to the form and not just the words of the apology.The westerner thinks he has done enough by saying “ I am sorry” but to the
Chinese these words are empty unless accompanied by proper communication
of respect and humility(谦恭).Generally, American apologies have one of the
following three elements, in addition to “I am sorry”:
1)an excuse---I was looking at an old map.2)an offer of repair---I’ll compensate the victims.3)a promise about future actions---It will never happen again.Chinese tend to interpret the offer of an excuse as a sign of insincerity.An excuse doesn’t improve an apology as it does for Americans;it weakens
it.So how do you build a good apology? Apologies involve three elements:
Acknowledgment of a fault or an offense, regret for it, and responsibility
for the offense.You can put them all together, but a sincere, effective
apology need not necessarily express all three;whether it should depends
on the circumstances.Here are some tips for making effective professional
apologies.1.Find words that are clear and accurate—not provocative.A good apology
should make the person wronged think, “Yes, she understands.” Often what
the offended person wants is accountability and vigilance;he wants to
know that it won't happen again.2.Don't apologize for the wrong thing.People and institutions tend to
apologize for what they find forgivable.If there is no clear relationship
between what the offender is apologizing for and what the offended
experienced as the original wrong, the apology actually
exacerbates(使„加重/恶化)the problem.At best, the offender will seem blind to
the problem;at worst, he will be perceived as intentionally distorting
it.3.Consider the angle of approach.Decide whether it will be easier for
you to apologize position to position or person to person.If you are
angry with the person you've got to apologize to, it may be easier to
frame the apology in terms of your respective jobs or ranks.Example: “We both work for a good company, and, as your colleague, I
should try harder to see past our individual differences.I'm sorry I
spoke harshly.”
Such an apology is likely to resonate favorably with both parties, even
when anger between them remains.In other circumstances, a person-to-person apology is easier to offer.For
someone who equates an apology with loss of stature, for instance, the
person-to-person apology can appear to be a magnanimous act that does not
diminish her.Example: “I can't agree with the stance you are taking, but
I like you and want us to work well together.I'm sorry I spoke harshly.”
Choose the approach that is easier for you to do well.That will save you
from making an apology that is so grudging that it fails.4.“I want to apologize” is not an apology.It's no more an apology than
“I want to lose weight” is a loss of weight.Do the work.Deliver a clear，direct apology;don't hide behind vagueness, circumlocution, or clichés.You may not be able to control whether your apology is accepted, but you
can control its quality.So make every effort to control what you can.This will increase your chances of feeling good about what you have done
with your apology—instead of feeling bad about having to do it.Practical Reading 产品目录Catalogue(cat)的核心内容一般包括产品名称、编号、规格、型号、品质、参考零售价（RRP= Recommended Retail
Price）等信息。其中会有一些惯用的缩写。如书中第一则为例：
产品名称: 9CT GOLD SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND RING SET 编号： Cat.No.229/1219 规格： 9CT GOLD SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND 型号： F to V 品质： SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND RRP: ￡129.99 Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar
3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
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