也谈网络新词汇

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第一篇:也谈网络新词汇

也谈网络新词汇

昨天,有感而发了一番关于网络语言的感慨,一位叫胡杨的陌生博友回复道:“网络语言永远不可能纯净了,正因为如此,它才有无穷魅力。神马,呵呵,常上网的应该知道,不上网的,根据自己的拼音经验也因该知道的。”

看罢他的回复,感觉自己可能真的落伍了,这一番感慨只能象征自己的浅薄无知。即使

自己不喜欢这样的网络用语,至少也应该了解一些才好。于是,饭桌上,我虚心做儿子的学生了。

“凯,咱们一边吃饭,你一边给我讲解几个网络用语好吗?”我一边准备着早餐,一边试探着问。

“没问题。这事儿应该难不住我。”儿子很自信地说:“凡是网络新词汇,一旦创出,最先流传的就是我们大学校园了,最慢不超过三两天。”

“好。”我很高兴地说,“那咱一个一个的来。你先说‘这年头,如果没有一个围脖,还真不好意识跟人打招呼’这句中的‘围脖’是什么意思?”

“呵呵,‘围脖’就是‘微博’,是微型博客,兴起一年多了。从2010年8月份新浪微博开通以来风靡中国,它每次可以发表140字内的信息。可以交谈,可以发帖,即有博客性质,也有谈话功能。现在各行各界的名人都有微博,尤其是新浪微博,交际范围广,天南海北的,你需要与什么人打交道,加他关注,交流就是了……微博是一种互动及传播性极快的工具,传播速度甚至比媒体还要快……”

没想到,一个“围脖”,儿子已经滔滔不绝,他的见识真令我耳目一新。我的新浪微博开通好久了,迄今为止,“关注” 与“粉丝”也有近百人,可它的功能仅仅是转发我的博文罢了。儿子这么一说,我还是真有“围脖”而不知其是“围脖”罢了。

豁然开朗后,我继续问:“第二个词汇,《让子弹飞》很给力,‘给力’怎么理解?”

“‘给力’原是土语,就是很给劲,很带劲的意思,字面理解就差不多。其实,这种感觉是想用别的词汇表达却一下子找不到合适的,‘给力’这个词却把这个问题解决了!”儿子一边做着给力的动作,一边解说着,“‘给力’一词最初源于日本的搞笑动漫《西游记》中悟空的一句抱怨‘这就是天竺吗,不给力啊。’不给力’是形容和预想目标相差甚远,‘给力’一般理解为有帮助有作用给面子。2010年世界杯期间,‘给力’开始成为网络热门词汇。11月10日,‘给力’出现在《人民日报》头版标题中,引发了社会舆论的强烈震撼。今后,与社会热点密切关联的网络语言的‘转正’,或许会成为一股不可遏制的潮流了……”

“呵呵!”我有些乐了,“原来找不到合适的词可以新创词或者借用词啊!不过,这个‘给力’的字面意思倒是好理解,它的出处与官方报刊的引用,却不得不引发思考了。下面,我再问第三个,‘神马都是浮云’是怎么回事?”

“这个词汇首先来自天涯社区一个女生与亲戚妹观看世博后的无奈而写的。她在那个帖子里写了若干的‘神马都是浮云’,再加那篇文章的足以倒掉大家胃口的描述,这词儿就一下子火了。字面意思不难理解,什么都是过眼浮云嘛!”

“我猜测‘神马都是浮云’最先是以错别字的形式出现的。是不是?”我问道。

“或许是,也或许不是。作者或许认为这样写很有讽刺意味,很调侃。网民们也感觉很讽刺、很刺激,很能表达对现实的无奈以及浮云一般的感觉,才红起来的。那原文太恶心人了,或许正是那恶心人的故事,才助长了这个词汇的爆红。”

至此,我听完儿子对这三个词的解说,我便问:“你说,这三个词用来考初三的学生怎么样?”

“考了吗?”儿子一下子猜着了。

“你先不要管考了没考。你说如果考的话,学生们能回答上来吗?”我不带表情地说。

“肯定答不好。农村学生怎么有机会都接触网络,即使城里学生也做不到百分之百有电脑啊。即使有电脑,家长的严厉监督下,谁有空儿去聊天,去接触新词汇?”儿子的分析头头是道,我很佩服。

“可不是嘛!咱们这里的学生这个六分题就平均掉了五六分!农村百分之十的家庭或许有电脑了,可是学生哪有时间去泡网,去接触这些东西?”感觉终于把这个事情了断了,我便说,“继续说说你所知道的其他网络新词汇吧。”

“先说犀利哥吧。”儿子侃侃而谈了,“他来自天涯论坛的一个帖子。一个摄影人无意中拍了一个乞丐的组片发到网上,没想到这乞丐的穿着、发型、神态立刻引起了网民的极大兴趣。有的甚至对他的形象进行了各种PS,制造出了不同版本的形形色色的犀利哥。犀利哥一爆红,网友们纷纷寻找犀利哥去了。犀利哥望着天天来与自己合影的人,想想过去的孤独,哇地惊叫一声逃跑了。网友们继续跟踪。原是,犀利哥是一个走失的精神病患者。在网友们的帮助下,犀利哥最终回到了温暖的家。”

“不是还有一个犀利姐吗”我把刚刚发现却没有查阅的犀利姐提出来。

“犀

利姐一点也不出名,不如凤姐,凤姐名罗玉凤。如芙蓉姐姐一样,她是一个过于自信的人。与芙蓉姐姐的行为自信不同,她是因为一系列雷人言论在网络上走红的。凤姐语录是‘我九岁博览群书,二十岁达到顶峰。我现在都是看社会人文类的书,例如《知音》《故事会》……往前推三百年,往后推三百年,总共六百年没有人超过我。’她身高1米46,网上征男友的条件是‘

必须为清华北大硕士,经济学毕业或者精通经济学,必须具备国际视野,身高1米76到1米83之间,越帅越好,东部沿海户籍,无生育史,年龄在25-28岁之间”。为此,网友们把她捧起来,让她上了不少电视节目,各种雷人语言层出不穷……”

听着儿子的解说,我却想起了《红楼梦》里的凤姐。那可是个辣妹子,也是果真有心计、有能力、干练、泼辣的一个人。看来,这个凤姐与那个凤姐差得过于远了。听到儿子说完了,我继续问:“还有吗?你刚才说的那个什么来着……”

“‘你妈妈喊你回家吃饭’,这个词来自网络游戏中,意思是你太弱了,赶快离开吧。贾君鹏是一个网络虚拟人物,2009年7月网友在百度贴吧魔兽世界吧发表了一个名为‘贾君鹏你妈妈喊你回家吃饭’的帖子,没想到短短五六小时就被390617名网友浏览,引来了17000多条回复,被网友们称为‘网络奇迹’。‘贾君鹏你妈妈喊你回家吃饭’也迅速成为网络流行语。贾君鹏事件可以理解为一次互联网上的行为艺术,一次贴吧文化的狂欢……”

“呵呵。是不是这个可以理解为你不行,赶快滚蛋吧!”我感觉这个词汇很好玩,这么戏说着。

“没那么严重。一般网络新词都是中性词,无贬义的。比如‘你妹’!一般来说‘你妹’二字,用来表示鄙视、不屑或嘲讽的语气,被用在许多不方便直接骂人的场合。‘你妹’作为发泄的一种方式,常用在有攻击倾向却不方便下手的人身上。”

“你妹的妹是那个字?妹妹的妹吗?单从字面意思理解,这个词儿不大好,你还是举个例子说说吧!”

“这个词儿表达的意思无贬义,有点弱吧。举个例子说的话,我伤着脚了,人家却喊我打球去,我便喊道‘我靠,你妹呢?’”

“呵呵……”我理解了,却感觉这个词儿很搞笑,弱就弱呗,喊什么你妹呀,这可是很容易让人浮想联翩的事儿。“还有什么新词汇吗?”

“‘打酱油’,表示事不关己高高挂起,更多的是表示一种非暴力不合作的态度。它来源于这么一个故事:一个记者遇到一位去商店打酱油的小伙子,记者向他咨询一件什么事,小伙子不屑地说了声‘我要打酱油呢’就走了。于是,这个‘打酱油’也以雷人的速度飘红了。”

“打酱油?头一次听说。”我有些哥伦布发现新大陆似的,“不了解故事的话,还真的不好理解。怎么样?继续说?”

“新词汇不多了。”儿子想了想说,“网络成名的新事件却不少。比如,两位农民工的CD《春天里》就被炒红了,还有CD《老男孩》也感动了不少人,甚至四十岁左右的人看了视频都会感动地哭起来。”

“呵呵……”我又笑了,“我看了绝对不会哭的。那老男孩多大了?他的片子里最终事业有成吗?”

“老男孩30多岁了,片子结尾似乎没谈成就吧!这只是一首歌,你网上搜索一下,看看就知道了……”

早餐结束,我们的谈话也结束了,我却懒得去查什么。因为,单就儿子的这番解说,我已经满足了。

从中,我也明白了一个道理。关于网络新词汇,你支持也罢不支持也罢,倡导也罢不倡导也罢,反正它要存在且发挥一定作用的。那么,就让它存在吧。就如陌生博友刑警给我的回复一样:“可以流行,不应该作为考题”罢了。

至此,对于网络新词汇,我不支持,也算是另眼相看了。

第二篇:经济新词汇(范文模版)

经济新词汇

Controlling Stake 控制股

Market Segment 分块市场

Marking Budget 营销预算

Specialty Shop 专营商店

Promotion Budget 促销预算

Networks for sales and service 销售和服务网络

Market Demand 市场需求

Brand Recognition 品牌认可/认同

Industrial Complex 工业生产基地/综合体

Marketing Savvy 营销知识/技能

Listed Companies 上市公司

Premium Brands 优质品牌

Distribution Channels 销售渠道

Access to Market 市场准入

Mergers and Acquisitions 兼并与收购,并购

CEPA(Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements)内地和香港更紧密经贸关系安排

QFII(Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor)

外国机构投资者机制, 意思是指合格的外国投资者制度,是QDII制的反向制度。

QDII(Qualified Domestic Institutional Investors)认可本地机构投资者机制,是允许在资本帐项未完全开放的情况下,内地投资者往海外资本市场进行投资。

Avian Influenza 禽流感

NPC & CPPCC 两会

3G(Third Generation)Moblie 第三代移动通信

Comparatively Prosperous 小康

Six-Party Talk(DPRK Nuke Talk)六方会谈(朝鲜核问题会谈)

NPL(Non-performing loans)不良债权

Farmers, Rural Areas, Agriculture Production 三农

Three Greens 三绿

SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)严重急性呼吸系统综合症(非典型性肺炎)

Windows Longhorn

微软即将推出的下一代操作系统(长牛角)

Little Smart

小灵通(中国网通和中国电信联合推出的移动通信产品,实行单向收费)

IPO(Initial Public Offering)首次公开发行(是公司上市的标志)

Sino-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade(JCCT)中美联合商贸委员会

Floating RMB 浮动元

JV(Joint Venture)合资企业

Wi-Fi(Wireless Internet Access)无线互联网接入

Lunar Probe Project 登月计划

Anti-dumping 反倾销

Shenzhou V 神州5号

WEF(World Economic Forum)世界经济论坛

World Economic Development Summit 世界经济发展高峰会

Boao Forum for Asia 博鳌亚洲论坛

AMC(Asset Management Company)资产管理公司

Get the Green Light 获得批准

Distressed Asset(DA)不良资产

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 中国社会科学院

SMS(Short Message Service)短信息服务

MMS(Multimedia Message Service)多媒体信息服务(基于3G技术)

Ex-CEO 前CEO

National Council Social Security Fund 国家社会保障基金

Energy Conservation 能源保护

China Household Electrical Appliances Association 中国家用电器协会

China-US Mediation Center 中美调停中心

Make One´s Debut 首次登场

National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC)国家发展和改革委员会

Tax Rebate 出口退税

Stable and Rapid Economic Growth Without Fluctuations 稳定快速无大起大落的经济增长

Portal Website 门户网站

Image Ambassador 形象大使 Propellant 推动者

GMBH 股份有限公司

Tender 标书

Future Exchange 期货交易

TT(Technology Transfer)技术转让

ISP(Internet Service PRovider)互联网服务提供商

Approval Rate 支持率

Portfolio Investment 证券投资

Worldwide Economy Uniformity 世界经济一体化

JIT(Just-In-Time)Manufacturing System 准时制造系统

EMCS(Engineer, Manufacture and Customer Service)工程,生产和客户服务

Well-off Society 小康社会

Interim Constitution 临时宪法

FDA(Food and Drug Adminstration)美国食品药品管理局

Sui Generis 独特的

NIEO(New International Economic Order)新的国际经济新秩序

Tariff Barrier 关税壁垒

MNC(Multinational Company)跨国公司

FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)外国直接投资

Economic Integration 经济一体化

Keep RMB Rate at Its Current Level 保持人民币汇率

Exchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制

Transitional Grace Period 过渡时期优惠期

International Transaction 国际交易

Speculative Capital 投机资本

Current Account 经常项目

On the Condition of Anonymity 匿名

Sand Storm 沙尘暴

Protectionist Measures 保护主义措施

WTO Protocol WTO协议

Conform to WTO Spirits and Agreements 遵循WTO精神和条款

Dispute-Settling Mechanism 争端解决机制

Subsidy Act 补贴行为

Steer the Big Ship of China´s Economy 掌控中国经济的大船

Balanced and Relatively-Fast Economic Growth 平衡相对快速的经济增长

Deep-Seated Problems 根深蒂固的问题

Decision-Making Mechanism 决策机制

Scrutiny From Every Corner of Society 来自社会各方面的监督

Peaceful Reunification 和平统一

All-round, Coordinated and Sustainable Development 全面协调可持续发展

Revitalize Old Industrial Bases 振兴老工业基地

Four Major Tasks: Restructure State Firms, Promote the Non-State Se(转载自本网http://www.xiexiebang.com,请保留此标记。)ctor, Optimize Industrial Mix and Absorb More Investment

四项任务:重组国有企业,促进非公有行业,优化工业结构,吸收更多投资

International Community 国际社会

A Fair, Equitable and Non-discriminary Multilateral Trading System 公平、公正、非歧视的多边贸易体制

Initial Stage Success 初步胜利

Memorandum of Understanding(MOU)谅解备忘录

Payment in Arrear 拖欠的付款

Farmers-Turned-Construction-Workers 农民工

Soft Landing 软着陆

Exceed the Benchmark 突破xxx大关

Manned Spaceflight 载人航天飞行

Overall National Strength 综合国力

Unswerving Stance 坚定不移的立场

Traffic Volume 流量(点击量)

WAP(Wireless Application Protocol)无线应用协议

Three Representatives 三个代表

PAS(Personal Access Phone System)个人接入电话系统

China Consumers Association 中国消费者协会 GM(Genetically Modified)转基因

HPAI(High Pathogenic AI)高致病禽流感

Ultimatum 最后通牒

Trade Consultation 贸易磋商

RTA(Regional Trade Arrangements)区域贸易安排

Ownership Structure 所有制结构

China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade(JCCT)中美商贸联委会

IPR(Intellectual Property Rights)知识产权

China Association of Enterprises 中国企业联合会

MES(Market Economy Status)市场经济地位

MET(Market Economy Treatment)市场经济待遇

Optimal Allocation of Resources 资源最优配置

High-level Talks 高层会谈

WAPI 无线局域网鉴别与保密基础结构

Reorganization and Transformation into Stock Company 股份制改造和重组

Tax Rebates 出口退税

Conglomerate 企业集团

Production VAT 生产型 VAT

Consumption VAT 消费型 VAT

All disputes shall, first of all, be settled amicably by negotiation.一切争端应首先通过友好会谈进行解决。

The arbitration fee shall, in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration, be borne by the losing party.根据仲裁规则,仲裁费用应由败诉方承担。

The Seller shall not, without the Buyer´s consent, discuss the Contract or any provision thereof to any person or any third parties.未经买方同意,卖方不得将合同或合同的任何规定透漏给任何人或任何第三方。

The Contractor shall, throughout the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein, take all reasonable steps to protect the environment on and off the site.在工程施工,竣工及修补工程缺陷的整个过程中,承包人应采取一切合理的措施,以保护现场内外的环境。

The Joint Venture Company shall, in the first three months of each fiscal year, work out the statement of assets and liabilities and losses and gains accounts of the past fiscal year, and shall, after examined and signed by the auditor, submit the same to the Board meeting for approval.合资公司应在每个会计年头三个月编制上一个会计的资产负债表和损益计算书,经审计师审核签字后,提交董事会会议批准通过。

If, during air transportation, the documentation(technical information)is found lost or damaged, Party B shall, within 30 days after receiving Party A´s written Notice, supply Party A free of charge with the documentation again.如果技术资料在空运中丢失、损坏,乙方应在收到甲方书面通知后30天内,再次免费补寄或重寄给甲方。

If, for any reason beyond the reasonable control of the Consultants, it becomes necessary to replace any of the Personnel, the Consultants shall forthwith provide as a replacement a person of equivalent or better qualifications.如果由于咨询者不能正常控制的原因而有必要替换人员,咨询者应替换同等或更好的人员。

If, after thirty days form the commencement of such informal consultations, the Parties fail to resolve amicably a contract dispute, either Party thereto may require that the dispute be submitted to arbitration for resolution.在非正式协商开始30天后,如果双方仍不能友好地解决合同争端,任何一方可以要求将争端提交仲裁解决。

If, under Clause 31, the Employer shall employ other Contractors on the Site, he shall require them to have the same regard for safety and avoidance of danger.如果根据第31条的规定,业主在现场还雇佣其他承包人时,业主应要求这样的承包人在安全和避免危险方面负有同样的责任。

If, in accordance with the delivery schedule as stipulated in Chapter 4 of the Contract, the goods fail to be delivered at dates due to the responsibility of the Seller, the Seller shall be obliged to pay to the Buyer penalty for such delay in delivery at the following rates.如果由于卖方的责任未能按本合同第4章规定的交货期交货时,卖方应按照下列比例向买方交纳因上述延误的罚款

第三篇:新词汇

新词汇

微博 Microblog 山寨 copycat 异地恋 long-distance relationship 剩女 3S lady(single,seventies,stuck)/left girls 熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club)裸婚 naked wedding 炫富 flaunt wealth 团购 group buying 人肉搜索 flesh search 潮人:trendsetter 发烧友: fancier 骨感美女:boney beauty 卡奴:card slave 下午茶 high tea 愤青 young cynic 性感妈妈 yummy mummy 亚健康 sub-health 灵魂伴侣 soul mate 小白脸 toy boy 精神出轨 soul infidelity 人肉搜索 flesh search 钻石王老五 diamond bachelor 时尚达人 fashion icon 御宅 otaku 橙色预警 orange signal warning 预约券 reservation ticket 上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 80后:80's generation 百搭:all-match 限时抢购:flash sale 合租:flat-share 荧光纹身:glow tattoo 泡泡袜:loose socks 裸妆:nude look 黄牛票:scalped ticket 扫货:shopping spree 烟熏妆:smokey-eye make-up 水货:smuggled goods 纳米技术:nanotechnology 正妹 hotty 对某人念念不忘 get the hots for 草莓族 Strawberry generation 草根总统 grassroots president 笨手笨脚 have two left feet 拼车 car-pooling 解除好友关系 unfriend v.暴走 go ballistic 海外代购 overseas purchasing 跳槽 jump ship 闪婚 flash marriage 闪电约会 speeddating 闪电恋爱 whirlwind romance 刻不容缓,紧要关头 crunch time 乐活族 LOHAS(Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability)一夜情 one-night stand 偶像派 idol type 脑残体 leetspeak 挑食者 picky-eater 伪球迷 fake fans 狂热的 gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴 high temperature subsidy 奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 婚前性行为 premarital sex 开博 to open a blog 房奴车奴 mortgage slave 上课开小差 zone out 万事通 know-it-all 赌球 soccer gambling 桑拿天 sauna weather 假发票 fake invoice 二房东 middleman landlord 笑料 laughing stock 泰国香米 Thai fragrant rice 学历造假 fabricate academic credentials 暗淡前景 bleak prospects 毕业典礼 commencement 散伙饭 farewell dinner 毕业旅行 after-graduation trip 节能高效的 fuel-efficient 具有时效性的 time-efficient 很想赢 be hungry for success 面子工程 face job 指甲油 nail varnish 学历门槛 academic threshold 王牌主播 mainstay TV host 招牌菜 signature dishes 城市热岛效应 urban heat island effect 逃学 play hooky, 装病不上班 play hooky from work 一线城市 first-tier cities 高考 the National College Entrance Examines 录取分数线 admission scores 保障性住房 indemnificatory housing 一决高下 Duke it out 囤积居奇 hoarding and profiteering 灰色市场 Grey market 反倾销 anti-dumping 吃白食的人 freeloader 公关 public relation 不幸的日子,不吉利的日子 black-letter day 吉利的日子 saints' days 廉租房 low rent housing 限价房 capped-price housing 经适房 affordable housing 替罪羔羊 whipping boy 对口支援 partner assistance 电脑游戏迷:gamer 家庭主男:house-husband 小白脸,吃软饭的:kept man 二奶:kept woman 麦霸:Mic king / Mic queen 型男:metrosexual man(范指那些极度重视外貌而行为gay化的直男,型男属于其中的一种)新新人类:new-new generation 另类:offbeat 菜鸟:rookie “色”友(摄影爱好者):shutterbug 驴友:tour pal 娘娘腔:sissy 负翁:spend-more-than-earn 全职妈妈:stay-at-home mom 裸奔:streaking

论文常用句型

Beginning 1.In this paper, we focus on the need for 2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review 1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body 1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract 1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction Time 1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive 2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the 4.The development of...is explored 5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose 1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in 5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows: 8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10.The main objective of such a...system is to 11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13.In order to take advantage of their similarity 14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed 15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues 17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods 20.This illustration points out the need to specify 21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review 23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade 25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to 35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to 37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to 39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41.Emphasized the need to 42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46.Point out that the problem of 47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49.The approach taken by [] is 50.The system developed by [] consists 51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to 56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that 58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established 61.The...studies indicated that 62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question 63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question 70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed 73.The three prime issues can be summarized: 74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to 77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

六级2010 in harmony(with)(与……)和睦相处、(与……)协调一致 sponge off 依赖他人生活 spy on 暗中监视

be comparable with/to 与……相似 clutch at 企图抓住 reconcile to 使顺从于 suffice it to say(that)只要说……就够了 deviate from 背离 偏离

stab in the back 背后中伤 背叛 owe to 归功于 由于 因为

presume on(不正当地)利用 detach from 使分开 拆卸

in essence 本质上 基本上 of the essence 极其重要的 不可少的 endow with 给予 赋予 prone to 易于……的

inline to 倾向于…… 易于做…… bound to 一定

correlate to/with 相关 关联

take in(one’s)stride 轻而易举地应付 轻松地胜任 distinguish……from……把……区分出来 engage in 参加 从事于

grope for/around 搜索 暗中摸索 grope for 探索 in retrospect 回顾起来

originate in/from/with 起源于 产生 stumble across on 偶然遇到 碰巧找到 in abundance 充足 丰富 submit to 屈服 听从

subordinate to 次要的,从属的 subscribe to 订购 订阅 glare at 怒目而视

in a dilemma 处于两难境地 adapt to 适应……

in collaboration with 与……合作 与……勾结 rein in 严格控制 严加管束

give(free)rein to对……不加约束、放任 hold in contempt 轻视

at random 随便地 任意地 in bulk 大量的 at length 最后

behave oneself 检点自己的行为 immune to 不受影响的 immune from 免除的

endure to do/doing sth.忍受做某事 summon up 鼓起(勇气)

be accustomed to sth./doing sth习惯(做某事)shove off 动身 离开 in the interim在其间

be entitled to(do)sth有权做某事 dine out 外出就餐 haul away 搬开 移走 susceptible to 易受影响的 过敏的 susceptible of 容许的 Sue for 请求 要求 peg away at 坚持不懈

be bound to 对……有义务的 preside at/over 主持 主管 in all probability 十有八九 in hot pursuit 穷追不舍 in light of 根据

adjacent to 临近的 毗邻的 interfere with 干扰

installment plan 分期付款方式

diagnose sb.with sth.诊断某人患某病 implicit in 内含的 pore over 仔细阅读 in excess of 超过

interpret as 把……理解为…… tack on 附加 增补

tangle with 与……争吵 与……有纠葛 culminate in 以……告终 by analogy 用类推的方法 cater for sb./sth.迎合某人/某事 grieve for /over为……感到悲痛 resort to 求助 凭借 诉诸 pour scorn on 以鄙夷的口气说 give vent to 表达

cast light upon 是……清楚

be indicative of 标示的 指示的 象征的 inferior to 比……差的 比……地位低的

assert oneself 坚持自己的意见 显示自己的权威 immerse in(使w)沉浸在 专心于 lace up 用系带系紧

inflict on/upon 把……强加给 使承担 flush with 齐平的 同高的 be conscious of 知道

bump into 碰 撞 颠簸着前进 scrape by 勉强度日

dwell on/upon 老是想着 详述

be capable of 做得出的 有能力的 有本领的 mediate in/between调解 斡旋 in brief 简言之 简单地说

have an insight into sth.对……有深入的了解 instrumental in 有帮助的 其作用的 testify to 表明 说明 gamble on 赌博 打赌 gamble away 输掉 输光 take a gamble 冒风险

mingle with 与……相融合 the profession 同行 同业

in the aggregate 总共 作为总体 eliminate sb./sth.from 从……除去 brood on /over/about考虑 沉思

dedicate to 把(一生、时间、精力)献给,用于 compensate for sb./sth.弥补 补偿 on the threshold of 即将开始

tick away /by(时间一分一秒地)过去 conduct oneself(行为)表现 at full tilt 全速地 全力地 settle down 定居 定下心来

settle in(to)安顿下来 适应新环境

by the same token 由于同样的原因 同样地 attach to 使依恋 把……放在be attached to 附属于

toss up(打赌等时)掷(钱币)in(full)blossom 正在开花

blossom out /into发展 长成 in tow(被)拖着 伴随着 out of stock 脱销 out of business 破产

hatch out(小鸡等)孵出 cling to 紧紧抓住

coincide with 相符 与……一致 adhering to 粘附 坚持 carve up 分割 瓜分

in transit 在运输中 在途中 linger on 继续逗留

associate with 结交 交往 gleam with 流露 drag on 拖延

indulge in 沉溺 肆意从事 in the vicinity of 在附近in accordance to with 根据 revolve around 以……为中心 a trifle 有点 稍微 trifle with 嘲笑 轻视

inherent in 内在的 生来就有的

hinge on/upon 依……而定,以……为转移 a multitude of 许多 大量 tuck away 把……隐没在tuck up 折起

persist in 坚持 固执 derive from来自

appeal to 吸引 向……上诉

appeal to sb.for help 向某人求助 tumble to(突然)明白 领悟 cope with 应付 对付 confer on 授予 赋予

deprive sb.of 使某人丧失 剥夺

in accordance with 按照 根据 与……一致 identitical to/with sb./sth 与……完全一样 in default of 因缺少 在缺乏……时 obstacle to ……的障碍

buck up 使振奋精神 打起精神 in duplicate 一式两份

consent to 准许 同意 赞成 snatch up 一把抓住

snatch at 理解 明白

under no circumstances无论如何不 绝不 Orient to 以……为方向

enroll in/on加入 入学 give vent to 表达 发泄

for the sake of 为了……起见 看在……的份上 in vain 徒劳 无效

(by)courtesy of 蒙……的好意

be liable to 可能的 易于……的 account for 解释 说明 占有 on account of 由于 为了……

on the brink of 濒临 处于……的边缘 on the blink 坏了 出故障 comply with 遵从 服从

blaze a trail 开拓道路 做先导

commit to 把……托付给 把……置于 conceive of 构想出 设想

Start from scratch从零开始I 从头做起 pave the way of 铺平道路 做准备 irrespective of 不考虑的(考研词组)triumph over 得胜 战胜

in motion 在开动中 在运转中 in contrast with/to 与……对比 a fraction of 一小部分 be exhausted from 因……而十分疲乏 with a pinch of salt 有保留地 energy pinch 能源紧缺 on occasion 有时 不时 by occasion of 由于 huddle up 蜷缩

commit suicide 自杀

deviate from 偏离 不按……办 drain away 渐渐枯竭

attach oneself to 使成为一员 使附属 deprive sb.of sth.剥夺某人某物 on the verge of 接近于 濒临 verge on 接近濒临

make a splash 引人注目

confer sth.upon/on sb.把……授予某人 consent to 同意 答应 a bosom friend 知心朋友

时政用语

1.随着经济的繁荣 with the booming of the economy 2.随着人民生活水平的显著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard 3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.为我们日常生活增添了情趣 add much spice / flavor to our daily life 5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed that…

6.我同意前者(后者)观点 I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了广泛的公众关注 Sth.has aroused wide public concern./ Sth has drawn great public attention.8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion / debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 12.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 13.双方的论点 argument on both sides

14.发挥日益重要作用 play an increasingly important role in… 15.对…必不可少 be indispensable to … 16.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

17.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive / negative effects on… 18.利远远大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.19.导致,引起 lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in 20.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 21.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility / achievement 22.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 23.开阔眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision 24.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

25.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 26.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into consideration 27.从另一个角度 from another perspective 28.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

29.对…有益 be beneficial to / be conducive to… 30.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 31.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for… 32.综合素质 comprehensive quality

33.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to… 34.应当承认 Admittedly,35.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 36.满足需求 satisfy / meet the needs of...37.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 38.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

39.因特网 the Internet(一定要由冠词,字母I 大写)40.方便快捷 convenient and efficient 41.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 42.环保的材料 environmentally friendly materials 43.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

44.大大方便了人们的生活 Sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.45.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 46.在一定程度上 to some extent

47.理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice 48.…必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

49.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly keen social competition 50.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 51.长远利益 long-tem interest 52.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons 53.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 54.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information

55.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of… 56.…的健康发展 the healthy development of… 57.重视 attach great importance to… 58.社会地位 social status 59.把时间和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on… 60.扩大知识面 expand one's scope of knowledge 61.身心两方面 both physically and mentally 62.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

63.导致很多问题 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems 64.可以替代think的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that 65.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress / burden 66.优先考虑/发展… give(top)priority to sth.67.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

68.可降解的/可分解的材料 degradable / decomposable material 69.代替 replace / substitute / take the place of 70.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

71.反映了社会进步的 mirror the social progress/advance 72.增进相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding 73.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

74.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure 75.保障社会稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 76.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

77.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the social development 78.实现梦想 realize one's dream

79.主要理由列举如下 The main / leading reasons are listed as follows: 80.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.

第四篇:也谈雷锋精神

也谈雷锋精神

在谈雷锋精神之前,先来一首刚刚杜撰的打油诗:

雷锋精神是人性,人类楷模不是神。人生失落需自强,春风得意乐助人。

自从我国开始宣传雷锋的那天起,雷锋、雷锋事迹、雷锋故事和雷锋精神就在人们的不断质疑当中宣传,并在人们学雷锋的行动中被不断质疑。其实,如今的雷锋或雷锋精神,只是个“做好事”的代名词,因此,当无人宣传学雷锋的时候,人们却时常会想起、提起雷锋;而当有人宣传学雷锋时,人们却怀疑学雷锋是否还合时宜。这种奇怪的反映,说明人们需要雷锋,社会需要雷锋,任何一个时代都需要雷锋,同时人们又怀疑雷锋精神是否真的存在,怀疑别人和自己是否能学做雷锋,并且能学做多久。

曾有资料介绍说,第一个宣传雷锋事迹的作者把雷锋写得非常人性化,可是审稿的人觉得文章的阶级立场不够鲜明,于是就硬杜撰进了雷锋小时候砍地主家山上的柴,手背被地主婆砍了三刀的故事,以增加文章中雷锋的阶级立场和阶级仇恨。而据曾跟雷锋一起忆苦思甜的战友说,雷锋手指上有一道明显的刀疤,是小时候偷吃地主家的猪食时,被地主婆砍的。还有人说,雷锋手上的疤痕是小时候顽皮不小心摔的。甚至还有人说,这刀疤是小时候在地主家的厨房里,看厨娘在切熟肉,忍不住伸手从砧板上撮肉吃,被厨娘手上的菜刀不小心割了一刀留下的,而不是被地主婆砍的。但是,为了阶级斗争的需要,作者就把这疤痕的来历按在了地主婆头上。雷锋死后,在编撰雷锋日记时,专挑他日记当中那些符合当时政治宣传需要的内容,而把那些儿女情长的内容都没选进去。甚至在展示雷锋的遗物时,也特意把雷锋拥有的奢侈品都藏起来,而尽量展示他俭朴的一面。甚至还有人怀疑雷锋当时的收入和支出是不平衡的,收入少,而消费和捐献得多,说明宣传有假。其实,现在去考究这些都毫无意义。有意义的是,到底什么是雷锋精神?我们需不需要雷锋精神?

雷锋小时候的确很苦,七岁就成了孤儿,解放那年他十岁,才开始上小学;16岁时,小学毕业就参加了工作,并当了公务员。县合作社里买拖拉机时,号召大家捐款,雷锋捐了二十元,成了全县捐款最多的人。后来又学会了开拖拉机、摩托车,自己又买了自行车。他工作四年后,1960年去参军,并开上了汽车。在当时,雷锋的收入,特别是在鞍钢工作时的收入,是很高的。他一个人的收入,在当时,可以养活一家四、五口人。可是雷锋直到22岁去世时,还是孤身一人,毫无牵挂。他真是一人吃饱,全家不愁。因此,当时的雷锋是很爽的,像当时的奢侈品,如自行车、手表、皮箱、皮鞋和时髦服装,他都有。还不到22岁,这些东西都有了,这在当时是不得了的事。他当时的生活水平,足足超前我们温州普通百姓二十多年。雷锋还很喜欢拍照片,这在当时人们一辈子也没拍几张照片的时代来说,也是很时尚的。因此,当时的雷锋是个生活富裕、追求时尚的小青年,比如今的富二代、官二代还牛。可是,追求时尚的雷锋平时生活也是很俭朴的,他把积攒下来的钱用来帮助集体和别人,体现了“富而好德、富而好礼、富而好仁、乐善好施”的传统美德。当时为了政治宣传的需要,硬把这跟共产主义精神扯在一起,不过也没关系,因为共产主义也是讲人性的。而当时硬把阶级斗争也扯在里面,就有点滑稽了。因为,雷锋做好事时,从来都不问那些受他帮助的人到底是什么阶级成分。如果受他帮助的那个老大娘是个地主婆呢?如果他帮助提行李的那个抱小孩的大嫂是个国民党残匪的官太太呢?他这不是在为阶级敌人做事吗?可是,雷锋只知道她们是需要帮助的人,就去帮助她,不附加任何条件,不求任何回报。这就是雷锋精神所闪烁的人性的光辉。

雷锋是个活生生的人,他乐观、大方,热爱学习和自我修养;他在春风得意时,不像现在的一些富二代、官二代欺人、压人;他最大的特点就是助人为乐,勤做好事。根据雷锋所生活的时代、年龄和学历,雷锋不可能在日记里写出什么高深的理论和超脱当时形势氛围的独到见解,因此,我们不能简单地看雷锋在日记里说了什么,而要看他主要做了什么。雷锋是朴素的,纯洁的,善良的,并且具有初步的人生理念。我们今天学习他,就是要学习他怎样做一个有人性的人,因此,雷锋不仅是我们中国人学习的榜样,也是全人类的楷模。其实,像雷锋这样的人是很多的,如有些基督徒也非常乐于帮助别人,当我们向他表示感谢时,他往往会说“让我们都感谢上帝吧!”,这就把做好事跟宗教搅在了一起。而把雷锋精神硬跟共产主义或阶级斗争搅在一起,这实际上是一种新的宗教形式,从而也扭曲了真正的雷锋精神。

雷锋精神是人类精神世界的一颗灿烂明星,它早已摆脱了时代、国界和阶级的束缚。随着人类社会的文明进步,雷锋精神必将大放异彩。实际上我们在当今的一些发达国家里,也经常能感受到类似雷锋精神的存在,而在雷锋的诞生地中国,更多的只是一种形式和宣传。

第五篇:也谈延安精神

清晨,我们第37、38期高校哲学社会科学教学科研骨干研修班的部分学员,在北京中共中央党校学习两周多后,乘火车抵达延安,开始了为期9天的学习和考察之旅。

延安是中国革命的圣地,在中国抗日战争和解放战争的部分时期,曾是无数爱国和爱好和平的中国人心神向往之地。它是中国共产党领导的抗日民族统一战线的一面伟大旗帜,在这一旗帜的感

召下,众多爱国青年和知识分子,不远万里,不怕苦和累,冒着被敌人杀头的危险,冲破重重难关,纷纷奔向这里,加入到抗击日本帝国主义、拯救民族危亡的伟大洪流之中;它是延安精神孵育、诞生和成熟之地,有了这一伟大精神,中国共产党及其领导之下的军民不惧任何艰难险阻,奋勇向前,使中国革命力量由弱到强、从小到大,直至取得全国胜利;它是马克思主义与中国实际相结合、真正实现马克思主义中国化的发祥之地,在此,中国共产党人通过整顿学风党风文风、反思中国革命征程中的正反两方面历史经验和教训以及批判王明“左”倾教条主义和本本主义等一系列运动,找到了中国革命正确的政治方向、奋斗目标和思想路线,为后来的中国革命和国家建设从胜利走向胜利奠定了坚实的理论和思想基础;它也是毛泽东思想孕育、成熟、直至成为全国人民社会实践活动的指导思想的地方。毛泽东思想继承和发展了马列主义,是马列主义的基本原理和唯物主义思想方法与中国实际相结合的产物,极大地丰富了马列主义思想宝库,成为中国无产阶级革命、新民主主义国家建设和社会主义国家建设的指导思想,也是中国人民抵御外来强敌的精神力量源泉。

在延安学习和考察的9天时间里,我们先后参加了许多现场教学活动和课堂教学活动。在现场教学活动中,我们先后参观了延安革命纪念馆、鲁迅艺术学院和六届六中全会旧址、洛川会议旧址、四八烈士陵园、宝塔山圣地、中国人民抗日军政大学纪念馆和旧址、凤凰山革命旧址、王家坪革命旧址、杨家岭革命旧址、枣园革命旧址等;在课堂教学活动中,我们参加了形式丰富多彩的活动,如观看《延安时代》音像教学片、党中央在延安十三年讲座、学唱革命歌曲和陕北民歌、毛泽东与黄炎培论“历史周期率”、观看文艺演出、学习革命先烈讲座、弘扬抗大精神讲座、白求恩与白求恩精神讲座、毛泽东如何教育子女讲座、延安精神及其时代价值等。通过这些活动,我对延安的形象逐步从比较模糊到相对清晰,从片面了解到比较全面了解,对延安精神从生疏好奇到由衷的感佩,特别是对张闻天和林彪的历史贡献与作用有了相当不同的认识和改变。我觉得中共党史还有许多空白点很值得挖掘和填充,应该还历史以本来面目,应该真正“实事求是”地对待历史人物,功就是功,过就是过,这才是共产党人应该具备的崇高品质。另外,我对周恩来总理的看法也有了些小改变。

不过,作为民主党人士(我是九三学社成员),我对中国共产党人在延安时期的所作所为和所思所想而凝练而成的“延安精神”,还是敬佩有加,这里,我只能用“感动”、“感人”和“感慨”六个字来加以表达。

“感动”是因为中国共产党最高层领导者们都普遍具有博大情怀和朴实刚毅的良好作风,他们大多具有自我批评、自我反思和勇于改正错误的胆量与智慧,他们也大多具有高瞻远瞩的雄才大略,他们为其他共产党人和解放区民众树立起了光辉形象和高大丰碑;“感人”是因为在这里的中国共产党人及其追随者们做出了许许多多感天地泣鬼神的伟大事迹,特别是在生活条件极端困苦时期,他们都表现出了大公无私和艰苦朴素的高尚情怀,例如,在生活上,从党的高级干部到一般工作人员都能做到平等互助、不分贵贱和同甘共苦。这里还涌现出了像张思德和白求恩这样的全心全意为人民服务的光辉典型;“感慨”是因为当时还相当弱小的中国共产党及其军队,由于有了“延安精神”而使自己迅速发展壮大起来,并且在几年之内就快速打败了曾经强大无比的中国国民党及其军队,最终取得了全国解放战争的胜利。因此,我甚至认为,中国共产党之所以能够做出如此丰功伟绩,并不完全是“天意”,而根本原因是“人为”。上梁正,得民心。所谓“得民心者得天下”,的确是一条千古不谬的真理。

在参加以上活动之余,我时常思考“何为延安精神”这一问题?经过比较深入的学习和思考,我以为,“延安精神”或许可以用如下四个“之风”来加以说明:

1、实事求是之风。“实事求是”是一个哲学命题,它表明了人们如何对待客观事物、如何研究客观事物以及如何从客观事物的观察和研究中得出具有其规律性的东西。毛泽东曾在《改造我们的学习》一文中指出:“‘实事’就是客观存在着的一切事物,‘是’就是客观事物的内部联系,即规律性,‘求’就是我们去研究。”“实事求是”这一哲学思想,是毛泽东在对中国历史事实和中国革命的经验教训的总结基础上提出来的,它事实上表明了中国共产党人应该成为“什么样的人”、”怎样做人”和“怎样做事”的问题,这就是,中国共产党人做事为人都

要从实际出发或从客观事实出发,反对主观主义和教条主义,这才是真正的历史唯物主义者。因此,毛泽东提出了“没有调查就没有发言权”的著名论断,从而,在延安时期,中国共产党人从上到下都开展了大规模的调查研究和思想解放运动,这为纠正当时党内的左倾主义错误、端正政治方向等起到了极大的作用,也为毛泽东真正成为党和军队的领导核心起着重要作用,同时,也为此后毛泽东思想升格为中国革命和社会实践的指导思想发挥了关键作用。“实事求是”是毛泽东思想的精髓,同时也是延安精神的精髓。

2、清正廉明之风。在延安时期,中共各级干部为什么都能达到清正廉洁、大公无私的精神境界,我认为,其原因主要就是毛泽东等最高层领导起到了表率和榜样作用。毛泽东在物质生活上从来不提出任何过高要求,他与别人一样,吃同样的极差伙食,穿一样的破烂衣服,养成了朴素廉洁的作风;在工作上,他兢兢业业、劳心劳力和废寝忘食,为中国人民的解放事业沤心沥血;在待人方面,他风趣幽默、平易近人,从不摆官架子(想想现在的一些大官们甚至微不足道的官员及其太太们的飞扬跋扈,就令人心寒!);在处事方面,他又公正廉明、精明强干,有运筹帷幄、决胜千里之雄才伟略,他所提出的思想和战略战术总是比他人高出百畴,无不令人心服口服。毛泽东这种清正廉明的形象和作风,很自然地就会影响到其他中国共产党人身上,从而使中共上下也普遍弥漫着这种清正廉明的气息,为中共在全国人民面前树立起了良好口碑和光辉形象,赢得了民心,这为此后中国革命走向全面胜利起着极端重要的作用。正如孔子所言:其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不从。

3、艰苦奋斗之风。在整个延安时期,物质极端贫乏,生活条件极端困苦,但是,中国共产党人硬是从这种十分恶劣的环境中闯出了一条新路,不但克服了重重困难,还使自己迅速强大起来,并取得最终的胜利,这不得不让全世界所有人感叹敬佩无比。中国共产党人凭借着这种“自力更生、艰苦奋斗”之风,战胜了横亘在他们面前的种种危难,无往而不克。因此,艰苦奋斗之风也应该是延安精神的核心之一。

4、以民为本之风。民本思想是中国儒家思想的精髓之一。孟子说,“民为重,社稷次之,君为轻。”在中共中央进驻延安的13年中,以民为本之风盛行。毛泽东曾先后提出了“为群众服务”、“一切为了人民”和“为人民服务”等思想,这为中国共产党人在极端艰难情况下站稳脚跟、图求发展等打下了坚实的民意基础。只有“为人民服务”或以民为本(不是以人为本,二者有相当大的区别!),才能真正赢得民心,政权才能真正巩固,而获得人民拥戴与支持,是成大事者的最重要素质。

当然,以上四个“之风”并不能完全概括延安精神的全部内涵,但无疑地,它们是中国共产党取得伟大胜利的重要法宝。我想,延安精神可能还有“奋发图强、不畏强敌之风”、“信念坚定、方向明确之风”等,这两个“之风”也非常重要,在中国革命战争中发挥着重要作用。另外,“延安精神”在目前中国人民努力建设强大的社会主义国家进程中,也应该有着极其重要的意义和现实价值,必须在中国共产党人内部、特别是领导干部中竭力加以弘扬和宣传,并作为他们必备的一种素质加以严厉要求,这对维护中国共产党人在人民心目中的地位和巩固执政基础,具有无法替代的重大作用。但因篇幅所限,在此不议。

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