第一篇：2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
（七）Premarital sex
婚前性行为
The waiting game
等待的游戏
Chastity before marriage may have its uses afterall
婚前守贞可能的确有作用
WHEN is it the right time to do the deed?
什么时候做爱做的事情合适呢?
If priests had their way, it would be shortly after the wedding ceremony—but recent studiesshow such advice is rarely heeded.如果让神父们来说，这档事应当发生在在结婚典礼的不久之后—但是最近的研究显示，这样的建议很少得到人们的重视。
Roughly 85% of the American population, for example, approves of premarital sex.比如说，大约85%的美国人赞同婚前性行为。
Faced with numbers like that, what hope do the Vatican and its ilk really have?
面对这样子的数据，梵蒂冈和它的同仁们又到底是做何想法呢?
More than they did a week ago.相对于已在一周前
Until now, the argument that couplesshould wait until they are married before they have sex has rested on mere assertion andanecdote.亲热过的情侣来说，现今依旧认为夫妇应将童贞留于婚后的论调，已仅仅成了一种口头宣言或是奇闻轶事。
Dean Busby and his colleagues at Brigham Young University, in Utah, however, havegathered some data which support delay.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
然而，犹他州杨百翰大学的院长Busby和他的同事却收集了一些数据来支持延迟性行为的做法。
Little is known about the influence of sexual timing on how relationships develop.目前，还不清楚性交往的时间节奏安排对两性关系发展会产生怎样的影响。
Even so, opinions abound.但即便如此，各种意见观点仍然比比皆是。
Some argue that the sexual organs, both physical and mental need a test drive to make surethe chemistry between a couple means they will stay together both in sickness and in health.有人认为，性器官包括生理和心理两部分，它们需要一种驱动性的考验以确保情侣两人身上的化学吸引能够维持长久，让两人能够同甘共苦。
Others suggest that couples who delay or abstain from sexual intimacy early on allowcommunication to become the foundation of their attraction，还有人认为，推迟过早的亲密性行为或者禁欲的情侣，他们之间的沟通理解成为了相互间吸引力的基础，and that this helps to ensure that companionship and partnership keep them together whenthe initial flames of lust die down.这样以来，即使他们最初燃烧着的爱之欲火慢慢熄灭，他们也可以保持长久的友谊和伙伴关系。
To examine these suggestions more closely, Dr Busby and his colleagues recruited 2,035married people ranging in age from 19 to 71, and in length of marriage from less than sixmonths to more than 20 years.为了更进一步的去检验这些意见观点，Busby博士和他的同事征集到了2,035对已婚夫妇的数据，他们的年龄从19岁到70岁不等，婚龄从不满六个月到超过20年不等，Their religious affiliations varied widely;many had none.而且他们的宗教信仰差异也非常之大，很多人没有宗教信仰。
All were asked to complete an online questionnaire normally used to help couplesunderstand their strengths and weaknesses.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
所有的夫妇都被要求填写一份网上问卷调查，以帮助夫妇了解自己的长处和弱点。
Among the nearly 300 questions, participants were asked when they first had sex with theirpartners, whether their sex lives were currently good，在将近300个问题中，参与者被问及到他们第一次与自己伴侣发生性行为的时间，他们的性生活目前是否良好，how they resolved conflicts, and how often they thought of ending their relationship.和他们如何处理矛盾冲突以及他们考虑终结伴侣关系这种想法的频繁程度。
In addition, the questionnaire had 14 items that evaluated how good participants were atexpressing empathy and understanding to their partners and how prone they were to becritical or defensive.此外，这项问卷调查还有14个项目，评估参与者能够多好的向他们的伴侣表达自己的同情和理解，以及他们在面临批评或自我防御辩护时将倾向于做什么。
All questions, apart from those about frequency of sex, were answered on a five-pointscale, with one indicating strong disagreement and five indicating strong agreement.所有的问题，除了性爱频度以外，选择的回答都是五分制计量的，由初始的1分表达强烈的反对到5分表达强烈的赞同。
Because religiosity delays sexual activity, Dr Busby and his colleagues also asked participantshow often they attended church, how often they prayed and whether they felt spirituality wasan important part of their lives.由于笃信宗教可以延缓性活动，Busby博士和他的同事同样也询问调查参与者他们出入教堂参与教会活动的频率，他们多久祷告一次以及他们是否认为精神生活是他们生活中重要的一部分。
They used the answers to control for religiosity.They also controlled for income, education,race and length of relationship.他们采用的答案限定了信仰虔诚度，同样他们的答案也划分限制了不同的收入、受教育程度、种族以及两性关系维系长度。
Their report, just published in the Journal of Family Psychology, suggests that people whodelay having sex do indeed have better relationships, on four different measures.他们刚刚在《家庭心理学杂志》发表的的报告认为，那些延缓推迟性行为的伴侣在四种不同的测量比较上的确拥有一份更良好的两性关系。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
That result applies to both men and women.并且这个结果同时适用于男性和女性。
Unfortunately, Dr Busby s method cannot distinguish the cause of this.但不幸的是，Busby的方法不能区分到底是什么原因导致的这个结果。
It could be, as many moralists preach, that the delay itself is improving.正如很多道德说教所言，这结果很有可能是因为延缓推迟本身就正在经历改变。
It could, though, be that the sort of people who are happy to delay having sex are alsobetter at relationships.然而，这也有可能是因为乐于推迟性生活的人更善于经营两性关系。
Correlation, in other words, rather than causation.换言之，这是一种相互左右的关系，而不是因果关系。
That is material for another study.谈到婚姻则是另一份研究学问了。
If the result persists, though, even when personality is taken into account, it will provideuseful ammunition for priests and marriage-guidance counsellors.如果这个结论还是坚持其所持观点，那么即使考虑到人不同的性格问题，它也不免成为神父和婚姻指导顾问的强力攻击火药。
词语解释
1.marriage n.结婚;婚姻
The news of their marriage knocked me for a loop.他们结婚的消息使我大吃一惊。
2.ceremony n.仪式;礼节
The marriage ceremony took place in the church.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
婚礼在教堂举行。
3.population n.人口
What is the population of this country? 这个国家的人口是多少?
4.approve v.批准;赞成
The city council approved the building plan.市议会批准了这项建筑计划。
5.anecdote n.轶事;奇闻
He departs from the text to tell an anecdote.他没讲课文而讲了一段轶事。
第二篇：2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
（五）Book Review;Queen Elizabeth II
书评;伊丽莎白二世
Royal bow;Why the queen has to be seen to bebelieved?
向女王致敬;女王为什么要与众不同?
The Real Elizabeth: An Intimate Portrait of QueenElizabeth II.By Andrew Marr.《真实的伊丽莎白：近观伊丽莎白二世》安德·鲁马尔著。
Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times.By SarahBradford.《伊丽莎白二世：她生活在我们这一代》莎拉·布莱德福德著。
A Brief Life of the Queen.By Robert Lacey.《女王一生简观》罗伯特·拉西著。
Our Queen.By Robert Hardman.《我们的女王》罗伯特·哈德曼著。
Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch.By Sally Bedell Smith.《伊丽莎白女王：一位现代君主的一生》莎莉·贝德尔·史密斯著。
Being on show is a serious business for Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne 60years ago next month.On royal tours and walkabouts, she is careful to choose bright coloursand small-brimmed hats, glides through crowds “like a liner” and seemingly never tires.“Ohlook!She s keeled over again,” the queen once noted at a stifling-hot palace reception,spotting her then prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, pale and slumped in a chair.对于伊丽莎白二世来说，出席公众场合是一项非常重要的任务，下个月就是她登基六十周年的纪念了。在参加皇室的出访和视察时,她小心翼翼地选择明亮色调的衣服和窄檐礼帽，优雅地走过人群，像“一艘远洋油轮”静静驶过，看上去永远都不知疲倦。“哦!看，她又跌倒了”在一次皇宫的招待宴会上，室内的温度令人窒息，女王眼尖地发现了当时的首相撒切尔夫人脸色惨白，跌落于椅子中。
On several occasions she has been urged to retreat behind more obtrusive layers ofsecurity.Each time she has refused with something between a joke and a motto for her sixdecades on the 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
throne, telling aides: “I have to be seen to be believed.”
有许多次，女王被劝说退居二线，每一次，她都以一个介于玩笑和座右铭似的话来描述她在位的六十年，她如此告诉副官：“我是如此与众不同”。
Yet for the 85-year-old monarch, pictured above with Prince Charles shortly before hercoronation, belief requires distance, too.Younger generations of royals have kissed and told.But the queen has never given an interview.Though some of her 12 British prime ministerswere convinced they forged a special bond during weekly audiences with their sovereign,her personal politics remain unknown.上面图片中和查尔斯王子的合照拍摄于女王加冕后不久。然而，对于八十五岁的女王来说，信仰也是需要距离的。皇室里年轻的一代受到宠爱，都被如此教育着。但是女王自己从来都不接受任何采访。英国的十二任首相都认为自己是民众和女王之间的特殊纽带，女王对政治的看法仍不为大众所知。
Over the years, various aristocrats, cousins and horse-racing grandees have been more orless plausibly identified as her friends.Even among such intimates, boundaries areobserved, for fear of crossing an unseen line and triggering a stare of blank, silent rebuke.“She is never—you know—not the Queen,” advises an unnamed friend, quoted in the openinglines of a new biography by the BBC s senior political interviewer, Andrew Marr.许多年来，各种贵族，皇亲国戚，参加赛马的显贵们都或多或少地证实了哪些为女王的朋友。即使在和这些密友相处的过程中，也有界线需要遵守，朋友们害怕越过无形的界线会使女王受惊，从而招致无声的指责。“她从来都不是-你知道的-不是女王”一位不愿透漏姓名的朋友说道，这句话被BBC资深政治记者安德鲁· 马尔所引用，写在了关于伊丽莎白二世的一本新传记的首页几行。
Yet as a constitutional monarch, ruling with the tacit consent of the majority, she is notthe only judge of the trade-off between necessary display and indispensable discretion.The public have a say as well.Some of the queen s closest brushes with disaster haveinvolved a lack of visibility, most painfully in 1997 when she remained in Scotland with theroyal family after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.She only returned to London afterpleas from her new, young prime minister, Tony Blair.作为一名立宪制君主，女王和大众保持着一致。她不仅仅要为自己在公众面前必要的露面负责，也要不失谨慎小心。因为公众也有发言权。在一些事情上，女王对灾祸的处理还缺乏透明度，最为深痛的是在1997年，当戴安娜--威尔士王妃去世时，女王仍留在苏格兰和皇室成员们在一起。在当时新上任的年轻的首相托尼·布莱尔的恳请下，女王才回到了伦敦。
The double nature of the queen—an unusually private woman with extraordinary publicduties—poses a test for all who try to write about her.Including Mr Marr s book, five newbiographies have been prepared for 2012, the queen s diamond jubilee year.The authorsboast of watching the queen at work, interviewing officials from the royal household and 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
oftrawling through archives.They quote family members, friends and people with a claim toknow the queen.女王的双重特性——一个非常低调的女子肩负着重大的公共责任——对于所有想描写她的人都是一个难题。2012年，在女王登基60周年之际，纪念包括马尔这本书在内的五本新传记都将出版。作者们吹嘘曾看过女王办公的样子，采访了皇室家族的成员们，翻阅无数文献资料。他们引用了皇室家族成员，朋友和一些自称认识女王的人的话。
In the process, all five biographers wrestle with the question neatly framed by their subjectherself: if to see the queen is to believe in her, what vantage point allows the mostauthentic experience of faith? Which queen is the most “real”, the private woman or thepublic figure? Each offers a different answer.在此过程中，五本传记都在试图回答一个问题，这个问题都和女王有关：如果要信任我们所看到的女王，那么我们应站在什么角度来获得这些最为真实的信任?哪一个女王是最“真实”的?那个低调的女子还是那个公共人物?每个人心中都有不同的答案。
Two of the authors, Sarah Bradford and Robert Lacey, are veteran royal historians, whose2012 biographies draw on previously published work.With the frankness of an old pro, atone point Ms Bradford names different schools of royal-watching.There is the “work of theQueen” genre, as pioneered by the 1969 television film “Royal Family”, which showed themonarch working through boxes of state papers, preparing state visits or relaxing with herfamily.Alas, she explains, once the public had seen inside royal drawing rooms, they soonwanted to peer into the bedroom.Thus arose the “royal soap opera” genre.Ms Bradfordtakes readers on a brisk, assured canter through the familiar landmarks of both genres,adding a dose of history as she goes.Mr Lacey, who has been writing about the queen fornearly 40 years, advertises his slim volume as a “pleasant afternoon s reading”, which it isnot.At once knowledgeable and jaundiced, Mr Lacey seems slightly sick of his royalsubjects, as do the unnamed courtiers and insiders whom he quotes.这其中的两个作者，沙拉·布拉德福德和罗伯特·拉西都是经验丰富的皇家历史学家，他们在2012年出版的作品援引了之前已经出版著作的内容。布拉德福德女士坦白她是支持皇室的，她曾经将几种关注皇室的不同行为进行了分类。有一种是“女王的工作”派别，是由1969年电视节目“皇室家族”开启，展现女王伏案工作的场景，桌上堆满了国务文件，准备国事访问以及和家人休闲娱乐。啊，她解释道，一旦公众看到了皇家的画室，他们会好奇卧室是什么样子。因此出现了 “皇室肥皂剧”流派。布拉德福德女士引入一部分历史事实，以轻松的笔调带领读者信步于这两派熟知的情节之间。拉西曾用了将近40年的时间来写女王，他将自己单薄的一本书定义为“午后休闲阅读”，但事实上并非如此。拉西博学多才，对女王怀有偏见，他似乎有些反感这些皇室成员，在他书中一些没有提及姓名的官员和圈内人也此表示了同感。
Robert Hardman, a royal correspondent for the Daily Mail, offers a convincing tour of theBritish monarchy as an institution, apeing the vantage point of the fly-on-the-walldocumentary.His access produces an interview with Prince William and several 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
lesserscoops—a rarity in the world of royal biography, in which the same anecdotes turn up ineach book.But access has its limitations.The young prince is more loyal than revelatoryabout his grandmother, explaining that her “gravitas” awes even her family, that she offersgood advice and was “so excited” by her 2011 state visit to Ireland.Some lesser sourcesappear to be quoted largely to thank them for their time.罗伯特·哈德曼是《每日邮报》的一名王室事务记者，他模仿电视真人秀的纪实特点，展现了英国女王的生活中很重要的部分。他有机会接触到皇室成员，在此过程中，他访问了威廉王子，采访几个次要人物，获取了一些独家新闻—这在描写皇室的传记中是非常稀有的材料，以前的传记中总是出现千篇一律的趣闻轶事。但是与皇室成员的接触也是有其限制之处。年轻的王子对他的祖母十分忠诚，并不会透露女王的事情，他解释道，祖母的“庄重”使她整个家族深感敬畏，女王也常常提出意见，2011年出访爱尔兰使她感到“很兴奋”。一些次要人物在接受采访中大都表示生正逢时的幸运。
Sally Bedell Smith, an American society biographer, offers her readers the illusion ofknowing the queen as a friend.Ms Bedell Smith brightly describes her own brief chats withthe monarch at a Washington garden party and a London reception, before sprinkling heraccount with minute indiscretions from other people who have met her.The elder PresidentBush reveals that Elizabeth II is “rather formal” but not “standoffish”.A witness describeshow a puppy defecated in front of the queen during a visit to a Kentucky horse-breeder,breaking the ice.Nancy Reagan recalls a breakfast with the queen, Prince Philip and PrinceCharles at Windsor Castle;she was surprised that everyone poured their own cereal fromthe box.It is reported that the queen likes a travel rug round her knees and used to wear ahard hat when watching stallions cover her mares.This footling stuff is only of any interest because it is aboutthe queen.But—fatally—those same domestic details have nothing to do with why ElizabethII, as queen, is interesting.美国的社会传记作家莎莉·贝德尔·史密斯向读者描述了女王作为朋友的一面。贝德尔·史密斯女士生动地记叙了她在华盛顿一个花园派对和在伦敦的一次招待会上同女王简短的谈话，也写到了一些遇见女王的人的轻率之举动。老布什总统透露，伊丽莎白二世“非常遵守礼节”但又不“冷淡”。一个目击者描述，在女王去肯塔基州一户养马人家时，一只小狗当着女王的大便，这打破了沉默的气氛。南希·里根回忆：有一次和女王，菲利普亲王以及查尔斯王子在温莎城堡里共进早餐，当她看到在座的每个人都自己从一个大盒子里倒出吃的食物，她很惊讶。据报道，女王喜欢在膝盖上裹一条毯子，在看她的种马和母马交配时喜欢戴一顶安全帽。这些无足轻重的事情一点都不有趣，仅仅因为它们和女王有关。但不幸的是，这些家庭生活的细节和作为女王的伊丽莎白二世是否有趣一点关系都没有。
Mr Marr, a former political editor of the BBC and author of some shrewd books on modernBritain, sets himself a more ambitious task: to explain what the queen s role and positiontell us about her subjects.It is an admiring portrait, of an unfashionably dutiful monarchwho in her weekly audiences offers prime ministers what he calls “a kind of highertherapy”—a chance to share anxieties or explanations which will never leak, with someonewho has read almost every state secret of the past 60 years.He describes the queen and her strong sense of vocation, as a monarch “God-called” togive her life to her people as a sacrifice.Only by understanding that calling, he writes, canthe queen be understood.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
马尔以前是英国广播公司的一位政治编辑，曾写过几本关于现代英国的书，很有见地。现在他给自己定下了一个甚为庞大的目标：要解释清楚女王的角色和位置，告诉我们她的民众的看法。这是一本令人钦佩的传记，它记述了一位守旧、尽职的女王每周会见首相时提供的 “高级疗法”—用马尔的话来说—这是首相和女王分担焦虑、共谋计策的时刻，这些谈话的内容永远不会泄露出去。在过去的六十年，女王几乎知晓所有的国家机密。在书中，马尔描述了女王和她强烈的使命感：女王是“受到了上帝召唤”，要将自己的生命献给民众。“只有理解了这种召唤，才能理解女王”马尔如此写到。
In perhaps a claim too far, Mr Marr emphasises the comfort offered by the queen as asymbol of the continuing British state.By representing those who did not vote for thecurrent government or did not vote at all, she strengthens democracy, he suggests.It is aclever thought, but may overstate the degree to which most Britons suffer fromconstitutional angst.马尔强调了女王作为大英帝国延续的标志给人们带来的慰藉，这一点可能说的有些过头了。为了那些反对现任政府和那些根本没有投票的人，女王要推进民主。这个想法非常明智，但是这过度夸大了大多数英国人对现行体制的担心。
But a symbol she certainly is.And in modern Britain—a restless, exhibitionist place—MrMarr s Queen Elizabeth stands out for her discretion, and for understanding that symbolsare “better off keeping mostly quiet”.There is a lesson there for her heir, the Prince of Wales,Mr Marr suggests sharply.但是女王肯定是一个标志。在现代英国—处于一个焦躁不安，要出风头的位置—马尔笔下的伊丽莎白二世以她的谨慎而名，也深知作为标志性的人物“最好保持沉默”。马尔毫不留情的指出，对于她的继承人--威尔士亲王来说，还有许多经验需要学习。
Mr Marr palpably likes the queen, whether for touring the country to greet and thank peoplemostly ignored by “London power brokers”, or for relaxing when her work is done with “aglass of something cheerful”.Yet liking is not really the point.In Mr Marr s words, there isonly a little space, though “an interesting space”, between the queen and the woman wholives her life.Her calling gives her meaning.She “is what she does”.能感觉的出来，马尔是欣赏女王的。不论是出访全国会见问候被““伦敦权势掮客”忽略的人们，还是完成“很满意的工作” 之后的放松。然而喜好无关紧要。用马尔的话来说，在女王和过普通生活的女子之间只有一点点的距离，尽管这个距离很“有趣”。女王应有的使命感赋予了她意义。女王的言行举止即代表了女王。
Mr Marr s sober conclusion feels right.To adapt the queen s one-liner: for all that thespectacle and unattainable glamour of royalty still fascinates , forBritain s jubilee monarch the show is a means to an end.Being seen is about being believed.马尔发人深省的结论可能是正确的。为了改编了女王一脉相承的生活：所有的规模宏大的庆典和难以企及的皇室魅力仍然散发着强大的吸引力，对于已经登基了六十周年的英国女可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
王来说这场秀可能是一个结束。所见即所信。
第三篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
（九）The view from the top, and bottom
老板与员工的意见分歧
Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板们认为公司对员工关怀备至，但其下属却不以为然。
AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.随着沃尔玛发展成为全球最大零售商，其员工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆规则的限制。
Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃尔玛已经认识到其以规则为基础的公司文化过于死板，无法应对全球化和科技变革所带来的挑战。
and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃尔玛正尝试逐渐培养一种以价值观为基础的公司文化，在这种文化中，员工了解公司的主张，所以能够得到公司的信任，去做他们认为正确的事情。
Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.价值观念 是管理学思维最新的热门话题。
PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可乐公司已开始宣扬一个信条： 目的性绩效。
Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龙在自己的商标上印上 ‘人类体能 的供应商 的字样，尽管它大概并非真的希望你用人力车代步。
Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
几乎每一家大型企业都宣称自身正在发展更为关怀体贴、合乎道德的企业文化。
A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一项新的研究显示，实际情况与商家们所标榜的有差距。
Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同时也是《怎么做到的?》
a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士顿研究集团进行这项 国家治理、文化和领导能力评估 的研究，该研究是以对来自公司各个级别的数千位美国雇员的调查为基础的。
It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究发现，有43%的调查对象对其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指挥为基础、自上而下的管理模式或强制式的领导——塞德曼先生称之为 盲目服从型。
The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的调查对象，即有54%的人认为其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的领导也有技巧可言，只是规则繁多并存在软硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生称这种为 知情服从型。
Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的调查对象属于 自我管理型，即每个员工都被一套 核心原则和价值 所引导，这套原则和价值激励每个员工以公司的宗旨为中心进行工作。
The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也发现一些证据，证明这些公司文化之间的差异事关重大。
Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服从型企业中，几乎有过半数员工都称在前一年目睹过有违职业道德的行为，而在其他类型的企业中只有四分之一的员工有此经历。
Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服从型企业中只有约四分之一的员工说他们可能会揭发这种行为，而在自我管理型企业中却有90%的员工会进行揭发。
Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同样，上下级之间缺乏信任会抑制员工创新。
More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超过90%的员工承认 绝妙的想法很容易会被公司采纳，选择性顺从型公司中也有三分之二的员工这样认为。
At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服从型公司中，持这种想法的人少于五分之一。
Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究还发现老板们时常对自己瞎掰的那一套信以为真，即便员工们不以为然。
Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板们相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通员工高八倍。
Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大约27%的老板认为自己公司的员工能够被公司所激励。
Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的员工同意此说。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同样，41%的老板称其公司对绩效的奖励是建基于价值观之上的，而不仅是业绩。
Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的员工接受此说。
二．
A big, bad business
点肥成金不现实
Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments
制药公司试图从减肥治疗中获利
OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖症对某些人来说是传染病，对别的一些人来说则是机遇。
More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超过三分之二的美国人已经超重。
Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找个办法和肥胖对抗，说必定就此大赚一笔。
On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找个办法和肥胖对抗，说必定就此大赚一笔。
A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制药公司朝着这个目标前进了一步。给美国食品药物管理局做咨询的一家委员会推荐，Vivus公司的减肥药Qnexa。
However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
但是，如果获得批准，该药品的漫长的最终肯定直到四月份才会到来。
The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人们，这是一场点肥成金的抗争。
Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制药和医疗器械公司非常善于解决肥胖带来的问题。
However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他们无法帮助消费者战胜肥胖本身，减少体重。
This is not for lack of trying.这不是因为缺乏尝试。
Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束带为例。
Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治疗手术可以帮助患者在较长的时间内减少体重。医院就是从这些减肥疗程中赚钱，包括胃绕道手术，但是胃部束带却是一个罕见的例子，被当成一个器械制造商用来从减肥中赚钱的法子。
Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以销售肉毒杆菌而出名，尝试用产品Lap-Band打入减肥市场。
It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松紧带，外科医生可以用它绕住患者胃的上部，这样患者会提前有腹饱感。
Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束带和充气袋市场占有率达70%，但是如今销量却有所下降。
The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.经济不景气让消费者忍住做昂贵的手术的欲望。
Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至连束带也不用了，因为束带打滑或者没有效果。
Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美国食品药物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保险公司却拒绝付款。
In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席执行官David Pyott说，他将放弃在年轻人束带市场的努力。
He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前试图让保险公司也看到Lap-Band的优点，他认为两万美元手术费可以在四年之内通过减少医疗支出收回。
There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人怀疑他是否能成功：“事实上使用束带不必胃绕道手术好，所有人都知道，除了束带的公关公司，”马萨诸塞州中心医院体重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是说。
Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制药公司的麻烦甚至比医疗器械公司的还要多。
It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.从美国食品药物管理局批准减肥药为处方药到如今已经过了十三年。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士罗氏制药公司的Xenical臭名昭著，该药会引发胃肠功能的副作用。
The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美国食品药物管理局于2010年拒绝批准Vivus公司的Qnexa，因为担心该药对孕妇的安全造成伤害，担心该药会加快患者的心率。
Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的数据显然让管理局的咨询委员会满意。
However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是该局还是可能拒绝批准该药。
Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa获得批准，患者会不会买账仍不明了。
Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa结合了两种市面上上有的疗效。
Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.这两种药物都是非专利药，这说明医生可能会给患者开已有的药而不选择Qnexa，后者更贵。
For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前为止，治疗肥胖患者还是要比让他们减肥更有利可图。
第四篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
（三）Facebook and privacy Sorry, friends
脸谱和用户隐私 对不起，朋友
The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings
社交网巨头因严重隐私缺陷而遭受公众谴责
FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again.脸谱一直在玩火，这次它又烧伤了自己的指头。
On November 29th America s Federal Trade Commission announced that it hadreached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it hadmisled people about its use of their personal data.11月29日美国联邦贸易委员会声明已和该社交网巨头关于公众对它欺骗用户、滥用用户个人信息的控诉初步达成解决方案。
The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users,betrayed its users trust.这份解决方案的细目明确说明，脸谱网背叛了它所声称的八亿用户的信任。
It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft anew privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.FTC有个更大的计划，那就是创建一个新的隐私框架以应对美国快速攀升的社交网用户。而这份方案似乎是这个计划中的一部分，这也是它受到广泛关注的另一个原因。
The regulator s findings come at a sensitive time for Facebook, which is said to be preparingfor an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion.调解员的调查对这个时候的脸谱网来说很敏感。据说它正在准备明年的首次招股，这将使它的价值达到一千亿。
To clear the way for its blockbuster flotation, the firm first needs to resolve its privacytussles with regulators in America and Europe.为了给这次非同一般的上市计划扫清障碍，脸谱网必须首先解决与美国和欧洲协调员关于用户隐私的争端，因此这周它公开了商谈意向。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
Hence its willingness to negotiate the settlement unveiled this week, which should befinalised at the end of December after a period for public comment.经过征询公共意见后，商谈结果将在十二月底最终敲定。
Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook hadmade claims that were unfair and deceptive, and violated federal law.宣布协议时，FTC说发现有好几回脸谱的声明都是 不公平，虚假并触犯联邦法 的，For instance, it passed on personally identifiable information to advertisers, even though itsaid it would not do so.比如，它把用户身份信息透露给广告商，但是嘴上却声称不会做此类事情。
And it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deactivated and deletedaccounts inaccessible.还有，账户不再活动或取消后，上面的相片和视频却仍然可以被搜索到，这完全与它的承诺不相符。
The settlement does not constitute an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law.脸谱没有在这份协议中承认自己触犯法律。
But the regulator s findings are deeply embarrassing for the company nonetheless.但是，协调员的调查结果已经让这个公司陷入极为尴尬的境地。
In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to play downthe impact of the deal.同一天，脸谱老板Mark Zuckerberg在一篇博文上极力淡化这份协议的影响。
First he claimed that a small number of high-profile mistakes were overshadowing thesocial network s good history on privacy.在这篇博文中他首先声明 一小部分被高调炒作的错误 正在掩盖脸谱网关于用户隐私的 良好记录。
Then he confessed that it could still do better and said he had hired two new chief privacyofficers.接着，他承认确实有一些地方需要改进，并说明他已经雇用了两名新的 首席隐私官。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself.FTC不指望脸谱自我监督。
Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before itchanges the way it shares their data.And it has agreed to an independent privacy auditevery two years for the next 20 years.此外，在改变用户信息共享方式前，它还必须征询用户的同意，并且它也同意在未来二十年里每两年进行一次独立的隐私审核。
Jeff Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy reckons this will make it somewhat easier forprivacy activists to hold the social network to account.数字民主中心的Jeff Chester认为，这从某种程度上让隐私主义者更容易相信脸谱会为自己的行为负责。
There is a clear pattern here.这里有个很清晰的模式。
In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Googleaccept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy.从过去几年里Twitter和Google各自的案例来看，在这两家公司分别被指控触犯用户隐私后，FTC也坚持要求两家公司接受定期的外部审核，The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,but one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.目的似乎就是为了给此类社交网络创造一个比现状严格却又有足够空间革新的管理制度。
The audits can be used to tweak the framework in the light of new developments.从发展的角度讲，这些审核有助于打破原本框架。
Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect apush for more onerous privacy legislation in America.一些观测者认为，这些网络公司全盘接受这些审核，希望借此摆脱美国更为繁琐的隐私保护法。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
But outrage over Facebook s behaviour could spur Congress into action anyway.And it willcertainly not be lost on regulators in Europe who are scrutinising the social network sprivacy record too.但是公众对脸谱行为的不满终将刺激国会做出反应，而正在审阅该社交网隐私记录的欧洲协调员们也必然会给予这些不满的呼声以相应的重视。
Mr Zuckerberg s latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his last.看来Zuckerberg先生最近的这次检讨不会是最后一次。
二．
Drugmakers Cliffhanger
制药企业 悬念
Big Pharma struggles to protect its blockbusters as they lose patent protection
大型制药企业艰难保护着专利失效的 重磅炸弹 药物
FOR some years the big drugmakers have been dreading an approaching patent cliff —aslump in sales as the patents on their most popular pills expire or are struck down by legalchallenges, with few new potential blockbusters to take their place.多年来，大型制药企业一直担心 专利悬崖 出现——最畅销药品的专利到期或专利因诉讼而中止，而市场上鲜有新的 重磅炸弹 药物，这时企业的销售额将会锐减。
This week the patent on the best-selling drug in history expired—Lipitor, an anti-cholesterolpill which earned Pfizer nearly $11 billion in revenues last year.本周，史上最畅销的药物 立普妥 专利到期，这种降胆固醇药去年就为辉瑞公司赚了近110亿美元。
In all, blockbusters with a combined $170 billion in annual sales will go off-patent by 2015.到了2015年，多种 重磅炸弹 药物的专利都将失效。
What is supposed to happen now is that lots of copycat firms rush in with generic versions of Lipitor at perhaps one-fifth of its price.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
很多仿制药公司现在大概正忙着推出与立普妥的非专利药，价格仅为立普妥的1/5。
Patients and health-care payers should reap the benefit.病人和医疗费用支付方会收益，而辉瑞的收入会缩水。
Pfizer s revenues should suffer.The same story will be repeated many times, as otherbest-selling drugs march over the patent cliff.同样的事件将反复上演，因为其他畅销药也要临近专利悬崖。
But generics makers may face delays getting their cheaper versions to market.然而，非专利制药企业却发现仿制药上市一拖再拖。
Ranbaxy, a Japanese-owned drugmaker, struggled to get regulators approval for itsgeneric version of Lipitor, and only won it on the day the patent expired.兰伯西这家日本制药企业历尽艰辛，获得了立普妥非专利药的生产许可，但该许可要到专利失效那天才生效。
More important, research-based drug firms are using a variety of tactics to make the patentcliff slope more gently.更重要的是，以研发为基础的制药公司正使用各种方法缓冲 专利悬崖 效应。
Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous additional patents on their products to put off the day whentheir protection expires.美国联邦贸易委员会主席Jon Leibowitz注意到，制药商们千方百计地为产品增加后续专利，以延缓保护的失效，但其实那些专利没什么价值。
Another tactic is pay-for-delay , in which a drugmaker facing a legal challenge to itspatent pays its would-be competitor to put off introducing its cheaper copy.另一种战术是 有偿延迟 协议，也就是说在专利诉讼时，制药企业会付给未来竞争对手一笔钱，以延迟价钱更低的仿制药进入市场。
In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such settlements.截止到10月，FTC就发现了28起类似事件。
American and European regulators are looking into these deals.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
美国和欧洲的监管部门也开始调查这些协议。
However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck inCongress.然而，反对这些协议的诉讼一再搁浅，而美国国会也未能通过禁止此类事件的一项法案。
To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheapercopies，为了鼓励非专利制药企业挑战药品专利、生产价钱更低的仿制药，an American law passed in 1984 says that the first one to do so will get a 180-day exclusivityperiod，美国于1984年通过一项法案，其中提到 第一个挑战成功的仿制药企能获得180天市场独占期，in which no other generics maker can sell versions of the drug in question, as Ranbaxysupposedly won with Lipitor.在此期间其他仿制药企不能贩售同一专利药的其他仿制药，就像兰伯西获得立普妥仿制药的生产权一样。
However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American firm.然而，辉瑞钻了这个法案的空子，它让第二家授权仿制药企业——华生制药公司来仿制。
According to BernsteinResearch, under the deal between the two drugmakers Pfizer willreceive about 70% of Watson s revenues from its approved copy of Lipitor.根据BernsteinResearch的分析，在此交易期间，华生公司获得立普妥的仿制权，辉瑞将获得华生公司年收入的70%。
More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing itvigorously.更为不同的是，辉瑞将降低立普妥专利药的价格，并对其采取积极的营销策略。
So Ranbaxy faces not one, but two competitors.所以说，兰伯西的对手是两个，而非一个。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is unmatched.摩根士丹利的David Risinger认为，这项策略虽有先例，但就规模和结构而言绝对不能与辉瑞的计划相比。
Patients with a special discount card from Pfizer will make co-payments of just $4 for a month s worth of the originalLipitor, compared with about $10 for many generic medicines.辉瑞的患者，若使用一种特殊打折卡，通过共同支付方式，只花4美元就可以获得一个月用量的立普妥专利药，而其他仿制品需要花费约10美元。
Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription costs.辉瑞还以仿制药价格向美可保健等大型公司提供立普妥。
All this may raise Pfizer s sales by nearly $500m in the first half of 2012 compared with whatthey would otherwise have been, says Tim Anderson of BernsteinResearch, with revenuesthen falling after the 180 days are over.BernsteinResearch的Tim Anderson认为，所有这些举措将使得辉瑞2012年上半年的销售额比不采取措施时增加近5亿美元，总收入在180天市场独占期后会下降。
Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the drug.美可保健公司辩解说，辉瑞的项目是为各方省钱，并保证稳定供货。
Others fear that Pfizer s tactics may drive up costs for the employers who sponsor healthplans, thanks to the complexities of co-payment schemes, and confuse patients lectured foryears about the merits of generics.也有人担心，由于共同支付计划很复杂，辉瑞的战术会增加雇主门支付健康计划的成本，也让患者们在数年内都不明白仿制药的重要意义。
Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for Lipitor.快捷药方公司正建议其所属的健康计划反对辉瑞的立普妥交易。
The biggest worry is that Pfizer s strategy, if copied, will make the 180-day exclusivityperiod worth far less, and thus discourage generics firms from challenging patents in thefirst place.他们最担心，如若辉瑞的做法被仿制，那么180天专有期的价值会缩水，而仿制药公司可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
挑战专利的动力也会在初期被抑制。
第五篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
（五）Gene therapy
基因疗法
Genetic mutations predict which cancers willrespond to treatment
基因突变将预测某种治疗会对哪些癌症起作用
THE International Cancer Genome Consortium, analliance of laboratories that is trying to produce adefinitive list of the genetic mutations that causecancer, is accumulating data at an astonishing rate.About 3,000 individual breast tumours,for example, have now had their genotypes published.But these data will not, bythemselves, help patients.For that, they have to be collected in the context of a drug trial.And this is just what Matthew Ellis and his colleagues at Washington University in St Louishave done for women suffering from breast cancer.Their methods, if they prove to work forother cancers too, may revolutionise treatment.国际癌症基因组协作组是试图建立一份会引起癌症的基因突变完整清单的实验室联盟，它积累数据的速度让人吃惊。例如，它已经发表了大约3000种不同的乳房肿瘤的基因型。但光凭这些数据本身无法帮助患者。要医治病人，人们必须结合药物试验采集数据。而这正是在圣路易斯市的华盛顿大学工作的马修?埃利斯及其同事们为罹患乳腺癌的妇女们所作的工作。如果事实证明他们的方法对其他癌症也有用的话，这可能会是癌症治疗的一次革命。
Dr Ellis and his team sequenced the whole genomes of both cancerous and normal tissuefrom 46 women with tumours of a type called oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.They also sequenced just the gene-containing regions of the genome-about 1% of totalDNA-from an additional 31 women, and parts of the sequences of 240 more.They thencompared the healthy and tumorous genomes of each patient, in order to discover whichgenes had mutated in the cancer.埃利斯博士及其团队对46名身患雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌的妇女的癌组织和正常组织进行了全基因组测序。他们也对另外31名病人的基因组中含有基因的那些区域进行了测序，并对其他240 名病人的这些部分做了部分测序。此后，为找出癌细胞中哪些基因发生了突变，他们比较了每个病人的健康和癌变基因组。
In this, they were following the normal protocol of the cancer genome consortium.Thenovelty of their approach was that the women in question had each been involved in one oftwo clinical trials of a drug called letrozole.These trials established letrozole as a standardtreatment for people with this type of breast cancer, but not all patients benefit equally fromthe drug.Dr Ellis hoped to find out why.他们在这一工作中是按癌症基因组协作组的标准程序操作的，但其方法的新颖之处是，他们还同时进行一种名为来曲唑的药物的临床试验。该试验有两种，每个病人都接受其中的可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
一种。这些试验证实来曲唑是这类乳腺癌的标准治疗方法，但它对每个病人的疗效并不一样。埃利斯博士希望找出其原因。
As they report in Nature, he and his team discovered 18 genes that were often mutated.Some were the usual suspects of cancer genetics.These included p53, a gene that, whenworking properly, suppresses cancer by regulating DNA repair, cell division and cellularsuicide, and MAP3K1 and MAP2K4, which both promote cell growth.Others, though, were asurprise.At the top of that list were five which had previously been linked to leukaemia, butwere not thought to affect solid tumours.正如他们在《自然》杂志中所报告的那样，埃利斯和他的团队发现了18种经常发生突变的基因，其中有些是癌症遗传学通常怀疑的对象。这中间包括p53，这种基因在正常工作时通过调节DNA对的修复、细胞分裂和细胞自杀来抑制癌症;还有MAP3K1和MAP2K4，它们都能促进细胞生长。但也有些令人吃惊的其他结果。高踞名单前列的5种基因是人们过去认为与白血病有关的，没想到它们也会影响实体瘤。
By combining their newly acquired genetic data with clinical data from the participants, DrEllis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours hadnormal p53.Conversely, those whose tumours had changes in either MAP3K1 or MAP2K4 had better than average responses to the drug.将他们新得到的基因数据与参与试验者的临床数据结合，埃利斯博士等人证明了，来曲唑对肿瘤中有p53基因突变的病人的疗效不如对肿瘤中p53基因正常的病人那样显著。与此相反，这一药物对肿瘤中MAP3K1或MAP2K4有变化的病人的疗效高于平均水平。
This sort of information has obvious implications for treatment.And the cheapness ofmodern gene-sequencing methods, particularly those that are looking for specific mutationssuspected in advance, means that a tumour s mutational complement can be worked outeasily in an appropriately equipped pathology laboratory.In the case of oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, the genetic analysis has not yet gone so far as to be able to say withcertainty which drug will produce the best result for a given individual, but Dr Ellis s resultlays a foundation on which such an edifice might be built for breast cancer and perhaps forother types of tumour, too.这种信息对治疗的含义是明显的。而且，现代基因测序法价格低廉，寻找预先已有怀疑的某些特别的基因突变尤为便宜;这意味着，在拥有合适装备的病理实验室里，人们可以很容易地找出肿瘤基因突变的补体。就雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌来说，基因分析还无法肯定地告诉我们，哪种药物对某个病人疗效最佳;但埃利斯博士的结果打下了一个基础，或许可以在此之上为乳腺癌——甚至其他种类的癌症——的治疗建立有效的预测方法。
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
Medical implants
医用植入设备
A sweet idea.一个甜美的想法。
Researchers are trying to harness glucose-the body s own fuel-to power implantablegadgets such as pacemakers.研究人员正试图利用葡萄糖-人体自身的燃料-作为像起搏器这样的可植入设备的能源
LIKE any other electrical device, a pacemaker needs a power source.Since the firstpermanent pacemaker was installed in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have tinkered with many different ways of supplying electricity to their products.Avariety of chemical batteries have been tried, as well as inductive recharging schemes andeven plutonium power cells that convert the heat from radioactive decay into electricity.Plutonium-powered pacemakers still turn up from time to time in mortuaries and hospitals,and a failure to dispose of them properly keeps America s Nuclear Regulatory Commissionbusy handing out citations to unsuspecting hospitals.和其他所有的电子设备一样，一个起搏器同样需要能源。自从1958年第一个永久起搏器被植入后，可植入医疗设备的制造商就在不断尝试为其产品提供电能的各种方法。尝试了各种化学电池以及感应充电计划，甚至是将放射衰变的热能转换为电能的钚电源单元格。现在，钚电源起搏器还是时不时的出现在停尸房和医院中，并且使得美国核管理委员忙于忙于处罚那些疏于妥善处理钚电源起搏器的医院。
Today, non-rechargeable lithium-based batteries are common.Used in many cardiologicaland neurological implants, they provide between seven and ten years of life.That is morethan enough: the speed of medical progress is such that by the time the battery has run downit is generally time to replace the whole device with a newer model in any case.如今，不可充电的锂电池较为普遍。应用在心脏病和神经源性疾病的移植设备中，一般能够提供7年到10年的使用时间。这么长的使用时间显得绰绰有余：医学发展的速度意味着等到设备的电量用光就到了用一个更先进的型号来替换整个设备的时候。
But that has not dissuaded researchers from continuing to seek perfection, in the form of acompact, perpetual energy source which does not require external recharging.Now,several researchers are closing in on just such a solution using glucose, a type of sugar thatis the main energy source for all cells in the body.然而这并没有阻止研究人员继续寻找完美的，紧凑型的永久能源，从而使得这些移植设备不再需要外部充电。现在，几个研究人员正在接近一个能够提供这样能源的方法，使用葡可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
萄糖，即为人体所有细胞提供主要能源的一种糖。
Many other ideas have been tried down the years.The kinetic energy of the human body, forexample, has long been harnessed to power watches, and should also be enough to keep apacemaker ticking.Temperature differences between the body and the ambient air meanthat thermoelectric couples can generate useful quantities of juice.A properly tuned devicecould capture background radio-frequency energy and rectify it into small amounts ofusable power.这些年还有许多其他想法也被尝试。比如，很久以前人体动能就用来为手表提供能量，这种动能也足够维持起搏器的运转。人体与外部环境的温差意味着热电偶能够产生一定数量能量。一个适当调谐装置能够捕获北京射频能量并且将其转换成少量可用能源。
Although all these ideas have been shown to work in theoretical tests on lab benches, theyall suffer from the same handicap: intermittent operation.Unconscious patients, forinstance, generate little kinetic energy.Sitting in a warm room reduces the poweravailable from thermocouples.And radio waves are common but not ubiquitous.These areserious drawbacks for an IMD that may be responsible for keeping someone alive.尽管这些想法在实验的理论测试中运转正常，但是他们都有一个同样的缺陷：间歇运行。例如，处于昏迷的患者产生的人体动能很少。处于温暖的房间中会减少热电偶产生的可用能量。另外射频很常见，但是也不是处处可见。这些问题对于维持生命的可移植医疗设备来说都是十分严重的缺陷。
Power in the blood
血液中的能量。
A glucose-powered implant would solve such problems.Glucose is continuously deliveredthroughout the body by its circulatory systems.A sugar-powered device would thereforehave access to a constant supply of fuel, and could be implanted almost anywhere.而一个葡萄糖供能的移植设备可以解决这些问题。葡萄糖由人体的循环系统被源源不断的输送到人体各处。一个糖分供能的设备因此能够取得持续供给的能量并且几乎可以在任何位置进行移植。
One approach, which has been employed by Sameer Singhal, a researcher at the CFDResearch Corporation in Alabama, involves the same enzymes that break down glucosewithin a living cell.Using carbon nanotubes, he and his colleagues immobilised two differentenzymes on the electrodes of a fuel cell, where they generated electricity by freeingelectrons from glucose.At present, only two of the 24 available electrons in a single glucosemolecule can be harnessed, but refinements to the technology should boost that number.就职于Alabama的CFD Research Corporation的研究人员Sameer Singhal所使用的方法涉及利用酶将活细胞中的葡萄糖分解。利用碳纳米管，他和他的同事在燃料电池的电子上找到可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
了2种不同的酶，在燃料电池中他们通过释放葡萄糖的电子来产生电能。现在，在一个葡萄糖分子中的24个可用电子中只有2个可以利用，但是对这项技术的后续完善应该会使得可以利用的电子数量有所增加。
Dr Singhal has implanted prototype devices into live beetles.Fitted with a fuel cell about thesize of a penny, the bionic bugs were able to generate over 20 microwatts during a two-week trial.Singhal博士将设备原型移植进了甲虫活体。放入了一个一便士大小的能量池，这些甲虫在2周实验期内产生了20微瓦。
That is only around a fifth of the power that a pacemaker requires, but Dr Singhal reckonsthat a human-sized version of his cell would be able to deliver enough juice.There is a catch,though: a process called biofouling, in which foreign objects implanted in the body becomeencrusted with proteins and tissue.That could render Dr Singhal s device inoperable afteronly a few months.Equally worrying are the enzymes, which tend to break down over time.Losing enzymes means losing power.这只是一个起搏器所需能量的15分之一，但是Singhal博士认为人类体积大小的细胞量能够产生足够的能量。这里有个欠缺点：被称做生物污垢的过程，即被移植进人体的外来物会嵌入蛋白质和组织中。这会使得Singhal博士的设备在移植后的几个月内便无法使用。同样使人担忧的是酶，这种物质随着时间的推移会被分解。而丢失酶就意味着丢失能量。
Rahul Sarpeshkar, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has asolution to both these problems.In a paper published on June 12th in Public Library ofScience, Dr Sarpeshkar and his colleagues describe building a glucose fuel cell which uses aplatinum catalyst that does not degrade over time.一位MIT的电子工程师Rahul Sarpeshkar有个方法可以解决这两个问题。6月12号发表于Public Libraryof Science的一篇论文中，Sarpeshkar博士和他的同事证实用铂催化剂打造的葡萄糖能量池，其效果不会随着时间被削弱。
The downside is that platinum is a less efficient catalyst than the enzymes used by DrSinghal, and so Dr Sarpeshkar s cell works less well.But it might be able to generateenough electricity to run the next generation of ultra-low-power IMDs.该方法的缺点是铂催化剂与Singhal博士所用的酶相比效率不高，因此，Sarpeshkar博士的能量池运转效果不好。但是它也许能够生产足够的电能来运转下一代超低功耗的可移植医疗设备。
Dr Sarpeshkar also has a novel solution to the biofouling problem: implant the fuel cell inthe cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain.Although the CSF has only half theglucose concentration of the bloodstream, it is virtually free of the proteins and cells whichwould foul a device implanted in other areas of the body, and thus its life would be greatlyextended.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
另外，Sarpeshkar博士还有一个针对于生物燃料问题的新型解决方法：在大脑周围的脑脊液中植入能量池。尽管脑脊液仅含有体液中葡萄糖浓度的一半，但是这样做几乎可以使其免于植入人体其他部位而被蛋白质和细胞包围的命运，因此使其使用寿命大大延长。
Other approaches could yield more energy.Some soil-dwelling bacteria have evolved todeposit the electrons from glucose oxidation onto iron molecules, which allows researchersto trick them into living on the anode of a fuel cell.A colony of microbes like these, properlyisolated from the host s immune system, might be coerced into trading electrons fornutrients from the bloodstream.The bacteria can renew their own enzymes, so such asystem should last indefinitely.But the idea of implanting a bacterial colony into a patientmight be a tricky one to get past medical regulators-not to mention public opinion.其他一些方法则需要更多的能量。用一些土壤细菌将葡萄糖氧化过程所产生的电子安置在铁分子上，这样研究人员就可以诱使这些细菌存活在能量池的阳极上。像这样的克隆微生物，与寄主的免疫系统相分离，可能被迫的用电子与体液交换营养成分。细菌可以重新激活他们自身的酶，因此这样的系统能够永久的持续下去。然而将细菌克隆体移植进病人的身体这种想法可能无法通过医疗监管人员的监管，就更不要说公众舆论了。
A better idea might be to retrain some of the body s own cells to do the work.Just as anoutdated procedure called a cardiomyoplasty involved severing a seldom-used upper-backmuscle and wrapping it around the heart to assist in pumping blood, muscle fibres might beretrained to crank an electromechanical generator.Such a setup would be capable ofproducing enough electricity to drive even the most power-hungry of devices, like artificialhearts.一个更好的想法可能是将一些人体自身的细胞进行再培训来完成这个工作。正如一个已过时的手术，叫做心肌成形术，将较少用到的上背部肌肉切断并将它包络再心脏周围来协助心脏输送血液，肌肉纤维也许可以经过在训练后来驱动机电发电机。这样的方法能够产生足够的电能来驱动哪怕是最耗费能源的设备，比如人造心脏。
The energy density of lithium batteries has come a long way in the past few decades, but thechemical reaction on which they rely will never be able to match the energy available fromthe metabolisation of glucose.The chemical energy in a gram of glucose is nearly half theamount available from petrol, a famously energy-dense fuel.With a bit of refinement,sugar could prove a very sweet solution for powering the next generation of IMDs.在过去的几十年间，锂电池的能量密集度取得了长足的发展，但是锂电池所依赖的化学反应永远也无法产生与葡萄糖代谢所产生的能量相匹敌的数量。一克葡萄糖所含有的化学能量相当于半克汽油能产生的能量，原油是众所周知的能源密集型燃料。再经过一点优化，糖就有可能为下一代可移植医疗设备的能源问题提供一个十分完美的解决办法。
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