四大发明英文介绍

第一篇：四大发明英文介绍

Four Great Inventions of Ancient China--printing Block Printing

With the inventions of paper and ink, stamper gradually became popular during the Jin Dynasty(265-420), which was the early form of Carved Type Printing.Block Printing first appeared in the Tang Dynasty(618-907).The text was first written on a piece of thin paper, then glued face down onto a wooden plate.The characters were carved out to make a wood-block printing plate, which was used to print the text.Wood-block printing took a long time as a new block had to be carved for every page in a book.It took a lot of time and energy as well as materials to prepare for printing a book, but it worked more effectively afterwards.This technology was gradually introduced to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines.Yet, Block Printing had its drawbacks--all the boards became useless after the printing was done and a single mistake in carving could ruin the whole block.The frontispiece of the world's oldest surviving book, the Diamond Sutra printed in the year 868, was discovered at Dunhuang Cave, along the Silk Road.The book, in the form of a roll, is the earliest woodcut illustration in a printed book.Movable Type Printing

Block Printing was a costly and time-consuming process, for each carved block could only be used for a specific page of a particular book, besides, a single mistake in carving could ruin the whole block.However movable type changed all of that.In the Song Dynasty(960-1279), a man named Bi Sheng carved individual characters on identical pieces of fine clay.Each piece of movable type had on it one Chinese character which was carved in relief on a small block of moistened clay.After the block had been hardened by fire, the type became hard and durable and could be used wherever required.The pieces of movable type could be glued to an iron plate and easily detached from the plate.Each piece of character could be assembled to print a page and then broken up and redistributed as needed.When the printing was finished, the pieces were put away for future use.By the year1000, paged books in the modern style had replaced scrolls.Two color printing(black and red)was seen as early as 1340.This technology then spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Europe.Later, German Johann Gutenberg invented movable type made of metal in the 1440s.Movable Type Printing developed very fast.Based on clay type, type made of wood, lead, tin and copper gradually appeared.Four Great Inventions of Ancient China--Gunpowder

The invention of gunpowder had a close relationship with the advanced ancient workmanship of smelting industry.People began to know a lot of chemistry knowledge about the nature of different mineral materials during the process of smelting operation.With the knowledge, ancient necromancers tried to seek the elixir of immortality from certain kinds of ores and fuel.Although they failed to get what they were looking for, they discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter(potassium nitrate).This mixture finally led to the invention of gunpowder although its exact date of invention still remains unknow

Many historical materials indicate that gunpowder first appeared before the Tang Dynasty(618-907).From 300 to 650AD several recipes were written about inflammable mixtures.Some historians date the invention of gunpowder at 850AD when a Taoist book warned of three specific elixir formulas as too dangerous to experiment.The military applications of gunpowder began in the Tang Dynasty.Explosive bombs filled with gunpowder and fired from catapults were used in wars.During the Song and Yuan dynasties(960-1368), the military applications of gunpowder became common and some other weapons like “fire cannon”, “rocket”, “missile” and “fireball” were introduced.In the Yuan Dynasty(1279-1368), the method of powder-making was introduced to the Arab world and Europe, bringing a series of revolutions to weapon manufacturing, as well as to stratagem and tactics on the battlefield.From Italy the making of gunpowder soon spread to other European countries, and by the 1350s it had become an effective weapon on the battlefield.Four Great Inventions of Ancient China--Paper

(来源：英语麦当劳www.xiexiebang.com)

China was the first nation who invented paper.The earliest form of paper first appeared in the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-23AD), but the paper was generally very thick, coarse and uneven in their texture, made from pounded and disintegrated hemp fibers.The paper unearthed in a Han tomb in Gansu Province is by far the earliest existing ancient paper, tracing back to the early Western Han Dynasty.In the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220), a court official named Cai Lun made a new kind of paper from bark, hemp, rags, fishnet, wheat stalks and other materials.It was relatively cheap, light, thin, durable and more suitable for brush writing.The art of paper-making spread east to Korea and Japan at the beginning of the seventh century(the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty).In the eighth century, along with the Silk Road, the Arab countries began to learn how to make paper.It took about 400 years for paper to traverse the Arab world to Europe.In the 14th century many paper mills were established in Italy, from where the workmanship of paper-making spread to the European countries such as Germany.The Italians vigorously produced the material and exported large amounts of it, dominating the European market for many years.In the 16th century, the art of paper-making appeared in Russia and Holland, and it spread to Britain in the 17th century.(来源：英语麦当劳http://www.xiexiebang.com)

Before paper was invented, Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, had to go over 120 kilos of official documents written on bamboo or wooden strips.With the invention of paper, the popularization of knowledge has turned into reality.The invention of paper is an epoch-making event in human history.Four Great Inventions of Ancient China--Compass

Early in the Spring and Autumn Period(770-476BC), while mining ores and melting copper and iron, Chinese people chanced upon a natural magnetite that attracted iron and pointed fixedly north.In the Warring States Period(206BC-23AD), after constant improvement the round compass came into being.Referred to as a “South-pointer”, the spoon-or ladle-shaped compass is of magnetic lodestone, and the plate is of Bronze.The circular center represents Heaven, and the square plate represents Earth.The handle of the spoon points south.The spoon is a symbolic representation of the Great Bear.The plate bears Chinese characters which denote the eight main directions of north, north-east, east, etc.This type of compass has been scientifically tested and found to work tolerably well.By the time of the Tang dynasty(618-907)and the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127), Chinese scholars had devised a way to magnetize iron needles, by rubbing them with magnetite, and then suspending them in water.They also observed that needles cooled from red heat and held in the north-south orientation(the earth's axis)would become magnetic.These more refined needle compasses could then be floated in water(wet compass), placed upon a pointed shaft(dry compass)or suspended from a silk thread, etc.Consequently, they were much more useful for navigation purposes since they were much more portable.During the Song Dynasty(960-1279)many trading ships were then able to sail as far as Saudi Arabia without getting lost.The compass was introduced to the Arab world and Europe during the Northern Song Dynasty.The spread of the compass to Europe opened the oceans of the world to travel and led to the discovery of the New World.

第二篇：中国四大发明英文介绍

Hello everyone.Today I’m going to talk about the Four Great Inventions of the Ancient China.Do you know their name in English? If you don’t, let me introduce to you.Papermaking technology During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun summed up the experience of forefathers, began to improve papermaking technology.He used a lot of simple things and produced the ‘Cai Hou’ paper.This kind of paper is thin and can write easily.He made enormous contribution for China.It was produced to other countries after about 500 years.Typography Typography is a kind of printing.Before printing was invented, people had to record information by writing or other ways.But it always took a lot of time.Then Bi Sheng invented typography and improved the printing technology.It began to take less time and become easy to record information.It’s a great achievement in the history.Compass

It was invented in the Warring States.After people found that a magnet could give directions, the compass was invented.It was a magnet made into a shape of spoon.When it stops, the spoon can point to the south.Then, it was produced to Europe in the 13th century.Not everywhere has a lighthouse, so a compass is very useful for sailing.Even at a new place people will not lose their way with a compass.Gunpowder Gunpowder is also called black powder.It was invented in Tang Dynasty, about 9th century.It began to be used in military affairs and made great contribution for China.Guns, aircrafts could be invented afterwards.Papermaking technology, typography, compass and gunpowder are Four Great Inventions of the Ancient China.They have made great contributions for people all over the world.As a Chinese person, we should remember and be proud of them.That’s all for my duty.Thank you for listening.1.sum

sum up 总结 2.forefather

['fɔ:,fɑ:ðə] 前人 3.be produced to

传入

4.typography [tai'pɔgrəfi] 活字印刷术 5.compass ['kʌmpəs] 指南针 6.the Warring States 战国 7.magnet ['mægnit] 磁铁,磁石 8.Gunpowder ['gʌn,paudə] 火药 9.military affairs 军事

第三篇：实用英文介绍

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第四篇：四大发明感想

我一直在思考，中国是一个有悠久历史的文明古国，在千余年前（宋朝以期），中国曾是一个傲视世界的东方帝国，无论是文化、经济还是军事，在当时都是傲视群雄，位于世界之颠。为什么中国自汉唐以后说不行就不行了。难道中国差了什么？最近似乎想明白了，中国不是少了什么，而是多了一些东西。正是多了这些东西，成了中国高速前进的阻碍和羁绊。我们没有从老祖宗那里收益，反而受害。

关于“四大发明”的议论，我听过很多。最初是一味地引以为豪，对老祖宗顶礼膜拜；后来鲁迅先生对这种“我们古已有之”的“阿Q”心态进行了无情地批判，底气就显得不足了，心有戚戚焉，也学着先生骂起国民劣根性来了；再后来有人提出“新四大发明”、“第五大发明”的观点，企图变着法儿光宗耀祖，其实也就是落后挨打的委屈憋得太久了，以此来出口“阿Q气”。如果细读一下科学史，我们也许能从“四大发明”的争议中读出许多意味来。

“四大发明”这种说法起源于何时，出自何人，可能难以考证。最通行的说法是哲学大师叔本华提出的；也有人说叔本华之前，西方人已经津津乐道于中国的四大发明了。不管怎样，有一点是可以肯定的：四大发明的说法不是中国人提出来的。

欧洲人之所以认可这四大发明，是因为这四项发明是促成欧洲文艺复兴运动的重要的科技前提之一，而中国人自己，对这些成果的利用是非常有限的——当然，在一个把科技与杂耍、倡优并列为“百工”的时代，中国人几乎还没有科学的自觉要求。

指南针在西方引发了航海革命，殖民者因此才得以远征全球。正是在指南针的指引下，西方列强发现了中国这块肥肉。但在作为发明者的中国，罗盘主要被风水先生用来寻穴看地——虽然，我们的历史上也出现过郑和下西洋的盛事，但这一航海壮举并没有给民族振兴产生太大的影响。

火药经阿拉伯传到西方后，引起军事上的革命，欧洲资产阶级就是利用火器击败封建骑士军队并迅速向外扩张的。最后，列强用中国人自己发明的火药轰开了中国的大门，从而开始了100多年的屈辱史。在中国，火药的最大效用是制成烟花炮仗用于红白喜事。当殖民者凭借枪炮在中华大地上疯狂屠杀抢掠的时候，我们还把那种喷射出火药的武器称为“妖术”。如果一定要说指南针、火药对中国的贡献的话，那就是客观上使我们蒙受耻辱的时候同时也结束了闭关锁国。

中世纪的欧洲普遍以昂贵的羊皮作为书写材料，除了少数贵族，普通人无法接受正规的教育。中国的造纸术、印刷术传到欧洲后，很快促成了欧洲文化、教育领域的革命。纸质书籍的大量印刷，使广大人民有了受教育的机会，欧洲的国民素质得到大幅提高。与此形成鲜明反差的是，造纸术、活字印刷术发明之后，中国人首先想到的是印刷《金刚经》，它们在中国历史上的影响也是极其有限的。

中国的四项科技发明为欧洲文艺复兴运动的兴起做出了重大贡献，被尊为“四大发明”是理所当然的。所谓“四大发明”，其实是西方人的“四大”，中国人的“发明”。这就是科学史给我们的启示。

细读科学史，中国人还会产生许多隐痛。我们曾经夸耀：中国是是人类历史上科技领先时间最长的文明古国；但是从数量上分析，整个人类古代史的科技成果总量是及其微小的，毫不夸张地说，现代世界一年的科学发明数量就超过古代几千年科技发明的总和。以此推算，中国古代的科技发明相对于人类科技总量来说几乎可以忽略不计，想想看：我们所看到的东西——小到螺钉纽扣，大到飞机轮船，有几样东西原创自我们古老的中国？这就难怪西方的许多科学史著作很少提到中国，甚至否认中国出现过系统的科学技术了。

其实我们不必过于计较西方科学史对我们的偏见，文艺复兴以来，西方科学技术突飞猛进，中华民族却裹足不前，这是铁的事实。从近代天文学冲破神学桎梏开始，西方人创造了人类最辉煌的科学成果：牛顿力学、达尔文进化论、量子力学、相对论、电的发明及应用、生物工程技术、电脑技术、航天技术„„一大批伟大的科学家用他们的智慧照亮了人类的历史，在这样的事实面前，中国人哪有沾沾自喜的理由？

我想，从科学史中读出隐痛比阿Q式的自得要有益得多。如果一定要光宗耀祖，那就先把四大发明放到一边，整出几个五大发明、六大发明再说，要不，生活在离开西方人发明的物品就无法生活的现代社会里，拿四大发明说事实在不够分量。

中国至少有五千年的历史，也就是说中国起跑很早，中国有充足的时间来发展。中国有光辉灿烂文化，中国早在数千年前就位于世界之颠。中华民族的祖先们给他们的后人留下了丰富的遗产：雄厚的物质基础和数不清的创造发明。所以说虽然现在还有很多不如人意的地方，但是经过我们现代人不断努力，中国的未来还是很有发展的！

第五篇：四大发明教案

《四大发明的贡献》教学设计

一、创设情境，导入新课 1.播放视频

同学们，2008年8月8日，举世瞩目的第二十九届奥运会在中国北京隆重举行。今天，让我们一起再去重温奥运会开幕式那些美丽的画面！

师：第二十九届奥运会开幕式的这些画面给世界展示了什么主题，你知道吗？（四大发明）

问：中国古代四大发明都是什么呢？点击课件 造纸术 印刷术 火药 指南针 师：这节课我们就来学习第三课祖先的科学技术成就。一起探究我国四大发明对整个世界的贡献。

二、学习新知 造纸术：

1.纸张在生活中都有什么用途？

用来制造纸箱等工业用纸。制造纸袋、购物袋的包装用纸。卫生纸、餐巾纸、纸巾、医疗用纸等家庭用纸。办公室等打印用纸。还有棉纸、宣纸、钞票纸等。用途非常广泛，如果没有了这些纸，我们的生活很难想象。2.在纸产生之前，人类的书写材料？ 主要有甲骨、丝帛、竹简等，上述书写材料有什么缺点？

缺点：书写比较麻烦，不易携带、价格昂贵

当时发生了不少有趣的故事。学富五车这个成语故事就是其中的一个。我们来看。3.讲故事：

西汉东方朔用竹简写奏章，因为有满肚子的话要说，一下子就用了3000来根竹简。东方朔手无缚鸡之力，无法拿动这么庞大的奏章，最后只好请了两位大力士抬进宫里去。据《史记·滑稽列传》说，汉武帝花了两个月的时间才看完那一大堆竹简。

战国思想家惠施，人称博学多才、学富五车。原来，他旅行时也爱学习，随车装着爱看的书。这些书是一捆一捆的竹简和木牍，一共装了5辆车，“学富五车”的成语就是这么来的。算一下，五车书能有多少字？ 蔡伦与造纸术、教师引导：点击课件：蔡伦像，这就是蔡伦像。

过渡语：到底纸是如何发明的？请听我给大家讲蔡伦与造纸术

思考：蔡伦使用什么材料造纸？造纸的主要步骤？ 问：为什么说“蔡伦造的纸得到了推广？”

（学生谈感受。——树皮、麻叶、破布、破渔网等。教师引导：材料便宜，哪儿都有，都用得起，而且轻便。）

师：刚刚xx给大家介绍了蔡伦和改进造纸术的过程。这就是蔡伦像。在蔡伦改进造纸术之前，已经出现了早期的纸呢？什么时期？（西汉）课件点击：西汉的纸

教师小结：中国造纸术比欧洲早了1000多年，从中我们也感受到了我国古代劳动人民的聪明才智

过渡：在造纸术出现后，又出现了一项新的技术，它是？——印刷术 印刷术：

这两幅都是古代雕版印刷品。哪个是雕版印刷，哪个是活字印刷？

师：印刷术中有雕版印刷和活字印刷两个重要的阶段。雕版印刷和活字印刷的过程游什么区别呢？视频 2.介绍雕版印刷和活字印刷

生：雕版印刷的过程主要是把要用的所有的字都反刻在木板上，然后印刷。活字印刷则是把一个一个的字分别反刻在木板上，需要哪些字就组合哪些字，然后再印刷。

教师出示课件雕版印刷和活字印刷的过程，让学生更准确了解雕版印刷和活字印刷的过程。

过渡：印刷术的发明，有一个重要的人物，大家知道他是谁吗？（毕昇）4.活字印刷术是怎样传向世界的？

我国的活字印刷14世纪传到朝鲜、日本以及埃及后来传入欧洲。（点击课件）指南针：

1.指南针的发展变化过程。指南针不断改进的流程图。司南（战国）—指南鱼（北宋）—缕悬法指南针、元代支承龟----水浮法指南针-----清代旱罗盘（教师课件出示）

2、司南由青铜地盘与磁勺组成。地盘内圆外方，中心圆面下凹；圆外盘面分层次铸有10天干、十二地支、四卦，标示24个方位。磁勺是用天然磁体磨成，置于地盘中心圆内，勺头为N，勺尾为S，静止时，因地磁作用，勺尾指向南方。

3.指南针又给社会带来了哪些变化呢？

指南针的发明推动了航海业的发展，指南针在航海中成为船员们不可缺少的“眼

睛”。在航海业非常不发达的时期，人们很难知道在自己国家以外的地方是什么，或是海的那一边是什么。

问：为什么说指南针是航海家的眼睛？（辨别方向）课件点击，介绍三位航海家。

郑和：明成祖朱棣时期,中国古代规模最大、船只最多（240多艘）、海员最多、时间最久的海上航行，比欧洲国家航海时间早几十年。堪称是“大航海时代”的先驱，是唯一的东方人，更有说法称郑和最早发现美洲、澳洲、南极洲。哥伦布：1492年，意大利航海家，先后4次出海远航发现了美洲大陆，开辟了横渡大西洋到美洲的航路，证明了大地球形说的正确性。

麦哲伦：1480年生于葡萄牙北部的 一个破落的骑士家庭。16岁时进入葡萄牙国家航海事务厅，因而熟悉了航海事务的各项工作。麦哲伦环球航行是世界航海史上的一大成就，不仅开辟了新航线，还通过他的探险船队进行的探险航行证明了地球是圆的，地球是个圆球。

师：航海家在航海的过程中，指南针起到了非常重要的作用。

师：今天，给大家带来了几个指南针，先请一个同学给大家介绍一下指南针。3.指南针演示

N 北极

s南极 红色北方，蓝色南方

师：我们在知道方向的时候，不能感受到指南针的重要，如果我们迷路了，才真的能够体会指南针的重要。感兴趣的同学，回家可以买个指南针玩一玩，如果我们出去旅游，还能用上。4.指南针发展到什么程度

师：指南针发展到什么程度了呢？gps导航系统。火药：

火药的起源和发展

火药是中国在7、8世纪发明的，古代炼丹家制药时，逐渐发现硫黄、焰硝和木炭的混合物有燃烧和爆炸能力。点击课件

大约在9世纪用于军事。唐末在战争中开始出现火药箭,还有火药包，作燃烧性兵器。宋朝东京开封府有生产火药的部门。宋神宗时，边防军中已大量配备火药弓箭、火炮箭等兵器。

课件点击：老师带你们欣赏一些古代的火药武器：

2.火药是怎样传向世界的？恩格斯《德国农民战争》中说：“火药是从中国经印度传到阿拉伯，又由阿拉伯人和火药武器一道经过西班牙传入欧洲”。

3.在重大节日中，人们会使用焰火来庆祝。同时火药应用到生产与劳动中，大大提高了效率。

三、情感升华：

引：到底中国四大发明对世界有多大的影响和贡献呢？我们再来看几段重要的评论。（出示）

评论1我国古代的四大发明，在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页。这些伟大的发明曾经影响并造福于全世界，推动了人类历史的前进。

评论2.“四大发明改变了世界上事物的全部面貌和状态，又从而产生了无数的变化。”

——培根

１．谁能用一句话总结一下我国古代的四大发明对世界的贡献？ 板书：推动进步 造福人类

２、学习了本课后，你有什么感受？ 板书：勤劳智慧

（设计意图：激发学生敬仰古代发明家的勤劳和智慧的情感以及民族自豪感和自信心；激发学生爱科学的兴趣。）

３、小结： 我们为祖先而骄傲，世界为中国而骄傲，就让我们带着这份自豪勤奋学习、热爱科学。