2018年6月四级翻译练习题20道

第一篇：2018年6月四级翻译练习题20道

2018年6月四级翻译练习题20道

英语四级翻译练习题1：西安

古都西安，一颗闪烁着古代文明和高科技之光的历史文化名城。西安古名长安，是世界四大古都之一。踏上这古老的黄土地，无处不在的是千古文人(literati)名士(people with literary reputation)传诵于世的古风古韵。历史文化的沉积，造就了一个著名的旅游城市。西安，这座让游人流连忘返的城市，在很久以前就享有“通史博物馆(General History Museum)”的美誉。

范文：

Ancient capital Xi'an is a noted historic and cultural city shining the light of ancient civilization and high technology.Xi'an，once called Chang'an, is one of the four ancient capitals of the world.Setting foot on this ancient ground, you can feel ancient customs and rhymes everywhere, which have been widely read by literati and people with literary reputation for thousands of years.This famous tourism city is created by the sediment of historical culture.Xi'an，a city that let people linger on with no thought of leaving has long enjoyed the good name of the“General History Museum”

翻译详解：

1.历史文化名城:翻译为a noted historic and cultural city。

2.黄土地:直接翻译成ground即可，不必直译。

3.古风古韵:古风指“古代的风俗习惯”，古韵指“古代的音韵”，故可译为ancient customs and rhyme。该词组所处句子缺少主语，在翻译时需增译主语。

4.流连忘返:可译为to have much enjoyment and forget to go back home或者to linger on with no thought of leaving, linger on 意为“徘徊;流连”。

5.历史文化的沉积:可译为sediment of historical culture。sediment意为“沉积”。

英语四级翻译练习题2：对联

对联(couplet)是由富有诗意的两句话组成，通常是押韵的(rhymed)。人们用所能掌握的最好的书法水平将它们写在红色竖纸条上。上联(the first line of a couplet)贴在前门的右侧，下联贴在前门的左侧。此外，横批(the horizontalscroll)是横着贴在门框上的。对联是中国独特文化的一部分。它也是一个同时与中国语言和文字相关的艺术。今天,对联常被用作中国传统节日的装饰。

参考翻译:

The couplet is comprised of a pair of lines of poetry that are usually rhymed,which are written on vertical slips of red paper in the best calligraphic style one can master.The first line of a couplet is posted on the right side of the front door.The second line of a couplet is posted on the left of a couplet side of the front door.In addition,the horizontal scroll is posted across and on top of the doorframe.Couplet is a part of Chinese unique culture and also an art related to both the Chinese,language and Chinese characters.Today,it is often used as a decoration during traditional Chinese festivals.1.对联是由富有诗意的两句话组成，通常是押韵的：“富有诗意的两句话”可翻译为a pair of lines of poetry。“押韵的”可译为 rhymed。

2.人们用所能掌握的最好的书法水平将它们写在红色竖纸条上：该句可以和第一句话结合，作定语从句。其中“写在红色竖纸条上”可以翻译为written on vertical slips of red paper。“人们用所能掌握的最好的书法水平”则用in短语引出，译为in the best calligraphic style one can master。

3.上联贴在前门的右侧，下联贴在前门的左侧：本句中的“上联”以及“下联”不能按照汉语意思直接意为upper line和downn line,而要根据意思译为the first line of a couplet和the second line of a couplet。下文中的“横批”可译为the horizontal scroll,因为它是横着贴的，所以要用horizontal翻译。

4.它也是一个同时与中国语言和文字相关的艺术：“与…相关”可译为be relate to…或have the relation to...。“同时…和…”可用both and…来表示。1.对联是由富有诗意的两句话组成，通常是押韵的：“富有诗意的两句话”可翻译为a pair of lines of poetry。“押韵的”可译为 rhymed。

英语四级翻译练习题3：木雕

中国木雕(wood carving)有着悠久的历史，是中国传统艺术之一。人们认为现存最早的木雕大约是在三千年前的战国时期雕刻完成的。在中国，木雕主要分成三个类别：建筑雕刻、家具雕刻和艺术品雕刻。中国的木雕以其令人印象深刻的细致构造和主题之美受到了全世界的欣赏。今天，我们可以在私人画廊里看到传统木雕，也可以在长江两岸整个区域的宅邸装饰上看到它。

参考翻译:

Chinese wood carving is one of Chinese traditional arts with a time-honored history.The earliest existing wood carving is believed to be made during the Warring States Period about three thousand years ago.Wood carving in China constitutes three major categories: architecture carving, furniture carving and artworks carving.Chinese wood carving is appreciated worldwide for its impressively detailed structures and the beauty of its themes.Today,traditional wood carvings can be seen in private galleries and also on the decorations over residential areas on both sides of the Yangtze River.1.中国的木雕有着悠久的历史：“悠久的历史”可译为a longhistory，也可译为a time-honored history, time-honored意为“悠久的，老的”，如，“中华老字号”则为time-honored brand of China。

2.人们认为现存最早的木雕大约是在三千年前的战国时期雕刻完成的：本句可以将“人们”一词省去不译，用theearliest existing wood carving作主语。谓语则是“被认为是”，可译为be believed to，这里的to是动词不定式的标志。“雕刻完成”即“被做好”，可译为be made。“在三千年前的战国时期”则译作状语，即during theWarring States Period about three thousand years ago。

英语四级翻译练习题4：太极拳

太极拳(Tai Chi)是一系列缓慢的动作，旨在修炼身心。它就像是一种舞蹈，却不需要你随音乐起舞，而是需要你向内看,聆听内心的节奏。它创自数千年前，原本是一种武术(martial art)—一种自卫的技艺。然而，它的武术方面如今不太流行了。目前全世界成千上万人练习它，主要是由于它对于人类健康的神奇作用。它将身体动作与平静、冥想的(meditative)心理状态结合起来，所以也被称作“冥想运动(meditation in motion)”。

Tai Chi

Tai Chi is a series of slow movements which areaimed at trainning us physically and mentally.It isjust like a dance that requires you to look inside anddance to the internal rhythms instead of music.Itwas created thousands of years ago as a martial art and specifically as a defensive art.However, nowadays its martial aspect is not that popular.It is practiced by thousands ofpeople around the world mostly because of its miraculous effects on human's health.It is oftencalled “meditation in motion” because it combines the body's movements with the calm andmeditative state of mind.1.修炼身心:可译为train us physically and mentally 或者译为 train the body and mind 此处译文的us为补译的内容，为的是使英语句子结构完整。

2.随音乐起舞:应译为dance to the music,其中dance to是一种固定表达方式，表示“随着…起舞”之意。

3.一种自卫的技艺:应译为a defensive art。这里的“技艺”指“手脚灵巧，有技能”，所以不能翻译成technique。

4.它对于人类健康的神奇作用:翻译为its miraculous effects on human's health,其中要注意与effects搭配使用的介词为on。

5.将结合起来:对应的英文表达为combine...with...参考翻译:英语四级翻译练习题5：脸谱

脸谱(facial makeup)在中国戏曲中是一种特殊的艺术表现形式。它们淸楚地展示了不同角色的外表，还有他们的性情(disposition)和道德品质。脸谱也有助于表达对角色的褒贬。脸谱有不同的颜色,如红、黄、蓝、白、黑、紫、绿、金和银。脸谱的主色象征着人物的性情。例如，红色代表忠诚、勇气和正直，金色和银色通常用于神灵。脸谱可以辅助男女演员在表演中表达情感。

参考翻译:

Facial makeup is a special art form in Chineseoperas.They distinctly show the appearances ofdifferent roles as well as their dispositions and moraltraits.In addition, facial makeups also serve toexpress praise or condemnation toward thecharacters.Different colors such as red, yellow, blue, white, black, purple, green, gold and silverare used for facial makeups.The main color in a facial makeup symbolizes the disposition ofthe character.For example,red indicates devotion,courage and uprightness, while gold andsilver are usually used for gods and spirits.Facial makeups can assist the actors and actresses inexpressing their feelings when they act.1.它们清楚地展示了不同角色的外表，还有他们的性情和道德品质：“清楚地” 可译为distinctly。“展示不同角色的外表”可译为show the appearances of different roles。“还有”在该句中等同于“也”，可以用as well as来表达。“性情” 和“道德品质”可以分别译为dispositions和moral traits。

2.脸谱也有助于表达对角色的褒贬：“有助于表达”可译为serve to express,在这里serve是“对...有用”的意思。“对角色的褒贬”可译为praise or condemnation toward the characters。

3.脸谱可以辅助男女演员在表演中表达情感：该句可译为一个复合句，可以理解为“在男女演员表演时，脸谱可以帮助他们表达情感”，即Facial makeups assist the actors and actresses in expressing theirfeelings when they act。其中“辅助”可译为assist。

英语四级翻译练习题6：皮影戏

皮影戏(shadow play)是中国最古老的戏剧之一。它起源于2000多年前的古长安，盛行于唐代和宋代。在中国古代，这是一个流行的民间戏曲形式，而且它是世界电影的祖先。当时，它就像现代的电影和电视一样给人们带来欢乐。表演者跟着音乐歌唱，同时控制着皮影工具。这些戏剧的内容更多是关于传统的历史戏画中。皮影戏是世界文化和艺术大家庭中的瑰宝。

参考翻译:

Shadow play is one of the oldest operas in China.It was rooted in ancient Chang'an over 2,000 years ago and prevailed in the Tang and Song Dynasties.It was a popular folk drama in ancient China and also the ancestor of films in the worid.At that time, it brought people pleasure as modern movies and TVs do.Actors sing with the music, and control shadow tools at the same time.The contents of those plays are more about traditional historical dramas and fable stories.Shadow play is the treasure among the world's cultures and arts.1.它起源于2000多年前的古长安，盛行于唐代和宋代：“起源于”可译为be rooted in。“盛行于”可译为prevail in, prevail意为“盛行，流行”。

2.当时，它就像现代的电影和电视一样给人们带来欢乐：“当时”可译为at that time。“就像现代的电影和电视一样”可用as引导的从句来表示，即as modern movies and TVs do。“给人们带来欢乐”可译为bring people pleasure。

3.表演者跟着音乐歌唱，同时控制着皮影工具：“跟着音乐歌唱”可译为sing with the music, with意为“跟着，随着”。“同时”可译为at the same time,还可译为meanwhile、in the meantime。“控制着皮影工具”中“控制”可译为control,常用短语为incontrol(控制中)，out of control(失去控制)等。“皮影工具”则为shadow tools。

英语四级翻译练习题7：蜡染

据说在中国,蜡染(wax printing)早在秦末或者汉初就已经出现，但它最初作为成品出现是在唐朝。蜡染是“丝绸之路”的商品之一，这些商品被出口到欧洲和其他地方。蜡染在中国是代代传承下来的。它是苗族(Miao ethnic minority)独特的绘画和手工染色工艺。作为中国最具有民族特色的艺术之一，蜡染产品的种类很多，有墙上挂饰、邮包、书包、桌套等等。

参考翻译:

It is believed that wax printing appeared in China asearly as the late Qin or early Han Dynasty, but it firstoccurred as a finished product during the TangDynasty.It was one of “the Silk Road“ goods thatwere exported to Europe and elsewhere.Wax printinghas been passed down from generation to generation in China.It is a unique drawing anddyeing handwork of the Miao ethnic minority.As one of the most characteristic national artsin China, wax printing products are various including wall hangings, letter bags, bags, table-clothes and so on.1.据说在中国，蜡染早在秦末或者汉初就已经出现:“据说”可译为it is said that 或it is believed that。表示时间状语的词“秦末”和“汉初”分别可译为the late Qin Dynasty和the early Han Dynasty。“早在”可翻译为as early as。

2.但它最初作为成品出现是在唐朝:该句中的“出现”可译为occur,避免与上文重复，其是不及物动词。“成品”可译为a finished product,动词的过去分词可以表示动作已完成。

3.蜡染在中国是代代传承下来的:“代代”可译为from generation to generation, from…to意为“从一个到另一个' “流传’’可译为pass down。

4.中国最具有民族特色的艺术之一:“最…之一”可翻译为“one of the+形容词最高级”的形式。“民族特色的艺术”可译为characteristic national art。

英语四级翻译练习题8：算盘

算盘(abacus)是一种手动操作计算辅助工具形式。它起源于中国，迄今已有2600多年的历史，是中国古代的一项重要发明。在阿拉伯数字(Arabic numerals)出现前，算盘是世界广为使用的计算工具。现在，算盘在亚洲和中东的部分地区继续使用，尤其见于商店之中，可以从供应中国商品和日本商品的商店里买到。在西方，它有时被用来帮助小孩子们理解数字，而一些数学家喜欢体验一下使用算盘计算出简单算术(arithmetical)问题的感觉。

参考翻译:

Abacus

An abacus is a form of manually operated counting aid.It has originated in China over 2,600 years ago.It is one of the most important inventions of ancient China.The abacus used to be the most widely used calculation tool before the appearance of Arabic numerals.At present, abacuses continue to be used in parts of Asia and the Middle East, especially in the shops, and they are available in stores which stock Chinese or Japanese goods.In the West, it is sometimes used to help young children grasp numbers, and some mathematicians enjoy experimenting with the abacus to work out simple arithmetical problems.注意事项：

1.计算辅助工具形式:翻译为a form of manually operated counting aid,其中aid一词本意为“有助之物”，用在此处表示“辅助工具”已比较贴切，不必再将“工具”二字译出。

2.理解数字:翻译为grasp numbers,其中grasp—词表示“全面领会、理解”之意，用在此处很恰当地译出了原文“理解”一词的含义。

3.体验:翻译为experimenting,此处原文强调的是数学家亲自体验用算盘做简单算术题，因此有“实验”的含义，故选用experimenting—词。

英语四级翻译练习题9：煤炭

中国是全球最大的煤炭生产国和消费国。煤炭占中国能源消费(energy consumption)的很大一部分。在未来，煤炭在中国总体能源消费中所占的份额将有所减少。但煤炭消费仍将继续呈绝对上升态势。中国今天面临着严峻的环境问题，而煤炭在造成空气污染方面起了很大作用。尽管中国的煤炭资源很丰富，但 是我们应该开始寻找替代资源(substitute resources)。这样不仅能造福环境，从长远看也会换来经济回报。

英语四级翻译参考翻译10:

China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world.Coal takes up a huge part of China’s energy consumption.In the future, coal’s share of China’s overall energy consumption will decrease.However, coal consumption will continue torise in absolute terms.China faces serious environmental issues today.Coal play a big part in causing air pollution.Although coal resource in China is abundant, should start looking for the substitute resources.It can not only benefit environment, but will also bring economic payoff in the long run.注意事项：

1.煤炭占中国能源消费的很大一部分“:占”即“占据”，可译为take up;“能源消费”可译为 energy consumption。

2.但煤炭消费仍将继续呈绝对上升态势“:呈绝对上升态势”可翻译为rise in absolute terms。

3.这样不仅能造福环境，从长远看也会换来经济回报:“不仅…也 not only...but also…来表达;“造福”可翻译为benefit;“经济回报”可翻译为economic payoff。

英语四级翻译练习题：风筝

风筝是中国的一个发明，被赞誉为现代飞机的先驱。它为科学的发展和飞机的生产做出了贡献。第一架飞机的形状便是根据风筝造出来的。中国最早的风筝都是用木头做的，最早可追溯到至少两千年前的战国时期(the Warring StatesPeriod)。纸被发明后，人们开始使用这种新材料制作风筝。早期的风筝被用于军事目的。据历史文献记载，那时风筝的尺寸很大，有些大到足以能够把人带到空中来观察敌人的行动。

参考翻译:

The kite, a Chinese invention, has been praised asthe forerunner of modern aeroplane.It hascontributed to the development of science andproduction of aeroplanes.The first plane was shapedafter the kite.The earliest Chinese kites were made ofwood which can date back as far as the Warring States Period,at least two millennia ago.Afterthe invention of paper, kites began to be made of this new material.Early kites were used formilitary purposes.Historical records say they were large in size;some were large enough tocarry men up in the air to observe enemy movements.1.风筝是中国的一个发明，被赞誉为现代飞机的先驱:“发明”可译为invention, “中国四大发明”则可译为the fourancient Chinese。

2.它为科学的发展和飞机的生产做出了贡献：“做出贡献”可译为contribute to, 也可译为make contributions to,要注意这里的to是介词。英语中to是介词的短语还有be usedto(习惯于)，be addicted to(沉溺于),be devotedto(献身于)，be adjusted to(适应)等。

3.最早可追溯到至少两千年前的战国时期：“最早可追溯到”可译为date as far back as,也可译为date backas early/far as。

英语四级翻译练习题11：环保

随着世界人口越来越密集(densely populated),空气污染已经成了严重的问题。空气污染主要来源于四个主要的人类活动领域：工业、能源业、交通运输业以及农业。经营工厂,为火车、飞机和公共汽车提供动力都需要能源。几乎所有这些能源都是通过燃烧燃料产生的,这就会造成空气污染。科学家们正在研究能减少环境破坏的新发电方式。增强的公共环保意识使诸如回收利用(recycling)等活动产生。

翻译范文：

As the world is getting more and more denselypopulated,air pollution has become a severeproblem.Air pollution mainly derives from four majorhuman activity sectors:industry,energy,transportation andagriculture.Energies are needed to run factories,to power trains,planes and buses.Nearly all ofthese energies are produced by burning fuels,which would cause air pollution.Scientists arestudying new ways of generating electricity that can be less damaging to the environment.Theincreased public environmental awareness has led to the advent of activities such as recycling.翻译详解：

1.随着世界人口越来越密集，污染已经成了严重的问题:“随着”可译为as,这句话可以用as引导的伴随状语从句来翻译。

2.科学家们正在研究能减少环境破坏的新发电方式:这个句子可翻译为包含定语从句的句子，new ways是先行词，引导词是that。其中“研究”可用动词study 表示;“发电”可译为generate electricity;“减少环境破坏”即“对环境的破坏更少”可译为be less damaging to the environment。

英语四级翻译练习题12：水墨画

水墨画(ink wash painting)是一种毛笔画。基本水墨画只使用深浅不一的黑色墨水。唐朝时，水墨画得到发展。人们普遍认为是王维将颜色加入到当时的水墨画中。水墨画的目标不仅仅是复制物体的外观，还要捕捉它的灵魂。要想画一匹马，水墨画家必须了解马的肌肉和骨骼，更要了解马的气质(temperament)。要想画一朵花，水墨画家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和颜色，重要的是传达它的活力和芳香。

参考翻译:

Ink wash painting is a type of brush painting.Onlyblack ink is used for the painting of basic ones, invarious concentrations.During the Tang Dynasty,inkwash painting got developed.Wang Wei is generallycredited as the painter who applied color to existingink wash paintings.The goal of ink wash painting is not simply to reproduce the appearanceof a subject,but to capture its soul.To paint a horse,the ink wash painting artist mustunderstand its temperament better than its muscles and bones.To paint a flower,there is noneed to perfectly portray its petals and color,but it is essential to convey its liveliness andfragrance.1.基本水墨画只使用深浅不一的黑色墨水：该句可以理解为“基本水墨画只可以用黑色墨水来画，而且墨水要有不同的浓度”。

2.人们普遍认为是王维将颜色加入到当时的水墨画中：该句可译为带有定语从句的复合句，主语可定为Wang Wei,谓语则是is generally credited,即“被普遍认为”也有“人们普遍认为”的意思。

3.要想画一匹马，水墨画家必须了解马的肌肉和骨骼，更要了解马的气质：“要想画一匹马”可用to do结构来表示，即to paint a horse。“了解...更要了解…”有比较的意味，即“了解…好过了解…”，可以翻译为underetand...better than...,其中“气质”可以用temperament来表达。

4.要想画一朵花，水墨画家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和颜色，重要的是传达它的活力和芳香：“不需要做某事”可译为there is no need to do,为英语中常用句型，表示“没有必要做某事”。

英语四级翻译练习题15：孙悟空

孙悟空，也称为猴王(Monkey King)，是中国古典小说《西游记》(Journey to the West)中的一个主要角色。在小说中，猴王从一块岩石中出生，通过道教髙人(Taoist master)的教授获得了超自然的力量。他可以将自己变成七十二种不同的形象，还可以用筋斗云代步，一个筋斗(somersault)可以翻十万八千里。孙悟空是中国文学历史最悠久的人物之一。即使在今天他依然深受中国儿童的喜爱。

参考翻译:

Sun Wukong, also known as the Monkey King, is amain character in the classical Chinese novel Journeyto the West.In the novel, the Monkey King was bornout of a rock and acquired supernatural powersthrough instruction of Taoist master.He cantransform himself into seventy-two different images.Using clouds as a vehicle, he can travel108,000 miles with a single somersault.Sun Wukong is one of the most enduring Chineseliterary characters.He is deeply loved by the children in China even today.1.孙悟空，也称为猴王，是中国古典小说《西游记》中的一个主要角色:“也称为猴王”是主语补足语，可译为alsoknown as the Monkey King。“主要角色”可译为maincharacter，character为多义词，可表示“汉字;性格;人物”。“中国古典小说”可译为the classical Chinese novel,classical意为“古典的”，而classic则意为“经典的”，注意它们拼写的不同。

2.在小说中，猴王从一块岩石中出生，通过道教高人的教授获得了超自然的力量:“从岩石中出生”可译为be born out of a rock, out of意为“从...出来，出于”，如out of sympathy意为“出于同情”。句中的“通过道教高人的教授”可译为through instruction of Taoist master。

3.他可以将自己变成七十二种不同的形象:“变成”可译为transform into, transform意为“改变，变换”，其名词形式为transformation。“形象”可译为image。

英语四级翻译练习题16：酒文化

中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。

参考译文：

Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago.Generally speaking, winehas a close connection with culture in China in both ancient and modern times.Chinese wine culturehas been playing a quite important role in Chinese people's life for a long time.Our ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast.Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday parties, farewell dinners, weddings, etc.重点词汇：

谷物：grains

酿酒：make wine;make spirits

敬酒：propose a toast;make a toast

不可分割的：impartible;inseparable

送别晚宴：farewell dinners 英语四级翻译练习题：鲁迅

鲁迅是作家周树人的笔名，生于1881年，其家庭有深厚的儒家背景(Confucian background)。由于家道中落，鲁迅的童年充满了苦难。1904年，他去了日本仙台学医，但很快意识到中国对“精神医学”的需要远远超过治疗身体疾病的需要。因此，鲁迅在1906年回到东京,决定放弃医学,投身于教育和文学事业。他一直被视为中国20世纪最伟大的现代作家。毛主席称他为“中国文化革命的主将”。

参考翻译:

Lu Xun is the pen name of the writer born as ZhouShuren in 1881 in a family with a deep Conflicianbackground.Owing to the decline of his familyfortunes,Lu Xun’s childhood was filled withhardship.In 1904, he went to Sendai, in Japan,tostudy medicine,but he soon realized that China needed far more”spiritual medicine”,thantreatment for physical ills.Therefore, he returned to Tokyo in 1906，and decided to give upstudying medicine and devote himself to education and literature.Lu Xun has been consideredas China's greatest modern writer during the 20th century.Chairman Mao called him“commander of China's cultural revolution”.1.鲁迅是作家周树人的笔名，生于1881年，其家庭有深厚的儒家背景：“笔名” 可译为penname。句中的“有”可用with来翻译，所以“有深厚的儒家背景”就是：with a deepConfucian background。

2.因此，鲁迅在1906年回到东京，决定放弃医学，投身于教育和文学事业：“投身于”可译为devote oneself to,devote意为“投身、贡献”。

3.毛主席称他为“中国文化革命的主将”:“称”可译为call, call可以跟双宾语，常用表达是call sb.sth.“中国文化革命的主将”可译为commander of China’s cultural revolution。

英语四级翻译练习题17：家庭暴力

家庭暴力(domestic violence)指的是在亲密关系(intimate reiationship)中一方对另一方的虐待。通常来说，受害者是儿童和妇女。在中国古代，人们认为男人有权利惩罚他的孩子和妻子。广义上讲，家庭暴力不局限于明显的身体暴力，它也有许多其他的形式。关于家庭暴力产生的原因，出现了许多不同的理论，比如犯罪者的性格和心理特征。外部因素也有影响，比如犯罪者所处的环境。然而，没有一种理论能涵盖所有情况。

参考译文:

Domestic violence refers to the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship.Commonly the victims are children and women.In ancient China, people believe that a man has the right to punish his children and wife.In a broad sense, domestic violence is not limited to obvious physical violence.There are many other forms of violence.Many different theories are brought up as to the causes of domestic violence,such as the the perpetrators'personality and mental characteristics.External factors also play a part,such as the perpetrators'surroundings.However, no theory seems to cover all cases.1.家庭暴力指的是在亲密关系中一方对另一方的虐待:“家庭暴力”可译为domestic violence;“亲密关系”可翻译为intimate relationship;“虐待”可翻译为abuse。

2.有权利惩罚:可翻译为have the right to punish.3.身体暴力:可翻译physical violence。

4.外部因素:可翻译为external factors。

英语四级翻译练习题18：汉语热

汉语热指近年来越来越多的外国人开始学习汉语的现象。在很多国家，学汉语的人数在迅速增长。据统计，全世界已有109个国家、3000多所高等学校开设了汉语课程。一项调查显示，他们学习汉语的主要目的是去中国旅游、从事贸易活动、了解中国和中国文化。汉语热背后的原因是中国经济的飞速发展，它使中国的国际地位和影响力得到了提升。全球“汉语热”传达了世界各国人民渴望了解中国文化的信息。

参考译文：

Chinese language craze refers to the phenomenon that a growing number of foreigners start to learn Chinese.The number of Chinese learners increases rapidly in many countries.According to statistics,more than 3000 institutions of higher education in 109 countries are offering courses on Chinese language.A survey indicates that they learn Chinese for the main purpose of travelling in China, engaging in trade activities and knowing China and the Chinese culture.The underlying reasons for this craze lie in the rapid development of China’s economy, which enhances the international status and the influence of China.This global Chinese language craze conveys a message that people around the world are eager to know the Chinese culture.重点词汇：

普及：popularize

汉语热：Chinese language craze/fever;Mandarin craze

越来越多：a growing number of;more and more

据统计：according to statistics/figures

开设汉语课程：offer courses on Chinese language/Mandarin

显示：indicate/show

从事：engage in / deal with

贸易活动：trade activity

背后的原因：underlying reason;reason behind

国际地位：international status 传达：convey / deliver 英语四级翻译练习题19：自驾游

自驾游(self-driving tour)属于自助旅游的一种，是近年来我国新兴的旅游方式。自驾游在选择目的地、参与程序和体验自由等方面给旅游者提供了伸缩自如的空间，与传统的参团旅游(group tour)相比具有本身的特点和魅力。随着自驾车旅游者的增多，自驾游市场已具规模，越来越多的旅行社、汽车 俱乐部、汽车租赁(car rentals)公司看好并涉足这一市场的开发。

参考翻译:

Self-driving tour, a sort of self-help travel, is anemerging mode of travel in China in recent years.It provides travelers with great flexibility inselecting destinations, participating procedures andexperiencing freedom, which endow it with differentiating characteristics and charms fromthe traditional group tour.As the self-driving tourists increase, the self-driving tour markethas begun to take shape;more and more travel agencies, car clubs and car rentals areoptimistic about it and engage in market development.1.自助旅游:即自给自足式的旅游，可译为self-servicetravel或者self-help travel。

2.新兴的旅游方式:可译为 an emerging mode oftravel。

3.目的地:可译为destination。

4.提供了伸缩自如的空间:此句直译不好表达原文意思，原文可理解为“提供了 很大的灵活性”，故可译为 providestravelers with great flexibility。

5.看好并涉足:“看好”可译为be optimistic about,表示“对…持乐观态度，看好”，“涉足”译为engage in。

英语四级翻译练习题20：旗袍

旗袍(cheongsam)是独具中国特色的女性服饰，在高端时尚的国际世界中日益流行。它上身容易，穿着舒适，而且特别适合中国女性的身材。旗袍衣领髙，领部闭合，根据季节和品味不同，旗袍有短袖、中袖和长袖可供选择。旗袍右侧系扣，胸部宽松，腰部合身。它的好处在于可以使用多种材质，并以不同长度制作，因此在休闲和正式场合都可穿着。无论身处何种场合，旗袍都给人带来一种简洁而安静的魅力，显得优雅而整洁。

参考翻译:

The cheongsam is a female dress with distinctiveChinese features and enjoys a growing popularity inthe international world of high fashion.Easy to slipon and comfortable to wear, the cheongsam fits wellthe female Chinese figure.Its neck is high，collarclosed, and its sleeves may be either short, medium or full length, depending on seasons andtastes.The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose chest and a fitting waist.The beautyof the cheongsam is that, made of different materials and to varying lengths, it can be worneither on casual or formal occasions.In either case, it creates an impression of simple and quietcharm, elegance and neatness.1.旗袍是独具中国特色的女性服饰，在高端时尚的国际世界中日益流行:“独具中国特色”可译为with distinctiveChinese features,与distinctive搭配的常用短语还有：distinctive features(独特特征)、distinctivesmell(独特气味)、distinctive capabilities(特殊能力)，“日益流行”可译为enjoy a growing popularity,这是英语中常用的短语;“高端时尚”可译为high fashion。

2.上身容易，穿着舒适，旗袍特别适合中国女性的身材:“上身容易”和“穿着舒适”分别可译为easy to slip on和comfortable to wear，两个结构为对等结构，其中slip on就有“一下子穿上”的意思;"特别适合”可译为fitwell, fit作动词,表示“适合，合身”fit作形容词可表示“健康的”，如：keep fit(保持健康);“中国女性的身材”可译为the female Chinese figure。

3.它的好处在于可以使用多种材质，并以不同长度制作，因此在休闲和正式场合都可穿着：“它的好处在于”可翻译为The beauty of the cheongsam is that,后跟一个表语从句，在这里beauty表示“好处，优点”;表语从句中可以使用多种材质，并以不同长度制作”可用过去分词和介词短语来翻译，即made of differentmaterials and to varying lengths;提到“不同”，最常用的词无疑是different,但这里用varying更为合适，different强调的是“差异”，而varying强调的是“多样化”;“休闲场合”可译为casual occasions;“正式场合”可译为formal occasions。

第二篇：新四级段落翻译练习题

1.中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对 海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直 积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成 就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将 继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企 业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

2.狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈 之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视 为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮 子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护 人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入 了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好 运、平安和幸福。.假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费 观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中 国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需 品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日 经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相 应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质 量的要求。.端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大 臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自 尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几 千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是 在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

5.中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。“品茶”不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。饮茶要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。中国园林世界闻名，山水风景更是不可胜数。利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室，让人们小憩，意趣盎然。

6.中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和点心之功效。

China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum.Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them.Before serving tea, you may ask them for their

preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups.In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle.Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed;and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking.Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one's hunger.7.丝绸之路是历史上横贯欧亚大陆的贸易交通线，在历史上促进了欧亚非各国和中国的友好往来。中国是丝绸的故乡，在经由这条路线进行的贸易中，中国输出的商品以丝绸最具代表性。因此，当德国地理学家Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthoren最早在19世纪70年代将之命名为“丝绸之路”后，即被广泛接受。同时，它也是一条东方与西方之间经济、政治、文化进行交流的主要道路。洞庭湖是中国第二大淡水湖。洞庭湖畔的岳阳楼，是中国三大名楼中唯一保持原址原貌的国家重点保护文物。岳阳楼所处的位置极好，它屹立于岳阳古城之上，背靠岳阳城，俯瞰洞庭湖，遥对君山岛，北依长江，南通湘江。自古以来，就是人们观光旅游的好地方。

Lake Dongting is China’s second largest freshwater lake.Yueyang Tower, which is located on its shores, is a national key cultural relic for protection as the only one of China’s famous towers that is kept in its original condition at its original site.The tower is very favorably located, standing as it does on Yueyang’s ancient city wall with the city behind and overlooking Lake Dongting to the distant Junshan Isle;to its north is the Yangtze River and to the south the Xiang River.Since ancient times, the tower has been a good place for sightseeing and touring.9..目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。保护野生动物，也就是保护人娄自己。我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧!否则，地球将毁灭在人类手中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful.Protection of wild life is protection of man himself.So I appeal strongly to all to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animal.Let us human beings have more friends on the earth, and leave more wild life for future generations.Or the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.10.近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。

In recent years，urbanization in China has stepped into an accelerating phase.Amidst magnificent achievements，there have emerged some complicated problems.The crux is that the cities and the countryside are developing at such a rapid rate，on such a large scale，with such enormous capital，in such a vast extent that they have surpassed any historical period China has ever witnessed before.Virtually，building construction has today become a major economic pursuit in China.11.世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。

Throughout the world 36 million people are suffering from AIDS，which is more than the whole population of Australia.At present，AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death in the whole world，and the chief culprit in Africa.In Africa，it deprives jobs of the workers，families of incomings and children of their parents.In seven African countries，more than 20 percent of the 15-to-49-year-old population is infected with HIV.12.由于历史、政治和经济上的原因，全世界讲英语、用英语的人为数最多。但是英语之所以能在全球流行，除了上述原因之外，也和英语自身的一些特性和特点不无相关。其中最重要的一点就是英语特别容易接受和适应—英语中的词汇吸收了全世界几乎所有主要语言的材料。

The English language is spoken or read by the largest number of people in the world for historical，political，and economic reasons.But it may also be true that the popularity of English language has much to do with some qualities and characteristics in itself.First and most important is its extraordinarily receptivity and adaptability-it has taken materials into its own vocabulary from almost all major languages in the world.13.会议期间，有3个问题受到了特别重视，它们是：加强和巩固农业在国民经济中的地位和作用，提高农民收人；调整和改进产业结构，改进和加快区域性经济发展；努力工作，加快下岗工人就业和再就业步伐，改善社会保障制度。

During the meeting，three aspects have been highlighted for special attention over next.They are：consolidate and strengthen the fundamental role of agriculture in the national economy and increase farmers' income；readjust and optimize the industrial structure for the promotion of coordinated development of regional economies；work hard to boost employment and the reemployment of laid-off workers，and improve the social security network．

14.当今世界的竞争是人才的竞争。因此，党中央决定从海外我们的留学生中，从香港、澳门、台湾吸收和利用人才来加强我们在世界上的竞争能力。引进这些人才的重点是那些开放程度越来越大、竞争越来越激烈的部门，比如说银行、保险等行业，以及国有大型企业的管理层。

In today's world，competition among states is mainly a competition among talentedprofessionals.Therefore，it is a decision adopted by the CPC Central Committee to fully absorb and make use of the talented people among our overseas students and among the professionals in Hongkong，Macao and Taiwan.This will help us strengthen our competitive edge.The departments that would introduce talented people from outside are those that are exposed to increasingly fierce competition and that are open wider to the outsider world，such as banking，insurance industry，large state-owned enterprises，etc.15.我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的方便。

China is one of the largest countries in the world，her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing，mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits，many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation，and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.16.如果我们的国家有比黄金还要贵重的诚信、有比大海还要宽广的包容、有比爱自己还要宽广的博爱、有比高山还要崇高的道德，那么我们这个国家就是一个具有精神文明和道德力量的国家。

If China can have a level of credibility and integrity that is more precious than gold, if China can be more receptive and inclusive than the ocean, if China can have fraternity rather than love for oneself, and if China can have an ethical standard higher than the mountains, I believe this country will have the moral strength and also will become a country with advanced cultural development.17.为了国家的富强，为了社会的公平正义，为了让人们幸福快乐地过得更好，为了让孩子们上好学，为了使我们的民族在世界赢得应有的尊严，我愿献出我的全部心血和精力。

To ensure this country to become stronger and more prosperous, to build a society of equity and justice, to ensure the people live a happy life, our children can go to school and our nation is duly respected in the international community, I'm willing to dedicate myself wholeheartedly to this cause.

第三篇：英语四级段落翻译练习题30篇

英语四级段落翻译练习题30篇

一、目录

1、西湖，2、长城，3、论语，4、中国制造，5、传统美，6、生活的艺术，7、主动失业，8、湖泊，9、地域菜系，10、出境旅游，11、竺可桢，12、乒乓球，13、找工作，14、八大菜系，15、城市化进程，16、人类文明演变，17、大学生就业选择，18、全球变暖，19、茶马古道，20、月光族，21、出境游，22、全球变暖，23、中国经济活动放缓，24、探望父母，25、端午节，26、教育公平，27、饮酒，28、筷子，29、腊八节，30、京剧

二、段落翻译

1、西湖 西湖位于杭州市中心的西部，是江南三大名湖之一。由于西湖的缘故，杭州自古就被誉为“人间天堂”。西湖就像镶嵌(inlay)在广袤大地上的一颗璀璨的明珠，以其秀丽的风景、闻名的古迹、灿烂的文化和丰富的特产而闻名。宋代大文豪苏轼在西湖留下了“欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜”的千古绝唱;白娘子的传奇故事(The Legend ofWhite Snake)也给西湖增添了一层神秘色彩。

The West Lake

The West Lake, located in the western area of Hangzhou's center, is one of the top three lakes in the regions south of the Yangtze River.Because of it, Hangzhou has been acclaimed as“a heaven on earth” since ancient times.The West Lake is like a shining pearl inlaid on the vast land, renowned for its beautiful scenery, well-known historical sites, brilliant culture, and plentiful local specialties.The literary giant Su Shi in Song Dynasty left a poetic masterpiece through the ages there: The West Lake is like the beauty Xi Shi, who is always charming with either light or heavy make-up(rainy or shiny).The Legend of White Snake also brings the West Lake an air of mystery.2、长城 长城(the Great wall)又被称作“万里长城”，不仅是中华文明的瑰宝，也是中国古代人民智慧的结晶。长城是世界文化遗产(world cultural heritage)之一，更是中华民族的象征。其在建筑上的价值，足以与其在历史和战略上的重要性相媲美。长城现存的遗址有很多处，其中北京的八达岭长城是驰名中外的景区，也是明代长城最具代表性的一段，每年都会接待来自世界各地的许多游客。

The Great Wall The Great Wall, which is also called “wan li chang cheng" in Chinese language, is not only the treasure of Chinese civilization, but also the masterpiece made by the ancient Chinese people.The Great Wall is not only one of the world cultural heritages, but the symbol of the Chinese nation.Its architectural value is comparable to its historical and strategic importance.Among the numerous remains of the Great Wall, Badaling in Beijing is the most popular destination that has won fame both at home and abroad.It can also be regarded as the most representative section of the Wall ever constructed during the Ming Dynasty.Every year it attracts many tourists from all over the world.3、论语 《论语》(The Analects of Confucius)是儒家的经典著作之一，它是对孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和对话的记录。众所周知，孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家，他的思想被1 发展成了的儒家哲学体系。《论语》是儒家思想的代表作，数个世纪以来，《论语》一直极大地影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观，它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。

The Analects of Confucius The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples, as well as the conversations they held.It's well-known that Confucius is a great ideologist and philosopher, and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism.The Analects of Confucius is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.4、中国制造 中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。

Made in China Chinese companies want to create world brands and the foreign companies want to increase the selling in China which all change the Chinese design industry.The Chinese manufacturers realize that they have to design better products if they want to stand out in the domestic markets as well as distinguish themselves in the foreign markets.Previously, the overseas companies always took the products which were designed in somewhere to Chinese market, but now the foreign companies such as Sony begins to realize that the Chinese consumers become more and more fastidious and no longer easy to be satisfied.分析: 若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。这里的“脱颖而出”和“崭露头角意思相近”，我们尽量选择不同的译法，两个词语可以分别译为“stand out”和“distinguish themselves”。

5、传统美 对于一名女子来说，传统美是她的唯一标志。她的皮肤应该天生丽质，没有皱纹，没有疤痕，没有瑕疵。她的身材应该消瘦苗条，通常高挑个，双腿修长，其中青春年少则是首要条件。所有在电视广告中出现的“花容月貌”的靓女都符合这个标准。这种形象是认为的，是可以人工塑造的。许多妇女尽其所能来摆布和修改自己的容貌体态。

To a woman, the traditional beauty is her only mark.Her skin should be born smooth without wrinkles, scars or flaws.Her body should be slim and thin, and usually she is tall, having long legs.The youth is the primary condition.All of the beauties who have showed up in the TV commercials are fit for that criterion.This image is artificial and can be made by people.Many women do their best to decorate and modify their looks and figures.分析: 她的皮肤应该天生丽质，没有皱纹，没有疤痕，没有瑕疵。本句中的“皱纹”，“疤痕”，“瑕疵”应选意思最接近的英语词汇，可译为wrinkle,scar,flaw。

6、生活的艺术 在中国，人们对一切艺术的艺术，即生活的艺术，懂得很多。一个较为年轻的文明国家可能会致力于进步;然而一个古老的文明国度，自然在人生的历程上见多识广，她所感兴趣的自然是如何过好生活。就中国而言，由于有了中国的人文主义精神，把人当作2 一切事物的中心，把人类幸福当做知识的终结，于是，强调生活的艺术就是更为自然的事情了。但即使没有人文主义，一个古老的文明也一定会有一个不同的价值尺度，只有这样，它才会知道什么是“持久的生活乐趣”。任何一个民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我们的眼里，这个民族一定是粗野的，不文明的。

In China, people know a lot about the art of all arts, namely, the art of life.A comparatively young country will dedicate to the progress;however, an ancient civilized country is experienced and knowledgeable in the life road, and naturally she is interested in how to lead a good life.As to China, it is much more natural to emphasize the art of life because of the humanism spirit of China, taking people as the center of everything and making human being's happiness as the end of knowledge.Even if there is no humanism, an ancient civilization would also have its own value standard, and only in this way would it know what the “lasting life pleasure ”is.Any nation, if it does not know how to enjoy life, must be barbaric and uncivilized in our eyes.分析:

1.人文主义精神

基本素质采分点。可译为humanism spirit。

2.任何一个民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我们的眼里，这个民族一定是粗野的，不文明的。

中文句子结构比较松散，在翻译成英文时我们要尽量使句子间有明显的逻辑结构。这里“如果„”引导的分句可以作为条件从句前置或内嵌在主句中，“任何一个民族”就可以做主句的主语。

7、主动失业 截至2005年第三季度，全国劳动力市场供求状况显示，我国15岁至29岁的青年总体失业率达到了9%，远远高于4.5%的城镇平均登记失业率。而在此之中，选择主动失业的占到了一半以上。

“主动放弃就业机会的原因很多，但这些人都有一个共性，就是不会因为经济原因饿死。至少在短时间内。”复旦大学教授葛剑雄认为，社会发展到现在，一些青年人的确具备了可以失业的条件。他们不用像上班族那样刻板地工作，可是相比之下他们的生活却格外“富足”。

Update to the third quarter of 2005,the supply and demand of the whole nation's labor force market indicated that the overall unemployment rate of our country's youth from the age of 15 to 29 was up to 9%,which was much higher than 4.5% of the average rural area register unemployment rate.Among this group,the number of people actively choosing to be unemployed was more than a half.“There are many reasons to give up the chance of employment,but those people have a common feature that they do not starve for economic reasons at least in a short period.”The professor Ge Jianxiong of Fudan University thought that some young people indeed had the conditions to be unemployed as the society develops to nowadays.They do not need to work routinely like the office workers,but comparatively their life was extremely “well-off”.分析: 选择主动失业的占到了一半以上

“选择主动失业”翻译为:“choosing to be unemployed”。

8、湖泊 湖泊奇妙无比。苍鹭(Heron)在岸边缓缓地迈着步子，翠鸟(Kingfisher)和杜鹃换脚3 着从阳光里飞入树荫，火鸡模样的大鸟在枯枝间忙碌，鹰在头上盘旋。我们毋庸为时间担忧，可以从容地欣赏周围的一切。我乘坐的独木舟船头坐着个男孩，他用简陋的弹弓(sling)发射石弹击打飞鸟。他摆出漂亮的架势瞄准飞鸟，却一次又一次地偏离目标：鸟总是飞出他的射程。他把弹弓塞回进衬衣内。我移开目光。

湖水与河水都如热带雨林中的树叶那样乳浊：那水是面纱，是窗帘，是画屏。

This lake was amazing and wonderful.Herons plodded along the shores, Kingfishers and cuckoos clattered from sunlight to shade, great turkey like birds fussed in dead branches, and hawks hovered above us.There was all the time in the world.And we could appreciate everything surrounding by leisurely.The boy in the bow of my canoe slapped stones at birds with a simple sling, a rubber thong and leather pad.He aimed brilliantly at moving targets, missed again and again;the birds were out of his range.He stuffed his sling back in his shirt.Then I looked away.The lake and river waters were as opaque as rainforest leaves the water was veil, blind, painted screen.分析: 苍鹭(Heron)在岸边缓缓地迈着步子，翠鸟(Kingfisher)和杜鹃换脚着从阳光里飞入树荫，火鸡模样的大鸟在枯枝间忙碌，鹰在头上盘旋。

这个句子中描绘的五种动物动作的动词是翻译重点，要选择最恰当的词汇。另外杜鹃，鹰为常用鸟的名字，译为cuckoo,hawk。

9、地域菜系 中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points。

10、出境旅游 联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花在出境游上的支出膨胀至1020亿美元，同2011年相比增长了40%。联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令中国迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个国家。2012年德美两国出境旅游支出均同比增长6%，约840亿美元。

The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a 4 statement on its website。

11、竺可桢 1936年竺可桢授命出任浙江大学校长。在此之前，他已经是一位声名卓著的自然科学家了。从1936年到1949年，竺可桢当了十三年大学校长。在连绵不断的战争、学运的夹缝中，在极为恶劣的环境下，他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，居然将这所他接手时只有三个学院、十六个系的大学办成了拥有七个学院、二十七个学系全国最完整的两所大学之一。

In 1936,Zhu Kezhen was appointed as the principal of Zhejiang University.Even before then,he had been a famous natural scientist.From 1936 to 1949,Zhu Kezhen worked as the university principal for 13 years.In the extremely hostile environment filled with converging attacks by continuous wars and various university affairs,being homeless and miserable,he trudged 5,000 li and drifted from place to place through 5 provinces,with the university location being changed 5 times.He actually developed the university into one of the nation's two most integrated universities composed of 7 schools and 27 departments,compared with only 3 schools and 16 departments when he took it over.分析: 他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，颠沛流离:drifted from place to place,这个词还有另外一层意思就是“无家可归，生活痛苦”，为了意思表达的全面，将“homeless and miserable”以分词形式作伴随状语译出，可以表达这是一种持续的状态。

12、乒乓球 乒乓球在中国是一项颇受欢迎和推崇的运动。长期以来，它的确是中国唯一的运动，似乎集足球、篮球和棒球于一身，但却更受欢迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一个球、一张桌子和一张网而已，这些都易于临时拼凑(improvise)。人们可以在休息间隙或消磨时间时打兵兵球。在中国的学校、工厂甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。

Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China.For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football, basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular.Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised.People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.13、找工作 如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好工作。造成这一现象的原因如下：首先，大学生把在校的大多数 时间都用在了专业学科学习上，只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训。其次，大学生之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。因此，强烈建议大学生在课余时间做一些兼职工作，以积累相关的工作经验。

Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job.The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training.Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce.And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job.5 Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.难点精析

1.抱怨很难找到好工作：翻译为complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job。其中“抱怨做某事”用句型complain about doing sth.表示，having great difficulties in finding a good job表示“找工作有困难”，用到了句型have difficulties in doing sth.。

2.只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训：翻译为it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training。‘‘只有当 才 ’’用强调句型it is only when„that„表示。，3.导致：翻译为results in,同义短语有lead to和bring about，但是表示不好的结果时一般用短语result in。

4.强烈建议：翻译为it is highly suggested that...，其中highly suggested也可以用 strongly recommended 替换，都表示“强烈建议做某事”。

5.积累相关的工作经验：翻译为accumulate relevant working experience.14、八大菜系 中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.15、中国城市化 中国城市化(urbanization)将会充分释放潜在内需(domestic demand)。一些经济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活水平有所提高，也为人们提供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁徙，住房及城市基础设施建设(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供应将会成为城市发展的焦点问题。商品与服务的自由、快速流通是城市化社会的一项基本特征。逐渐扩张的城市需要更多的零售店来满足消费者的需求。

China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand.Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country.It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities.The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities.Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city.But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation.The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society.Ex-panding cities require more 6 retail outlets to serve customers.16、人类文明演变 现代人类约公元前50000年第一次从中亚或印度来到中国。这些石器时代(Stone Age)的人，居住在洞穴中，穿着毛皮。公元前4000年左右，这些人开始种植水稻，并饲养羊和鸡。约公元前3000年，他们开始使用陶器(pottery)并住在房子里。到公元前2000年，中国人已进入青铜时代(Bronze Age)，并开始用于写字。约公元前700年，中国的金属工人学会制作铁器工具和武器。

Modem humans first came to China from Central Asia or India about 50,000 BC.These were Stone Age people, who lived in caves and wore fur and leather.By around 4,000 BC, these people were starting to farm rice and keep sheep and chickens.By about 3,000 BC, they were using pottery and living in houses.By 2,000 BC，Chinese people had entered the Bronze Age and had begun to use writing.By about 700 BC，Chinese metal-workers learned to make iron tools and weapons.17、大学生就业选择 许多刚毕业的大学生找不到工作，在校学生则担心他们的未来。多个调查显示，三分之二的中国毕业生想在政府或者国有企业工作，而不是为中国令人瞩目的经济增长提供动力的民营企业。政府和国有企业被认为能免受经济萧条的影响。如今几乎没有大学生愿意放弃政府的铁饭碗而下海、加入初创企业或自己创业。

Many recent college graduates can’t find a job and students are fearful about their future.Two-thirds of Chinese graduates say they want to work either in the government or state-owned firms，which are seen as recession-proof, rather than at the private companies that have powered China’s remarkable economic climb, surveys indicate.Few college students today, according to the surveys, are ready to leave the safe shores of government work and jump into the sea to join startups or go into business.18、全球变暖

目前，全球变暖是一个热门话题，但是有关全球变暖的各项证据似乎还有些不同的声音。人们现在已经知道，地球的发展经历了很多周期(cycle),尽管在历史上还未出现过像今天这样的时代，即高度工业化(industrialization)产生如此多的污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体(carbon dioxide)的增多。

Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument.The earth is known to go through cycles;although the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced.A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels.19茶马古道 茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着20多个少数民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。

Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, 7 post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.20、月光族 中国经济的高速发展，带来了消费文化的日益流行，同时也催生了一批具有高学历，充分享受资本主义消费模式的年轻人，他们习惯于当月工资当月花。因而被称为“月光族”(the moonlight group)。“月光族”一词出现于20世纪90年代后期，是用来讽刺那些出身富裕、接受高等教育、充分享受快餐文化(fast food culture)的年轻人。

China’s economy is developing very quickly, and has brought with it a culture of consumption more prevalent with each passing day.At the same time, it has brought into being an educated group of young people who enjoy capitalist consumption way.They’re used to spending money as soon as they get it every month, and so are called the moon light group”.This word came into being during the 1990s, to make fun of those born into wealth，who have received a high education, and who ap?preciate fast food culture.21、出境游 联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花在出境游上的支出膨胀至1020亿美元，同2011年相比增长了40%。联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令中国迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个国家。2012年德美两国出境旅游支出均同比增长6%,约840亿美元。

The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.22、全球变暖 目前，全球变暖是一个热门话题，但是有关全球变暖的各项证据似乎还有些不同的声音。人们现在已经知道，地球的发展经历了很多周期(cycle),尽管在历史上还未出现过像今天这样的时代，即高度工业化(industrialization)产生如此多的污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体(carbon dioxide)的增多。

Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument.The earth is known to go through cycles;although the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced.A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels.23、中国经济活动放缓 就像向中国出售商品的公司会看到收益有损失一样，中国经济活动放缓有着世界性的影响。包括澳大利亚、巴西和东南亚在内的其他国家近年来都看到了巨大的利润，因为中国对自然资源有需求。中国的需求下降巳经对很多商品的价格有了影响。上周，中国财政部长楼继伟表示,今年的经济增长可能为7%,而这不一定是“底线”。

A slowdown in economic activity in China has a global impact as companies that 8 sell to China may see revenues suffer.Countries includ?ing Australia, Brazil and others in South East Asia have seen huge profits in recent years because of Chinese demand for natural resources.The fall in demand from China has already had an impact on the prices of many commodities.Last week，China’s Finance Minister Lou Jiwei indicated that economic growth could be 7% for the year, and that this may not be the “bottom line”.24、探望父母 这周颁布的一项新法律要求子女必须经常探望年龄超过60岁的父母，并确保他们经济和精神上的需求得到满足。星期二，新华社报导了_条新闻，来自江苏市无锡市的一位77岁的老太太起诉她的女儿忽略她。这是新法律生效后的第一起案件，当地法院规定她的女儿至少每月探望母亲两次，并提供财力支持。但是这项法律引发了争议。有人说这给了那些因为工作、学习或者其他原因搬离家乡的人更多压力。

A new national law introduced this week requires the offspring of parents older than 60 to visit their parents “frequently” and make sure their financial and spiritual needs are met.On Tuesday, Xinhua reported a news that a 77-year-old woman from Jiangsu city of Wuxi sued her daughter for neglecting her.In the first case after the new law came into effect, the local court ruled that her daughter must visit her at least twice a month and provide financial support.But the law’s introduction has proved controversial.Some say it puts too much pressure on those who move away from home for work, study or other opportunities.25、端午节 农历五月初五的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是个盛大的节日。它的另一名称——“重五节”就来源于这个日期。这个节日根据一个广为流传的故事，演变为纪念战国时期(the Warring States Period)楚国伟大爱国诗人屈原的日子。如果事实果真如此，那么端午节已经有大约2500年的存史了。端午节最盛行的活动是赛龙舟和吃粽子(rice dumpling)。自2008年以来，端午节在中国巳不仅仅是一个传统节日,还是公共假期。

The Dragon Boat Festival is a grand festival celebrated on the 5th day of 5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar.This is the source of the alternative name of Double Fifth Festival.According to a widely stated story, the festival developed to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan of Chu State in Warring States Period.If that is true, Dragon Boat Festival has a history of about 2,500 years.The most popular activities of Dragon Boat festival are racing dragon boats and eating rice dumplings.Since 2008，Dragon Boat Festival has been celebrated not only as a festival but also a public holiday in China.26、教育公平为了促进教育公平，中国已经投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地区农村义务教育。这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍，使16万多所中小学收益。资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。(2014年6月真题)In order to promote equity in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan for the improvement of educational facilities in rural areas and strengthening of rural compulsory education Midwest.These funds were used to improve the teaching facilities, purchase of books, so that more than 160,000 primary and secondary 9 income.Funds are also used to purchase music and painting equipment.Now children in rural and mountainous areas with children's coastal cities like music and painting lessons.Some receive a better education for the city school students now transferred back to the local rural schools now.27、饮酒 长期以来，饮酒(white spirit)在中国人的生活中一直扮演着重要的角色，无论是帝王还是百姓。饮酒是中国文化的一部分。中国人的祖先在作诗、写散文时喜欢饮酒，在宴会上还会向亲戚朋友敬酒。但饮酒不仅属于文化人，也是普通人生活中不可缺少的一部分。人们在各种场合饮酒，如生日宴会、饯行宴会、婚礼宴会(wedding banquet)等。搬进新房或生意开业时，也会邀请人们来吃饭、饮酒。

Drinking white spirit has been taking an important role in Chinese people's life from emperors to ordinary people for a long time.Drinking white spirit is a part of Chinese culture.Chinese ancestors enjoyed drinking white spirit while writing poems or proses and they also toasted their relatives and friends at the feast.But drinking white spirit is not only for scholars，it is also an indispensable part of Chinese ordinary people's life.People drink white spirit on various occasions, such as the birthday party，farewell dinner，wedding banquet, etc.When someone moves into a new house or starts doing business，he/she will invite people for dinner and drinking white spirit.28、筷子 筷子(chopstick)起源于中国古代，一直是中国饮食文化重要的一部分。我们的祖先喜欢吃蒸煮食物，但用勺子很难舀(spoon out)到汤里的蔬菜，所以发明了筷子。从此，筷子成为他们生活中最为方便的餐具(tableware),标志着饮食文明的到来。如今，筷子除了具有餐具功能外，增添了很多新功能。熟练手艺人在筷子 上描绘美丽的风景，使之变成精美的艺术品。许多人热衷于收集筷子作为藏品。

Chopsticks originated in ancient China and have been an important part of Chinese food culture.Our ancestors liked to have steamed or boiled food，but it was difficult for them to spoon out vegetables from the soup, so they invented chopsticks.Thus chopsticks have become the most convenient tableware in their life and marked the coming of food civilization.Nowadays，chopsticks are added many new functions besides being used as one kind of tableware.Skillful craftsmen paint beautiful sceneries on them to make them look like fine artworks.Many people are keen to gather them as their collections.29、腊八节 腊八节(the Laba Festival)在农历最后一个月的第八天庆祝，标志着春节庆祝 活动的开始。“腊”指“腊月(the 12th lunar month)”，是农历第十二个月，“八”指的 是数字8。腊八节通常在1月中旬。大多数汉族人遵循腊八节喝腊八粥(Laba rice porridge)的习俗。腊八粥最早在宋朝传入中国。据史料记载，一些大型寺庙会为穷人提供腊八粥来表达对佛祖(Buddha)的虔诚。明朝时，腊八粥成为皇帝在此节日赏赐群臣的神圣食物。

Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of the last lunar month, marking the beginning of celebrating the Chinese Spring Festival.La means the 12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January.The majority of people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on the Laba Festival.Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song 10 Dynasty.According to historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show their faith to Buddha.In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to award their officials on the festival.30、京剧 京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国的国粹。作为一门古老的艺术，京剧的服装(costume)、脸谱(facial mask)更易被人喜爱。不同的服装 类型反映不同的人物身份特征。富贵者的服装缀满精美的刺绣;穷困 者的服装则简单朴素，少有装饰(elemental)。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物 形象的重要手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜 色让人一看便知角色(portray)的善恶。比如白色代表奸诈(treachery)，黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇，蓝、绿色多用于绿林好汉(rebellious fighters)，金、银色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。

Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture.As a tradi?tional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people.Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters.There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental.Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters.Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.11

第四篇：四级翻译

Confucius）是春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，是古代中国人心目中的圣人。孔子的言论和生平活动记录在由他的弟子或再传弟子编成的《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作。在孔子之后几千年的中国历史上，没有哪一位思想家、文学家和政治家不受《论语》的影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。

As a great thinker,educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period,Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people.His words and life storywere recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects.As an enduring classic of Chinese culture, The Analects has influenced allthinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years’ Chinese history after Confucius.No scholar could trulyunderstand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinesewithout this book.NO.2 大约在两千多年前，中国就出现了蜡染（wax printing）。在中国服饰中，蜡染是一种流传时间长、流行范围大、使用领域广的服装工艺。蜡染是在布匹着色的过程中，以蜂蜡（beeswax）作为防止染色的材料。蜂蜡干了之后，会产生一些裂纹，这些裂纹在染色过程中渗透进靛蓝色，于是形成了如冰花式样的美妙纹理。这样自然天成的纹理可以说是蜡染的灵魂所在。

Wax printingappeared in China about 2,000 years ago.Wax printing has long been awidespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion.During the dyeingprocess, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed.When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the processof dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice.These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and soul of wax printing.NO.3 景泰蓝（cloisonné）是驰名中外的传统工艺，它集青铜艺术、瓷器和雕刻诸种工艺制作技巧于一身，是一门地道的北京绝活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人们居家使用的精美物品。这项工艺始创于明代景泰年间，初创时的颜色主要是蓝色，故得名“景泰蓝”。到了成化年间，景泰蓝技术进一步成熟，这个时期的作品沉稳凝重又透明灵动，而且铜胎也极为讲究。

Cloisonné is a traditional art widely known in and outsideChina.It is a kind of superb local expertise form of Beijing, which combinesthe skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts.Itis deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments fordaily use.The making of cloisonné first appearedduring the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used beingblue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on.By the time of the Chenghua reign, thetechniques for making cloisonné were further

lacking ineloquence or vividness.Moreover, its cast was always made of choice copper.NO.4 西塘在浙江嘉兴，位于上海和杭州之间。这个占地规模并不大的古镇有着悠久的历史，它初建于春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吴国和越国的交界处。西塘的大致规模在宋代之前就已经形成，今所见西塘著名的桥梁望仙桥（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的遗迹。在明清时期，西塘既是远近闻名的鱼米之乡，又是著名的丝绸制造之地，还以制陶业（ceramics）而享誉全国。

Xitang is located inJiaxing, Zhejiang Province, between Shanghai and Hangzhou.Though small insize, this ancient town boasts a long history.It was first built during theSpring and Autumn Period, at the border between the states of Wu and Yue.Thepresent layout had already taken shape before the Song Dynasty, and the famousWangxian Bridge in Xitang is a legacy of the Song Dynasty.By the Ming and QingDynasties, Xitang had become a well-known trade center for farm products, silksand ceramics, all produced in the surrounding areas and famous throughout thecountry.NO.5 秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作迅速有力。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。

The Yangko dance isa traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northernprovinces.Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and theirmovements are vigorous and quick.During holidays, such as the lunar New Yearand the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongsthey swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter howcold it is outside.In recent years, elderly people in some cities in NortheastChina have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancersenjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.NO.6 中国的青铜器时代（Bronze Age）从夏开始，经历商、西周到春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持续了一千五百多年的时间。大量出土的青铜器物表明，中国创造了灿烂的青铜文明。这些青铜器物不仅有丰富的政治和宗教内涵，而且还具有很高的艺术价值。今藏于中国历史博物馆的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中国青铜器时代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）时期的作品，距今大约有三千多年。The Bronze Age inChina lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the

numbers of unearthedartifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilization in the country.They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artisticvalue.A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is nowpreserved in the Museum of Chinese History.It was cast about 3,000 years agoduring the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty.NO.7 1911 年，中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命——辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代——清朝，废除了中国延续了2000 多年的封建帝制，建立了中国的第一个民主共和国——中华民国。民国政府成立以后，要求全国人民都剪掉头上的辫子（queues），选择自己喜欢的发型。至此，在中国延续了280 多年的辫子法令终于被解除。

In 1911, the firstbourgeois revolution in Chinese history — the Revolution of 1911 broke out.The last dynasty of the Chinesefeudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had ahistory of more than 2,000 years was abolished.The Republic of China, thefirst democratic republic in China, was founded in 1912.After its foundation,the government of Republic of China had required the citizens to cut off theirqueues and make the haircut they liked.Since then, the wearing-queue orderthat had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished.NO.8 出现在中国五代时期的妇女缠足（foot-binding），虽然最初是宫廷舞女为了方便跳舞而采用的一种行为，但由于有人认为脚裹起来更好看，所有很多人就开始效仿起来。到了宋代，封建社会的纲常思想非常严重，受到男尊女卑的封建礼教的影响，女子裹脚的风气被传承下来，并逐渐成为一种习俗。为了与妇女的小脚相适应，宋代还出现了专门为裹足妇女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。

The practice offoot-binding for women appeared in the Five Dynasties, but in the beginning, itwas only adopted by the court dancers for convenience while dancing.Sincepeople thought the foot-binding made women’s feet look more beautiful, many females rushed to follow suit.Bythe Song Dynasty, due to the importance of feudal ethical thoughts andinfluence of the feudal male superiority conception, the practice offoot-binding was inherited and became a custom.In the Song Dynasty, to meetthe needs of women’s small feet, a kind of speciallydesigned shoes gongxie was made.NO.9 据中国古代史书记载，治水有功的大禹通过禅让制接替舜成为部落联盟首领。但大禹死后，他的儿子夏启却破坏禅让的传统，自立为国王，建立了中国历史上第一个奴隶制国家——夏。从此，王位实行世袭制度，中国社会从此步入阶级社会。夏代处在中国社会从原始社

会向奴隶社会过渡的时期，社会生活的各个方面依然保存着原始社会的种种痕迹。According to theChinese ancient documents, the legendary leader Shun abdicated and handed overhis leadership to Da Yu who had made great contribution to controlling theflood of the Yellow River of China.When Da Yu died, his son Xia Qi breachedthe tradition of demise system and set himself as the king.Xia, the firstslavery nation in Chinese history, was founded.Since then, the hereditarysystem had been practiced.Thus, China stepped into a class society.The XiaDynasty was a transition from primitive society to slave society.At that time,all aspects of social life still reserved traces of primitive society.NO.10 北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被认为是中国的一道国菜。这道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作烤鸭的鸭子在养殖65 天后就被屠宰了，鸭子在烤制前要先用调料腌制（season），然后才送进焖炉或者挂炉.鸭肉通常配上葱（scallion）、黄瓜和甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。Peking duck is afamous dish that has been popular since the imperial erain Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China.The dish is prizedfor the thin, crisp skin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced infront of the diners by the cook.Ducks bred specially for the dish areslaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hungoven.The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweetbean sauce.收起

As is shown in the graph… 如图所示…

The graph shows that… 图表显示…

As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出…

From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知…

All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即…

The increase of ….In the city has reached to 20%.….在这个城市的增长已达到20%.In 1985, the number remained the same.1985年,这个数字保持不变.There was a gradual decline in 1989.1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况

一.开头段常用提出现象句型

1.Nowadays more and more…are commonly and widely…in everyday life.如今，在日常生活中，越来越多…被广泛…

2.In recent years…is gaining growing popularity with…

近年来，…受到越来越多…的欢迎

3.Recent years have been a boom in…

近年来，出现了迅速增长。

4.Nowadays, there are many…

如今，出现了许多…

5.Nowadays,…has become a very common matter in…

如今，…已经成为在…的常见现象。

6.Nowadays, there is a growing tendency in…

如今，在…方面出现了上升趋势。

7.Recently…has aoused wide concern…/has been brought into focus.最近，…引起了广泛关注/受到了人们的关注。

8.Most of us may have such experience that…

我们当中许多人可能都有…这种经历。

二.开头段常用引出他人观点的句型

9.In reaction to the phenomenon of…, some people say…

针对…现象，有人说…

10.When asked about…most people say…

当被问到…，大多数人认为…

11.When it comes to…, some people think…

关于…,有人认为…

12.Now, it is widely believed that…

现在，许多人认为…

三.开头/中间段常用引出两种不同观点的句型

13.There is a public debate today over… some people believed that…Others claim that…

如今社会上出现了关于…的争论。有些人认为…另一些人则声称…

14.When it comes to/talking about…, quite a few people believe that …but other people think differently.当谈及…时，有相当一部分人认为…然而，另一些人则有不同的想法。

15.People’s opinion wary when they talk about…Some maintain that…Others believe that…

当谈及…时，人们观点不一。有人坚持认为…另有人认为…

四.开头段常用引出故事/事件句型

16.At about…o’clock in the…,when I…, I saw…

…点在…,当我正…的时候，我看见…

17.It was a …morning, when a …suddenly…

五.中间段常用引出优缺点/不足/影响句型

18.The advantages of…lies in many ways.…有许多有点/好处。

19….as in the case with many issues, has both merits and demetits.正如许多事物一样，…也是既有优点又有不足的。

20….will bring about an unfavorable effects/influence on…

…会为…造成不好的影响。

21.…may give rise to/result in a number of problems.…会导致一系列的问题。

六.中间段/结尾段常用引出原因句型

22.Why…? Three factors can explain this.First… Second…Third…

为什么…?有三个因素可以解释。首先，…其次…，第三…

23.As for/Among the factors for…,…counts for the half, the rest depends on…

就导致…的因素而言，…是一部分原因，另一部分原因是…

七.中间/结尾段常用引出解决方法句型

24.How to…? The key words are as follows.To begins with, …Next, …Finally, …

如何…?关键措施如下。首先…其次…最后…

25.Such …would not …if we knew the following ways to handle …First,… Second,…Third…(虚拟语气)

如果我们掌握了以下处理…的方法，如此的…可能不会…第一个方法是…第二个方法是…第三个方法是…

八.结尾段常用引出“我”的个人观点的句型

26.As far as I am concerned, I agree with…

就我个人而言，我支持…

27.As to me, the former/latter opinion is more acceptable.对我来说，前/后一种观点更可以接受。

28.For my part, I am on the side of…

对我来所，我站在…那边。

29.As I see it, …

就我看来，…

30.From my perspective, I…

就我而言，我…

九.图表作文开头段常用引出总体趋势的句型

31.As can be seen from the line/bar/chart/table that…increased/rose/grew/dramatically from…

从图表可见，自…以来，…出现了极大的增长。

第五篇：四级翻译

Part Ⅳ Translation(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese to English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.2016年12月英语四级翻译真题及参考答案（卷一）

红色

在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福，在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运与快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。

2016年12月英语四级翻译真题及参考答案（卷二）

在中国文化中，黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色，因为它具有独特的象征意义。在封建(feudal)社会中，它象征统治者的权力和权威。那时，黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色，皇家宫殿全都漆成黄色，皇袍总是黄色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的。在中国，黄色也是收获的象征。秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄。人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。

要点1：黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色yellow is an important color, 相信这句大家都能译的出来，不过要注意：“黄颜色”不需要写yellow color，因为yellow本来就是黄色。要点2：它具有独特的象征意义which carries a unique symbolic meaning.要点3：它象征着统治者的权利和权威It embodies rulers’ power and authority.此处，统治者可以接受的译法还有：governor, dominator都是可以的。象征还可以写成symbolize,represent.要点4：皇家宫殿全都漆成黄色royal palaces were painted with yellow.皇家宫殿royal palaces，皇帝emperor，黄袍imperial robes.要点5：普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的average people were not allowed to wear yellow clothes，禁止还可以用：ban, forbid.要点6：秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄When crops are ripe in Fall, the farmlands become a piece of golden yellow.2016年12月英语四级翻译真题及参考答案（卷三）

白色

随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。

参考范文：

William Pu

Sunday，December 18, 2016

1、模拟题

上个世纪90年代以来，气候问题日渐被世人关注并演化成为一个全球政治议题。20年的气候谈判展现出气候政治博弈的复杂局面，利益主体的分化和博弈主题的扩展造成了气候政治合作这一全球性难题。在这样的背景下，我国应当做出如下战略选择加以应对：一是掌握主动，坚持低碳发展；二是积极应对，争取话语优势；三是广泛参与，改造游戏规则。

参考译文

Since the 1990's, climate problems have become a global concern as a topic on the world political agenda.Climate negotiations in the past 20 years have ended in a complicated situation of political game on climate, and the differentiation of the interest subjects and the extension of the theme of the game have become a global dilemma in the political cooperation on climate.Under such circumstances, China should respond with the following strategic choices: 1.taking the initiative in our own hands and sticking to low-carbon emission development;2.making active responses and striving for a bigger say;and 3.taking an extensive participation, and trying to reform the game rule

2、徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。

Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime, covering almost the whole country.When he was carrying out his investigations, he never took blind belief in the conclusions in the books.Instead he found a lot of unreliable points in the geographic records taken by his predecessors.In order to make his investigations reliable and thorough, he seldom traveled by carriage or boat.Instead, he took long, arduous trips on foot almost all the time, climbing mountains and hills.In order to learn the truth of nature, he always chose to conduct investigations in mountainous roads and lonely woods, where he discovered a lot of magnificent peaks and beautiful sights.3、一档在国内异常火爆的电视比赛节目，引发了不少人的焦虑——大家书写汉字的能力正在不断衰退。

电脑和智能手机的迅速发展和普及，致使很多年轻人都拿起了笔却写不来字。若不借助电子产品的提醒，不少人连常用的那一万多个汉字都会想不起该怎么写。

复杂的汉字书写体系是中国古代文化遗留下来的瑰宝，而这一体系正不可避免地面临着退化的命运。参考译文：

A televised contest that has become hugely popular in China has led to nationwide hand-wringing over the population’s increasing inability to write Chinese characters.The rapid rise of computers and smartphones has left most young people barely able to write by hand, with many unable to recall the estimated 10,000 characters used in daily life without an electronic prompt.The country’s complex writing system, a highly prized treasure of its ancient culture, is entering an inexorable decline.4、从10月1日起，中国“草根英雄”（也称“感动2013人物”）第三季度网络人物评选正式启动。

评选活动由新华社发起并主办。网友可以通过网站、微博和手机应用三种方式为心中最爱的“草根英雄”投票。

评选将从20位候选人中选出10位主要事迹在道德和社会领域引起过广泛关注的网络人物。

陕西省28年治沙73000公顷“逐梦大漠”的牛玉琴，即是候选人之一。参考译文：

Online voting kicked off on October 1st to select China’s grassroots heroes or “Good Samaritans” for the third quarter of 2013.Initiated and sponsored by Xinhua News Agency, netizens can vote for their favorites online or via microblogs and mobile applications.A total of 10 individuals will be selected from 20 candidates known for actions that have drawn attention to moral and societal issues.Shaanxi Province’s Niu Yuqin, who over the last 28 years has planted over 73,000 hectares of trees to control desertification, is among the candidates.5、在中国，喝茶是一种仪式（ritual），一种精致的品味（refined taste）的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆而开始一天的生活。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻货就政治话题进行激烈的辩论。

参考译文：

Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste.While drinking tea, people also take delight in the essence of tea itself.Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese.In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse.Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs.People come here not just for tea, but also to discuss local news or to have intensive debates on political matters.6、旅游业是近二十年来在世界各地迅速发展的一个行业，现在正引起中国公众越来越多的注意。许多人给报纸写信，就促进中国旅游业的发展提出了种种建议。人们的看法是，发展旅游业将有助于促进中国人民和其他国家人民之间的相互了解和友谊，并将有利于文化、科学、技术方面的交流。还会有助于为中国的伟大事业积累资金。

参考译文：

Tourism, a fast developing business over the last two decades in all parts of the world, is now receiving increasing attention among the Chinese public.Many people have written to the press making suggestions for the promotion of tourism in China.It is believed that the development of tourism will help promote mutual understanding and friendship between the people of China and other countries, and facilitate exchanges in the field of culture, science and technology.Moreover, it will help accumulate funds for China’s great cause.7、意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗(Marco Pole)曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步(stroll)街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。

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The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise;OnEarth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake.As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.8、目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。保护野生动物，也就是保护人娄自己。我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧!否则，地球将毁灭在人类手 中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。

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At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful.Protection of wild life is protection of man himself.So I appeal strongly to all to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animal.Let us human beings have more friends on the earth, and

leave more wild life for future generations.Or the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.9、农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和幸运的圆月。此时，大人们吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着灯笼尽情玩耍。中秋节最早可能是一个庆祝丰收的节日。后来，月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了它神话色彩。此后，每年中秋月圆之时，人们向月宫仙女嫦娥祈福的传说便流传开来。

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“Zhong Qiu Jie”, which is also known as the Mid-Autumn Festival, is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar.It is a time for family members and loved ones to get together and enjoy the full moon-a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults will usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of many varieties with a good cup of piping hot Chinese tea, while the little ones run around with their lanterns.“Zhong Qiu Jie” probably began as a harvest festival.The festival was later given a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon.Thus started the legend of the lady in the moon to whom people would pray at the Mid-Autumn Festival.10、端午节，又称为五五节，因为端午节是在农历的五月五日，它是中国重要的节庆之一。这个节日是为了纪念楚国(the Chu Emperor)的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷(court)的贪污腐败感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大家把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食)的传统。

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The Dragon Boat Festival, also called Double Fifth Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth moon of the lunar calendar.It is one of the most important Chinese festivals.The festival commemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor.Despairing over corruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river.Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him.Then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice on the water.Over the years, the story of Qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi – a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves.11、春节是中国最重要的节日，也是大家所熟悉的中国新年。对于中国人来说，这个节日的重要性如同圣诞节对于西方人。具体的节庆日期是由农历（lunar calendar）而不是由公历（Gregorian calendar）决定的。所以，春节的节庆日期一般在元月下旬与二月上旬之间。新年的准备活动自腊月底（农历年底）开始，人们忙于扫尘，还清债务，理发，置新衣。人们也会在家中或到庙里烧香（burn incense）祭祖，祈求老天爷保佑平安。

译文：The most important holiday in China is the Spring Festival, which is also known as the Chinese New Year.To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to the westerners.The date for this annual celebration is determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies form late January to early February.Preparations for the New Year begin on the final days of the last lunar month when most families clean their homes, pay their debts, have their hair cut and buy new clothes.People also burn incense at home or in the temples to pay respect to their ancestors and to pray to the God for a happy life in the coming year.

12、原文：中国日益扩大的国际接触对其进步一直是至关重要的。中国能够在已取得的经济成功的基础上进一步发展，关键是它进入了世界市场。让我们看几个统计数字。1979年以来，外贸占中国国民生产总值（Gross National Product/GNP）的比重从10%上升到45%。融入世界市场已成为中国经济生活的一个基本事实。继之而来的是融入世界投资体系。外国资金大量流入中国，外资存量（reserve of foreign funds）从1989年的50亿美元上升到1994年的近900亿美元。

译文：China’s growing international engagement has been vital to her progress.The key to sustaining and building on early economic success was China’s move into the world markets.Let’s consider a couple of statistics.Since 1979 foreign trade, as a share of China’s GNP has risen from 10% to 45%.Integration in the world markets became a bare fact of Chinese economic life.With that came integration into the world investment system.Foreign funds flowed into China in a spectacular way.The reserve of foreign funds grew form ＄ 5 billion in 1989 to nearly 90 billion by 1994.

13、我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的方便。（136字）难点注释：

1）广大的肥田沃地large areas of fertile land

2)给我们以衣食之源provide us with food and clothing

3）纵横全国的大小山脉mountain ranges across its length and breadth

4）广大的森林，丰富的矿产with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits

5）给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利provide us with water transport and irrigation

6）交通海外各民族的方便facilitate communication with nations beyond the seas 参考译文：

China is one of the largest countries in the world，her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing，mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits，many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation，and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.14、一周七天不间断的学习，这些学生的生活的每一分钟都在为高考准备，因为高考决定了他们的命运。对于那些来自贫困或者农村家庭的孩子们来说，在这场考试中好好表现，毫无置疑是他们爬上社会阶梯并成功的唯一的方法。竞争是激烈的，大部分的高中生最后不得不被分配到职业学校去。（128字）

每一分钟都在为高考准备are regimented(严格地管制)almost every minute of the day as they prepare for 不得不被分配到be relegated（归入，把降低到）to 参考译文：

Studying seven days a week, the students’ lives are regimented(严格地管制)almost every minute of the day as they prepare for the end-of-year exam that can determine their fate.For many students from poor or rural backgrounds, a strong performance on the test is the only way to climb the social ladder and excel without connections.Competition is fierce and the majority of high school seniors will be relegated（归入，把降低到）to vocational schools.

15、污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。

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Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2)Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement.3)Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4)The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.5)This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6)The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7)Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.16、现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

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College students now bear heavy academic pressure.2)You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies.3)In short they have become nothing but a robot.4)They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time.5)If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty.6)The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night.7)They study so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people.8)The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.17、新年春节刚过，农村的破旧小车站就挤满了成千上万的农民。他们只有一个目的，到城市去。八十年代处，农村的改革，使得千千万万的农民从土地上解放了出来，纷纷跑到城市找工作。自那以后，这种大规模的民工潮一直使城市感到头痛。这不仅是因为对城市设施造成了极大的压力，而且他们担心会引发许多社会矛盾。所以外来民工往往补被看成二等公民，不能成为城市居民，孩子不能在城市读书。但是另一方面，城市和经济开发区的发展急切需要大批劳力到工厂和建设工地。而且政府也感到如果不让农民出来。而农民的不满加剧，会导致社会**。

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Only a few days after the Lunar New Year in dilapidated little railway stations throughout the countryside millions of peasants are gathering with a single purpose to get to the cities.3,4)Even since the early 1980s when the agricultural reform freed millions of farmers to seek city jobs the mass not just because of the pressure it puts on infrastructure.5)Many fear that migration on such a giant scale will lead to social strain,6)As a result they have treated the migrants as second-class citizens.6)For instance workers form the rural heartland are denied the right to settle down as permanent residents and to send their children to city schools.7)But on the other hand in booming cities and special economic zones factories and construction sites need all the labor they can get.8,9)And the government believe that if the rural masses did not get a share of and poor countryside would further widen leading to a building-up resentment that might fuel social unrest.

18、不同的人对退休持不同的态度。有些人认为退休后可以好好享受晚年的生活。但真的退下来了，他们则有点失望。看到自己就要被抛到废物堆里，他们不甘认命，设法另找事干来发挥自己的于热，以继续得到收入。另一些人则对一生中这样一个重大变动早有准备。他们一生为工作操劳，现在筋疲力尽了，渴望退休后能放松拉紧的弦，好好休息。由于不再需要每天早晨去赶公共汽车了，不再要为晋级虑。就可以有足够的时间去追求童年时的梦想，如写写书、画画图、种种花、周游各地。总的来说，没有像男的一样感到可怕。

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Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2)Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3)but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4)Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5)Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6)Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7)As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream such as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8)On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9)Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.19、当我们从全球的角度来看环境问题时，首先注意的是环境问题引起人们的各种担心。发达国家担心的是大气和水的污染，能源的紧张，城市对农村面积的不断蚕食。发展中国家最担心的是营养不良，人口增长，水源不足，缺少教育和就业机会。

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When we examine environmental problems in a global context the first thing that impresses us is the variety of concerns they evode.2, 3)Whereas in the developed world the focus is on air and water pollution the energy shortage and chewing up of the rural areas by urban sprawl the concern of the developing countries will most likely center on malnutrition population growth insufficiency of water the lack of education and jobs.20、这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。官方的数字表明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。占中国总耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。工厂被迫停工，产量受到影响。客运的货运也被迫中断。在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。尽管损失如此严重，举国上下，展民与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力，例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。

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The floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years.2)Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their jhomes.3)Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares.3 percent of China’s total cropland.4)Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut.5)The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted.6)The overall effect on China’s economy will be felt for many months.7/8)Despite the serious damage China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from flooding.9)For example 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.10)Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort.