四级翻译练习

第一篇：四级翻译练习

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.（一）

1.Just do it_____________（尽自己最大努力）.2._____________（抽象意义上的语言）is our facility to talk to each other.3.We should pursue economic policies______________（根据国家利益）.4.We delayed our departure____________（由于暴风雨）.5.We had better_____________（趁天气暖和）by going for a walk this afternoon.（二）

1.Because she knew French, she______________（比我们有利）.2.Adults should________________（原谅孩子的无知）.3.You should_________（充分利用）.4.The river__________（冲破堤岸）.5.Please_____________________（将问题提出来）.（三）

1._______________________（如果发生火灾）, ring the alarm bell.2.______________________（在这种情况下）, I couldn’t go away.3.Your care-free nature often_____________（遇到钱的问题）.4.I will do it________________（如果你帮我）.5.You may___________（学一学）the classic school of photographers.（四）

1.We want our methods to be____________（最新的）.2.The naughty boy________________（以…为乐）pulling the cat’s tail.3.A little persistence_____________（发挥重要作用）between success and failure.4.That detail_____________（和…毫无关系）the main point of the article.5.The regulation doesn’t_____________（生效）until the first of March.（五）

1.The first signs of spring are______________（显而易见）.2.He finished the job__________________(但却损害了健康).3.We must____________（面对困难）manfully and accept the responsibilities of our actions.4.You can________________（随时找我们帮忙）whenever you have difficulties.5.__________________（你的梦想将会落空）if you don’t work on them.（六）

1.The substance does not dissolve in water___________________（不管是否加热）.2.Not only______________（他向我收费过高）；but he didn’t do a good repair job either.3.Your losses in trade this year are nothing_____________（与我的相比）.4.One average, it is said, visitors spend only_____________（一半的钱）in a day in Leeds as in London.5.By contrast, American mothers were more likely_____________（把孩子的成功归因于）natural1

talent.（七）

1.All universities______________（正在做好准备）for an increased intake of students.2.After her lost son was found, _____________（她破涕为笑）.3.He never ______________（追名逐利）.4.My mother wanted me to___________________（从事教育工作）.5.He has given up smoking__________________（永远的）.（八）

1.When he gets old, he will_________________（把公司交给儿子来经营）.2.His tastes are______________________（和我的相同）.3.We should serve the people__________________(全心全意的).4.___________________（要是他没有花这么多钱该多好）.5.The population of Africa is growing_____________(极其迅速).（九）

1.Without steady economic development, it is impossible to meet the people basic needs in life, _______________(更别提)protect the ecosystem and environment.2.You are____________(自由的)to leave at any time you want.3.____________________（鉴于国际局势的变化）, the Chinese government wishes to share with the governments of other countries some of its basic views concerning the establishment of a new international order.4.This new discovery ____________（有助于说明这个问题）.5.We must never______________(辜负)our parents’ trust and expectation.(十)

1.Her beauty cannot_________________________（弥补她的愚蠢）.2.The ship was ____________________（任凭波涛的摆布）.3.We ought to___________________（充分利用时间）.4.Being a professional actor_____________(必定)means working nights and Sundays.5._______________________(既然我们学完了这门课程)，we shall start doing more revision.（十一）

1.Men like that never____________________（冒险尝试）.2.He had not yet attempted to_________________________(把他的理论付诸实践).3.She answered these embarrassing questions__________________（镇定自若）.4._________________（关于）what we did last month I would like to read you this letter

received.5.When defeat is _____________（不可避免）, nothing matters.

第二篇：四级翻译练习

1.孔子

孔子(Confucius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上 20 世纪伟大的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作 西方的苏格拉底。

参考译文: Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius’s influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.2.京剧

京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国的国粹。作为一门古老的艺术，京剧的服装（costume)、脸谱(facial mask)更易被人喜爱。不同的服装类型反映不同的人物身份特征。富贵者的服装缀满精美的刺绣;穷困者的服装则简单朴素，少有装饰(elemental)。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物 形象的重要 手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜色让人一看便知角色(portray)的善恶。比如白色代表奸诈(treachery)，黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇，蓝、绿色多用于绿林 好汉(rebellious fighters)，金、银色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。

参考译文: Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture.As a traditional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people.Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters.There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental.Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters.Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.3.茶马古道

茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着 20 多个少数 民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比 如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江 大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。

参考译文: Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minorities.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.4.八大菜系

中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发 展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粤、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八 种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样 的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。

参考译文: China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.5.四合院

四合院是从明代的北京延续下来的古典建筑风格的住宅。四合 院之间的狭窄的街道被称为 “胡同”。一个四合院有园林包围着四个房子，有高高的围墙保护。四合院与胡同都是人们 常见到的，有超 过 700 多年的历史，但是由于现在的城市改造和中国经济的发展，四合院 慢慢地从北京消失。

参考译文: Si He Yuan is a classical architecture style of residential housing of Beijing citizens dated from the Ming Dynasty.The narrow streets between the Si He Yuan are called “Hutong”.A single implementation of Si He Yuan comprises of garden surrounded by four houses and protected by high walls.Si He Yuan with Hutong which have been very familiar to people，having a history of more than 700 years now suffer from the urban renovation and economic development of China, and they are slowly disappearing from Beijing.6.少林功夫

少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfii)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和尚们练习的一种武术(martial arts)。少林寺，建于北魏(the Northern Wei Dynasty)太和期(Taihe Period)十九年，是少林功夫发展的文化空间。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侣练习的，他们的职责是保护寺庙。现在经过 1500 多年的发展，少林功夫已逐步发展成为一种完美技术和丰富含义相融合的艺术，在全世界享有声誉。

参考译文: Shaolin Kungfu is a kind of martial arts practiced by monks under the special Buddhist culture of the Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng City, Henan Province.The Shaolin Temple, built in the Nineteenth year of Taihe Period during the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a cultural space for the development of the Shaolin Kungfu.The Shaolin Kungfii, which is originally practiced by the Buddhist monks whose duties were to protect the temple, has been gradually developed into an art of perfect technology, abundant meanings and high reputation in the whole world after more than 1500 years of development.7.秧歌

秧歌是农历正月的主要的民族花市形式。在这种活动中，两人都盛装打扮，轮流唱歌跳舞，其他人作为唱歌和跳舞的搭档。锣(gong)鼓按照节奏敲打;唢呐（suona)或其他传统的弦乐 器、木管乐器作为背景音乐。

参考译文: Yangge, which is one of the main forms of folk flower fair actions in the first month of the lunar year.In this activity, two people are dressed up, singing and dancing in antiphonal style, others act as singing and dancing partners.The gong and drum are beaten in rhythm;traditional stringed and woodwind instruments are dubbed in background music.8.筷子

说到筷子(chopsticks)的起源，中国是世界上第一个使用筷子的 国家，用筷子吃饭已经有至 少 3000 年的历史了。筷子看起来很简单，只有两根小细棒，但它有很多功能，比如挑选，移动，夹，搅拌或 者挖。此外，它便于使用，价格便宜。而且筷子也是世界上独有的 餐具(tableware)。使用筷子的人，无论是中国人还是外国人，都无不钦佩筷子的发明者。

As the origin of chopsticks, China is the first country in the world to use chopsticks and has a history of at least 3,000 years to have meals with chopsticks.Chopsticks seems quite simple with only two small and thin sticks, but it is in possession of many functions, such as picking, moving, nipping, mixing and digging;moreover，it is convenient for use and cheap in price.Besides, chopsticks are also unique tableware in the world.Anyone using chopsticks，no matter Chinese or foreigners, would without exception admire the inventor of chopsticks.9.扇子

中国扇子的历史可以追溯到 3000 多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作 “扇汗”（Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来 挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称为中山扇（Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装饰。

参考译文: The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago，around the Shang Dynasty.The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the passengers from the rainfall.The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella.Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or birds5 feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.10.中国茶

中国是茶的故乡。据说早在五六千年前，中国就有了茶树(tea-shrub),而且有关茶树的人类 文明可以追溯到两千年前。来自中国的茶和丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)—样，在 1000 年前为世界所知，而且一直是中国重要的出口产品。目前世界上 40 多个国家种植茶，其中亚 洲国家的产量占世界总产量的 90%。其他国家的茶树都直接或间接地起源于中国。

参考译文: China is the homeland of tea.It is believed that China has tea-shrubs as early as five to six thousand years ago，and human cultivation of tea pants can date back two thousand years.Tea from China，along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export.At present more than forty countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world’s total output.All tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China.11.丝绸之路

丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是历史上连接中国和地中海的一条重要 贸易路线。因为这条路上的 丝绸贸易占绝大部分，所以在 1877 年它 被德国的一位地理学家命名为“丝绸之路”。这条 古道从长安开始，经过河西走廊(the Hexi Corridor),到达敦煌后分成三条：南部路线，中部 路线和北部路线。这三条路遍布新疆维吾尔自治区(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)，然后扩展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度，甚至罗马。

参考译文: The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean.Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by an eminent German geographer.This ancient road begins at Chang’an, then by way of the Hexi Corridor，and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route，Central Route and Northern Route.The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome.12.经济水平多样化的中国

中国是一个文化、语言、风俗和经济水平都很多样化的地方。经济格局尤其多样化。大城市如北京，广州和上海是现代的，相对富裕的。然而，约 50%的中国人仍然生活在农村地区，尽管中国只有 10%的土地是可耕地(arable land)。数百万农村居民仍然依靠体力劳动或役畜(draft animal)耕作。两三百万农民迁到城镇寻找工作。一般来说，南部和东部沿海地区比内陆地区更富有，西部和北部，以及西南部是非常不发达的地区。参考译文: China is a very diverse place with large variations in culture, language, customs and economic levels.The economic landscape is particularly diverse.The major cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are moden and comparatively wealthy.However, about 50% of Chinese still live in rural areas even though only 10% of China ’s land is arable.Hundreds of millions of rural residents still farm with manual labour or draft animals.Some 200 to 300 million former peasants migrated to townships and cities in search of work.Generally the southern and eastern coastal regions are wealthier while inland areas, the far west and north, and the southwest are much less developed.13.中国对外贸易

对于世界上很多国家来说，中国正迅速成为他们最重要的双边(bilateral)贸易伙伴。然而，中国和世界其他国家之间贸易不平衡的问题已经引发了关注。尤其是美国对中国的贸易赤字是最大的，达到了 3150 亿美元，这个数字是十年前的三倍还多。贸易纠纷(trade dispute)也越来越多，主要是关于倾销(dumping)、知识产权和人民币的估价。

参考译文: For many countries around the world, China is rapidly becoming their most important bilateral trade partner.However，there have been concerns over large trade imbalances between China and the rest of the world.The US in particular has the largest trade deficit in the world with China at $315 billion, more than three times what it was a decade ago.There have also been a growing number of trade disputes brought against, mainly for dumping, intellectual property and the valuation of the yuan.14.中国的假日

中国人民依法享受超过 115 天的假期，其中包括 104 天的周末和 11 天的节假日。中国一 年中有 7个法定假日，包括元旦(New Year’s Day),春节（Spring Festival),清明节（Qingming Festival), 五一劳动节(May Day)，端午节(Dragon Boat Festival),中秋节(Mid-Autumn Day)和国庆节(National Day)。员工有 5 至 15 天的带薪年假。学生和老师有大约三个月的寒暑假。在中国，暑假一般约在 7 月 1 日开始，8 月 31 日左右结束，寒假是根据春节的日期，通常是在 1 月或 2 月

参考译文: Chinese people legally enjoy over 115 days off including 104 days of weekends and 11 days of festivals.China has seven legal holidays in a year，including New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, May Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and National Day.Employees have 5 to 15 days of paid annual leave.Students and teachers have summer and winter vacations for about three months.The summer vacation in China generally starts around July 1st and ends around August 31st，and the winter vacation usually falls on January or February according to the date of the Spring Festival.15.信用卡

信用卡(credit card)是银行所创造出来的最便捷同时也是最危险 的信用工具。通过信用卡，人们可以先用银行付账的方式购买那些 负担不起的物品，同时，银行也将对此征收比 一般贷款要高的利率(interest rate)。遗憾的是，信用卡现巳成为资本主义体制(capitalist system)的重要组成部分，而该体制就得依赖消费(consumption)的持续增长。

Credit cards are one of the most convenient devices ever created by the banking system but, at the same time, one of the most dangerous.They allow people to buy things they，otherwise, couldn’t afford，with money created by the banks and, charged out at much higher interest rates than normal loans.Unfortunately, credit cards have become an essential part of the capitalist system which only survives on the continued growth in consumption.参考译文: 16.老龄化

根据全国老龄工作委员会(the China National Committee On Aging)的数据来看，到 2053 年，中国 60 岁及以上的老人数量预计 会从目前的 1.85 亿一跃变为 4.87 亿，或者说是占总人口 的 35%。扩张的比例是由于寿命的增加和计划生育政策(family planning policies)限制大部分城市家庭只生一个孩子。快速老龄化对社会和经济稳定 造成了严重威胁。

参考译文:The number of people aged 60 and above in China is expected to jump from the current 185 million to 487 million, or 35 percent of the population, by 2053，according to figures from the China National Committee On Aging.The expanding ratio is due both an increase in life expectancy and by family planning policies that limit most urban families to a single child.Rapid aging poses serious threats to the country’s social and economic stability.17.中国经济

自从 1978 年经济改革以来，中国已经完成了从中央计划经济(centrally planned economy)向 市场经济(market based economy)的转变。超过 6 亿人已经脱离了贫困，但是仍然有超过 1.7 亿人生活在 国际贫困线以下，每天少于 1.25 美元。2012 年，中国的人均 GDP 为 12405.67 美 元，这是 30 年前的 37 倍。到 2018 年，中国的人均 GDP 将从世界第 90 位上升到第 75 位。然而，这仍然是低于预计的世界平均水平。

参考译文: Since initiating market reforms in 1978，China has shifted from a centrally planned to a market based economy.More than 600 million citizens have been lifted out of poverty, but over 170 million people still live below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line.In 2012, China’s GDP(PPP)per capita was $12,405.67.This is 37 times higher than what it was just 30 years ago.By 2018，China’ s GDP per capita will climb from the 90th to 75th highest in the world.This however will still be below the forecasted world average.18.中国的保健食品

中国的保健食品（health food)市场首次出现于 20 世纪 80 年代。保健食品是指具有特定保 健功能或补充维生素或矿物质的食品。保 健食品适用于特定人群消费，具有调节人体功能 的效果，但不用于治疗疾病的目的。保健食品有两种。一种是具有特定保健功能的食品，另外一种是营养补充剂。

China’s health food market first emerged in the 1980s.Health food refers to food products which claim to have specific health functions or supplement one’s vitamins or minerals.Health food is suitable for the consumption by specific groups of people and has the effect of regulating human body functions, but is not used for the purpose of treating diseases.There are two kinds of health food.One is food with specific health functions, the other is nutritional supplements.19.成年子女必须探望父母的法律

这周颁布的一项新法律要求子女必须经常探望年龄超过 60 岁的 父母，并确保他们经济和精 神上的需求得到满足。星期二，新华社 报导了_条新闻，来自江苏市无锡市的一位 77 岁的老太太起诉她的女儿忽略她。这是新法律生效后的第一起案件，当地法院规定她的女儿至少每月探望母亲两次，并提供财力支持。但是这项法律引发了争议。有人说这给了那些因为工作、学习或者其他原因搬离家乡的人更多压力。参考译文: A new national law introduced this week requires the offspring of parents older than 60 to visit their parents “frequently” and make sure their financial and spiritual needs are met.On Tuesday, Xinhua reported a news that a 77-year-old woman from Jiangsu city of Wuxi sued her daughter for neglecting her.In the first case after the new law came into effect, the local court ruled that her daughter must visit her at least twice a month and provide financial support.But the law’s introduction has proved controversial.Some say it puts too much pressure on those who move away from home for work, study or other opportunities.20.中国游客出境游

联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全 球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花 在出境游上的支出膨胀至 1020 亿美元，同 2011 年相 比增长了 40%。联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令 中国 迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个 国家。2012 年德美两国出境 旅游支出均同比增长 6%,约 840 亿美元。参考译文: The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.21.大学生就业问题

2008 全球经济衰退导致中国的新毕业生的就业市场显著下降。2009 年毕业的学生将加入到 2008 年毕业仍在找工作的 300 万学生之中。毕业生过剩(glut)也可以归因于大学入学率的提高和教育机构的增加。虽然大学的学生人数增加了，但是他们的质量并没有明显地提高。在大多数情况下，毕业生无法在 2008 年找到合适的就业机 会是因为他们没有行业所需的技能。

The 2008 global recession resulted in a significant drop in the job market for China’s new graduates.Students graduating in 2009 will join around three million students who graduated in 2008 and are still seeking job opportunities.The graduate glut can also be attributed to a rise in the number of college enrollments and educational institutions.Although the number of college students has increased, there has not been any significant improvement in their quality.In most cases, graduates were unable to find suitable employment in 2008 because they did not have the skills required by the industry.

第三篇：四级翻译练习

随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色的婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在中国的传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色的信封里，而要装在红色的信封里。改革开放：reform and opening up 西式：in western style 葬礼：funeral 祝人康复的礼物：gifts for patients 危重病人：critically sick patients 礼金：cash gift

With China’s reform and opening up, quite a number of youngsters would like to celebrate their weddings in western style.The bride wears a white wedding dress at the ceremony, as white is regarded as a symbol of purity.However, in traditional Chinese culture, white is a color that is often used in funerals.That’s why it’s necessary to keep in mind that white flowers must not be gifts for patients, especially not for the elders or critically sick patients.Similarly, the cash gift shouldn’t be packed in a white envelope, but in a red one.在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯。象征：symbolize signify

mean

represent 到处可见：can be seen/found everywhere

中国革命和共产党：Chinese Revolution and Communist Party 冒犯：offense

The color of red in Chinese culture usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happiness.Red can be found everywhere during Chinese Spring Festival and on other joyous occasions.Cash is often put in red envelopes and sent to family members or close friends as a gift.Its popularity in China can also be attributed to the fact that people associate it with the Chinese Revolution and Communist Party.However, red does not signify good luck and joy all the time in that the name of the dead used to be written in red.Thus it is regarded as an offense to write the names of Chinese people in red ink.

第四篇：四级翻译练习2

京剧 Peking opera

秦腔 Qin opera

功夫Kungfo

太极Tai Chi

口技 ventriloquism

木偶戏puppet show

皮影戏shadowplay

折子戏 opera highlights

杂技 acrobatics

相声 witty dialogue comedy

刺绣 embroidery

苏绣 Suzhou embroidery

泥人 clay figure

书法 calligraphy

中国画 traditional Chinese painting

水墨画 Chinese brush painting

中国结 Chinese knot

中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China

火药 gunpowder

印刷术printing

造纸术 paper-making

指南针 the compass

青铜器 bronze ware

瓷器 porcelain;china

唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty

景泰蓝cloisonne

秋千swing

武术 martial arts

儒家思想Confucianism

儒家文化 Confucian culture

道教 Taoism

墨家Mohism

法家 Legalism

佛教 Buddhism

孔子 Confucius

孟子 Mencius

老子 Lao Tzu

庄子 Chuang Tzu

墨子 Mo Tzu

孙子Sun Tzu

象形文字 pictographic characters

文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)

《大学》The Great Learning

《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean

《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Book of Songs 《易经》The I Ching;The Book of Changes 《礼记》The Book of Rites 《三字经》Three-character Scriptures 八股文 eight-part essay 五言绝句 five-character quatrain 七言律诗 seven-character octave 旗袍 cheongsam 中山装 Chinese tunic suit 唐装 Tang suit 风水Fengshui;geomantic omen 阳历 Solar calendar 阴历 Lunar calendar 闰年 leap year 十二生肖zodiac

春节 the Spring Festival 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节 the Double-ninth Day 七夕节 the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets 庙会 temple fair 爆竹 firecracker 年画(traditional)New Year pictures 压岁钱 New Year gift-money 舞龙dragon dance

元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern 灯谜 lantern riddle 舞狮 lion dance 踩高跷 stilt walking

赛龙舟 dragon boat race 胡同hutong 山东菜 Shandong cuisine 川菜 Sichuan cuisine 粤菜 Canton cuisine 扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine 月饼 moon cake 年糕 rice cake 油条 deep-fried dough sticks 豆浆 soybean milk 馒头 steamed buns 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 包子 steamed stuffed buns 北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck 拉面 hand-stretched noodles 馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup)豆腐 tofu? bean curd 麻花 fried dough twist 烧饼 clay oven rolls 皮蛋 100-year egg;century egg 蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg 糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks 火锅hot pot 长城 the Great Wall of China 烽火台 beacon tower

秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses 大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 丝绸之路the Silk Road 敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 华清池Huaqing Hot Springs 五台山“Wutai Mountain 九华山Jiuhua Mountain 蛾眉山Mount Emei 泰山 Mount Tai 黄山 Mount Huangshan;the Yellow Mountain 故宫 the Imperial Palace 天坛 the Temple of Heaven 午门 Meridian Gate 大运河 Grand Canal 护城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall 居庸关Juyongguan Pass 九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall

黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi 十三陵 the Ming Tombs 苏州园林 Suzhou gardens 西湖 West Lake 九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley 日月潭 Sun Moon Lake 布达拉宫Potala Palace 鼓楼 drum tower 四合院 quadrangle;courtyard complex 孔庙 Confucius Temple 乐山大佛Leshan Giant Buddha 十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha 喇嘛Lama 转世灵重 reincarnated soul boy 中药 traditional Chinese medicine 《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi’s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine 《神农本草经》Shennong’s Herbal Classic 《本草纲目》Compendium of MateriaMedica 针灸 acupuncture 推拿 medical massage 切脉 feeling the pulse 五禽戏 five-animal exercises 旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age 新石器时代 the Neolithic Age;New Stone Age 母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society 封建的feudal 朝代 dynasty 秦朝 Qin Dynasty 汉朝 Han Dynasty 唐朝 Tang Dynasty 宋朝 Song Dynasty 元朝 Yuan Dynasty 明朝 Ming Dynasty 清朝 Qing Dynasty 秦士台皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang;the First Emperor of Qin 皇太后 Empress Dowager 汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty 成吉思汗Genghis Khan 春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period 文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng 慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi 皇帝，君主 emperor;monarch 诸侯vassal 皇妃 imperial concubine 丞相，宰相 prime minister

太监 court eunuch 少数民族 ethnic minority 祭祀 offer sacrifices 西域 the Western Regions 战国 the Warring States 中华文明 Chinese civilization 文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization 秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang 鸦片战争the Opium War 太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898 辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution 新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution 五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919 南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising 918 事变 September 18th Incident 长征 the Long March 西安事变Xi”an Incident 南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre 抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan 毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek 国民党Kuomingtang 中华人民共和国 the People’s Republic of China(PRC)满族 Manchu 蒙古人Mongol 士大夫 scholar-officials 学者 scholar 诗人 poet 政治家statesman

社会地位social status

北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

参考答案

In Beijing, there are numeroushutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongsare replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.难点精析

1.带来了无穷的魅力：翻译为bring endless charm to。

2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表述，句内不太重要的信息会用 | 介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住”是：两个并列关系的汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的作用。

3.充满友善和人情味：翻译为full of friendliness and genuine humanity。

4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展：翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也是with介词短语的应用，在句中作伴随状语。

中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年(the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday)，除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如铰子和年糕。

参考答案

Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals.For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day.The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon.The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion.The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake.The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday.Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “ 1 ” new year cake.难点精析

■ 1.中国的传统节庆膳食：翻译为Traditional Chinese holiday meals,其中“节庆膳食”直接译为holiday meals , 即可，翻译时注意“中国的”和“传统”的顺序。

2.纪念：翻译为介词短语in memory of,修饰前面的a day。

■ 3.赛龙舟：翻译为hold dragon boat races,其中hold意为“举行”，“举行龙舟比赛”即“赛龙舟”。

4.观赏满月：“满月”即fMlmoon,此处的“观赏”可以译为viewing,也可以用enjoying或watching表示。

5.象征着家庭团聚：“象征”翻译为系表结构is a symbol for,也可以用动词symbolize表示，“家庭团聚”翻译：为 family reunion 即可。

唐朝（Tang Dynasty）被历史学家认为是中国文明最辉煌的时期。唐朝的首都在长安。在与印度和中东（the Middle East）的交流中，在他们的促进下，唐朝在许多领域里得到了长足的发展。唐朝是文学和艺术的黄金时期。唐朝通过科举制度（civil service examinations）在全国选出优秀的儒家文人（Confucian literati）为政府效力，而唐朝的政府体系在儒学官僚（Confucian bureaucratic）的支持下也日臻完善。公元8世纪中期，唐朝势力开始衰落。

Tang Dynasty, whose capital is Chang’an, is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization.Stimulated by the contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a great development in many fields.The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art.Served by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations, the government system of Tang Dynasty was gradually perfected under the support of Confucian bureaucratic.By the middle of the eighth century A.D., the power of Tang Dynasty began to ebb.面子是某个人在他人眼中的社会地位和名声。中国人一生都用语言和行动维护和提升面子。可以小到谁先上电梯，也可以大到百万美元的合同授予。没有面子也就没有了影响力。即使是无意中让别人没面子，也是极其严重的冒犯（dishonor），可能意味着断绝关系。中国人不会公开批评、忽视或取笑他人，即使是开玩笑。点评别人的成绩时，也是先说优点，再讲不足

The concept of “face” can be described as someone’s social status or reputation in the eyes of others.Throughout a Chinese person’s life, he maintains and enhances his “face” with words and actions.It may be something as small as who gets into the elevator first or as big as the awarding of multimillion dollar contacts.Losing face equals/ means losing power or influence.Even to make someone lose face unintentionally is a serious dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship.Chinese people never criticize, ignore or make fun of a person in front of others, even jokingly.When discussing individual performance, they always emphasize good points before bad ones.在中国，喝茶是一种仪式（ritual），一种精致品位(refined taste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着（take delight in）品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的大发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆（tea house）而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或对政治话题进行激烈的（furious）辩论。

Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste.While drinking tea, people also take delight in the essence of tea itself.Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese.In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse.Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs.People come here not just for tea, but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates.据最近的一项网上调查显示，55%的中国青年认为自己对生活缺乏热情，71%的人认为他们承受着巨大的压力。焦虑普遍存在于当今的中国年轻人中。名车、豪宅和优越的生活（live a privileged life）是人们追求的目标。然而，与高昂的房价、教育支出和医疗费用相比，他们的工资过低且增长缓慢，看不到脱离困境的希望，焦虑因此而产生

A recent online survey found that 55 percent of young people in China thought they ware lacking enthusiasm for life, and 71 percent considered themselves under heavy pressure.Anxiety is a common phenomenon among young Chinese today.Brand-name cars, luxurious houses and living a privileged life are people’s driven goals.However, compared with the high housing prices, education expenses and medial costs, their income is too low with slow growth and they see little hope for escaping, so anxiety occurs.传统中国绘画是一门独特的艺术，无论是风格还是技巧都与世界其他艺术门类迥然不同。传统的日本绘画可能算是例外，但是不要忘了，它是深受中国文化影响的。中国绘画采用毛笔（brush）蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧地挥洒（wield）在纸上。画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。在优秀画家的手里，毛笔和墨汁不仅是绘画的工具，也是画家艺术追求的象征。Passage 5.Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the world.Traditional Japanese art may be the only exception, but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese culture.The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them.Painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots-some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale.In the hands of a good painter, brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures, but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit.二十四节气（solar terms）的划分起源于黄河流域一带（Yellow River area），是中国古代历法（calendar）特有的重要组成部分和独特创造。在古代中国，人们常用二十四节气来表示季节更替和气候变化状况。节气的制定是我们祖先在长期的农业生产实践中，逐步认识气象变化规律的结果。长期以来，甚至直到今天，二十四节气在中国的农牧业生产（agricultural and animal husbandry production）中一直起着重要的作用

Passage 6.The twenty-four solar terms is a unique component and creative invention of the Chinese traditional calendar, first originating from the Yellow River area.It was used to indicate the alternation of seasons and climate changes in ancient China.The establishment of solar terms reflected our ancestors’ knowledge about climate changes during their long history of farming activities.Over years, it has played an important role in China’s agricultural and animal husbandry production even to this day.在媒介文化高度发展的今天，年轻人接触外来文化的方式越来越多。根据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC）的统计，截止到 2004年6月30日，中国上网用户总数达到8,700万人，其中多数是年轻人。现代社会的开放性、多样性，是的年轻人不得不在西方文化的冲击中寻找自己的文化定位。实际上，现在很多年轻人在很多生活方式上已经很难分清它是来自西方还是东方。

Passage 7.In the era of highly developed media culture, young people have more contact than ever with foreign culture.According to CNNIC statistics, by June 30, 2004, China had had 87milion Internet users, most of whom are young people.Coupled with the openness and diversity of modern society, young Chinese people now have to seek their culture orientation under the impact of Western culture.In fact, many aspects of the Western and Eastern lifestyle are so blended that many young people find it difficult to make those lifestyle distinguishable.刺绣（Embroidery）是中国艺术的一颗璀璨明珠，在秦汉时期就已达到较高的水平。它是一门传统工艺，有各种样式，广泛分布于中国的各个地区。有些精致（elaborate）绣品需要花费几位熟练技工数月甚至数年才能完成。在服饰文化中，刺绣工艺占有重要地位。它不仅是中国传统艺术和手工艺的瑰宝，也是中华文化的重要组成部分。它代表了中国人民的智慧。Passage 8.Embroidery which had already reached a high level in the Qin and Han dynasties is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art.Embroidery is a traditional craft found in many styles in different parts of China.Some elaborate pieces require months or even years to be finished and call on the skills of several experienced craftspeople.In the costume culture, it occupies an important position in the treasure of the Chinese traditional arts and crafts, and is also an important part of Chinese culture.It represents the wisdom of Chinese people.京剧在中国有200多年的历史。它源于华东地区的徽剧及华中地区的汉剧，后又汲取了昆曲、河北梆子两种地方戏的精华。由于这一表演艺术在北京兴起并繁荣，因此而得名。京剧是中国最有影响力的戏曲，在社会各阶层中都有广大爱好者。晴天时，人们常常可以看到京剧票友（amateurs of Peking Opera performers）在街头（street corner）、公园或居民区周围练唱。观看京剧是到中国来的海外游客最喜爱的活动之一。

Passage 9.Peking Opera has a history of more than 200 years in China.It started as a derivative of Hui Opera in eastern China and Han Opera in central China, absorbing valuable elements from two regional operas, Kunqu and HebeiBangzi.Since this performing art arose and flourished in Beijing, hence the name.Peking Opera is the most influential opera in China, claiming numerous enthusiasts in all segments of society.It can be often seen that amateurs of Peking Opera performers sing in street corners, parks or residential areas on fine days.Watching Peking Opera is one of the most popular events among overseas tourists to China.中西方饮食习惯（eating habits）存在极大的差异。不同于西方人那种每人一盘事物的饮食习惯，在中国，菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客，就要做好有一大桌事物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化（culture of cuisine）感到非常自豪，而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客（hospitality）。而且有时候，中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或盘子中。这是礼貌的体现

Passage 10.There are great differences between Chinese and Western eating habits.Unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares.If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a table of food.Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality.And sometimes the Chinese hosts use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plat.This is a sign of politeness.茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着20多个少数民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在?

汉译英

Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, YarlungZangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.

第五篇：四级翻译练习

目 录

1.家庭暴力 2.留守儿童 3.毕业后就结婚 4.青奥会 5.毛笔 6.睡眠 7.乒乓 8.中国式送礼 9.平遥古城 10.剩女 11.中餐 12.控制情绪 13.三手烟 14.七夕 15.吃火锅 16.赠送礼物 17.下午茶 18.功夫茶 19.筷子历史 20.八大菜系 21.京剧 22.风水 23.十二生肖 24.李白 25.胡同 26.丝绸之路 27.中国假期 28.中国扇子 29.洛阳 30.中国经济 1.【翻译原文】

家庭暴力(domestic violence)指的是在亲密关系(intimate relationship)中一方对另一方的虐待。通常来说，受害者是儿童和妇女。在中国古代，人们认为男人有权利惩罚他的孩子和妻子。广义上讲，家庭暴力不局限于明显的身体暴力，它也有许多其他的形式。关于家庭暴力产生的原因，出现了许多不同的理论，比如犯罪者的性格和心理特征。外部因素也有影响，比如犯罪者所处的环境。然而，没有一种理论能涵盖所有情况。

参考译文：

Domestic violence refers to the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship.Commonly the victims are children and women.In ancient China, people believe that a man has the right to punish his children and wife.In a broad sense, domestic violence is not limited to obvious physical violence.There are many other forms of violence.Many different theories are brought up as to the causes of domestic violence, such as the perpetrators' personality and mental characteristics.External factors also play a part, such as the perpetrators' surroundings.However, no theory seems to cover all cases.2.【翻译原文】

大多数时候，留守儿童(leftover children)的问题很大程度上源于缺乏父母的情感关怀。通常，孩子由祖父母或父母的朋友、亲戚照顾。在大多数情况下，他们的监护人(guardian)没有受过很好的教育。对他们来说，确保孩子健康、吃得好是极重要的任务。只要孩子平安无事，他们就被认为做得很好了。监护人很少关心孩子的学习、心理需求或精神需求。他们也不花时间教孩子如何养成良好的习惯。

【参考译文】

Most of the time, problems of the leftover children largely arise from a lack of emotional care from their parents.Usually, the children's grandparents or their parent's friends or relatives look after these children.In most cases, their guardians are not well educated.To them，making sure that the children are healthy and fed well is the most important task.As long as the children are safe and sound，they are considered to have done a good job.Guardians seldom care about children's study，psychological needs, or mental demands.Neither do they spend some time to teach kids how to develop good habits.3.【翻译原文】

越来越多来自北京、上海、广州、沈阳和其他一些大城市的大学生选择毕业后就结婚。这与20世纪80年代和90年代的情况形成了鲜明的对比，那时候很多城市的年轻人都推迟结婚，直到他们的年龄“足够大”—在30多岁甚至40多岁的时候。许多人花时间寻找有着良好的经济背景或好看的相貌的配偶，而不是寻找爱情。然而，这些选择毕业后就结婚的学生的父母必须照顾这些小夫妻的日常起居，因为这些年轻人仍然在探索如何作为一家人来生活。

【参考译文】

University students in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang and some other big cities are increasingly choosing to get married right after graduating.This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the 1980s and 1990swhen many urban youngsters put off marriage until they were “old enough”一in their 30s or even 40s.Many spent their time looking for spouses with good economic backgrounds or attractive faces, instead of looking for love.However, parents of these students choosing to get married right after graduating have to take care of the couples' daily affairs, as the young people are still figuring out how to live as a family.4.【翻译原文】

青年奥林匹克运动会是专为全世界青年人设立的综合体育赛事。第二届夏季青年奥林匹克运动会于2014年8月16日至28日在南京举行。本届青奥会的口号是“分享青春 共筑未来”;寓意全世界青年人在奥林匹克精神感召下，欢聚一堂，相互切磋，相互鼓励，增进友谊，共同成长。吉祥物创意来自雨花石，意为提倡自然、运动、健康、快乐的生活方式;会徽将南京明城墙城门和江南民居轮廓组合在一起，勾勒出“NANJING”字样，寓意青春之门。

【参考译文】

Youth Olympic Games, a comprehensive sports event, is designed for young people all over the world.The second summer youth Olympic Games was held from August 16, 2014 to 28 in Nanjing.Its slogan is “Share the youth, Build the future”, which means the young people around the world in the Olympic spirit, get together and play each other, encourage each other, enhance friendship and grow up together.Its Mascot comes from rain flower stones, advocating a lifestyle of natural, sports, healthy and happy;Its emblem will outline NANJING Ming city wall gate and folk houses together, with the idea of the gate of youth.5.【翻译原文】

毛笔，是一种源于中国的传统书写工具，也逐渐成为传统绘画工具。毛笔是汉族人民在生产实践中发明的。随着人类社会的不断发展，勤劳智慧的汉民族又不断地总结经验，存其精华，弃其糟粕，勇于探索，敢于创新。几千年以来，它为创造汉族民族光辉灿烂的文化，为促进汉民族与世界各族的文化交流，做出了卓越的贡献。毛笔是汉民族对世界艺术宝库提供的一件珍宝。

【参考译文】

Writing brush, a traditional writing tool originated from China, has also gradually become a traditional painting tool.Writing brush was invented by the Han people during their production practice.With the constant development of human society, the diligent and intelligent Han people kept summing up the experience.Discarding the dross while assimilating the essence, they strive to explore and blaze new trails.Over thousands of years, writing brush has made great contribution to creating the splendid culture of the Han people and to promoting the cultural exchange between people of all nationalities and the Han people.Writing brush is a treasure that the Han people have provided the world’s arts treasure house.【重点表达】

存其精华，弃其糟粕 Discarding the dross while assimilating the essence

勇于探索，敢于创新strive to explore and blaze new trails

光辉灿烂的文化splendid culture

6.【翻译原文】

我们的身体夜晚需要休息，白天需要清醒。大多数人每晚需要8到8.5个小时的睡眠才能正常运转。找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法可能是个挑战。科学家已经确认了80多种不同的睡眠紊乱症(sleep disorders)。有些睡眠紊乱症是遗传的。但是，许多睡眠紊乱症是由于熬夜，经常跨时区旅行以及上夜班而引起的。

【参考译文】

Our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day.Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge.Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders.Some sleeping disorders are genetic.But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zone or by working nights.【重点表达】

正常运转 function properly

找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法 find ways to get more and better sleep

熬夜 stay up late

经常跨时区旅行 travel frequently between time zone

上夜班 work nights

7.【翻译原文】

乒乓球在中国是一项颇受欢迎和推崇的运动。长期以来，它的确是中国唯一的运动，似乎集足球、篮球和棒球于一身，但却更受欢迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一个球、一张桌子和一张网而已，这些都易于临时拼凑。人们可以在休息间隙或消磨时间时打兵兵球。在中国的学校、工厂甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。

【参考译文】

Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China.For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football, basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular.Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised.People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.词句点拨：

1、gain popularity 赢得观众;大受欢迎

e.g.Earthy tone colors for apparel and gear continue to gain in popularity compared to bright colors.相对于明亮的色调,土色系列的色调持续在服装与装备的应用中获得喜爱.2、rolled into one(把不同的人或物的特点)合为一体的

e.g.This is our kitchen, sitting and dining room all rolled into one.这既是我们的厨房，又是客厅和餐厅。

3、improvise 拼凑

vt.& vi.即兴创作;临时提供，临时凑成

e.g.Sometimes I improvise and change the words because I forget them.有时，我临场发挥改了词，因为我把原来的词给忘了。

8.【翻译原文】

在中国，赠送礼物应考虑具体情况和场合。礼物常用红色或其他喜庆的颜色(festive color)来包装，但白色或黑色不适宜用于此。当你将礼物递出去时，收礼者(recipient)可能会礼貌谢绝。在情况下试着将礼物再-次送出去。通常收礼者在客人离开之后才打开礼物。此外，送礼还有—些禁忌(taboo)如给夫妻送伞就不合适，因为中文里“伞”与“散”同音。

【参考译文】

In China, we should consider the specific situation and occasion when presenting gifts.The gifts are usually packaged in red or other festive colors.But white and black and not suitable in the packaging.When you offer the gift, the recipient may refuse it politely.In this case, you could try to offer the present once again.Usually, the recipient won't open the gift until the guest leaves.In addition, there are some taboos in giving gifts.For example, it is inappropriate to present an umbrella as a gift to a couple because the word “umbrella” has the same pronunciation with another word ”separate“ in Chinese.9.【翻译原文】

平遥古城位于山西省中部平遥县内，始建于西周宣王时期(公元前827年～公元前782年)。平遥古城是中国汉民族城市在明清时期的杰出范例，在中国历史的发展中，为人们展示了一幅非同寻常的汉族文化、社会、经济及宗教发展的完整画卷。平遥古城被称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”之一，也是中国仅有的以整座古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功的两座古城市之一。

【参考译文】

Located in Pingyao County in the middle of Shanxi Province, the Ancient City of Pingyao was built during the reign of Emperor Xuan in the Western Zhou Dynasty(from 827 BC to 782 BC).The Ancient City of Pingyao is a prominent example of the Han people's cities in the dynasties of Ming and Qing.It shows a complete and extraordinary picture of the development of culture, society, economy, and religions of the Han people.The Ancient City of Pingyao is called one of the “four best preserved ancient cities”, and one of China’s only two ancient cities that have succeeded in the application for the world culture heritage as a whole city.10.【翻译原文】

“剩女(leftover women)”这个词被用来指那些在二十八九岁，甚至更大年龄仍未结婚的女性。有些人认为“剩女”是需要认真对待的社会力量,而另一些人则主张这个词应被视为褒义词，意思是“成功女性”。据2010年的中国婚姻调查(Chinese National Marriage Survey)报道，90%的男人认为女人应该在27岁之前结婚。在中国，大部分“剩女”都是受过良好教育的中产阶级。跟以前几代人相比，如今的女性更加自由，更能够独立生活。

【参考译文】

“Leftover women”is a term that refers to women who remain unmarried in their late twenties and beyond.Some people regard leftover women as a social force to be reckoned with”,while others have argued that the term should be taken as a positive term to mean“successful women”.In a 2010 Chinese National Marriage Survey, it was reported that 9 out of 10 men believe that women should be married before they are 27 years old.In China leftover women are mostly well-educated middle class.Women today are more free and able to live independently in comparison to previous generations.11.【翻译原文】

很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。

【参考译文】

Many people like Chinese food.In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art.The well/carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking.The way of cooking and ingredients varies greatly across China.However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always concern colors, smell, tastes and nutrition.As food is vital for man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains meats and vegetables.Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy.12.【翻译原文】

那些保持适应性情绪控制状态的人，把逆境看作是暂时性的，相信困难应该会过去的。在一项危机中，他们很好地调整自己，坚信控制来源于激励的行动而非控制反应。他们不会受到紧张或痛苦情绪的惊吓;他们采取有效的应对策略，例如取得亲朋的支持和自我的述说。研究表明那些拥有高情商的人处理创伤性(traumatic)事件时很少会有负面心理问题。

【参考译文】

Those who maintain an adaptive state of emotional control regard adversity as temporary and have the belief that “This shall pass.” In a crisis, they well adjust themselves and firmly believe that the control comes from inspired action rather than controlling reaction.They are not terrified by intense or painful emotions;they employ effective coping strategies, such as obtaining support from relatives and friends, and self-talk.The study indicates that individuals with a high emotional intelligence handle traumatic events with rare negative psychological problems.13.【翻译原文】

三手烟是指在吸烟几小时或几天之后仍然残留在地毯、衣物以及其他物品中的烟污染。据研究，许多人，尤其是烟民，都不知道三手烟会危害人们的健康。在接受调查的1500名烟民和非烟民中，绝大部分人都认同二手烟的危害。但当他们被问到是否知晓“吸入前一天有人吸烟的屋子里的空气会危害你的健康”时,只有65%的非烟民和43%的烟民回答是肯定的。

【参考译文】

Third-hand smoke refers to the tobacco smoke contamination that lingers on carpets, clothes and other materials hours or days after smoking.According to a study, a large number of people, particularly smokers, have no idea that the third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people.Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers surveyed, the vast majority agree that second-hand smoke is harmful.But when asked whether they agreed with the statement,“Breathing air in a room where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,”only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers gave the affirmative answer.14.【翻译原文】

自上世纪90年代后期起，七夕节(the Double SeventhFestival)开始被称为“中国的情人节”。这个节日可以追溯到汉朝，当时对恋人、女孩都是个特殊的日子。这天，女孩会举行仪式，向织女(Zhinv)乞求智慧、技艺和美满婚姻，所以七夕节还被称为“乞巧节(the Begging for SkillsFestival)”。如今，一些传统习俗已经弱化。人们现在把七夕节当作浪漫的情人节来庆祝，尤其是在年轻人中间。

【参考译文】

The Double Seventh Festival has been called Chinese Valentine's Day since the late 1990s.The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty.It was then a special day not only for lovers, but also for girls.Girls would hold a ceremony to beg Zhinv for wisdom, skills and a satisfying marriage.So it is also called “the Begging for Skills Festival”.Today some traditional customs have been weakened.Now the festival is celebrated as a romantic valentine's day, particularly among young people.15.【翻译原文】

火锅(hot pot)是中国的传统饮食方式之一，拥有几千年的历史。在寒冷的冬天，人们軎欢吃能立即暖身和提神的火锅。如今在许多现代家庭里，用煤炭加热的(coal-heated)传统火锅已经被电磁炉(induction cooker)火锅所取代。各地火锅风格各异，所使用的火锅原料也不尽相同。一般来说，用于火锅的肉类包括猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、鸭肉等,其他的菜则包括蔬菜、蘑菇、面条等。

【参考译文】

With a history of several thousand years, hot pot is one of the traditional Chinese diets.In the cold winter, people like to eat the hot pot that instantly warms their bodies and lifts their spirits.Today in many modern homes, the traditional coal-heated hot pots have been replaced by induction cookers.Hot pot styles and ingredients vary from region to region in China.Generally, the common meats used include pork, beef, chicken, duck and others, while other hot pot dishes are vegetables, mushrooms, noodles, etc.16.【翻译原文】

在中国，赠送礼物应考虑具体情况和场合。礼物常用红色或其他喜庆的颜色(festive color)来包装，但白色或黑色不适宜用于此。当你将礼物递出去时，收礼者(recipient)可能会礼貌谢绝。在情况下试着将礼物再-次送出去。通常收礼者在客人离开之后才打开礼物。此外，送礼还有—些禁忌(taboo)如给夫妻送伞就不合适，因为中文里“伞”与“散”同音。

【参考译文】

In China, we should consider the specific situation and occasion when presenting gifts.The gifts are usually packaged in red or other festive colors.But white and black and not suitable in the packaging.When you offer the gift, the recipient may refuse it politely.In this case, you could try to offer the present once again.Usually, the recipient won't open the gift until the guest leaves.In addition, there are some taboos in giving gifts.For example, it is inappropriate to present an umbrella as a gift to a couple because the word “umbrella” has the same pronunciation with another word ”separate“ in Chinese.17.【翻译原文】

中国饮茶的传统可以追溯到公元前3000多年，但“下午茶”的概念却是到17世纪中叶(the mid 17th century)才在英国出现的。当时那里时兴的晚餐时间是晚上8点，所以一位公爵夫人(Duchess)养成了在下午4点约朋友吃糕点的习惯。很快下午茶成为当时的社会潮流。随东西方文化交流的加深，这个英国传统逐渐进入中国。如今，下午茶在国内日渐流行起来，尤其是在广东和福建地区。

【参考译文】

Although the tradition of drinking tea dates back to more than 3,000 B.C.in China, it was not until the mid 17th century in the UK that appeared the concept of ”afternoon tea“.The dinner time then was popularly late at 8 pm, so a Duchess developed a habit of inviting Mends to enjoy some cakes at 4 pm in the afternoon.Quickly, afternoon tea became a fashionable social event.With the cultural exchanges between the east and the west deepening, this British tradition was gradually in-traduced into China.Now, afternoon tea is increasingly popular in China, especially in the area ol Guangdong and Fijian provinces.18.【翻译原文】

功夫茶(Gongfu tea)不是一种茶叶或茶的名字，而是一种冲泡的手艺。人们叫它功夫茶，足因为这种泡茶方式十分讲究：它的操作过程需要一定的技术，以及泡茶和品茶的知识和技能。功夫茶起源于宋朝，在广东的潮州府(今潮汕地区)一带最为盛行，后来在全国各地流行。功夫茶以浓度(concentration)高著称。制作功夫茶主要使用的茶叶足乌龙茶(Oolongtea),因为它能满足功夫茶色、香、味的要求。

【参考译文】

Gongfu tea is not one kind of tea or the name of tea, but a skill of making tea.People call it Gongfu tea for the reason of its exquisite process.The operational procedures require certain techniques, knowledge and skill of brewing and tasting tea.Gongfu tea originated in the Song Dynasty and prevailed mostly in Chaozhou Guangdong Province(Now: Chaoshan Area).It later became popular around the nation.Gongfu tea is famous for its high concentration.Oolong tea is mainly used in making the Gongfu tea because it can meet the requirements of color, flavor and taste of the Gongfu tea.19.【翻译原文】

筷子(chopsticks)是中国古人发明的一种具有鲜明民族特色的进食工具(tableware)，是反映中国饮食文化特色的重要组成部分。中国人使用筷子的历史可追溯到商代，距今已有三千多年。筷子可谓是中国国粹，既轻巧又灵活，在世界各国餐具中独树一帜，被西方人誉为“东方的文明”。凡是使用过筷子的人，不论中国人或是外国人，都因其使用方便、物美价廉而赞叹不绝。

【参考译文】

Chopsticks, invented by ancient Chinese people, are a kind of tableware with distinct national features, being an important component that reflects the characteristics of Chinese diet culture.The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than3,000 years ago.Chopsticks, the quintessence of Chinese culture, whose lightness and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the world, are praised as ”Eastern Civilization“ by the westerners.All those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chinese or foreigners, marvel at their convenience, excellent quality and reasonable price.20.【翻译原文】

中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。

【参考译文】

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.21.【翻译原文】

长期以来，京剧界面临的一个重要问题就是如何让更多人尤其是年轻人认识京剧、了解京剧，喜爱京剧。高速发展的现代社会为人们带来了更多娱乐选择，在电影、电视、网络等冲击下，年轻一代大多数没有意愿也少有机会真正感受京剧的魅力。现有的京剧专家很多已步入中老年，不擅长用年轻人喜欢的语言和方式与他们沟通;而年轻一代中又极少有人既懂得京剧又愿意花费时间和精力去介绍京剧。

【参考译文】

For a long time, a serious problem Peking Opera has been facing is how to get more people, especially the young generations, to know about, to understand, and to be keen on Peking Opera.The modern society, which is developing fast, has brought people more options for recreation.Under the impacts of movies, TV shows, Internet, etc., most of the young generations show no interest or scarcely have any opportunity to truly feel the charm of Peking Opera.Many of the Peking Opera masters have entered middle or old age, and they are not good at communicating with the young people in the languages or ways they like.Among the young generations, there are few people who have a good understanding of Peking Opera and are willing to spend time or efforts introducing it.【小贴士】

1.在翻译过程中适当使用定语从句会给你的译文加分，如The modern society, which is developing fast, has brought...2.遇到否定意义的句子，不要总是用“not”，而可以使用一些表否定意义的词，如scarce，rare等，会使你的表达看起来更加成熟。

22.【翻译原文】

风水(Fengshui)是一门使人与环境达到和谐的艺术，是中国哲学在环境上的反映。人们相信自然环境影响人的命运。他们期望通过调整建筑的设计与布局，达到人与环境和谐，并使人得益于环境。风水也有迷信(superstition)的一面。如今风水在中国城市的年轻人中已不太时兴，但在中国的农村、香港、台湾地区以及新加坡和马来西亚，风水仍然流行。

【小贴士】

1.第1句含有两个分句，翻译时可把前一个分句“是„„艺术”看作“风水”的同位语译出，后一个分句作为句子的主干。定语“一门使人与环境达到和谐的”和“中国哲学在环境上的”都较长，可采用”n + of +„“的所有格形式，表所属。

2.第3句分句较多，信息较零散，但仔细分析可发现达到人与环境和谐，并使人得益于环境“是目的，而”通过调整建筑的设计与摆设“是方式，故翻译本句时宜改变句子的语序，把表示目的内容作为句子的主干，而”通过调整“则译成through引导的方式状语置后。

3.第4句“风水也有迷信的一面”，可译成“be of + n.”的结构，强调“具有„„特性”。

4.在最后一句中，地点状语“在„„马来西亚”很长，故翻译时将其置于句末，避免句子头重脚轻，也更符合英语的表达习惯。

【参考译文】

Fengshui, an art of harmonizing people with their environment, is the reflection of Chinese philosophy in environment.People believe that the natural environment affects people's fortunes.They expect to achieve harmony with the environment, and benefit from it through adjusting the design and layout of their houses.Fengshui is also of superstition on its side.Nowadays it is not much popular with young Chinese in the cities, but it is still welcomed in Chinese rural areas, Hong Kong and Taiwan as well as countries like Singapore and Malaysia.23.【翻译原文】

为了让人们更好地记住年份，我们的祖先用12只动物来代表年份。即“十二生肖”(Chinese Zodiac)。每一年由一种动物代表，每隔12年进行一个循环，从鼠开始，以猪为结尾。每一种动物还有其独特的文化内涵(cultural connotation).例如，牛年出生的人据说“勤奋、冷静、可靠”，虎年出生的人则“强大、勇敢、但又急躁”。十二生肖在亚洲的其他国家，如韩国和日本也很流行。

【小贴士】

1.第1句中的“为了让人们更好地记住年份”，如果直译成in order to make people remember the years more easily.表达不够地道，有中国式英语的感觉。“让人们”是汉语中约定俗成的表达，翻译时可“省译”，此处表达为to order to remember即可。“即‘十二生肖’”可紧跟上文，用which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达。

2.第2句中的“每隔12年进行一个循环”可以用every 12 years comes in a circle表达，主语every 12 years为整体念的单数名词。“从鼠开始，以猪为结尾”用现在分词短语beginning with Rat and ending with Pig来表达，作“循环”的后置定语。

3.第4句中的“牛年出生的”宜处理成后置定语，用分词短语bornin the Year of Ox来表达。“据说„„”译为 is said to„。

4.翻译最后一句时，先译出主干(The Chinese Zodiac remains popular)。地点状语“在亚洲的其他国家”用介词短语 in other Asian countries 来表达。

【参考译文】

In order to remember the years more easily, our ancestors used twelve animals to represent the years, which is called the ”Chinese Zodiac“.Every year is represented by an animal and every 12 years comes in a circle beginning with Rat and ending with Pig.Each animal has its unique cultural connotations.For example, a person born in the Year of Ox is said to be hard working, calm, and reliable, while the person born in the Year of Tiger is powerful, brave, and impatient.The Chinese Zodiac remains popular as well in other Asian countries, such as Korea and Japan.24.【翻译原文】

李白是唐朝(the Tang Dynasty)的著名诗人。他和他的朋友杜甫是唐代中期中国诗歌繁盛时期最杰出的两位人物。他一生四处游历，写下了大约1000首诗篇。这些诗堪称是赞美友情、享受大自然和饮酒作乐的模板。他的诗浪漫、豪迈，想象力丰富。作为一个浪漫主义天才，李白把中国的传统诗歌形式推向了一个新的离度，对后世的诗歌产生了深远的影响。

【小贴士】

1.第2句中的定语“唐代中期中国诗歌繁盛时期”的中心词是“繁盛时期”(in the flourishing)，“中国诗歌”是其定语，用介词短语of Chinese poetry来表达，时间范围较大的“唐代中期”(in the mid-Tang Dynasty)置于句末。

2.第3句中的“写下了大约1000首诗篇”用分词短语composing about 1,000 pieces of poems来表达，作状语。后一句以“这些诗”为主语，跟前一句关联较大，故将其处理成修饰前一句poems的定语从句，用 which引导。

3.第5句“他的诗浪漫、豪迈，想象力丰富”是中文的无动词句。翻译时，把“他的诗浪漫”转换为主干(his poems are romantic)，将“豪迈，想象力丰富”转换为状语，用介词短语with heroic style and rich imagination来表达。

4.最后一句可直译成并列结构，“推向„„高度”用take„to a height来表达，“对„„产生深远的影响”则用exerted a far-reaching influence oil„的表达方式。

【参考译文】

Li Bai was a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty.He and his friend Du Fu were the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the mid-Tang Dynasty.He traveled around the country in his lifetime, composing about 1,000 pieces of poems which were models for celebrating the friendship, appreciating the nature and the joys of drinking wine.His poems are romantic with heroic style and rich imagination.As a romantic genius, Li Bai took traditional poetic forms to a new height and exerted a far-reaching influence on the poems of the future generation.25.【翻译原文】

胡同(Hutong)是北京的一大特色，有着与北京城一样久远的历史。最早的胡同出现在元朝(the Yuan Dynasty)，如今大部分胡同是在明清时代(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)形成的。据专家考证，“胡同”一词源 干蒙古语(Mongolian)的“井”。自古以来胡同都是北京城里普通市民生息的场所，可以说是北京平民文化的代表。但随着人口的增加，很多古老的胡同已经消失，取而代之的是现代化的却没有特色的高楼大厦。

【小贴士】

1.第1句中的“馆藏丰富的”用现在分词短语表达，作后置定语，译作boasting vast collections.“一座宝藏” 可简单译为a treasure，但不如用a palace of treasure来表达语义更生动饱满。

2.第2句中的“但令人遗憾的是”可套用句型it is a pity that„，此处用副词regrettably置句首修饰一整句则更简单，是英语中常用的表达方式。

3.仔细分析可发现，第4句“这一举动„„良好的开端”中的“这一举动”指代前一句的内容，故将该句处理成非限制性定语从句，译作which is a good start„。“为学术馆藏走近普通大众”表目的，故将其处理成状语，用不定式短语to bring academic collections closer to the general public 来表达。

4.最后一句进行了对比，重点为后一分句内容“国内的髙校博物馆仍然有待发掘”(the domestic university museums are still waiting to be discovered)。所以翻译时，可以考虑将这两个分句进行“合译”，后一分句作主句，前一分句则处理成用as引导的状语从句，使译文结构紧凑流畅。

【参考译文】

The university museums boasting vast collections are undoubtedly ”a palace of treasure".Regrettably, however, this treasure has been receiving little attention.Recently, some university in Beijing announce that their museums will grant free access to the public, which is a good start to bring academic collections closer to the general public.But as many world-class university museums have long been famous attractions for tourists and scholars, the domestic university museums are still waiting to be discovered.26.【翻译原文】

丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是历史上连接中国和地中海的一条重要 贸易路线。因为这条路上的丝绸贸易占绝大部分，所以在1877年它 被德国的一位地理学家命名为“丝绸之路”。这条古道从长安开始，经过河西走廊(the Hexi Corridor),到达敦煌后分成三条：南部路线，中部路线和北部路线。这三条路遍布新疆维吾尔自治区(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)，然后扩展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度，甚至罗马。

【参考译文】

The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean.Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by an eminent German geographer.This ancient road begins at Chang’an, then by way of the Hexi Corridor，and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route，Central Route and North¬ern Route.The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome.27.【翻译原文】

中国人民依法享受超过115天的假期，其中包括104天的周 末和11天的节假日。中国一年中有7个法定假日，包括元旦(New Year’s Day),春节(Spring Festival),清明节(Qingming Festival), 五一劳动节(May Day)，端午节(Dragon Boat Festival),中秋节(Mid-Autumn Day)和国庆节(National Day)。员工有5至15天的带薪年假。学生和老师有大约三个月的寒暑假。在中国，暑假_般约在7月1 日开始，8月31日左右结束，寒假是根据春节的日期，通常是在1 月或2月。

【参考译文】

Chinese people legally enjoy over 115 days off including 104 days of weekends and 11 days of festivals.China has seven legal holidays in a year，including New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, May Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and National Day.Employees have 5 to 15 days of paid annual leave.Students and teachers have summer and winter vacations for about three months.The summer vacation in China generally starts around July 1st and ends around August 31st，and the winter vacation usually falls on January or February according to the date of the Spring Festival.28.【翻译原文】

中国扇子的历史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作“扇汗”(Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来 挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称 为中山扇(Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装 饰。

【参考译文】

The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago，around the Shang Dynasty.The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the passengers from the rainfall.The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella.Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or birds5 feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.29.【翻译原文】

洛阳是地处中原的河南省西部一个地级市(prefecture-level city)。它东部舭邻省会郑州，南接南阳，西连三门峡(S_enxia)，北邻济源。在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),洛阳是东都(Dongdu)，东部首都，其人 口最多的时候有100万左右，仅次于当时世界上最大的城市——长安。在短暂的五代(Five Dynasties)时期，洛阳是后梁(Later Liang)，后唐(Later Tang)和后晋(Later Jin)的首都，后来。北宋(the North Song Dynasty)时期，洛阳是西部首都，也是宋朝的建立人赵匡胤的出生地。

【参考译文】

Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China.It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, and Jiyuan to the north.During the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu(东都),the “Eastern Capital' and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang，an，which, at the time，was the largest city in the world.During the short-lived Five Dynasties, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin.During the North Song Dynasty, Luoyang was the “Western Capital” and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of Song Dynasty.30.【翻译原文】

自从1978年经济改革以来，中国已经完成了从中央计划经济(centrally planned economy)向市场经济(market based economy)的转变。超过6亿人已经脱离了贫困，但是仍然有超过1.7亿人生活在国际贫困线以下 天少于1.25美元。2012年，中国的人均GDP 为12405.67美元，这是30年前的37倍。到2018年，中国的人均 GDP将从世界第90位上升到第75位。然而，这仍然是低于预计的世界平均水平。

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Since initiating market reforms in 1978，China has shifted from a centrally planned to a market based economy.More than 600 million citizens have been lifted out of poverty, but over 170 million people still live below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line.In 2012, China’s GDP(PPP)per capita was $12,405.67.This is 37 times higher than what it was just 30 years ago.By 2018，China’s GDP per capita will climb from the 90th to 75th highest in the world.This however will still be below the forecasted world average.