有关传统文化初三作文素材[大全]

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第一篇:有关传统文化初三作文素材[大全]

有关传统文化初三作文素材

在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家都经常接触到作文吧,作文是通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。那要怎么写好作文呢?下面是小编收集整理的有关传统文化初三作文素材,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

有关传统文化初三作文素材1

一墨、一笔、一毡、一纸,点墨、提笔、中锋、收尾。如此反复,心因墨香浸润而宁静,眉因隶楷呈现而舒展。

墨味是苦涩而清香的,是迷人的,是令人心醉的。每每那浓黑发亮的墨汁倾入墨盒,那股迷人的苦香味涌入鼻腔,浸泡味蕾,沁入心扉,整个人在那一瞬间跌入迷蒙而宁静的遐想。

第一次对这看似枯燥落伍的东西产生兴趣,是在爷爷那纸香、墨香交叠的书房里。本想滴一滴黑黑的“水”来玩,却不慎将它滴进了一旁的清水里,只见它舒展优美而自然的弧线,深浅不一,犹如罩着一层薄纱的黑在无色透明的天地间优雅而脱俗地释放。

一年级,我进了书法班,与所有的初学者一样,开始临摹颜真卿厚重而端庄的楷书。可能是我可塑性不错,小小年纪便写得有模有样。只可惜一年后换了老师,我哭了好久,不愿跟新老师学,最后,也就不了了之。

小升初过后,我再次拾起了尘封的毛笔,看它干涩的羊毫在水中无声地变得柔软。倾墨、点尖,细看墨汁顺着毫毛的纹理攀至笔腹,黑白分明,煞是好看。新老师很有个性,很有禅意,他另辟蹊径,鼓励我们先学隽秀自如的隶书,我学得很快,领悟起来也很快,老师常说我有灵气,一点就通,这更增进了我对笔墨的热爱。

过了一段时间,我想兼修,老师全力支持却要求更严格,提醒我梅兰竹菊是基础。梅花画了一幅又一幅,从苍劲有力的枝到娇柔仰放的花再到浓淡不一的墨色变化,一节课下来,脚边堆满了画废的毛边纸。我在一路赞不绝耳的书法征途中,头一回遇到如此挫败,沮丧犹如被石头打破的湖面,在心头一圈圈地荡开并且越来越大……

梅花……梅花……还是梅花!提笔落墨间我勾勒的花瓣愈加生硬,老师终于看不下去了,教训我说:“有你这样面对困难的吗?不欣然接受并努力争取,这种心态还不如多去写几张字呢,别画了!”

我低头看着被毛边纸埋没的双脚,忽觉出自己的盲区,是呀——心态、努力——仅此而已,真可惜了这些被我用来发泄的纸。

静下心,细品那萦绕在鼻尖墨香,轻盈而有力地在白宣上抽出梅树苍劲有力的枝条,在枝间勾出淡雅清幽的花朵,打点提蕊,倾心而至,简单而平和。提笔落墨,即是人生之悟。

有关传统文化初三作文素材2

每年的12月21或22日太阳到达黄经270°(点)时开始为“冬至”。冬至是农历二十四节气的第22个节气,冬至日太阳直射南回归线,北半球昼最短、夜最长。我们的古人对此早有认识,正因为“冬至阳生春又来”,所以很早以前冬至就已成为一个古老而重要的节日。

冬至前后,虽然北半球日照时间最短,接收的太阳辐射量最少,但这时地面在夏半时积蓄的热量还可提供一定的补充,故这时气温还不是最低。“吃了冬至饭,一天长一线”,冬至后白昼时间日渐增长。但是地面获得的太阳辐射仍比地面辐射散失的热量少,所以在短期内气温仍继续下降。我国除少数海岛和海滨局部地区外,1月都是最冷的月份,故民间有“冬至不过不冷”之说,天文学上也把“冬至”规定为北半球冬季的开始。

冬至后,虽进入了“数九天气”,但我国地域辽阔,各地气候景观差异较大。东北大地千里冰封,琼装玉琢;黄淮地区也常常是银装素裹;大江南北这时平均气温一般在5℃以上,冬作物仍继续生长,菜麦青青,一派生机,正是“水国过冬至,风光春已生”;而华南沿海的平均气温则在10℃以上,更是花香鸟语,满目春光。冬至前后是兴修水利,大搞农田基本建设、积肥造肥的大好时机,同时要施好腊肥,做好防冻工作。江南地区更应加强冬作物的管理,做好清沟排水,培土壅根,对尚未犁翻的冬壤板结要抓紧耕翻,以疏松土壤,增强蓄水保水能力,并消灭越冬害虫。已经开始春种的南部沿海地区,则需要认真做好水稻秧苗的防寒工作。

其主要农事有,一是三麦、油菜的中耕松土、重施腊肥、浇泥浆水、清沟理墒、培土壅根。二是稻板茬棉田和棉花、玉米苗床冬翻,熟化土层。三是搞好良种串换调剂,棉种冷冻和室内选种。四是绿肥田除草,并注意培土壅根,防冻保苗。五是果园、桑园继续施肥、冬耕清园;果树、桑树整枝修剪、更新补缺、消灭越冬病虫。六是越冬蔬菜追施薄粪水、盖草保温防冻,特别要加强苗床的越冬管理。七是畜禽加强冬季管理、修补畜舍、保温防寒。八是继续捕捞成鱼,整修鱼池,养好暂养鱼种和亲鱼;搞好鱼种越冬管理。

有关传统文化初三作文素材3

中国家喻户晓的皮影戏,被印尼申请为该国的文化遗产。04年在内蒙古流行的马头琴被蒙古国申报成功为该国的非物质文化遗产。05年,韩国成功申报端午祭为世界非物质文化遗产。中国的传统民俗被抢的消息传到国内,国人一片哗然,痛骂者有之,鄙夷者有之,更多的则是无奈和痛惜。随着经济的发展,国人的生活水平的提高,人们的生活方式也逐步西化,很多人信奉天主教,热恋。然而,在崇尚洋节时,似乎已经失去了对自己文化的自觉意识。

很多中学生能熟练的用英语读写,却看不懂文言文;对牛顿、培根奉若神明,对老庄、孔子却形同路人;说起西方头头是道,谈到老祖宗一无所知。仔细,究竟还有什么传统文化也已濒临失传?“一个国家,一个民族亡国都不怕,最可怕的是一个国家和民族将自己的根本文化亡掉了,这就会沦为万劫不复,永远不会翻身”。

保护我们的文化财产,不仅是政府的事,更是我们每个国人自己的事。我们要熟读“明月几时有,把酒问青天”,体验古人在诗词里面留给我们的意境美;我们要多听《贵妃醉酒》,从传统戏曲中领略民族艺术的风姿;我们要过节、端午节……,在节日中颔首我们民族节日文化的习俗,把它发扬光大;我们要学习儒家经典、道家理论,那是中国文化的灵魂,可以以此培育我们中华学子的“中国心”。

如今,国家为保护出台了相应的政策:从20xx年起,清明、端午、中秋成为了法定节假日。央视《百家讲坛》也先后推出了刘心武的《解密红楼梦》、易中天的《品三国》、于丹的《论语》《庄子》、钱文忠的《三字经》等,他们用自己独特的视角诠释了古代文学作品,既保持了原著的精髓,又有创新,深受大众喜爱,从而带动了国人对国学、历史等传统文化学习的热情。

对传统文化的保护,需要从每一个人做起。清明时节的扫墓,端午吃粽子赛龙舟,中秋时与家人的团聚,都是我们力所能及的。读孔子、学老庄更是对民族文化的传承。让我们都来学习传播中国传统文化,共同实现中华文化的伟大复兴。

有关传统文化初三作文素材4

传统文化是每个国家独有的文化,是祖先在漫长时间里的积累,可是随着时代的进步,全球性的商业化,所有一切都逐渐改变着人们的传统观念,祖辈留传下来的精华正在慢慢的消失。

首先是传统节日。传统节日是传统文化的'重要组成部分,是我们继承与发扬传统文化的一种良好方式。然而现在随着西方各种节日的攻陷,传统节日却被渐渐淡化了,鲜少有人重视传统节日,像赛龙舟吃粽子、插茱萸、时赏月亮、时喝腊八粥等等。只有老一辈的人才能记得,总是遵循留传下来的传统,过好每一个自己的节日。而一些年青人年少轻狂,根本就不知道什么是传统节日,可是一到洋人的节日就大肆铺张、大办特办,好像他才是外国人。他们总是热火朝天地庆祝,我好想问问他们:中国人的节日呢?习俗呢?传统呢?早就被抛之脑后,飞到九宵云外去了……

其次就是传统歌舞。扭秧歌是很经典的例子,老人们在公园里卖力地扭着,年轻人却带着讽剌之心在嘲笑,他们喜欢的是西方的、等,这些更受他们的捧场,好像跳扭秧歌是奇耻大辱似的。再看看京剧,它有浓厚的历史、精彩的对白,这可是老一辈人的最爱啊!是我们的国粹啊!可是现在有几个人能看得懂,哪怕坐下来静静的观看10分钟都难呢!

还有工艺美术与戏曲巧妙结合的皮影戏、中国独特的糖人、历史悠久的活化石梨园、传统的书法绘画等都受到严重的冲击。传统思想遭人嫌弃,这种种现象叫人担忧啊!看着它们慢慢地消失,而我们却不加以挽救,依然热情的迎接外来文化,如果继续这样下去,中华文明早晚不复存在。

该如何保护它啊?要从小培养对它的兴趣,有了兴趣才会喜欢,有了喜欢才会关注,有了关注就不会消失。慢慢的越来越多人关注,就会有人去继承发扬,队伍会越来越壮大。国家也要不断的参与进来带头作用,给人舞台展示、鼓励大家积极,把传统发扬到国外,让世界为我中华而激情万丈,让外国人为我们的传统而折服迷恋。每个人都有义务,在任何场合下都要宣传文化,每个人都是代表大使,做到全民都行动起来,让这种信念,深入人心。

传统文化是中华民族的瑰宝,也是我们的骄傲,我们要保护它,每个人都要贡献出自已的力量,使其重新发出夺目的光芒。

有关传统文化初三作文素材5

中国有许多传统节日,但我最喜欢过年。每到新年,喜贴春联,敲锣打鼓,张灯结彩,送旧迎新的活动热闹非凡,每一个人脸上都洋溢着节日的喜悦。但你知道吗,过年为什么会有这些喜庆的活动呢?这里面有着一个美妙的神话,现在让我来讲给你们听听吧!

传说中,在一个僻静的山谷里,住着一只叫年的怪兽,每到新年的晚上,怪兽就会去袭击山角下的一个小村庄,村里人知道会来怪物,把门锁得紧紧的,可是不管怎样,年就会进来,偷吃村民的东西,伤害人畜,大家都害怕极了,但又无能为力。第二年一大清早,人们纷纷收拾好东西准备去城里过完年再回来,这时,一位仙翁走过,他告诉村民年害怕红色和响声,人们听了连忙买了贴在门上。晚上,年又来了,它一见红色,听到锣鼓声阵阵吓得赶紧逃跑了。从此,村庄太平了。以后每逢过新年家家户户都贴对联,放爆竹,这个习俗一直延续至今。

新年中最有趣的要数我和小伙伴一起放烟火。晚上吃完年夜饭,我就迫不及待地拿着烟花朝门外奔去,一出门就听见小伙伴们的欢呼声。原来,在二村的小花园里正举行烟花比赛呢!只听见天空中“砰,砰”几声,各种烟花在天空中绽放,真是形态各异,姹紫嫣红,有的像一条巨龙腾空而起,有的像一枚枚子弹直冲云宵,还有像一个没有开放的花苞,在天空中欣然怒放。

我看见这样美丽的烟花心里想:“我的烟花一定比他们的烟花好看几十万倍。”于是,我赶紧拿出自己的烟花小心翼翼的点燃之后向着天空发射,只听“啪”的一声,烟花朝天空中直飞而去,这时我在心里暗暗的想:“嘿,嘿,”我这烟花一定比你们的好看,可是,当我抬头望着天空时却呆若木鸡了,原来这种烟花叫“花生米爆炸”,这烟火就像一颗花生米一样飞上了天空,但在上面只“啪”的一声就结束了,一点也不漂亮。真让我大失所望。不过一转眼我就溶入到这节日的喜庆之中去了,看着天空被这些五彩缤纷的烟花装扮的绚丽多彩,我们个个欢呼雀跃,开心极了!

过新年,穿新衣,开开心心过大年。

第二篇:作文素材 传统文化

作文素材 传统文化.txt心是自己的,干嘛总被别人伤......没有伞的孩子必须努力奔跑▓敷衍旳青春 总昰想太多 怨,只怨现实太现实╰⌒﹏为什么在一起要两个人的同意丶而分手只需要一个人“传统文化失落”材料作文写作参考

【我们面对的现实】

亲爱的中学生朋友,我现在想问你们:当敦煌的瑰宝出现在大英博物馆,当《孙子兵法》、《三国演义》的读者更多的是外国人——作为华夏子民,我们应该为此欣喜还是悲哀?当我们的经济实力受到世人的瞩目,而中华优秀文化却在不自觉中流失,我们是该喜还是该忧?当然我们也知道,过去的文化是少数人的专利,只有那些熟读《四书》《五经》的达官贵人、文人墨客才配谈文化,而那些种地耕田的下里巴人向来是见不着也想不到这样的阳春白雪的。在孔儒之风居于正统的时代,文化的分量重若磐石,读书人的行头也似乎比别人高雅尊贵了许多。几千年的文化血脉流传下来,中国人可以自豪地说,我来自一个文明的国度,一个贲张着文化的国度,所以,文化成了时下许多人的宠爱,成了当今社会中的一种风气或潮流。于是,这样的文化几乎可以填满这个国家的坑坑洼洼。

无论如何,文化都是一个高尚的字眼,崇尚文化更是一个民族的幸事,但果真国民的素质就高到连天上飘的,地上爬的,水中游的都是文化的那个境地了吗?如此“文化”的泛滥并不能见证这个国家和民族的富强和优越,反倒是体现出了它的荒唐和无知。

毋庸置疑,改革开放后的中国在各个领域都发生了翻天覆地的变化。思想解放的确带来了文化的活跃和激荡,国门打开的确带来了文化的四面来风八方有雨。也正是在这样的文化环境中,新旧文化的矛盾,中西文化的碰撞,传统文化和现代文明的比较,文化的守成和文化的变革都积极地不可避免地涌现出来。西方的生活方式、社会文化的东进也慢慢缩小了东西文化之间的距离,这在青年一代身上体现的尤为明显。我们所见所闻之处,80年代后期出生的人开始相信圣诞老人了,开始在麦当劳必胜客里面过生日,可他们中很多人不知道毛笔该怎么拿,没读过线装书,没见过长命锁,没上过八仙桌,他们可以把不知从哪个角落里找出来的珠算盘当车推着玩。在他们的记忆中,不曾有过这些传统的东西的印象,因此,它们是没有质感的,是苍白无力的。这些祖先传下来的东西,浸濡着华夏民族几千年文明的结晶,对于他们来说是陌生甚至是不可理解的。于是,今天的年轻人开始忽视甚至放弃这些国产的文化,他们更崇尚西方文化,他们西装革履,操一口流利的英语满世界跑,却懒得抽出一天的时间去祭奠一下自己的祖先。

传统文化在中国已然式微,它的缺失已成为一个沉痛的现实。虽然传统文化不尽是好的,难免有一些糟粕,但其精华绝对是大大超过流毒的,不然中华文明何以在其他的几大古文明早已折经断脉的时候依旧熠熠发光?但最可叹也是最可悲之处,是我们漠视的文化却被人家视若珍宝。当初韩国将中国的传统节日端午节列入它的文化遗产时,国内舆论一片哗然,其中一篇标题《“去传统化”将文化遗产拱手让人》的文章这样写道:“中国长达一个世纪的‘去传统化’运动并未导致中国富强,它只造成断裂的一代——对传统文化无知的失落的一代„„由于我们对传统的冷漠,以至我们对传统的保存远不如邻国。我们心有不甘却怨不得别人,是我们自己把文化遗产拱手让人。”由此我想起了敦煌窟、敦煌文化,想起了王道士、斯坦因和当时的满清政府,想起了斯坦因一车车地把那些本属于我们的敦煌的经卷、书籍、塑像运往欧洲时,我心中泛起酸楚的感觉:那些敦煌的宝贝不是人家抢走的,是王道士甘心用仅值几个碎银的东西换走的。这些中华文化的瑰宝就这样简单而干脆地流失了!还有《孙子兵法》、《三国演义》、《论持久战》这些今天的年轻人鲜有问津的经典文化没有被我们国人吸收,却被日韩及欧美一些国家拿去研究用以管理人才、资源,运用于商战之中,反过来再和我们来做生意。这,究竟是文化的不幸还是华夏子孙的悲哀?我们不得而知。

一个民族的文化程度在一定意义上反映了一个国家和民族的经济发展水平。真正的文化是那些启人心智、诲人不倦地能促进人类自身进步和社会发展的精神食粮,而不是那些穿凿附

会、沽名钓誉的佯装高尚甚至传播封建迷信违法乱纪的有着不轨行径的渣滓。一个民族不需要泡沫文化和虚假文化。泡沫和虚假文化无法重塑精神理念,建构人格品质。文化不是越多越好,宁缺毋滥是定义文化的道德底线。

文化的嬗变只能说明真正的文化的缺失,它的贫乏已影响到精神文明的建设,制约人们的社会道德和职业道德水平的提高。中国传统文化的许多内涵是我们终其一生也领悟不完,参透不了的。也许它的某些杂质是该舍弃的,也许它的某些内容尚不能给我们的经济建设提供及时的智力保障和支持,但我们可以扬长避短,可以把传统文化和现代文化有机和谐地结合起来,共同服务于我们的建设事业。

【我们的思考点选择】

传统文化,我们是否正在渐渐失去你

1、全球化大环境下,华夏传统即将遗失?

最近,社会公众明确地感受到了一次华夏传统的即将遗失,并同时引起了一系列的新的反思,就是在新的全球化大环境中,在西方生活方式和西方文化随着经济强势席卷而来的时候,是否也要把我们的传统文化和传统生活方式一并改变?

中国文化曾经有它的从容和优雅,也曾经在历史上写下辉煌不朽的一笔。“中国在公元前3世纪到13世纪之间保持一个西方所望尘莫及的科学知识水平”,中国的科学发明和发现“往往远远超过同时代的欧洲,特别是15世纪之前更是如此”。

近200年间,中国饱经沧桑,特别是新中国诞生前,世界列强对中国的蹂躏,无休止的战乱**,带来至今难以抚平的创伤。在濒临外忧内患的重重危机中,我们几乎是身不由己地对传统文化进行了清理和反思,并对其赋予了太多的批判和指责。

2、不得不清点:我们的传统文化和传统生活方式还剩下几许?

1900年2月10日,梁启超写下了激扬一代中国人的巨作《少年中国说》,“少年强则国强,少年富则国富。”而今天,梁启超曾寄望的少年具有的希望、进取、日新、破格、好行乐、盛气、豪壮、造世界、“常思将来”、“常觉一切事无不可为”的气质都在这一代身上依稀地看见。可是,代价是他们身上的中国传统日趋稀薄,他们身上的特质与个体不复存在,中国味淡不可闻。

古人曾把道德修养视为人生的终极追求,不过,在全球化的今天,个人奋斗、快乐、自由通通比道德来得重要;现在的孩子还有很多别的事要忙。

初始的风雅在父母们的鸡毛掸子和考级的压力下,已经被扭曲,再也保持不了它们唯美的形状了。

90年代生人开始相信圣诞老人了,开始在麦当劳必胜客里过生日。他们不知道阿福,没放过风筝,没见过长命锁,没上过八仙桌,没爬过大门槛,所以,传统的东西在他们看来,是没有质感的,是苍白的。

到哪里才能找回我们丢失的传统?怎么样才能写出一篇《新少年中国》,而不仅仅是《少年全球化》?

3、传统文化面临的压力:西方文化的如浪冲击和我们知识分子的试图摆脱。李约瑟曾经提出一个意义十分重大的课题:“为什么近代科学没有发生在中国?”这个问题也曾经被许多中国知识分子思考着。李约瑟有一些很著名的观点:近代科学之所以没有在中国产生,一是中国没有具备宜于科学成长的自然观;二是中国人太讲究实用,一些发现滞留在了经验阶段;三是中国的科举制度扼杀了人们对自然规律探索的兴趣,八股文扼杀了学生探索自然的兴致,思想被束缚在古书和名利上,“学而优则仕”成了读书人的第一追求。实际上,这种影响至今依然根深蒂固地存在于我国社会中,强烈的官本位意识对科学和创新产生了严重的负面影响。

杨振宁在讲到中国本土为什么还没有人获得诺贝尔奖的时候,也明确指出:“中庸之道对

于科学发展不是最好。中国为何没有得出欧几里德的几何定律,在于它所揭示出的打破沙锅问到底的科学精神与中国倡导中庸、不太允许标新立异的文化传统相背离,这种文化机制不利于培养标新立异的科技人才。”

我们自己的知识分子,也几乎得出了同样的结论:倡导中庸之道的中国文化传统,不利于培养标新立异的科技人才。

4、正视现实:谁能保护中国的传统文化和传统生活方式?

作为中国内地语文界的精英尚且如此,等而下之的教师中国传统文化水准如何可想而知。这当然不是他们的错。长期以来,我们把语文课当政治课上,重的是思想灌输,要的是政治正确,“文革”十年破“四旧”更是把中国传统文化“扫进了历史的垃圾堆”。在这样的社会背景中成长的教师,中国传统文化的修养必是先天不足、后天失调。正如岳飞“保全”不了北宋或者南宋,靠这样的教师,沿袭旧的为政治服务的语文教育模式,是“保全”不了中国传统文化的。

5、另外一种现实:白领们如奉圭臬的传统文化和传统生活方式的现在进行时。在韩国将中国传统节日端午节列入它的文化遗产时,国内舆论一片哗然。其中有一篇标题为《“去传统化”将文化遗产拱手让人》的文章(作者韩福东)这样说,“中国长达一个世纪的‘去传统化’运动并没有导致中国富强,它只造成了‘断裂的一代’——对传统文化无知的失落的一代人。„„由于我们对传统的冷落,以至我们对传统的保存远不及邻国。我们心有不甘,不过我们真的怨不得别人,是我们自己主动把文化遗产拱手让语文轩/转贴请注明。人。”

那么,在一个日益物质化、全球化的现代社会,保持一种传统文化习惯,保持用传统文化下的生活方式,有没有可能呢?

传统文化在中国已然式微,但在新中国白领张勋眼里却仍旧如奉圭臬。这个白领阶层的出现,其实不过20几年的时间。这一个群体,通常被描绘成为西装革履、讲英语、崇尚西方文化、抛弃传统的形象。但是他说,“我曾经想过,以后要发起一个‘四书五经基金会’,谁能把它背出来就发给一笔奖金,以此来推动传统文化的传播。”

很多人都认为,在中国,传统文化与写字楼文化并没有必然的联系。事实上,如果这样看待传统文化,那就证明我们对传统文化确实已经有很多误解了。

同样,传统民俗负担着承载传统文化的重大使命。当端午节申遗的消息如一记钟声敲响的时候,我们不能不思考邻国的经验,对自己的鞭炮、年画倍加珍惜。

6、观点:我们必须向邻国日本学习。

日本就很注意文化传统的继承和保护。凡历史悠久的文化古迹都被国家定为“国宝”,日本最多的国宝是寺庙,很多都有上千年的历史,如京都的金阁寺,奈良的东大寺、招提寺等。它们是古代建筑艺术的瑰宝,更是历史与文化的见证。同时,日本很多城市也都有保存完好的古城,如名古屋、熊本古城等。日本每个城市都有博物馆,里面有各种各样的文物、书籍、模型和画像,让人们对历史和传统文化有一个直观的认识。日本在保护文化遗产方面确实是用心良苦!由于现代城市的发展,很多地方已经彻底改变了模样,但作为无形的文化传承,日本人延续了几百年前的生活习俗和形式。每年各地例行节日很多,举行的活动各式各样,比如岐阜县的高山节之类。东京的隅田焰火大会每年8月都要举行一次,已有300多年的历史。每年的焰火大会都有上百万人观看。虽然只能从高楼大厦的夹缝里观赏,但五光十色的焰火在楼与楼之间升腾,引起阵阵欢呼声。

另外值得一提的是,日本人并没有把传统看成是现代化的对立面,传统并没有影响日本的现代化进程。日本人的观念中有迷信的成分,但他们又是现代人,有时间观念、金钱观念和效益观念。个性张扬不够,这是东方文化的特点,日本人个性张扬不够却并没有阻碍日本的进步,恰恰相反,团队意识对增强日本人的向心力还大有帮助。

对传统我们不应一概拒绝,而是应该更多地反思,这样就不会迷失。我们对文化传统的忽视,更多的来至于追求现代化的实用主义态度的扬弃论。长期以来,国内一直存在着两种极端行为,不是盲目“崇洋”,就是盲目“排外”。在当前的情况下,我们要强调传统的价值,但也必须警惕报仇雪恨的义和团式的心态以及大中华主义和泛中华主义情结,因为这种心态极易演化成为极端的国家主义,使人丧失价值理性。

【针刺文选编】

拯救春节,就是拯救我们的生活

朱鲁子

一个民族的文化精神、价值理想和真实生活样态,无不活生生地体现在他们的传统节日里。对中国人来说,尤以春节最具代表性。可以说,没有任何一个节日会像春节那样承载着所有中国人的生命内涵。对于没有西方民族那样的圣诞节的中华民族来说,每年农历的初一甚至绵延整个正月的春节,就是我们的“圣诞节”。春节,是所有中国人的共同“生日”——这从传统中每个人的年龄的增长不以自己的生日而以春节为标志清晰可见。

春节的真实意义在于它以非常世俗的形式,如之前的过分操劳和精心筹备等,昭示我们一种非世俗的生活样态,如沉浸在没有实际功利的纯粹民俗仪式的,纯粹是资源消费的张灯结彩、贴春联、放鞭炮、吃喝玩乐之类。“欢度春节”就是具有人性光芒的样态。这种生活样态是审美的、情感性的、狂欢性的、超功利的,它是让平淡生活有味道的盐和漫漫长夜中的光。这是生活的一种升华和超越:一种神圣对世俗的超越。春节,是被日常世俗日子所压抑、贬斥、淹没的人性的复活。

自古以来人们无不艳羡:要是日子天天像过年那样该有多好啊!——那是一种怎样的包含着无限幸福、成长和收获的憧憬与渴望啊!

遗憾的是,如今的春节,正在无情地失落。

一方面,强势的西方文化和大众媒体的商业炒作让情人节、复活节、万圣节、感恩节、圣诞节等等西方民族的节日在我们的年轻一代身上扩展。另一方面,彻底世俗化、功利化、理性化、意识形态化的当下中国社会,将春节的神秘性、神圣性淡化甚至绞杀。人们无不慨叹:现在过年没有意思了!丧失了神圣性的节日,无不充斥着世俗的庸俗和粗鄙,它彻底混同于忙忙碌碌的世俗生活,甚至疲于应酬而甚于平日。人们无不感到忧伤:过年太累了!本来具有超越世俗生活的贫乏的节日狂欢性质的春节,几乎同质为13亿人的“新年团拜”。这无疑是我们的悲哀。春节,这一标志着中华民族特有样态的事件一旦堕落为纯世俗,它就表征了我们这个民族和个体人生的虚无状态。这种虚无状态,就是整个民族精神的衰落和缺失。塞翁失马,焉知非福?经历过严冬的人,更懂得春天的温暖。这一点,我们从旨在复兴传统文化的所谓“国学热”,从有些城市如北京由前些年的禁放鞭炮到今年的“禁”改“限”可窥一斑。传统仪式并不等同于民族精神,但,没有传统仪式,民族精神就会魂不附体。我曾用“人、从、众”三个字的双向排列来表达我们民族在全球化、现代化过程中丧失自我与回归自我的必然趋势:人——从——众,全球化过程中丧失自我的社会化之路;众——从——人,深入地全球化之后回归自我的个体化之路。这两条路是互补的,同时进行的。今天,我们正走在“人——从——众”这条社会化之路上,我们必须将这条路走到底;不久的将来,我们就会“回归自我”,重新检视有着不可取代的精神价值的优秀传统。而春节,可以说是我们民族传统的一个标志性符码。

拯救春节,就是拯救我们的生活,就是拯救我们民族的灵魂和生命!

我们究竟穿的是什么?一个没有自己文化传统的民族对世界有什么意义?一个对自己的文化传统充满蔑视甚至仇恨的民族在别人的眼中是怎样的一个民族?

(选自《中国青年》)

【述评】

春节,几千年来,一直是我们民族传统的标志性符码。漫长的历史岁月使年俗活动内容异常丰富多彩。其中,那些敬天祭神的迷信内容,已逐渐被淘汰,而那些富有生活情趣的内容,像贴春联、贴年画、贴“福”字、剪窗花、蒸年糕、包饺子、燃爆竹、除夕守夜、拜年等习俗一直盛行。但在物质生活越来越丰富的今天,人们普遍发现“过年”的欢愉与日递减,除了吃吃喝喝,“过年”过得越来越没有“年味儿”。春节这个最富有中华民族传统文化意义的节日在逐渐失落。如果我们淡化了传统节日的特色,我们的传统文化将会怎样?在现代化、全球化的浪潮中我们怎样保持民族精髓?这篇文章给我们一个深刻的启示,那就是,春节:不能成为正在失落的传统文化样板。传统仪式并不等同于民族精神,但,没有传统仪式,民族精神就会魂不附体。

炊烟是什么?

雷传桃

有人说,炊烟是一种源远流长的文化;有人说,炊烟是种在屋顶上的精神的庄稼;有人说,炊烟是抓在天空手里的小辫子;有人说,炊烟是一种朴素的计时方式;有人说,炊烟是围着锅台转的娘对野孩子的柔声呼唤„„

我说,炊烟是一种能让人感动得落泪的风物,正在马不停蹄地消失„„

城市里,炊烟已然绝迹。没有土灶,没有柴草,没有烟囱,哪有炊烟。厨房革命,革掉的自然是老掉牙的炊烟的命。人间烟火,不必炊烟。时代在推陈出新,似乎炊烟与繁荣水火不相容。

乡村是炊烟的最后一块领地。如今的乡村,早已植入了城市的因子,旧貌换了新颜,去年的燕子辗转归来,居然“找不着北”,旧巢旧巢安在否?燕子难觅旧巢,归人难觅炊烟。液化汽、沼气和电,取代了土灶、柴草和烟囱。炊烟正在马不停蹄地消失。

挑一个晴好的冬日,我出发了。落叶树光秃秃的,视野开阔,无遮无拦。我经过微绿点点的麦田,目极之处是地平线,地平线上是几间老屋子,竖起一根烟囱,像桅杆一样挺拔。早晨、中午和傍晚,烟囱分时段袅出一笔炊烟,蓝得自在,蓝得纯粹,蓝得无限透明。哇噻--

可是,这不可能。“实践”等于“落空”,像是一块满怀试探性质的石头抛进了无穷无尽的深渊。节节拔高的乡村里,炊烟稀罕得像出土文物似的。

我以一个诗人的浪漫,想象着无家可归的自己,在乡村,择一高地,学习鲁滨逊,以祖传的勤劳和智慧,盖一间土房子,砌一座土灶,烟囱通向屋外,捡来柴草,烧锅煮饭,炊烟像快乐的孩子样在屋顶上一蹦三尺高„„锅里煮着生活,烟囱袅起炊烟。我一个箭步,跑到屋外,如炬的目光贪婪地呼吸着久违的带有草木气息的微温的炊烟,他乡遇故知一样不能自己„„

老实说,我被自己亲手创造出来的炊烟征服了。

炊烟在我的心里袅出一笔葱茏的诗意。

我对炊烟的理解超越了贫穷的局限。我嗅见了万千种气息,温馨而甜畅的家的气息。我心沉醉呵。

炊烟在我的心尖上打上一个硕大的结„„

也许,终有一天,我在课堂上讲解炊烟时,费尽口舌,打尽手势,孩子们仍然将头摇成拨浪鼓,满头雾水的样子让我心焦。我灵机一动,置课堂教学常规于不顾,燃起一枝纸烟,注目淡蓝的烟雾袅袅升起,声情并茂地说,看,炊烟就是这个样子!(选自《教师报》)

【述评】

炊烟有代表贫穷落后的一面,但在作者的眼里,它更代表自然古朴、未受现代物质文明浸染的诗意的生存环境;它是一种文化,是一种传统文化中滋养心灵的东西;它是一种生活方式,一种与自然母体的链接载体;它也是精神家园,是一种让人怀恋的纯朴、远去的宁静。

在文章中,作者对炊烟怀有深深的眷恋,这眷恋是对质朴世态人情的一种追念;这眷恋是对一种纯朴、宁静、诗意的生存环境的向往;这眷恋也蕴涵着作者对温馨精神家园将逝的一种深深的忧虑;这眷恋是更作者对现代物质文明消蚀古朴自然生活形态的伤感。

【强化练习设计】

生活中,我们都能够感受到“传统文化的失落与悲哀”,甚至还能够读到一些“传统文化的失落与悲哀”的事件,请就你所观察到的有关“传统文化的失落与悲哀”事情写一篇文章。文体不限,标题自拟,不少于800字。

【参考答案】

人造鸟语与人造礼貌语

——传统文化的失落与悲哀

东山月晓

(一)在泰山山腰有一个不知名的山谷,在这谷中有一个很大的停车坪,人们从山脚上坐旅游车到这里后,或步行登山,或乘缆车上山,各随其便。停车坪三面环山,古树苍劲挺拔,枝叶繁茂,坪的周围人工种植了不少的鲜花,道路修得宽敞,环境卫生工作做得也十分到位,一下车,就让人有一种极好的心境。

从旅游车下来后,忽听得一阵悠扬的小鸟鸣叫,“鸟噪林愈静,蝉鸣山更幽”,鸟语之声给泰山增添了不少宁谧,泰山在鸟的啼叫声中,倍觉可爱。忽然有了对鸟的感激之情,于是,看一看鸟,与鸟亲和亲和的愿望也便由然而生,可以任我如何决眦入归鸟,如何仔细地搜寻,却总是连鸟的影子也找不到,更不可能找到一根鸟毛来,后来,游移的目光终于停留在一个奇怪的匣子上,然来,那是一个发音器,鸟的叫声就是从那里发出来的。呵!呵!然来是机器鸟的叫声代替了原声的鸟叫,恍然大悟!忽然想起了在某市政府的广场是鸟语,忽然想到了某集团公司广场的鸟啼,„„呵呵,然来都是假货!忽然又想起了,哈尔滨、北京、深圳、香港海洋公园、长沙岳鹿山的鸟语林。不错,那里的确有各种各样的鸟,而且是活的鸟,可是鸟语林的鸟是关在网子里面叫的,这种叫也许是对自由的呼唤,对山林的象往,是一种悲切的哀鸣,天可怜见,他们的悲鸣之声有几人能懂。哀哉!

(二)游完泰山回济南的路上,汽车从一个收费站经过,我恰好坐在司机的后面,看到那司机诚恐诚惶地把过路费交经目无表情的交警,交警开具了票据后,忽听得一声问候:“收费五元,一路好走!”收票交警是位四十多的先生,问侯声却是一位年青的小姐发出的甜甜的声音,好不悦耳动听。忽然记起了小时侯听到的一个故事,说是一个人拦路抢劫,对过往的行旅商人总是一句这样的话:“此树是我栽,此路是我开,要从此地过,路钱先交来!”如今收路钱比以前可是文明多了,至少还有一声问候,而且这路钱交的一点也不冤枉,本来嘛,取之于民,用之于民,借贷修路,收费还贷,无可厚非。可惜的是文明语的表情、动作,性别与声音配合得那样不一致,听了以后感觉有些令人作呕,总让人觉得被温柔的宰了一刀。这机器的问候,代替了人的问侯,真令人莫明其妙。

(三)机器鸟的啼叫代替了自然鸟的欢歌,复读机的礼貌语代替了自然人的微笑。这不知是科学进步给我们带来的福音,还是为我们谱写的一首哀歌。依稀记得古诗中咏叹鸟叫的歌词:“两个黄鹂鸣翠柳,一行白鹭上青天”;“独怜幽草涧边生,上有黄鹂深树鸣”;“晴空一鹤排云去,便引诗情上九霄”;“争渡,争渡,惊起一滩鸥鹭”。黄鹂也好,白鹭也罢,仙鹤也行,鸥鹭也可,我想我们的高科技都是可以制造得活灵活现,以假乱真,但这再现出来的家伙和这以假弄真的东东,毕竟是假的,总是缺少自然物的那种特有的灵气。这些死了灵魂的自然物,未必会对因灵气感应而生情的诗人产生强烈的情感冲击!再看看那些经过培训的小姐们朗读出

来的礼貌语言,这种语言,如今在许多的地方都是可以听到的,在各种类型的收费站,汽车上,火车上,飞机上,轮船上,呵,呵,几乎凡是提供了服务,而又存在着不合理的收费的地方,都会听到这温情的礼貌语,真可谓是温情一刀,宰你没商量。我想人类的礼貌语本来是一种关心,一种人与人之间的和睦表现,它应该真诚地发自内心,体现于体表,如脸上,嘴上,眼神,动作中。否则再美的礼貌语都是虚假的,都是言不由衷的。孔子说:“自以上,吾未尝观也”,又说:“祭在,如神在”。说的虽然都是祭祀中的礼节,但讲的实质内容却是诚实,是发至内心的真诚,如果在进行重大的祭礼活动中没有真诚可言,他老人家是不愿看的,如祭奠祖先时,觉得祖先不在,也就没有必要进行祭祀了。按孔老夫子的这个标准,我们这些由机器发出来的言不由衷的文明用语,实在是没有太多的意义。

未了,我想呼吁:拒绝在森林中听到机器鸟语!让鸟儿们自由地歌唱,让鸟儿们回到他们自己的故乡,让我们与自然更亲近更和谐,让中国文化中天人合一的精华重放光芒!我还想呼吁:拒绝在收费站听到机器文明语!让我们的言语与行动真正统一,让我们真诚的服务感动每一位“上帝”,让中国文化中人与人之间的亲和不被机器的媒介隔绝。

从“圣诞垃圾”说到作为“扩胸运动”的文化

张耀南

圣诞树、圣诞树挂饰品、仿真藤条花链、彩灯、圣诞帽、荧光棒、圣诞卡片、圣诞大餐之残羹剩饭、圣诞礼物之包装、聚会开车排放到空气中之污染物等等,统称为“圣诞垃圾”。2005年圣诞节那一天,北京的“圣诞垃圾”达到了1000吨,占到北京城市垃圾日产生量的九分之

一。难怪有人惊呼“污染京城”„„

追星族对他们所追的那个星的痴迷,常人是无法理解的。同样,中国人对洋节的痴迷,似也已到令人莫名其妙的程度。伴随而来的,便是“圣诞垃圾”几倍、几十倍地疯长。

学得像还好,问题是学不像。人家洋人过圣诞节都是阖家团聚,几乎所有商场、饭店、超市都关门,大街上几乎看不到人;而我们却涌到街上,造成前所未有的交通大拥堵以及饭馆门口的长龙大排队。人家洋人的圣诞树都是真树,是由技术专家专门培育栽种出来的;而我们把玩的那些矮到一厘米、高到一两米的圣诞树全是假的,且百分之百是用无法降解的塑料泡沫做的,即使填埋几十年也不得“超度”。人家洋人的圣诞装饰品是循环使用的,今年用过了,擦洗干净保存起来明年照用;而我们手中的圣诞彩灯及能发光的荧光棒之类却是随手乱扔,不仅无法循环使用,且成为潜在的化学污染源„„

在有些人眼里,我们自己的传统文化(包括传统节日)已然不值一提,被要求作为垃圾“扔到茅坑里去”。若果真是中不如洋,昔不如今,我们的祖先是如何生存下来的呢?我们这十多亿人又是如何活到今天的呢?这民族能不灭,这人民能不亡,一定有它“生存的秘密”,一定有它高于“垃圾”的内在精神。

这精神用一个字来描述就是“大”,用四个字来描述就是“可久可大”。我们的文化就是一种追求“可久可大”的文化:它只想把你的下作变得崇高一点;它只想把你的小肚鸡肠变得广大一点;它只想把你的鼠目寸光变得长远一点;„„它只想告诉你,世界比你那个“自我”要大,比你那个“国家”要大,比你那个“人类”要大,比你那个“生物”还是要大„„我们的文化千言万语,只有一个目标,就是让你把“心”放大再放大,把“胸”扩大再扩大——我们的文化不过就是一场“扩胸运动”,或者叫作“大心运动”。

洋人有洋人的上帝,我们有我们的“大人”。东施效颦?你能不能给出一个理由!

“不过是找个由头乐一乐!”这也许是一个理由。好吧,那你就去乐吧,不过要在家里而不是在街上,不过要养一棵真的圣诞树而非假的“垃圾树”„„

(选自《中国青年》)

第三篇:中国传统文化作文素材

中国传统文化作文素材(精选)

《诗经》

“昔我往矣,杨柳依依,今我来思,雨雪霏霏.“

这样的诗句,掩卷而思,是一幅极其凄美的画面.我们今天的一切情感,古人都已经感

受到了,也都替我们描绘出来了。而这一切的源头,是这本略显古奥的《诗经》.2。《楚辞》 屈原、宋玉等著

《楚辞》代表了中国文人文学最早的辉煌成就,对于中国美学及中国文人的思想有持续的巨大的影响。屈原是中国历史上第一位伟大的浪漫文义诗人,其《天问》中的反复追

问,对于我们今天的航天和天文工作者仍然有极大的启发意义。

3。《四书》(大学、中庸、论语、孟子)

古人说:“半部论语治天下”,季羡林说:“二十一世纪是儒家思想的世纪”。

不管怎么说,它是一部被中国人读了几千年的教科书,不读它就永远无法了解中国古代

生活。

4。

《老子》 李聃

老子五千言,字字玄机,渗透了无上的智慧,也道出了中国人根深蒂固的一种思想倾

向.这是中国历史上一本真正意义上的哲学著作。

据说,当代学者提出“宇宙的大爆炸说”时,他们在老子的“道”的思想中找到了哲学

依据.5。《庄子》 庄周 著

这是我全文抄录和诵读过的为数不多的书之一。先不说其生死达观的思想,光是那汪洋

恣肆、丰瞻华美的文字,就值得我们击节叩赏。每当我背诵起“北冥有鱼,其名为鲲”

(庄子·逍遥游)这样的语句,我仿佛触摸到了中国散文的源头.6。《史记》 司马迁

鲁迅的评价是:“史家之绝唱,无韵之离骚”,其中的“世家”和“列传”,是全书的精华。对于今天的读者来说,《史记》的意义已经不仅仅是一本历史著作,更是一本文

学著作。读这本书之前读一读司马迁的《报任安书》,也许会体会到史记中作者所倾注的深深情感.7.《世说新语》

《世说新语》所反映的魏晋风度是中国历史上的一种很奇特的现象,而这种风度成了一

代代中国古代知识分子的理想人格。我一直把这本书当成古代的“微型小说集”来读.8.《颜氏家训》

[北朝]颜之推 著

耕读世家治家的金科玉律,但对于今天的中国人并非没有启迪。

9.《唐诗三百首》

识字的中国人,谁没有读过“举头望明月,低头思故乡”“夜来风雨声,花落知多少”

这样的诗句呢。而这样的诗句,因为你的反复诵读而失去韵味了吗?

没有,这就是唐诗的魅力。

10.《宋词选》

从风花雪月的儿女情长到兴国安邦的豪情壮志,宋词中有一个极为广阔的文学天地和思

想境界。宋词是适合于大声朗读的,不要为应付任何考试,去读读宋词吧!

11.《元曲选》

元代散曲与杂剧是中国文学中的一朵奇葩,它开创了中国戏剧的新局面,使中国戏剧与

希腊古典悲剧、文艺复兴戏剧站到了同一高度。

12.《菜根谭》

[明]洪应明 著

俗语云:“咬得菜根,百事可作”,这是这本书得名的由来。这不是一部逻辑严密的学

术著作,而是一部谈论修身、处世、待人、接物的格言集.“栖守道德者,寂寞一时;依阿权势者,凄凉万古,达人观物外之物,思身后之身,宁

受一时寂寞,毋取万古之凄凉。”在一个浮躁的年代,读一读这样的句子有好处。

13.《古文观止》

上大学是我外公送给我的《古文观止》,至今仍放在我案头触手可及的地方。

外公送书给我的初衷是希望我能够学会写文言文,他固执地认为,这是大学生应掌握的基本技巧。虽然我至今也没有学会,但我却从这本书中窥探到了一个博大的世界。

14。

《三国演义》 [明]罗贯中

“滚滚长江东逝水,浪花淘尽英雄.”

即使有了电视电影,也有些书是不能取代的,比如说《三国》。

15。

《水浒传》 [明]施耐庵

小时候,有多少人曾经可以完整地背下一百零八将的座次与外号?

16.《西游记》 [明]吴承恩 著

相信不会没有人没看过这本书吧。如果看过,再看一遍。

17。

《东周列国志》[明]冯梦龙

历史的另一种解读方法。

18.《红楼梦》[清]曹雪芹

中国古典小说的顶峰,没读过《红楼梦》的中国人,不能说你曾经读过书。

19.《聊斋志异》[清]蒲松龄 著

很优美的文字,很奇诡的想象,很缠绵的故事。

20。

《儒林外史》[清]吴敬梓

中国古代讽刺文学的最高成就。

第二部分:中国现当代文学

21。

《鲁迅选集》

鲁迅

在中学课本中,鲁迅的文章是选得最多的,有太多的理由这样做.在那个黑暗的年代,我们能拥有鲁迅是幸运的,他的文章永远值得一读再读.

22。

《家》 巴金

“激流三部曲“(家、春、秋)中的第一部,同时也是成就最高的一部,揭示了封建旧

家庭的败落和青年一代对光明自由的追求和探索.

23。

《骆驼祥子》 老舍 著

老舍是我最喜欢的作家之一,我喜欢他幽默亲切的语言,朴素自然的风格,也伤痛他的遭遇。祥子从一个勤劳壮实的劳动人民最终堕落到吃喝嫖赌的过程也许要归因于他的那

个社会,但在现实当中,如何面对一次又一次梦想的破灭,是放弃还是坚持,却是我们

读这本书可以思考的问题。

此外,老舍的散文是现代作家中最具可读性的散文之一。

24。

《边城》沈从文著

沈从文是中国作家中最接近诺贝尔文学奖的一位。

我认为,沈从文是中国的川端康成,沈从文的湘西就象川端康成的伊豆,你可以说它原

始,可以说它野蛮,但你也不得不承认,它很美。

25。

《雷雨》

曹禺 著

《雷雨》是曹禺的处女作,也是其代表作,也是中国现代戏剧迄今为止无法逾越的高

峰.如果说,戏剧最重要的特点便是“冲突“的话,那么,这种“冲突”在《雷雨》中

达到了极致。两个家庭8个人在一天内发生的事情,却包含了过去的恩怨,不但有伦常的矛盾、阶级的矛盾,还有个体对于环境、时代强烈不谐调的矛盾。剧本情节扣人心

弦,语言简炼含蓄,潜台词极为丰富.26。

《围城》

钱钟书 著

我最喜欢的一本小说,前前后后一共看过二十多遍。我一直认为这是中国最值得玩味的一本小说。

中国式幽默与西方式幽默相结合的典范,每个读者都可以在方鸿渐的身上找到自己的影

子.书中刻画每个人都神形毕现,如在目前,让人在忍俊不禁之后又感慨颇深。《围

城》把人写透了,也把世界也写透了。

27。

《京华烟云》 林语堂 著

“两脚踏中西文化,一心评古今文章”的林语堂,其驾驶英语的能力让美国人也叹服不

已。本书“浮生若梦”的主旨直承庄子,是一本很有哲学意义的小说。如果可能,可以

阅读这本书的英文版。

28.《倾城之恋》张爱玲著

张爱玲是真正的才女,她的文章很女性,但比当今流行的小女人文章却要大气的多。她的譬喻常常让人觉得不可思议,比如,“今晚的月亮,像洇开在朵云轩信笺上的一滴眼泪.”这样的句子让人过目不忘。

29。

《顾准文集》顾准著

我们有本土知识分子偶像了。因为,在一个**的年代,顾准坚持了一个知识分子的良

心.30。

《傅雷家书》傅雷著

傅雷可以是享誉世界的大翻译家,也可以是一个普通的父亲.在这本书中你可以看到一

个父亲的拳拳爱子之心.由于傅雷本人广泛的兴趣和渊博的知识,所以这本书的内容非

常丰富,又由于这是写给他自己儿子的作品,所以读起来亲切自然,没有任何故意说理的做作。

31. 《城南旧事》 林海音

“长亭外,古道边,芳草碧连天“,这本书,是和一首歌,一部电影联系在一起的.细

腻、感伤,如老歌,如黑白电影。

32。《舒婷的诗》舒婷著

《祖国啊,我亲爱的祖国》、《致橡树》都是中学已经接触过的篇章。很多当代年青人

爱诗是从舒婷开始的。舒婷不仅是一个真正的诗人,也是一个很出色的散文家。

33。《平凡的世界》 路遥 著

茅盾文学奖作品。农村来的同学读起来可能会感觉更加亲切,也更容易理解孙少平的感

受。早逝的路遥也许会因为这本书而不朽。

34.《我与地坛》史铁生著

双腿瘫痪的史铁生写的东西却并不悲观,相反,有一种静观世界的睿智和达观。我搜集

了他的几乎所有作品.《我与地坛》是他比较早期的作品,其中关于母亲的章节催人泪

下。自此,有人把地坛叫做史铁生的地坛.35。《文化苦旅》余秋雨著

成名后的余秋雨表现让人失望,但我永远怀念1990年,余秋雨决定走出书斋,一个人背

负着文化出行的情景.这决不仅仅是一本游记,作为文化学者的余秋雨眼中的名山大川

不仅仅是常人眼中的山水,而是山水背后丰富的人文内涵.从此以后,中国文学当中有

了一个新的名词:“文化大散文”。

36.《我的精神家园》王小波

王小波是又一个早逝的天才的明证。在他有限的生命里,他的成就是多元的.特别是他的杂文,有人把他比作当代的鲁迅.37。《长恨歌》王安忆著

茅盾文学奖作品。据说,王安忆是中国有史以来最勤奋的作家,但我认为,如果她写得

少一些,恐怕会好一些.《长恨歌》是她沉积了多年的潜心之作,果然不同凡响。其中

关于“上海弄堂”的描写让我想起《巴黎圣母院》,是真正的小说家的语言.38.《丑陋的中国人》柏杨著

如果没有柏杨,中国人的性格中可以删去勇气和自省这两种缺陷.

39。

《三毛文集》三毛著

不知道在今天的中学生当中,三毛是不是还一样流行.与很多的流行作家不同,三毛的散文里其实有着很浓厚的哲学底蕴,因为她本来是学哲学出身的。这也就导致了她散文的深度.而且,她的散文的确好看.40.

《李敖文集》李敖著

“中国五百年来白话文的前三名:李敖、李敖、李敖.”

这是李敖自己说的,但你看过他的作品,也许你觉得这不完全是狂妄.他是真正的骂战

大师,而骂人出彩是文字的最高段位。

第三部分:外国文学

41。

《圣经故事》

《圣经》是西方文化的一个源头,不了解它,就很难真正了解西方文化。《圣经》原文的国内译文比较呆板,因此,不妨读读《对经故事》。

42.《荷马史诗》[古希腊]荷马 著

《荷马史诗》是西方文化的另一个源头,也是古希腊文明留给世界的最伟大的遗产.特

别推荐由傅东华译的《伊利亚特》和由杨宪益译的《奥德修纪》,两部译著都非常传神

地表达了希腊古诗的朴素与单纯.43.

《堂吉诃德》[西班牙]

塞万提斯

俄罗斯的文学批评家别林斯基曾这样评价:“在欧洲的所有一切著名文学作品中,把严

肃与滑稽,悲剧性与喜剧性,生活中的琐屑和庸俗与伟大和美丽如此水乳交融……,这

样的范例仅见于塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》。”

作为一本400年前的小说,结构有些松散、情节略显拖沓,但它的优点更多。

44.《莎士比亚戏剧集》[英]莎士比亚 著

莎士比亚和歌德被公认为是西方文学史上两座不可企及的高峰。他对人物心理的深入探

索和语言的华美灿烂也使一代代的读者陶醉。

如果你想丰富自己的语言,或者为使你的文学鉴赏能力超越一般水平,想选择一部反复

精读的书,莎剧都是最佳选择。特别推荐朱生豪的译本。

45。

《鲁滨逊漂流记》[英]丹尼尔·笛福

小说的魅力在于,把一段明显虚构的故事写得像作者亲身经历的自叙那样具体、逼真、可信,这一点比现代武侠小说里动不动就有的奇遇强多了。本书是一曲人的生存能力的赞歌。本书的另一个主旨是:“不管人类社会多么不尽人意,人也决不可能孤独的生

存,我们需要人群.”

46.《大卫·科波菲尔》[英]狄更斯

作者狄更斯说,“大卫·科波菲尔是我最疼爱的孩子。”这本书中表现了作者以深刻的漫画笔法勾勒人物形象,探测人物灵魂的超常能力。他幽默的语言也属世界一流.

47。

《简·爱》[英]夏洛蒂·勃朗特 著

“别以为我穷,我不漂亮,我就没有尊严。最终我们都将穿过坟墓平等地站在上帝面

前。”这是简对罗彻斯特说的。

简的追求和个性是这部书受到一代代青年尤其是女青年喜爱的根本原因。一个不漂亮的穷姑娘有着丰富的内心世界,她既具备女性的柔情,又有丰富的女性的心机与理智,使

读者在追踪她的命运的同时又对她充满了敬佩.48。《呼啸山庄》[英]艾米莉·勃朗特

作者是《简·爱》作者的妹妹,本书问世后的很长时间都受到冷落。进入20世纪后,这

本书的价值被人们重新认识,它的文学地位超过了《简·爱》。它对于人类心理的极限

状态的深刻探索受到了高度推崇。读过它的人再也不可能忘掉其中阴森、恐怖的气氛及

激烈的情感状态.49。

《牛虻》[英]伏尼契

一本世界范围内的革命文学。小说主人公亚瑟的成长是在各种矛盾冲突来表现的,矛盾

焦点集中体现在他与生父蒙太尼的关系上。作者结尾对牛虻慷慨就义的描写,成为画龙

点晴之笔。

50.《忏悔录》[法]卢梭

本书是作者卢梭的自传,以深刻的内省、惊人的坦率和对文明的批判著称于世。阅读卢

梭是一场情感教育,你将从中学会真诚.

51。

《红与黑》[法]司汤达 著

本书在全世界被公认为是19世纪最伟大最完美的长篇小说之一,也是我本人最喜欢的小

说之一.

对人在行动中的心灵的冲突、斗争、算计、期盼等心理状态的高度精确的刻画使本书拥

有“灵魂的哲学与诗“的美誉.虽然深刻,但这本书也很好读。

《悲惨世界》[法]雨果 著

雨果不仅是世界上最伟大的小说家之一,他本人同时也是大诗人,他的语言具有交响乐

一般宏伟壮丽的特征。对于苦难的感受,对下层人民博大的同情使他的作品感动着一代

代的读者。

53。

《欧也妮·葛朗台》[法]巴尔扎克 著

如果你对中学课本里节选的部分对于老葛朗台的描写记忆深刻的话,我想你一定希望把

这本书读完。作者巴尔扎克是描绘各种生活画面的大师,也是描写人类欲望的大师.本

书中的葛朗台是文学史上最著名的吝啬鬼形象之一。

54。

《基度山伯爵》[法]大仲马

这是我在大学期间阅读的第一本小说,这本书情节紧张、扣人心弦,非常具有可读性。

不妨选它作为西方文学的入门书.55.《茶花女》[法]小仲马

作者是大仲马的儿子。这是最早被介绍到我国的西方文学名著。1897年,著名翻译家林

纾将它介绍到我国,当时译名为《巴黎茶花女遗事》,产生了“可怜一卷茶花女,断尽

中华荡子魂”的巨大反响,至今仍受到我国读者的广泛喜爱。

56.《包法利夫人》[法]福楼拜 著

很多专家认为,这本书是19世纪的长篇小说中艺术上最为完美的一部。

57.《莫泊桑中短篇小说选》[法]莫泊桑 著

莫泊桑受到他的导师福楼拜的影响,在小说的艺术方面成就辉煌。他的小说的最大魅力

是对生活细节的精心选择和高度简洁传神的描写.回顾一下中学时学过的《项链》就可

以体会到这一点。

58。《恶之花》

[法]夏尔·波德莱尔著

一本不太容易读的诗集。但据说,文学现代化的“0公里”标在此。

59。

《追忆逝水年华》

[法]M·普鲁斯特著

意识流小说的代表作品.作者在一栋楼上足不出户地呆了17年,全凭思维和回忆流动,写成了这本书.我敢肯定没几个人会把这本书从头到尾读完,但是它的一部分就获得了

龚古尔奖。

60.《约翰·克里斯朵夫》

[法]罗曼·罗兰著

诺贝尔文学奖作品。一个音乐家的成长史,其中有贝多芬的影子,也有罗兰自己的影

子。不仅是小说,也是诗。

61.《小王子》

[法国]圣·埃克苏佩里著

写给成年人看的哲理性童话。

62.《局外人》

[法国]阿尔贝·加缪著

哲学小说化,法国也是一流的。

63。

《情人》 [法国]杜拉斯著

身体先于心灵成熟,法国人才能写的主题.64。

《少年维特之烦恼》[德]歌德 著

歌德最伟大的著作是诗歌《浮士德》,但那本书适合在有了充分的文化准备之后再阅

读,所以向你们推荐这本书,从中可以体会这位大文豪的特色.65。

《生命中不能承受之轻》 [捷克]米兰·昆德拉著

一本由悔过书演化成的小说,昆德拉的小说有很大的哲理性,也有对于中国读者难以理

解的捷克式幽默,这妨碍了它的可读性。他的书只能细细地读、细细地品。但就算你不

看这本书,记住这个标题也是好的.66.

《死魂灵》[俄]果戈理 著

果戈理是俄罗斯继普希金之后的又一位世界级的大作家。这本书也是世界讽刺文学中的典范。

本书中一系列愚蠢或狡猾或贪婪的地主与官吏的形象,构成了鲜明生动的果戈理人物画

廊.其中对于种种奴性的刻画对于我们这个封建传统编制了几千年的中国人来说,实在是太熟悉了。

67.《罗亭》[俄]屠格涅夫

屠格涅夫被喻为“小说家中的小说家”,他的作品精美典雅,具有抒情诗的味道,非常

耐读。特别是他的四部长篇小说《罗亭》、《贵族之家》、《前夜》、《父与子》,每一部都是经典。

68.《罪与罚》[俄]陀思妥耶夫斯基 著

本书中对于犯罪心理的描述,对处于疯狂的临界点的精神状态的天才描绘,几乎能把读

者本人卷入到那种梦魇般的境地。这是一部具有魔力的作品,阅读它将会是一种精神上的历险。

69.《安娜·卡列尼娜》[俄]列夫·托尔斯泰 著

有句话是这样说的:“十九世纪的俄罗斯只要贡献出一个列夫·托尔斯泰,它就无愧于

这个世界了.”据调查,托尔斯泰的小说在经典文学名著中直到现在仍然是世界上销量

最大的。本书中的安娜是世界文学女性画廊中最光彩照人的形象之一。

70。

《战争与和平》[俄]列夫·托尔斯泰

我私人认为,世界上最宏伟壮观的战争小说有两部,一部是《战争与和平》、一部是

《静静的顿河》,都是由俄罗斯民族贡献给世界的。

71。

《复活》[俄]列夫·托尔斯泰

这是托尔斯泰的晚年作品,他也凭借此书完成了对自身的超越。

72。

《契诃夫中短篇小说选》[俄]契诃夫 著

契诃夫是19世纪和莫泊桑并列的短篇小说巨匠。天才的讽刺与感伤情调是契诃夫小说的两大特征。他能用一个细节或一句话代替别的作家的几页。

73.《静静的顿河》[俄]肖洛霍夫 著

诺贝尔文学奖作品。战争小说的鸿篇巨制。作者是一个纯粹的小说家,本书中没有任何

说教和议论,它的主旨是个人在一个巨大的历史事件中,被一种盲目的力量裹挟着,无

法把握自身的命运。我们只能用“残酷的真实”几个字来形容作者把握历史与生活的卓

越能力。

74.

《日瓦戈医生》[苏联]帕斯捷尔纳克著

苦难对于俄国人来说,好像总变成了良药。书中的许多经历中国的读者都不会陌生,因

为,中国后来发生的许多事情仿佛都是苏联的翻版。

75。

《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》[美]马克·吐恩 著

马克·吐温亲切的幽默了全世界的读者。

76。

《草叶集》

[美]惠特曼著

虽然是诗人,但惠特曼不是以一种文人的眼光观察世界,而是以一个真正的美国创业

者、劳动者的身份体验世界,在他的诗中最普通的物象都可以入诗,最淳朴的感情以最

博大的气势以诗的韵律歌唱出来。

77。

《马丁·伊登》

[美国]杰克·伦敦著

作者被誉为美国无产阶级文学的开拓者,本书是他的自传体长篇小说和代表作品。它描

写了水手出身的作家马丁·伊登的艰苦奋斗道路。它的英文版也比较好读。

78。

《老人与海》

[美国]海明威著

海明威的创作风格很独特,他从来都是站着写作。他的“电报式”简洁明快的语言,他

笔下百折不弯的形象都极富特色.海明威是美利坚民族的精神丰碑。

《老人与海》是一本很薄的小说,但却为他赢得了诺贝尔奖,有可能的话可以看一看这

本书的原著,并可以大声诵读。

79.《飘》[美]玛格丽特·米切尔 著

南北战争时期的美国对于我们本来是非常陌生的,《飘》却通过一个叫斯嘉丽的女子掀

开了它温情脉脉的面纱,让我们看见了许多肮脏和美丽并存的事物。

《喧哗与躁动》

[美]威廉·福克纳著

福克纳用自己的作品引证了一个永恒的真理:“作品越具有本土性,也就越具有世界

性。”

81。

《第22条军规》

[美]约瑟夫·海勒著

美国“黑色幽默”的代表作.作者在美国出版本书,却是在英国引起轰动后才引起美国

关注的。很难读,有一种“病态与变态的幽默”.

82。

《麦田里的守望者》

[美]塞林格著

美国当代小说中的经典作品之一。本书以主人公霍尔顿自叙的语气讲了自己被学校开除

以后,在纽约游荡将近两昼夜的经历和心灵感受。

83.

《在路上》

[美]杰克·凯鲁亚克著

游游荡荡,一种我们失去的本能。

84.《了不起的盖茨比》

[美]F·S·菲茨杰拉德著

很容易读的一本小说,却有很深刻的内涵。

85。《百年孤独》

[哥伦比亚]加西亚·马尔克斯著

本书是魔幻现实主义的代表作。作者说,他最好的读者是一位美国的妇女:“她把这本

书从头到尾抄了一遍,想弄清楚究竟是作者疯了还是自己疯了。”

第一次读的时候我也有类似的感觉,其中的祖孙三代居然都叫奥雷良诺。但是第二遍读

过之后有了很多新的感觉。在很多当代中国作家身上都可以找到这本书的影子。

86.《博尔赫斯文集》[阿根廷]豪·路·博尔赫斯著

30岁时,他的文笔还那么差,可是,他后来却写了不可思议的小说。

87.《城堡》

[奥地利]弗朗克·卡夫卡著

现代派小说的经典。卡夫卡的叙事像机器一样冷漠而精确。

88。

《雪国》

[日本]川端康成著

一种不露声色的沉着与冷静,川端康成的小说有点象中国的水墨山水画,总有一星半点的禅意在里面。

89.《挪威的森林》

[日本]村上春树著

“久久地保持沉默,如同全世界所有的细雨落在全世界所有的草坪上.”这是这本书结

尾的一段话,这是一本流行的小说,但的确不错。

90。

《泰戈尔诗选》[印度]泰戈尔 著

在国外的诗歌中,泰戈尔的诗歌是最优美的,而它的翻译也是最精美的,因为译者中有

冰心、郑振铎等。

第四部分:其它

91.《中国历代史通俗演义》[民国]蔡东藩

作为一名大学生,对中国历史的了解是很有必要的。这套书改变了历史一本正经的面

目,让历史充满趣味性.而其亦文亦白的行文也颇有意思。

92. 《万历15年》黄仁宇著

这本书告诉大家历史的另一种写法。也就是所谓“大历史”的概念。第一次读的时候,我有一种如遭电击的感觉。

希望黄仁宇有一百只脚,太多的历史匠只配给他擦鞋.93.

《中国哲学史简编》冯友兰 著

冯友兰先生学贯中西,在言必称西学的二三十年代潜心研究中国哲学,将中国哲学史分

为子学时代(先秦)和经学时代(汉至清),自成一家之言。他认为中国哲学多讲内对

外王之道,因而他的书读来条理明晰,层次分明,书卷气极浓,又不乏金石声.94。

《西方哲学史》[美]梯利 著

梯利本身不是重要的哲学家,这倒有助于他介绍起哲学史来比较客观.这本哲学史篇幅比较适中,不是长得使人失去耐心,也不是短到讲不透彻。是一本很好的西方哲学入门

书.95. 《苏菲的世界》[挪威]乔德坦·贾德 著

作者曾在高中担任哲学教师多年,精通哲学、文学与教育学等多种学科,使他的这本哲

学史也格外适合青少年作为哲学的入门书.评论认为,这本书“有助于使读者以阅读侦探小说般的心情游览从柏拉图以前一直到

世纪的世界哲学史,而丝毫不产生任何枯燥厌烦的感觉.96。《查拉图斯特拉如是说》[德]尼采 著

尼采不是一个逻辑很严密的哲学家,他本身还是个诗人,他的哲学被称为是诗化哲学,这反倒让他的书比别的哲学家的好读的多。听听他说:“上帝死了!“、“我的虚荣就

是,有十句话说出别人一本书所说出的话,所没有说出的话。”

尼采的书中包含着巨大的激情,像火,像电。虽然我们在中学接触过鲁迅对于尼采的批

判,但以鲁迅而言,他本人也受了尼采的巨大影响。

以尼采作为研究哲学的入门书也许是不错的.97。《海底两万里》[法]儒勒·凡尔纳

儒勒·凡尔纳是世界上最负盛名的科幻小说大师.与当今的神话般的科幻小说不同,他的作品往往有相当的科学依据,以致于许多他当时的预言都成了今天的现实。航天的开

拓者齐奥尔科夫斯基就坦白地承认过儒勒·凡尔纳的小说对他的影响。

98.《宇宙》[美]卡尔·萨根

一本很好的关于宇宙的科普读物,比霍金的《时间简史》好读多了。

99.《科学的历程》吴国盛

我认为,这是上个世纪90年代中国最好的一本科学史。内容详实、图片精美、行文流

畅,有助于读者形成一个立体的、发展的科学观。

100。

《西方美学史》朱光潜 著

审美也是可以培养的,这门学科就叫作美学。本书是我国第一部全面系统阐述西方美学

思想发展的专著,对于青年一代联系时代背景考察西方美学流派有重要的借鉴意义

省试湘灵鼓瑟

钱起

善鼓云和瑟,常闻帝子灵。

冯夷空自舞,楚客不堪听.苦调凄金石,清音入杳冥.苍梧来怨慕,白芷动芳馨.

流水传湘浦,悲风过洞庭。

曲终人不见,江上数峰青。

菩萨蛮

晏几道

哀筝一弄湘江曲,声声写尽湘波绿。

纤指十三弦,细将幽恨传。

当筵秋水慢,玉柱斜飞雁。

弹到断肠时,春山眉黛低。

琵琶行

白居易

琴歌

作者:李颀

类别:七言古诗

主人有酒欢今夕,请奏鸣琴广陵客。

月照城头乌半飞,霜凄万木风入衣。

铜炉华烛烛增辉,初弹渌水后楚妃。

一声已动物皆静,四座无言星欲稀。

清淮奉使千余里,敢告云山从此始。

绘画方面的墨梅•王冕(元)

吾家洗砚池头树,个个花开淡墨痕.不要人夸好颜色,只留清气满乾坤。

欲下丹青笔,先拈宝镜端.已惊颜索莫,渐觉鬓凋残.泪眼描将易,愁肠写出难。

愿君浑忘却,时展图画看

—---薛媛,《写真寄外》

《惠崇春江晚景》

苏轼

竹外桃花三两枝,春江水暖鸭先知。

蒌蒿满地芦芽短,正是河豚欲上时。

林良画两角鹰歌

李梦阳(明)

百余年来画禽鸟,后有吕纪前边昭。

二子工似不工意,吮笔决眦分毫毛。

林良写鸟只用墨,开缣半扫风云黑.水禽陆禽各臻妙,挂出满堂皆动色。

空山古林江怒涛,两鹰突出霜崖高。

整骨刷羽意势动,四壁六月生秋。

一鹰下视睛不转,已知两眼无秋毫。

一鹰掉头复欲下,渐觉振翮风萧萧。

匹绡虽惨淡,杀气不可灭。

戴角森森爪拳铁,迥如愁胡眦欲裂。

朔风吹沙秋草黄,安得臂尔骑驷驖!

草间妖鸟尽击死,万里晴空洒毛血。

我闻宋徽宗,亦善貌此鹰,后来失天子,饿死五国城.乃知写画小人艺,工意工似皆虚名.校猎驰骋亦末事,外作禽荒古有经.今王恭默罢游宴,讲经日御文华殿。

南海西湖驰道荒,猎师虞长皆贫贱。

吕纪白首金炉边,日暮还家无酒钱。

从来上智不贵物,淫巧岂敢陈王前.良乎,良乎,宁使尔画不直钱,无令后世好画兼好畋。

其它的方面,茶艺,棋艺等.棋声

作者:【黄庚】

何处仙翁爱手谈。时闻剥啄竹林间.一枰子玉敲云碎,几度午窗惊梦残。

缓着应知心路远,急围不放耳根闲.烂柯人去收残局。寂寂认亭石几寒。

汲江煎茶

【年代】:北宋

【作者】:苏轼

【作品】:汲江煎茶

活水还须活火煮,自临钓石取深清。[1]

大瓢贮月归春瓮,小杓分江入夜瓶。

雪乳已翻煎处脚,松风忽作泻时声。[2]

枯肠未易禁三碗,坐听荒城长短更.[3]

第四篇:传统文化作文素材阅读素材

节日和风俗

每年农历七月初七是中国的情人节(Valentine's Day)。关于这个节日有一个美丽的传说:王母娘娘(the Queen of Heaven)最年幼的女儿“织女”爱上了人间的男子“牛郎”,王母反对仙女与凡人相爱,就用银河(Milky Way)将他们隔开。但牛郎和织女的爱情感动了人间的喜鹊(magpie),每年七月初七这一天,喜鹊会搭起一座鹊桥让这对情侣相见。而如今在这一天,年轻的女子常在月下向织女祈祷,期望得到美满的姻缘。

The seventh day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar is Chinese Valentine's Day.There is a beautiful legend about this festival: Zhi Nu, the youngest daughter of the Queen of Heaven, fell in love with Niu Lang, a cowherd on earth.Zhi Nu's mother was opposed to the love between a fairy and a human, so she separated the two lovers with the Milky Way.However, their love story moved the magpies on earth.Those magpies gather together annually on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month to form a “magpie bridge”,so that the couple can meet each other once in a year.Today, on this day, young girls often pray to Zhi Nu in the moonlight, wishing for a happy marriage.农历五月初五的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是个盛大的节日。它的另一名称——“重五节”就来源于这个日期。这个节日根据一个广为流传的故事,演变为纪念战国时期(the Warring States Period)楚国伟大爱国诗人屈原的日子。如果事实果真如此,那么端午节已经有大约2500年的存史了。端午节最盛行的活动是赛龙舟和吃粽子(rice dumpling)。自2008年以来,端午节在中国巳不仅仅是一个传统节日,还是公共假期。

The Dragon Boat Festival is a grand festival celebrated on the 5th day of 5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar.This is the source of the alternative name of Double Fifth Festival.According to a widely stated story, the festival developed to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan of Chu State in Warring States Period.If that is true, Dragon Boat Festival has a history of about 2,500 years.The most popular activities of Dragon Boat festival are racing dragon boats and eating rice dumplings.Since 2008,Dragon Boat Festival has been celebrated not only as a festival but also a public holiday in China.端午节(Dragon Boat Festival)是中国的传统节日之一,为每年农历五月初五。它与春节、清明节和中秋节并称为中国汉族的四大传统节日。端午节的来源有多种说法,但最被人们接受的是为了纪念著名爱国诗人屈原。这一天的习俗有吃粽子、赛龙舟、喝雄黄酒(realgar wine)等。从2008年起,端午节正式列入国家法定节日,这既有助于弘扬传统文化,又能适应人们的需要。

Dragon Boat Festival is one of Chinese traditional festivals.It's on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month.It is known as one of the four major traditional festivals of Han Chinese together with the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.A number of theories exist about its origins, but the best accepted one is that it's for memorizing the famous patriotic poet Qu Yuan.On this day, people have the customs of eating zongzi(rice dumpling), racing dragon boats and drinking realgar wine, etc.In 2008, it was recognized as a public holiday in mainland China for the first time which cannot only help spread this traditional culture but also meet the need of people.赛龙舟(Dragon boat racing)是端午节的一项重要活动,在中国南方尤为流行。关于这项运动的由来,有一种说法是为了纪念中国古代的著名爱国诗人屈原。龙舟的大小和样式多种多样,但一般都带有装饰性的龙头和龙尾。赛龙舟不仅是一种体育和娱乐活动,它更能体现人们心中的集体主义和爱国主义精神。赛龙舟现已被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录(National Intangible Cultural Heritage List)。Dragon boat racing is an important activity of Duanwu Festival(also known as Dragon Boat Festival), and is particularly popular in the south of China.As for its origin, one version is that it is held in memory of Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet in ancient China.The dragon boats vary in sizes and styles, but they are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails.Dragon boat racing is not only a kind of sports and recreational activities, but also reflects the spirit of people’s collectivism and patriotism.Dragon boat racing is now among the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.清明是我国二十四节气(the twenty-four solar terms)之一,一般是在每年的4月4日至6日前后。人们庆祝清明节大约始于东周时代,距今已有两千五百多年的历史。清明过后,气温逐渐上升,雨水也增多,表明了这是农民开始安排农耕活动的关键时期。同时,清明也是郊游的大好时节,人们去户外踏青,并开展一系列消遣和体育活动。更重要的是,清明时节也是一个纪念祖先和已故亲人的日子。

Qingming is one of the twenty-four solar terms in China, typically falling on April 4-6 each year.The celebration for the Qingming Festival can be traced back to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a history of over 2,500 years.After Qingming time, the temperature begins to rise up and rainfall increases, indicating that it is the crucial time for the farmers to arrange their farming activities accordingly.Meanwhile, it is the high time for spring outing, when people go out for fresh air, kinds of recreations and sports activities.More importantly, Qingming is also a period to honour and to pay respect to one's deceased ancestors and family members 每年农历的正月十五是元宵节。早在两千多年前的西汉时期(the Western Han Dynasty),元宵节就已经成为一个具有重要意义的节日。在这天,人们制作各种漂亮的灯笼、设计有趣的灯谜;同时多种表演,如舞龙灯、舞狮子、踩高跷(walking on stilts)等也会上演。和其他中国传统节日一样,元宵节也有特定的食品,叫“汤圆(glue pudding)”。汉语中,汤圆和“团圆”发音相似,代表着家庭团圆、和谐和快乐。

The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month.As early as more than 2,000 years ago, in the Western Han Dynasty, it had become a festival with great significance.On the Lantern Festival, Chinese people craft many types of beautiful lanterns and create many interesting lantern riddles.At the same time, performances such as dragon lantern dance, lion dance and walking on stilts will be staged.Just like China’s other traditional festivals, the Lantern Festival also has its own special dish— “Tangyuan, a glue pudding”.Tangyuan has a similar pronunciation with “tuanyuan(reunion)” in Chinese, representing reunion, harmony and happiness for the family.灯谜(lantern riddles)是指写在彩灯上面的谜语。灯谜一般由三部分组成,即谜面、谜目(hint)和谜底。在灯谜中凡是谜面上有的字,在谜底中不能再出现。灯谜里充满着智慧,因此猜谜底显得很有趣,这也使得猜灯谜成为元宵节的一项不可缺少的活动。灯谜在中国源远流长,可以毫不夸张地说,灯谜体现着中国人民无穷的智慧。

Lantern riddles are riddles that are written on the lanterns.Generally, a lantern riddle consists of three parts, namely the riddle, the hint and the answer.Any character that appears in the riddle cannot be in the answer again.Lantern riddles are full of wisdom, thus working out them can be much fun, which makes guessing riddles an essential part of the activities in the Lantern Festival.The lantern riddle has a long history in China, and it is no exaggeration to say that it is a reflection of infinite wisdom of the Chinese people.春节是中国最重要,也是最热闹的古老节日之一。春节象征着团结、兴旺以及对未来寄予新的希望。据记载,中国人过春节已有四千多年的历史。中同是个多民族的国家,各民族(nationality)过春节的形式各有不同。但是无论在中国的哪个地方,人们都会在春节期间全家团圆,吃年糕(New Year cake),饺子以及各种丰盛的饭菜。人们张灯结彩,燃放鞭炮,并互相祝福。

In China, the Spring Festival is one of the most significant and lively ancient festivals, which symbolizes unity, prosperity and new hopes for the future.It is recorded that the custom of celebrating the Spring Festival has lasted for more than 4,000 years.As a multi-ethnic country, different nationalities in China have various ways of celebrating the Spring Festival.However, wherever in China, people will have a family reunion during the festival, eating New Year cakes, dumplings and various hearty meals, decorating the houses with lanterns and festoons, setting off firecrackers and blessing each others.对联(Chinese couplet)也叫“对子”,由两句形式相通、内容相连的语句组成。第一部分称作“上联”,贴在右侧,第二部分,即“下联”则贴在左侧。两行字不仅字数要一致,而且相同位置上的字必须对仗工整(antithetic in form),平仄协调(harmonious in tone)。按用途不同,对联可以分为很多种,在新年贴的对联也叫“春联”,表达了人们的美好祝福与愿望,也为新年增添了节日气氛。

The Chinese couplet is also called “Duizi”.It consists of two sentences which are identical in form and interrelated in meaning.The first line is called “upper couplet”,which is put up or hung on the right side, and the other is called “lower couplet” which is placed on the left side.Not only are the two lines required to have an equal number of characters, the words stand in the same position in each of the two sentences must be antithetic in form and harmonious in tone.For different purposes, there are different couplets.The couplet for the Spring Festival is called “Chunlian”,which conveys the blessing and good wishes of the people and enhances the festive atmosphere of the New Year, too.压岁钱(lucky money)是中国春节习俗中不可缺少的一项元素,是每个孩子过年时都热切期盼的礼物。除夕夜,家中的长辈会给予未成年的孩子一定数额的钱,称之为“压岁钱”,据说压岁钱可以使孩子平平安安地度过新的一年。在中国,给压岁钱的风俗源远流长,流传至今。它是长辈送给孩子的护身符(amulet), 代表着长辈对孩子的美好祝福,可以保佑孩子在新的一年里健康吉利。

As an indispensable element of the Spring Festival customs in China, lucky money is a gift that every kid eagerly looks forward to during the Spring Festival.On Chinese New Year's Eve, the underage kids can receive a certain sum of cash from the elders in their family, which is called “lucky money”.It is believed that lucky money can bless the kids to have a safe and peaceful new year.The custom of giving lucky money has a long history and spreads up to now in China.It is an amulet the elders give their kids, representing the elders'fine wishes for the kids and blessing them with health and good fortune in the New Year.守岁Staying up late(“Shousui”)守岁意味着除夕夜不睡觉。年夜饭后,家人聚坐一起,愉快聊天,等待春节的到来。Shousui means to stay up late or all night on New Year's Eve.After the great dinner, families sit together and chat happily to wait for the New Year's arrival。

年夜饭New Year Feast 春节是与家人团聚的时间。年夜饭是所有家庭成员聚在一起“必须”的宴会。除夕宴会上吃的食物根据不同的地区各不相同。在中国南方,习惯吃“年糕”(糯米粉制成的新年糕点),因为作为一个同音字,年糕意味着“步步高升”。在北方,年夜饭的传统饭是“饺子”或像月牙儿形的汤圆。Spring Festival is a time for family reunion.The New Year's Feast is “a must” banquet with all the family members getting together.The food eaten on the New Year Even banquet varies according to regions.In south China, It is customary to eat “niangao”(New Year cake made of glutinous rice flour)because as a homophone, niangao means “higher and higher every year”.In the north, a traditional dish for the feast is “Jiaozi” or dumplings shaped like a crescent moon.春节打扫房屋这个非常古老的习俗甚至可以追溯到几千年前。灰尘在传统上与“旧”联系在一起,所以打扫房屋和扫除灰尘意味着辞“旧”迎“新”。春节的前几天,中国的各家各户都打扫房屋,扫地,清洗日用品,清除蛛网和疏浚沟渠。人们兴高采烈做所有这些事情,希望来年好运。

To clean houses on the New Year Even is a very old custom dating back to thousands of years ago.The dust is traditionally associated with “old” so cleaning their houses and sweeping the dust mean to bid farewell to the “old” and usher in the “new”.Days before the New Year, Chinese families clean their houses, sweeping the floor, washing daily things, cleaning the spider webs and dredging the ditches.People do all these things happily in the hope of a good coming year.发红包(red packet)是中国春节的一种习俗。红包作为礼物,是乂母、祖父母或其他长辈给孩子的、用红色纸袋包起来的钱。红包外面通常都有象征财富和运气的图案。中国人喜欢红色,认为红色代表能量、幸福和好运。过年时送红包给孩 子们,是送给他们美好的祝愿和好运。孩子们收到红包,意味着他们又可以度过 安全、平和的一年。一般来说,红包里包多少钱取决于一个人的收入。

Giving red packets is a custom during the Spring Festival in China.As a gift,red packets are the money wrapped in red paper bags presented to kids by their parents, grandparents or other elders.Symbols of wealth and luck usually decorate the cover of the red packets.Chinese people love the red color and regard it as representing energy, happiness and good luck.Giving red packets to kids during the Spring Festival is to send good wishes and luck to them.Kids'receiving the red packets implies that they will have another safe and peaceful year.Generally,the amount of money wrapped in the red packets depends on the giver's income.庙会(the temple fair)是中国民间的一种社会活动,通常在节日或某些特定的 日子里,在寺庙里或寺庙附近的空旷之处举办。有的则只在春节期间举办。尽管 在不同的地方举办的庙会时间不同,但其基本内容是相似的。在庙会期间,来自 四面八方的农民和商人都带着自己的农产品来进行交易。民间艺术家搭起舞台,表演唱歌、跳舞、讲故事等。老百姓高高兴兴地来观看表演,买小吃或其他有趣 的物品。

The temple fair is a social activity in the Chinese folk.It is usually held in a temple or in the open place near the temple during festivals or some specified days.Some temple feirs are only held during the Spring Festival.Although temple fairs in different places are held in different time, their basic contents are similar.During the time of temple fairs, farmers and traders come from all directions, with their own agricultural products for transactions.Folk artists set up the stages for performing singing, dancing, stoiy telling, etc.Ordinary people happily come to watch performances and buy snacks or other interesting goods.“春运(Transportation during the Spring Festival Period)”被认为是规模最大的迁徙。这是个特殊的时期,这时的中国面临着极高的交通负荷,从而导致巨大的交通问题,特别是在铁路服务方面。在春节临近的时候,数以百万计远离家乡工作或学习的人要赶回家与家人团聚。这个长久以来的传统是春运高峰的主要原因。还有一个原因,这个假期是每年两个为期一周的长假中的一个,对许多人来说是一个外出旅行的完美时机。Transportation during the Spring Festival Period is considered to be the largest annual migration.It is the special period when China faces an extremely heavy traffic load,which results in great transportation problems,especially on the railway services.Millions of people working or studying far away from their hometowns will come back home to reunite with their families as the Chinese Spring Festival approaches.This long-held tradition is the main reason for the rush.The other is that the holiday is one of the two long holidays of one week in the year, and for many people,it's a perfect travel time.每年农历九月初九,人们会庆祝重阳节(the Double Ninth Festival)。《易经》(The Book of Changes)认为数字“九”是阳数,故重九也叫重阳。登高是最受欢迎的重阳节传统之一。九月天空高远,空气新鲜,在这样的日子登高有助于保 持身体健康。吃重阳糕(double-ninth cake)跟登高有关。重阳糕作为节日食品最初 用来庆祝秋收,后来发展成登高、吃重阳糕的习俗,寓意是我们的生活将越来越好。由于“九九”谐音“久久”,重阳节如今已被赋予薪的涵义—老人节。

On the ninth day of the ninth month in the Chinese lunar calendar, people celebrate the Double Ninth Festival.Nine is a yang number(a traditional Chinese spiritual concept)in The Book of Changes, so Double Ninth is called Chongyang.Climbing the mountains is one of the most popular traditions on that day.In September the sky is high and the air is fresh, and climbing the mountains is helpful to keep physical fitness.The tradition of eating double-ninth cakes is associated with climbing the mountains.As a kind of festival foods, the double-ninth cake was first used to celebrate the autumn harvest.Later, it developed into the custom of climbing the mountains and eating double-ninth cakes, which means that our life will become better and better.Because double ninth sounds like longevity(jiujiu in Chinese), the Double Ninth Festival nowadays has been given a new meaning-Seniors' Day.重阳节,由于它是在中国农历九月初九这一天,所以又被称为重九节,至今有约两千年的历史。在中国古代,重阳节是一个重要的节日,这一天要举行各种庆祝活动,如:登高、赏菊(chrysanthemum)、插茱萸(cornel)、吃重阳糕等。登髙是重阳节的主要习俗。古人认为,在这一天登高可以避祸免灾。近年来,这个古老的节日被赋予新的含义,逐渐成为开展各种敬老活动、一年一度的“老年节”。

Chongyang Festival,falls on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, because of which,it is also named as the Double-ninth Festival, which has a history of some 2,000 years.As an important festival in ancient China, Chongyang Festival was celebrated by holding various activities, such as climbing mountains, appreciating chrysanthemums, wearing cornel and eating Chongyang cakes.Climbing mountains is a major custom in Chongyang Festival.Ancient people thought climbing mountains on this day could help them avoid misfortune and prevent disasters.In recent years, a new meaning has been given to the old festival,and it gradually becomes an annual Seniors’ Day, on which various activities are held in honor of senior people.每年的农历八月十五为中秋节,是月亮在一年中最圆、最亮的一天。中秋节的历史非常悠久。自古以来,历代皇帝都遵循着春季祭日、秋季祭月的传统。到唐代,中秋节开始作为固定节日;宋朝时,这一节日更为盛行。至明清,中秋节已成为一个与春节、清明节和端午节并列的重大节日。在中秋节这天,人们会在月下观赏祭拜,寄托个人情怀。

The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month, when the moon is the fullest and brightest of the whole year.This festival has a very long history.In ancient China, emperors followed the tradition of offering sacrifices to the sun in spring and to the moon in autumn.By the Tang Dynasty, the Mid-Autumn Festival had been fixed as a holiday, which became even grander in the Song Dynasty.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it grew to be a major festival of China together with the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival and Dragon Boat Festival.On this day, people enjoy the full, bright moon, worship it and express their thoughts and feelings in the moonlight.中秋节(the Mid-Autumn Festival)对中国汉族和少数民族来说都是个传统的节日。拜月的习俗可以追溯到古代夏商时期(the Xia and Shang Dynasties)。按照中国的农历,八月为秋季的第二个月,古时称为中秋。农历八月十五这天,月亮满圆,于是中国人将这天定为中秋节。圆形对中国人来说意味着家庭团聚,因此中秋节也是个家庭团聚的节日。这天,儿女们会带着自己的家人到父母家团聚。已 经定居海外的人有时会回来探望父母。

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a conventional festival for both the Han and minority nationalities in China.The custom of worshipping the moon can be traced back to the ancient Xia and Shang Dynasties.According to Chinese lunar calendar,the 8th month is the second month in autumn and ancient people called it Mid-Autumn(Zhongqiu in Chinese).On the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, the moon is extremely round and the Chinese people mark it Mid-Autumn Festival.The round shape to Chinese means family reunion, therefore the Mid-Autumn Festival is also a holiday for members of a family to get together.On that day, sons and daughters will bring their family members back to their parents'home for a reunion, and people who have already settled overseas sometimes will come back to visit their parents.腊八节(the Laba Festival)在农历最后一个月的第八天庆祝,标志着春节庆祝 活动的开始。“腊”指“腊月(the 12th lunar month)”,是农历第十二个月,“八”指的 是数字8。腊八节通常在1月中旬。大多数汉族人遵循腊八节喝腊八粥(Laba rice porridge)的习俗。腊八粥最早在宋朝传入中国。据史料记载,一些大型寺庙会为穷人提供腊八粥来表达对佛祖(Buddha)的虔诚。明朝时,腊八粥成为皇帝在此节日赏赐群臣的神圣食物。

Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of the last lunar month, marking the beginning of celebrating the Chinese Spring Festival.La means the 12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January.The majority of people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on the Laba Festival.Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song Dynasty.According to historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show their faith to Buddha.In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to award their officials on the festival.传统文化

中国人的姓名通常姓(family name)在前,名(given name)在后。中国有10多亿个名字,所以人们即便在随意场合也可能会连名带姓地介绍自己,这是很寻常的。历史上,人名的受欢迎稈度会随着时事而变化。例如,文化大革命(Cultural Rcvolution)期间,“红”颇受欢迎,因其代表“革命”。20世纪80年代改革开放时期,“致富”成为一个名字,因其意为“变得富有”。

In China the family name is usually in front of the given name.It isn't unusual for a man to introduce himself by his family name with given name even in casual situations because there are more than a billion given names.The Chinese given name has a history of changing with popularity depending on what events were going on.For instance, during the Cultural Revolution Hong(the color red)was very popular as it presents revolution.During the reform and opening up in the 1980s, Zhifu became one given name as it means “getting rich”.中国传统认为孝顺(filial piety)是我们在父母有生之年应该一直秉承的、最 重要的美德。成为孝子是任何一个中国人首要的责任,这意味着要尽可能完全服 从父母,关怀父母,不惜任何代价满足他们的需求。中国传统认为孝顺还有一些 其他特征,如父母过世后,长子需要一手操办葬礼;儿子必须确保家里的香火(family line)得以延续。

According to Chinese tradition,filial piety is the most important virtue to be cherished throughout one's parents' lifespan.Being a filial child is the uppermost duty of any Chinese and it means showing complete obedience to parents,taking care of them,and meeting their demands at any cost as possible as one can.Chinese tradition takes a view that filial piety has some other features, too.For example,the eldest son is required to perform all the rituals after the death of his parents;the son has to ensure that the family line will continue.农历(lunar calendar)已使用了数千年。今天,我们依然用农历来表示中国的传统节日。农历由中国古代的朝代衍生而来。现今使用的农历形成于公元前104年,汉朝汉武帝(Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty)统治时期。该农历被称为太初历(taichu calendar),跟今天使用的农历是一样的。农历中的每一年都以一种动物来命名,如2012年是“龙年”。共有12种动物,每12年循环一次。

The lunar calendar has been used for thousands of years.Today the traditional Chinese festivals are still lunar calendar festivals.The lunar calendar originated in the Chinese ancient dynasties.The current calendar was created during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in 104 BC.This calendar,which was called the taichu calendar,is the same lunar calendar as the one used nowadays.Each year in the lunar calendar is named after an animal.For example,2012 was the year of the dragon.There are 12 animals.Every 12 years the cycle repeats itself.中国象棋(Chinese chess)是中国宝贵的文化遗产之一,它是中国古代智慧的结晶,下象棋也是一种有助于磨练性格、培养品味的运动。在各种棋盘游戏中,象棋和围棋(go game)都由古时的宋朝人发明,如今在全国都广受欢迎。象棋是一种双人对弈的战略性棋盘游戏。游戏代表了两军之间的战斗,目标是捕捉敌人的将军。虽然它起源于亚洲,但今天在全球都有中国象棋倶乐部。

The Chinese chess is one of the valuable cultural heritages of China.It is the fruit of Chinese ancient wisdom and playing chess is also a helpful exercise for tempering one's character and cultivating one's taste.Among various kinds of board games, both Chinese chess and go game were invented by ancient people in the Song Dynasty and now enjoy great popularity over the country.Chinese chess is a strategic board game between two players.The game represents a battle between two armies;its object is to capture the enemy's general.Although it has its origin in Asia, the Chinese chess clubs spread all over the world today.“功夫(Kungfu)”是对中国武术(martial art)的通俗叫法。中国功夫不是单纯的拳脚格斗,而是中华民族传统文化的体现,是独一无二的“武文化”。中国功夫因其悠久的历史、丰富的内涵(connotation)以及浓厚的神秘色彩而越来越为中外所瞩目。中国功夫在世界上的影响日渐广泛,不仅出现了大量中国功夫题材的中外影视作品,更有越来越多的外国人开始喜爱并学习中国功夫。

Kungfu is a common name for Chinese martial art.While Kungfu does not simply refer to fighting using hands and feet, it is the embodiment of the Chinese traditional culture and the unique “martial art culture”.Kungfu is drawing more and more attention at home and abroad for its long history, rich connotation and deep mysterious color.Kungfu's influence in the world is increasingly widespread.There are a large number of Chinese and foreign films on the theme of Kungfu, and more and more foreigners begin to love and learn Kungfu.中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)的范畴很广,包括一系列具有相同基本概 念的医学实践。这个概念起源于中国古代,已经历了数千年的发展。中医诊法包 括把脉(measure the pulse),检查舌头、皮肤、眼睛,以及询问饮食、睡眠习惯和其他方面。中医蕴含的理念及其复杂性向研究中医如何奏效的研究者提出了挑战。这些研究大多数集中在针灸(acupuncture)和中药等特定形式的疗法上。

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)includes a broad range of medicine practices sharing common basic concept which originated in ancient China and has :evolved over thousands of years.TCM diagnosis includes measuring the pulse,inspecting the tongue, skin, eyes and asking about the eating and sleeping habits of :the patient as well as many other things.TCM's complexity and underlying conceptual foundations present challenges for researchers seeking evidence on how it works.Most researches focus on specific treatment modalities, primarily I acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies.打麻将(mahjong)有时被描述成现实生活的翻版,既需要策略,也需要运气。在中国玩麻将通常还需要下或大或小的赌注(bet)。一个世纪前,麻将主要是富人 的消遣(pastime),但如今已被认为是大众游戏。麻将在20世纪20年代引人美国,一股麻将热潮随之而来。学习打麻将最好的方式是与朋友坐在一起,让他们示范 玩一次,把麻将牌面向上,看大家怎么玩。

Playing mahjong, which is sometimes described as a metaphor of real life,needs a mix of strategies and luck.Typically in China,it also involves placing large or small bets.A century ago,it was mainly a pastime for wealthy people,but today it is considered a game of the people.When it was first introduced to the U.S.A.in the 1920s,a craze of mahjong ensued The best way to learn playing mahjong is to sit with friends and ask them to play a demonstration game: ask them to turn their pieces upwards and watch what everybody is doing.太极拳(Taijiquan)是一种中国武术内家拳(the internal styles of Chinese martial art)。它基于以柔克刚(the soft overcoming the hard)的原理,发端于中国古代,最开始是一种武术和自卫方式。随着时间的推移,人们开始通过练太极拳来改善健康状况、增加福祉(well-being)。练习者用意念慢慢地、轻轻地移动身体, 同时深呼吸,因此有时被称为移动冥想(meditation)。中国人通常会在清晨到附近的公园练习太极拳。

Taijiquan is one of the internal styles of Chinese martial art.It is based on the principle of the soft overcoming the hard and originated in ancient China as a martial art and a means of self-defense.Over time, people began to exercise it to improve their health and well-being.Practicers move their bodies slowly,gently and with thought while breathing deeply,so it is sometimes referred to as “moving meditation”.Chinese commonly practice Taijiquan in nearby parks in early morning.汉语是一种很古老的语言。大量文献记载说明,汉字起源于新石器时代(the Neolithic Age)仰韶文化时期,最早的汉字已有近4000年的历史。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化出不同的书写形式,例如篆书(seal script)、隶书(official script)、楷书(regular script)和行书(cursive handwriting)。中国书法家笔下的汉字往往以字形的夸张取得艺术效果,例如一些旅游胜地的石刻碑文。

Chinese is a very old language.A host of documental records shows that Chinese characters originated in Yaoshao Culture Period of the Neolithic Age, and its earliest characters date back to nearly 4,000 years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as seal script, official script, regular script and cursive handwriting.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in a way that is exaggerated in form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen at some tourist resorts.唐朝是中国古代最繁荣、兴旺、灿烂、光荣的时期。因此,中国人穿的传统服装就被称为“唐装(Tang suit)”。实际上,“唐装”并不是唐朝的服装。它的起源可以追溯到清朝,由马褂(Chinese jacket)演变而来。唐装的颜色多种多样,最常见的是红色、深蓝色、金色和黑色。唐装上一种常见的设计是使用汉字来表达好运和祝福。今天,仍然有很多人会在传统的节日里穿唐装。

The Tang Dynasty was the most thriving, prosperous, splendid and glorious period in ancient China.As a result, the traditional clothing worn by the Chinese is called “Tang suit”.Actually, “Tang suit” is not the clothing of the Tang Dynasty.Its origin can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, evolving from Chinese jacket.Tang suit is made in different colors, the most common are red, dark blue, gold and black.One common design is the usage of Chinese characters to convey good luck and wishes.Today,there are still many people who would wear Tang suit during traditional festivals.水墨画(ink wash painting)是一种毛笔画。基本水墨画只使用深浅不一的黑色墨水。唐朝时,水墨画得到发展。人们普遍认为是王维将颜色加入到当时的水墨画中。水墨画的目标不仅仅是复制物体的外观,还要捕捉它的灵魂。要想画一匹马,水墨画家必须了解马的肌肉和骨骼,更要了解马的气质(temperament)。要想画一朵花,水墨画家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和颜色,重要的是传达它的活力和芳香。

Ink wash painting is a type of brush painting.Only black ink is used for the painting of basic ones, in various concentrations.During the Tang Dynasty,ink wash painting got developed.Wang Wei is generally credited as the painter who applied color to existing ink wash paintings.The goal of ink wash painting is not simply to reproduce the appearance of a subject,but to capture its soul.To paint a horse,the ink wash painting artist must understand its temperament better than its muscles and bones.To paint a flower,there is no need to perfectly portray its petals and color,but it is essential to convey its liveliness and fragrance.中国木雕(wood carving)有着悠久的历史,是中国传统艺术之一。人们认为现存最早的木雕大约是在三千年前的战国时期雕刻完成的。在中国,木雕主要分成三个类别:建筑雕刻、家具雕刻和艺术品雕刻。中国的木雕以其令人印象深刻的细致构造和主题之美受到了全世界的欣赏。今天,我们可以在私人画廊里看到传统木雕,也可以在长江两岸整个区域的宅邸装饰上看到它。

Chinese wood carving is one of Chinese traditional arts with a time-honored history.The earliest existing wood carving is believed to be made during the Warring States Period about three thousand years ago.Wood carving in China constitutes three major categories: architecture carving, furniture carving and artworks carving.Chinese wood carving is appreciated worldwide for its impressively detailed structures and the beauty of its themes.Today,traditional wood carvings can be seen in private galleries and also on the decorations over residential areas on both sides of the Yangtze River.中国的印章篆刻(seal carving)始于古代,贯穿于整个秦朝。篆刻的印帝最初是作为皇帝的玉玺(imperial seal)来使用的。皇家的印章被称为玺(Xi)并且只能由皇室成员使用。秦朝之后,更多不同种类的印章出现了。它们作为个性化的印戳用于私人用途。这些非官方定制的印戳被称为印(Yin)。在唐朝,由于迷信(superstition),印章的名称被改称为宝,理由是玺的发音与另一个表示“死亡”意思的汉字类似。

Chinese seal carving first appeared in ancient times and was used throughout the Qin Dynasty.It was initially employed as an imperial seal named Xi.These imperial seal carvings were used only by the royalty.Following this dynasty, more different kinds of seals appeared and were used by private folks as personalized stamps.These non-official stamps were called Yin.During the Tang Dynasty, the seals was renamed Bao as a result of superstition since the pronunciation of Xi is similar to that of another Chinese charactcr which means death 黄梅戏(Huangmei Opera)源于湖北省黄梅县的采茶歌曲,连同京剧、越剧(Yue Opera)、评剧(Ping Opera)和豫剧(Yu Opera)是中国的五大戏曲。它最初是以一种简单的载歌载舞的戏剧形式出现的。后来,随着饱受洪水灾害的灾民,黄梅戏传到了安徽省安庆市。它吸收了徽剧和当地歌舞的元素,发展到了今天的形式。黄梅戏以一种淸新的风格反映了普通居民的生活,受到了群众的喜爱。

Huangmei Opera was originated from tea picking songs in Huangmei county, Hubei province.It is one of the Five Operas in China together with Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Ping Opera and Yu Opera.It first appeared as a simple drama of song and dance.Later, it was spread to Anqing city, Anhui province by immigrating victims of floods.Absorbing elements of Anhui Opera and local songs and dances, Huangmei Opera was developed to the present form.It enjoys great popularity among the masses by reflecting the life of ordinary people in a fresh style.十二生肖(the twelve Chinese Zodiacs)是中国传统文化的重要组成部分,它们源于自然界的11种动物和一个民族图腾(totem)。十二生肖代表动物的性格特点各不相同。到了龙年或虎年,人们常说“生龙活虎”;马年人们会说“马到成功”;猪在中国人的眼里是“宝”的意思;牛是勤劳(diligence)的象征,这一点在鲁迅的诗句“俯首甘为孺子牛”中有着完美的体现。

The twelve Chinese Zodiacs, including eleven animals in the nature and a national totem, play an important role in the Chinese traditional culture.The twelve symbolic animals have their own characteristics.In the Year of Dragon or the Year of Tiger, people will say shenglonghuohu—full of vim and vigor;in the Year of Horse, people will say madaochenggong—to gain an immediate success.In Chinese eyes, pig is a “treasure”.Ox is a symbol of diligence, which is well presented in the verse by Lu Xun一an outstanding writer in China, “head bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children”.算盘(abacus)是一种手动操作计算辅助工具形式。它起源于中国,迄今已有2600多年的历史,是中国古代的一项重要发明。在阿拉伯数字(Arabic numerals)出现前,算盘是世界广为使用的计算工具。现在,算盘在亚洲和中东的部分地区继续使用,尤其见于商店之中,可以从供应中国商品和日本商品的商店里买到。在西方,它有时被用来帮助小孩子们理解数字,而一些数学家喜欢体验一下使用算盘计算出简单算术(arithmetical)问题的感觉。

An abacus is a form of manually operated counting aid.It has originated in China over 2,600 years ago.It is one of the most important inventions of ancient China.The abacus used to be the most widely used calculation tool before the appearance of Arabic numerals.At present, abacuses continue to be used in parts of Asia and the Middle East, especially in the shops, and they are available in stores which stock Chinese or Japanese goods.In the West, it is sometimes used to help young children grasp numbers, and some mathematicians enjoy experimenting with the abacus to work out simple arithmetical problems.中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)有五千多年的历史,是中国古代劳动人民几千年来对抗疾病的经验总结。中医将人体看成是气、形、神的统一体,以“望、闻(auscultation and olfaction)、问、切”为其独特的诊断过程。中医使用中药、针灸(acupuncture)以及许多其他治疗手段,使人体达到阴阳调和。阴阳和五行是中医的理论基础。五行是自然界中的五种基本物质,即金、木、水、火、土。

Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has a long history of more than 5,000 years.It is a summary of the experience of the working people over many centuries of struggle against diseases.TCM considers human body as a unity of QI, XING and SHEN.The diagnostic process of TCM distinguishes itself by “observation,auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and pulse diagnosis”.TCM uses traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and many other treatment means to make human body be harmony between YIN and YANG.The concepts of YIN-YANG and WU XING laid a theoretical foundation for TCM.WU XING refers to five basic substances in the nature, that is, metal, wood, water, fire, and earth.太极拳(Tai Chi)是一系列缓慢的动作,旨在修炼身心。它就像是一种舞蹈,却不需要你随音乐起舞,而是需要你向内看,聆听内心的节奏。它创自数千年前,原本是一种武术(martial art)—一种自卫的技艺。然而,它的武术方面如今不太流行了。目前全世界成千上万人练习它,主要是由于它对于人类健康的神奇作用。它将身体动作与平静、冥想的(meditative)心理状态结合起来,所以也被称作“冥想运动(meditation in motion)”。

Tai Chi is a series of slow movements which are aimed at trainning us physically and mentally.It is just like a dance that requires you to look inside and dance to the internal rhythms instead of music.It was created thousands of years ago as a martial art and specifically as a defensive art.However, nowadays its martial aspect is not that popular.It is practiced by thousands of people around the world mostly because of its miraculous effects on human's health.It is often called “meditation in motion” because it combines the body's movements with the calm and meditative state of mind.据说,中国的舞狮(lion dance)起源于南北朝(the Southern and Northern Dynasties)时期,至今已有一千多年的历史了。狮子代表欢乐和幸福。在中国古代,从新年的第四天到第十五天,舞狮团会从一个村子舞到另一个村子。狮子本身包含一个头和一个身体。两个功夫武术家(Kung Fu martial artists)可以组成一头狮子。两名参与者必须都要有扎实的功夫才能表演。舞狮的过程中还配有音乐。狮子的每种情绪和动作都有自己的节奏。

It is said that the lion dance in China originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties with a history of more than one thousand years.The lions represent joy and happiness.From the fourth day to the fifteenth of the New Year, lion dance groups would tour from village to village in ancient China.The lion itself consists of a head and a body.Every lion was made up of two Kung Fu martial artists qualified with a solid skill in Kung Fu.During the lion dance, music is played and each of the lion's moods and moves has its own rhythm.中国象棋属于二人对抗战略性棋盘游戏,是最受欢迎的棋盘游戏之一。在中国古代,象棋被列为士大夫们的修身之艺,现在则被视为一种益智的活动。象棋由两人轮流走子,以“将死”对方的将(帅)为胜。象棋棋盘共有64格,中间的“河界”将之分为两个“敌对”的部分。每人各有棋子16枚,包括1枚将、2枚马、2枚车(chariot)、2枚象(相)、2枚士、2枚炮和5枚丢(pawn)。一般而言,执红色棋子的一方先走子。

Chinese chess, known as Xiangqi, is a strategy board game for two players.It is one of the most popular board games.In ancient China, Chinese chess used to be listed as a way for scholar-officials to cultivate their moral characters, while now it's regarded as a kind of activities to develop intelligence.The two players move by turn in the game with the objective of checkmating the opponent's general or king.The board itself has 64 squares and has a “river” in the middle that divides the board into two opposing parts.Each player has 16 pieces, including 1 general(king), 2 horses, 2 chariots, 2 elephants(bishops), 2 guards, 2 cannons and 5 pawns.Generally speaking, the player with the red pieces moves first.清朝末期,雕刻精美、描绘华丽的折扇大量在中国广东生产,后被西方商人青睐。运往欧洲和美国后成为西方贵妇的重要时尚配件(accessories)。中国折扇的材质多为镂雕精巧的象牙、珍珠贝壳、漆木(lacquer)。扇面上描绘了众多清朝官员及夫人的形象。因为具有神秘的东方情调,当时西方中上层贵妇人手一把,以此来炫耀自己的财富和高贵。

During the late Qing Dynasty, a large number of Chinese fans exquisitely carved and gorgeously painted were produced in Canton(now called Guang dong).These fans later were in good graces of western merchants.After they were shipped to Europe and America, they became fashionable accessories for noblewomen.The materials used to make Chinese fans were mostly exquisitely carved ivory, pearls and shells and lacquer.These Chinese fans showed many figures of Mandarins and their consorts.Mysterious oriental sentiment as they presented, each lady in upper-middle class family at that time owned a Chinese fan to show off her wealth and nobility.“泥人张”是中国北方流传的一种民间彩塑,深得当地百姓喜爱。它创始于清代(the Qing Dynasty)末年,至今已有180多年的历史。“泥人张”的创始人叫张明山,生于天津,家境贫寒,从小跟父亲以捏泥人(clay figure)为业。张明山的泥人,有民间故事中的人物,也有小说、戏曲中的角色,有现实生活中的劳动人民,有正面人物,还有反面人物。因此,他的作品具有浓厚的趣味性。

The “Clay Figure Zhang” is a kind of folk painted sculpture which is popular in Northern China, and deeply appreciated by local people.Its appearance can be dated back to late Qing Dynasty, having a history of more than 180 years until now.The “Clay Figure Zhang” was founded by Zhang Mingshan, who was born in Tianjin.He had been living his life by making clay figures with his father since childhood because of the poverty of his family.Zhang's clay figures are based on the figures in folk stories together with characters in novels and traditional Chinese operas and working people in real life.Those figures can be positive or negative.Therefore, his works are of great interestingness.年画(New Year painting)是最受中国家庭欢迎的民间手工艺术形式之一。年画一般在春节时张贴。因年画在新的一年到来后才会被换,故称“年画”。年画是中国民间美术中较大的一个艺术门类,它始于古代的“门神画(door-god picture)据说贴在家门上可以辟邪。同时,年画还可以美化居家环境,增添节日的喜庆气氛,为家人带来幸福和欢乐,表达了民众向往美好生活的愿望。

The New Year pictures are one of the most popular folk handcraft arts among Chinese families.Generally, they're posted during the Spring Festival.Because they will be replaced after another New Year's arrival, hence their name is New Year pictures.The New Year picture in China is a large category of folk art, originating from the door-god pictures, which is believed to exorcise evil spirits when posted on the door of a house.At the same time, the pictures can beautify people's homes, enhance the festive atmosphere and bring happiness and joy to the family, and express their hopes for a better life.中国结(the Chinese knot)是中国的一种传统而典型的民间手工编织装饰品。在汉语中,“结”寓意团圆、友好、和平和爱等,所以中国结经常被用来表达美好的祝愿。每个中国结通常只用一根丝线或丝绳编结而成,每一个结根据其形状和意义命名。编织中国结的主要材料是各种线,线的种类包括丝、棉、麻(linen)、尼龙(nylon)等。中国结兼具实用性和装饰性,充分反映了中国文化的魅力。

The Chinese knot is a kind of traditional and typical folk hand-woven decoration in China.In Chinese language, “jie(a knot)” means reunion, amity, peace and love, etc., so the Chinese knot is often used to express good wishes.Each knot is usually woven with only one silk cord or silk rope, and named according to its shape and meaning.Chinese knots are mainly made of various cords which can be silk, cotton, linen or nylon and so on.The Chinese knot is both practical and decorative, fully reflecting the charm of Chinese culture.皮影戏(shadow play), 一门古老的中国传统民间艺术,是世界上最早由人配音(dub)的活动影画艺术。这门古老的艺术流行范围极为广泛。千百年来,给祖祖辈辈的人带来了许多欢乐的时光。皮影戏所用的幕影原理,以及表演形式,对近代电影的发明和发展也起到了重要的先导作用。几年前,皮影戏被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产名录(UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists)。

Shadow play, an ancient traditional folk art in China, is the earliest art of motion shadow pictures dubbed by people in the world.This ancient art has been very popular.It has provided the Chinese people for generations with a lot of joyous time for thousands of years.The principle of curtain shade and ways of performance adopted by shadow play played an important leading role in the invention and development of the modem movies.Several years ago, shadow play was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.中国杂技(acrobatics)是一门结合了身体力量和技巧的表演艺术。它是最受中国人欢迎的艺术形式之一。杂技在中国已经存在了两千多年。早在战国时期(the Warring States Period)就已经出现了杂技的雏形(embryonic form)。到了汉代,杂技或“百戏”进一步丰富了其内容和种类。古往今来,杂技表演融入了许多不同的表演艺术,例如传统戏剧、舞蹈和武术(martial art)的优点,作为回报,它也为后者提供了灵感。

The Chinese acrobatics is a performing art which combines physical strength and skills.It is one of the most popular art forms welcomed by the Chinese people.The acrobatic art has existed in China for more than two thousand years.As early as the Warring States Period, there appeared embryonic form of acrobatics.By the time of the Han Dynasty, the acrobatic art or “Baixi” was further enriched both in contents and varieties.Acrobatic performances through the ages have incorporated strong points of many different performing arts such as traditional operas, dance and martial art, and provided the latter with inspiration in return.京剧脸谱(Peking Opera facial makeup)是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的类型,就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱(music score)一样,所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源,一般认为脸谱来自假面具。京剧脸谱是广大戏曲爱好者非常喜爱的一门艺术,国内外都很流行,被大家公认为是中国传统文化的标志之一。

Peking Opera facial makeup is a kind of special makeup method with national characteristic.Since every historical figure or a certain type of person has an approximate style, like singing, playing music according to the music score, it's called “facial makeup”.As to the facial makeup's origin, it is generally considered that it's from mask.As one of the favorite arts of the traditional opera lovers at home and abroad, Peking Opera facial makeup has been regarded as one of the symbols of Chinese traditional culture.京剧(Peking Opera)已有200多年的历史,是中国的国剧。与其他地方戏相比,京剧享有更高的声誉,但其实京剧融合了多种地方戏的元素。京剧演员的脸谱(facial makeup)和戏服都很精美,相形之下布景则显得十分简单。京剧表演者主要应用四种技能:唱、念、做、打。在古代,京剧大多是在户外演出的,因此演员们形成了一种极具穿透力的唱腔,以便每个人都能听到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas, Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbs many elements of other local operas.The facial makeups and costumes of the performers are usually very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quite plain.During the performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: singing, speaking, acting and acrobatic fighting.In ancient times, Peking Opera was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of singing that could be heard by everyone.京剧是世界上最古老的戏剧艺术形式之一。从唐代起,京剧的表演者被称为 “梨园弟子(theatrical performer)”。在清代,它在老百姓中也开始流行。表演是在茶馆、饭馆,甚至是在临时搭建的舞台上进行的。每个演员的脸上画着夸张的图案,代表每个人物的性格、角色和命运。这种技艺可能源于古代的宗教和舞蹈。熟悉京剧的观众可以通过观察人物的脸部描绘和服装来了解故事。

Beijing opera is one of the oldest opera art forms in the world.Since the Tang Dynasty,performers of Beijing opera were referred to as “theatrical performers”.During the Qing Dynasty,it became fashionable among ordinary people.Performances were watchcd in tearooms, restaurants, and even on makeshift stages.Exaggerated designs are painted on cach performer's face to symbolize a characters personality,role,and fate.This technique may have originated from ancient religions and dance.Audiences who are familiar with the opera can know the story by observing the characters' facial paintings as well as their costumes.书法(calligraphy)在中国的传统艺术领域占有非常重要的位置。书法已经历时2000多年了。它有五种主要的书写方式,每种都有不同的书写技法。练习书法需要文房四宝(Four Treasures of the Study)。书法被认为是一种需要内心平静的艺术形式。今天,尽管出现了各种各样的现代书写方式,但人们仍然经常将书法作为一种业余爱好进行练习。如今,书法在西方也越来越受欢迎。

In China,calligraphy occupies a very important position in the field of traditional art.Calligraphy has a history lasting for more than 2,000 years.There are five main ways of writing and each needs different techniques.To practice calligraphy requires the Four Treasures of the Study.Calligraphy is considered to be an art form requiring inner peace.Today,although various modern ways of writing have come up,calligraphy is still practiced often as a hobby.Nowadays,it has also become more and more popular among westerners.中国独有的文书工具(calligraphic tools),即笔、墨、纸、砚(ink stone),被称为“文房四宝“(Four Treasures of the Study)。从名称上,我们不难看出中国的书法家和画家珍视它们的程度。尽管这四种工具已经发生了演变,人们仍然相信,如果不使用传统的文房四宝,中国艺术作品就出不了杰作。其他东方国家也继承了中国的这个传统,比如日本。也许这就是为什么日本书法和绘画与中国书法和国画很相似的原因。

Chinese particular calligraphic tools include brush,ink,paper and ink stone,which are known as ”Four Treasures of the Study”.We can easily tell how Chinese calligraphers and painters value them from the name.Despite the evolution of the four tools,it is believed that no Chinese artwork can be a masterpiece without using the traditional four treasures.Other oriental nations such as Japan has inherited this Chinese tradition.Maybe that's why Japanese calligraphy and Japanese painting resemble Chinese calligraphy and Chinese painting.相声(cross talk)是一种中国曲艺(Quyi)表演艺术,它起源于华北地区的民间说唱曲艺,在明朝即已盛行。大多数的相声来自于我们的日常生活。还有一些改编自民间笑话、历史人物、事件和文字游戏。最著名的相声表演艺术家有马三立、侯宝林、马季、姜昆等。相声在一代又一代表演者的努力下,一直是深受知识分子和平民喜爱的国民艺术。

Cross talk is one of Chinese Quyi performing arts.It originated from the folk vocal art and has enjoyed a popularity since the Ming Dynasty.Most of the cross talks come from our daily life.There are also some adapted from folk jokes,historical figures,events and word games.The best-known performers are Ma Sanli,Hou Baolin,Ma Ji,Jiang Kun,etc.Cross talk has been a national art popular among both highbrows and lowbrows with the efforts of performers generation after generation.汉字有成千上万个,尽管其中的大多数差别很细微,且只在历史文献中出现过。研究表明,日常使用的汉字大概有三至四千个。大多数早期汉字是象形字(pictographs),用简单的图画来代表字,但现代汉字中象形文字已经很少了。许多现代汉字是两个或两个以上简单文字的组合。汉字也可以因为其线条和点的排列组合方式被看成是一门抽象艺术(abstract art)。

There are tens of thousands of Chinese characters,though most of them are only slightly different from each other and only seen in historical documents.Studies show that normally three to four thousand characters are used on a daily basis.Most of earlier Chinese characters were pictographs-simple pictures used to mean words, but few modern Chinese characters are pictographs.Many modern Chinese characters are a combination of two or more simple characters.Chinese characters may also be considered to be an abstract art because of how the characters are made up of lines and points.瓷器(porcelain)是一种由精选的瓷土(porcelain clay)或瓷石(pottery stone)、通过工艺流程制成的物件。尽管瓷器由陶器(pottery)发展而来,然而它们在原料、轴(glaze)、烧制温度方面都是不同的。比起陶器,瓷器质地更坚硬,器身更通透,光泽也更好。瓷器在英语里叫做china,因为第一件瓷器就是在中国制造的。瓷器促进了中国和外部世界之间的经济文化交流,并深刻地影响着其他国家的传统文化和生活方式。

Porcelain is a material made from well-chosen porcelain clay or pottery stone through technological processes.Although porcelain is developed from pottery,the two are different in raw material, glaze and firing temperature.Compared with pottery, porcelain has tougher texture,more transparent body and finer luster.It is called china in English because it was first made in China.Porcelain promotes economic and cultural exchanges between China and the outside world, and also profoundly influences the traditional culture and lifestyle of other countries.刺绣(embroidery)是用针和线或纱线(yarn)在织物或其他材料上进行装饰的手工艺。刺绣最常用在无檐帽、有檐帽、外套、毛毯、礼服衬衫、长筒袜、髙尔夫球衫上。令人感到吃惊的是:在刺绣的发展过程中,从起初到后来更精美的阶段,让人感觉不到也说不出来有什么材质或技术的变化。另一方面,我们发现后来很少能达到早期作品中的技术成就和髙水准的工艺。

Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn.It is most often used on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, stockings, and golf shirts.It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery there are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, more refined stage.On the other hand, we find a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship in early works are rarely attained in later times.孔雀舞(peacock dance)是傣族(Dai ethnic group)最广泛流传的古代舞蹈之一,同时也是傣族最受喜爱的舞蹈。对傣族来说,孔雀象征着好运、幸福、美丽和诚实,所以跳孔雀舞是为了歌颂美好的生活,表达对幸福生活的美好的祝愿。孔雀舞主要在傣历的新年-泼水节(the Water-splashing Festival)、关门节(the Gate Closing Festival)、开门节(the Gate Opening Festival)和一些重要的宗教活动上表演。他们通过跳优雅的孔雀舞来祈求和平与幸福。

The peacock dance is one of the most wide-spread ancient dances and also the best-loved dance of the Dai ethnic group.To the Dai people, the peacock is a symbol of good luck, happiness, beauty and honesty.So to perform this dance is to present a eulogy of good life and express good wishes for a happy life.It is mostly performed on the New Year(Water-splashing Festival)of the Dai calendar, at the Gate Closing Festival,the Gate Opening Festival and some important religious events.They pray for peace and happiness with graceful peacock dancing.剪纸(paper cutting)有着悠久的历史,是传统的民间艺术形式。它可以追溯到东汉时期。在中国的传统文化中,剪纸可以反映生活的许多方面,如繁荣、健康或收获。虽然其他艺术形式,如绘画,也可以显示类似的景象,但剪纸仍然以它的魅力脱颖而出。今天,剪纸主要用做装饰。中国人认为门上的红色剪纸可以给全家人带来好运和幸福。剪纸在中国的传统节日,特别是春节(the Spring Festival)期间更常见。

Paper cutting is a traditional folk art form with a long history.It can be dated back to the Eastern Han Dynasty.In traditional Chinese culture, paper-cuts can reflect various aspects of life such as prosperity, health or harvest.Although other art forms, like painting, can also show similar scenes, paper-cuts still stand out for its charm.Today, paper-cuts are chiefly used as decorations.Chinese people believe that the red paper-cuts on the door can bring good luck and happiness to the whole family.The paper-cuts are more often seen during traditional Chinese festivals, particularly in the Spring Festival.对联(couplet)是由富有诗意的两句话组成,通常是押韵的(rhymed)。人们用所能掌握的最好的书法水平将它们写在红色竖纸条上。上联(the first line of a couplet)贴在前门的右侧,下联贴在前门的左侧。此外,横批(the horizontal scroll)是横着贴在门框上的。对联是中国独特文化的一部分。它也是一个同时与中国语言和文字相关的艺术。今天,对联常被用作中国传统节日的装饰。

The couplet is comprised of a pair of lines of poetry that are usually rhymed,which are written on vertical slips of red paper in the best calligraphic style one can master.The first line of a couplet is posted on the right side of the front door.The second line of a couplet is posted on the left of a couplet side of the front door.In addition,the horizontal scroll is posted across and on top of the doorframe.Couplet is a part of Chinese unique culture and also an art related to both the Chinese,language and Chinese characters.Today,it is often used as a decoration during traditional Chinese festivals.古时在中国风筝也称作“鸢(hawk)”。春秋战国时期(the Spring and Autumn Period),东周哲人墨子(Mo-tse)曾“费时三年,以木制木鸢,飞升天空”,但这只木鸢只飞了一天就坏了。墨子制造的这只“木鸢”就是世上最早的风筝,已有2400多年的历史。唐代时,风筝传入朝鲜、日本及其他周边国家。十三世纪末,风筝的故事首次被意大利探险家马可·波罗带到欧洲,至此,中国风筝便逐渐开始传到世界各地。

In ancient time, kites were also called “Yuan(a hawk)” in China.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Mo-tse, a philosopher in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty spent three years making a wooden glede that could fly in the sky, but it broke down only in one day.That wooden glede Mo-tse made has a history of over two thousand and four hundred years, which was claimed to be the first kite in the world.In Tang Dynasty, kites were introduced to Korea, Japan and other surrounding countries.Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo, an Italian adventurer, towards the end of the 13th century.Since then, the Chinese kite was gradually introduced to the whole world.中国人很喜欢红色,甚至称自己为“赤子”。红色在中国象征着权力和喜庆。很多朝代的官服是红色的;在清代,官帽上深浅不同的红色代表了不同的官位。公文的标题通常也用红色,这就是它们被称为“红头文件(red-head documents)”的原因。另外,用于婚礼的双喜字是红色的。春节期间,老人们 也会给小孩子们发红包,当做新年的礼物和祝福 We Chinese like the color of red, and even we call ourselves as Chizi, which means a patriot.In China, red represents the power and happiness.Official robes of many dynasties were red.In the Qing Dynasty, different shades of red on the official caps showed different rankings.Headlines of official documents are often printed in red.For that reason, it’s called “red-head documents”.In addition, the Chinese character signifying double happiness used for weddings is red.During the Spring Festival, elder people will give Hongbao to the children as gifts and wishes for the new year.国画是中国文化遗产的重要组成部分。不同于西方画,它是用毛笔(Chinese brush)和墨汁在宣纸(xuan paper)上作画的。精通这门艺术需要不断重复的练习,需要控制好毛笔,需要对宣纸和墨汁有一定的认识。绘画前,画家必须在脑海里有一个草图并根据他的想象力和经验进行绘画。许多中国画家既是诗人,又是书法家。他们经常会在自己的画上亲手添加诗作。

Chinese painting is an important part of the country's cultural heritage.It distinguishes itself from Western painting in that it is drawn on xuan paper with the Chinese brush and Chinese ink.To attain proficiency in this art, it is necessary to have a good control of the brush, and certain knowledge of xuan paper and Chinese ink besides repeated exercises.Before painting, the painter must have a draft in his mind and draw according to his imagination and experience.Many a Chinese painter is at the same time a poet and calligrapher who often adds a poem with his own hand on the painting.灯笼(lantern)又称为灯彩,起源于1800多年前的西汉时期。在古代,灯笼的主要作用是照明。现在,灯笼综合了绘画艺术、剪纸(paper cutting)、纸扎、刺缝(seam)等工艺,已经变成了一种供收藏与欣赏的传统工艺品。每逢佳节庆典到处都可以看到灯笼,特别是元宵节和中秋节,人们都挂起象征团圆意义的红灯笼,来营造一种喜庆的氛围。后来在中国灯笼就成了喜庆的象征。

Lanterns, also known as colored lights, originated from the Western Han Dynasty of more than 1,800 years ago.They were mainly used for lighting in ancient times, while nowadays they have already become a kind of traditional art and craft for collection and appreciation, combining various kinds of crafts, such as painting, paper cutting, paper crafts and seam.On festivals and celebrations, lanterns can be seen almost everywhere;especially on the Lantern Festivals and the Mid-Autumn Festivals, red lanterns are hung to express the meaning of reunion and create a joyous atmosphere.Later on, lanterns have become the symbol of happiness in China.旗袍(qipao)是一种雅致的中国服装,源于中国的满族(Manchu Nationality)。在清代,旗袍是王室女性穿着的宽松长袍。上世纪 20 年代,受西方服饰影响,旗袍发生了一些变化。袖口(cuffs)变窄,袍身变短。这些变化使女性美得以充分展现。

如今,旗袍经常出现在世界级的时装秀上。中国女性出席重要社交聚会时,旗袍往往是她们的首选。很多中国新 也会选择旗袍作为结婚礼服。一些有影响的人士甚至建议将旗袍作为中国女性的民族服饰。

Qipao is an elegant type of Chinese dress that originates from the Manchu Nationality.In the Qing Dynasty, it was a loose gown worn by females of the royal family.In 1920s,it underwent some changes due to the influence of western dress.Its cuffs became narrower and the length was shortened as well.Such changes allow the beauty of female to be fully displayed.Nowadays Qipao is not only frequently seen on world-class fashion shows, but also the first-choice dress for Chinese women to attend some important social gatherings.Moreover, many Chinese brides choose it as their wedding gowns.Some influential figures even have suggested making Qipao a national dress for Chinese women.汉朝是中国历史上最重要的朝代之一。汉朝统治期间有很多显著的成就。它最先向其他文化敞开大门,对外贸易兴旺。汉朝开拓的丝绸之路通向了中西亚乃至罗马。各类艺术一派繁荣,涌现了很多文学、历史、哲学巨著。公元l00年中国第一部字典编撰完成,收入9 000个字,提供释义并列举不同的写法:英间,科技方面也取得了很大进步,发明了纸张、水钟、日晷(sundials)以及测量地震的仪器。汉朝历经400年,但统治者的腐败最终导致了它的灭亡。

The Han dynasty is one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history.There are lots of remarkable achievements during the reign of the Han dynasty.Being the first dynasty to open the door to other cultures, it excelled in foreign trade.The Silk Road opened in the Han dynasty led to Central and Western Asia, even Rome.With all sorts of art schools flourishing, there appeared many great works in literary, history, and philosophy.In 100 AD, China's first dictionary was completed, which included 9 000 characters, providing definitions and different ways to write the characters.During that period, the science and technology had also made great progress, with paper, water clocks, sundials and instruments used to measure earthquakes invented.Though the Han dynasty had a history of 400 years, the corruption of its rulers finally contributed to its collapse.美食

中国菜(Chinese cuisine)享誉世界,是世界美食的明珠,并被推崇为全球最为健康的食物。菜系(cooking style)繁多,烹饪方法也不尽相同。其四大要素—色、形、香(aroma)、味,决定了菜的好坏,是判断其水平的标准。中国东北菜的口味变化多端,色彩丰富,造型美观。而南方菜的特点是口味清淡、颜色亮丽,保 留了食材的原始味道。

Chinese cuisine, as a pearl of world cuisine, is famous and recommended as the healthiest food in the world.It has various cooking styles and its cooking techniques are also diverse.Chinese cuisine features four elements—color, shape,aroma and taste, which decide how good it is and they are the criteria of judging its ,quality.Northeastern Chinese cuisine’s taste features varied taste, rich color and beautiful shape.While in the southern China, the food features light taste, bright color and remains the original flavor of the food materials.汤圆(sweet soup ball)是中国的一种传统食物。它最初在隋朝被称为元宵(Yuanxiao),曾被用来指代元宵节(the Lantern Festival),元宵节是一个以吃汤圆或元宵的形式来庆祝的节日。汤圆至今已经有700多年的历史了。这种深受人们喜爱的食物最早出现在宁波。随着不断的发展和完善,逐渐形成了这种有着特殊味道,由糯米(glutinous rice)做皮、猪油(lard)做馅儿的宁波汤圆。

Sweet soup ball is a kind of traditional food in China.Originally named Yuanxiao in the Sui Dynasty,it was ever used to refer to the Lantern Festival,a day celebrated by eating sweet soup balls and rice glue balls.Sweet soup ball now has a history of over 700 years.This food,much favored by people,first appeared in Ningbo.Through its continuous development and improvement, the unique flavor of Ningbo sweet soup balls made of glutinous rice with lard stuffing has gradually come into being.饺子,是一种以面为皮(wrapper)的充馅食物,它是中国北方比较传统的食物,饺子深受中国汉族人民的喜爱。中国人过春节和其他节日,饺子是必不可少的。相传是我国古代名医张仲景发明的。“饺子”得名的原因非常简单,“饺子”音同“交子”,是新旧交替之意,因为春节标志着新的一年的开始,人们选择吃饺子来表达他们对新年的美好祝愿。尽管时代变了,但是这一传统却保留了下来。Jiaozi, or dumpling is a kind of food stuffed with filling inside a wheat wrapper.As a quite traditional food in Northern China, it is very popular among Han Chinese.Jiaozi is absolutely necessary when the Chinese people celebrate the Spring Festival and other festivals.It is said that jiaozi was invented by China's famous ancient doctor Zhang Zhongjing.The reason for naming the food as “jiaozi” is very simple: because “jiaozi” is homophonous to the Chinese phrase “change of year”,which means the transition from the old to the new.As the Spring Festival marks the start of a new year, people choose to eat jiaozi to express their best wishes for the New Year.This tradition has remained unbroken despite the change of times.火锅中,重庆火锅(hotpot)最著名,也最受欢迎。重庆人认为以麻辣(peppery and hot)著称的火锅是当地特色。人们喜欢围在用木炭(charcoal)、电热或天然气加热的火锅旁边吃边聊美味和有营养的食物。人们可以选择辣汤、清汤以及鸳鸯(combo)锅底,再将肉片、鱼片、各种豆腐产品和蔬菜加进火锅,之后蘸上特制酱料即可食用。在寒冷的冬天里,吃火锅成为一件惬意十足的事情。

Chongqing hotpot is the most famous and popular of all hotpots.In the eyes of people in Chongqing, hotpot noted for its peppery and hot taste is a local specialty.People enjoy gathering around a hotpot heated with charcoal, electricity or natural gas and chatting over the delicious and nutritious food.You have a choice of spicy, pure or combo for the soup, into which you may add thin sliced meat, fish, various bean curd products and vegetables, and dip them into a special sauce before eating.It is a very delightful experience to eat hotpot in the cold winter.北京烤鸭是北京的招牌菜,它的独到之处在于不仅味道鲜美,而且含有丰富的营养价值,被誉为“天下美味”,驰名中外。北京烤鸭需经过约45分钟的烤制,烤出的鸭子以皮质酥脆(crispy skin)、肉质鲜嫩为特色,这是其受欢迎的最大原因。在众多的北京烤鸭店中最知名的两个是全聚德和便宜坊,这两家烤鸭店都已经有上百年的历史了。

As a specialty of Beijing cuisine, Beijing roast duck is unique in not only delicious taste, but also rich nutritional value.Acclaimed as the “No.1 Delicacy under Heaven”,it has won fame both at home and abroad.It takes about 45 minutes to roast a duck.The roasted duck is characterized by crispy skin and tender meat, which form the biggest reason for its popularity.The most famous brands among popular roast duck restaurants are Quanjude and Bianyifang, both of which have a history of several hundred years.中国是具有先进酿酒技术的国家之一。关于酒的发明有许多种说法,最著名的是杜康的传说。据说杜康一天把装有谷子(millet)的竹筒落在了树上。十四天后偶然看见被他遗忘的竹筒,惊奇地发现筒里的谷子全变成了芳香的美酒。从此,他开始酿酒。因此,他的名字经常与酒联系起来,这一点在曹操的诗句中也有所体现:“何以解忧,唯有杜康。”

China is one of the leading countries in wine-making in the world.There are many legends concerning the invention of alcohol.The most popular one is about Du Kang.It is said that Du Kang lost his bamboo tube, which was full of millet, on the tree one day.Fourteen days later he saw the tube by accident, and surprisingly found that the millet had turned into fragrant alcohol.Since then, inspired by this discovery, he began to make the alcohol.And for that reason, his name is often associated with alcohol, which is illustrated in Cao Cao's verses-“What can relieve my worries? Only Dukang.”

筷子(chopsticks)是中国古人发明的一种具有鲜明民族特色的进食工具(tableware),是反映中国饮食文化特色的重要组成部分。中国人使用筷子的历史可追溯到商代,距今已有三千多年。筷子可谓是中国国粹,既轻巧又灵活,在世界各国餐具中独树一帜,被西方人誉为“东方的文明”。凡是使用过筷子的人,不论中国人或是外国人,都因其使用方便、物美价廉而赞叹不绝。

Chopsticks, invented by ancient Chinese people, are a kind of tableware with distinct national features, being an important component that reflects the characteristics of Chinese diet culture.The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than 3,000 years ago.Chopsticks, the quintessence of Chinese culture, whose lightness and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the world, are praised as “Eastern Civilization” by the westerners.All those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chinese or foreigners, marvel at their convenience, excellent quality and reasonable price.中国传统的待客之道要求饭菜丰富多样,让客人吃不完。中国宴席上典型的菜单包括开席的一套凉菜及其后的热菜,例如肉类、鸡鸭、蔬菜等。大多数宴席上,全鱼被认为是必不可少的,除非已经上过各式海鲜。如今,中国人喜欢把西方特色菜与传统中式菜肴融于一席,因此牛排上桌也不少见。沙拉也已流行起来,尽管传统上中国人一般不吃任何未经烹饪的菜肴。宴席通常至少有一道汤,可以最先或最后上桌。甜点和水果通常标志宴席的结束。

The traditional Chinese hospitality requires that the foods served are so diverse that guests cannot eat up all the dishes.A typical Chinese banquet menu includes cold.1.翻译第一句时,可将“中国传统的待客之道”处理为句子的主语,将“饭菜丰富多样”处理为宾语,将“让客人吃不完”处理为结果状语。

2.第二句中,“其后的热菜”可参考译文采用被动语态followed by dishes served at the beginning, followed by hot dishes, such as meat, poultry,vegetables, and so on.At most banquets, the whole fish is considered to be essential,unless various kinds of seafood have been served.Nowadays, Chinese people would like to combine Western specialties with traditional Chinese dishes.Therefore, it is not rare to see steak being served, either.Salad has also been catching on, although traditionally Chinese people generally dc not eat any food without cooking.There is usually at least a bowl of soup, served either at the beginning or in the end of the banquet.Desserts and fruit usually mark the end of the banquet.hot dishes,也可翻译为独立主格结构作伴随状语,即with the hot dishes followed;“例如肉类、鸡鸭、蔬菜等”是对“热菜”的举例说明,用such as引导。

3.第三句中的“全鱼被认为是……”可用被动语态,“必不可少的”可译为essential或indispensable,“除非……”表明该句包含一个条件状语从句,可用unless引导。

4.第五句包含一个让步状语从句,表示“尽管”含义的让步状语从句常见的引导词有though,although,despite等;“流行”的表达方式有很多,如prevalent,popular,fashionable,catch on等。因此,本句也可以译为Despite the fact that traditionally Chinese people don’t like to eat any dishes without cookin9,salad has also been popular。

5.翻译第六句中的“可以最先或最后上桌”时可处理为独立主格结构。最后一句的翻译相对简单,“标志……的结束”可用短语mark the end of…来表达。

历史人物

李清照是中国宋代一位著名的女词人(ci poetess)。她的词作集称为《漱玉词》(Shu Yu Lyrics),该名字来源于李清照济南故居前的漱玉泉。李清照在孩提时期受到了良好的教育,在早年就显示出了她的文学才华。靖康之变(Jingkang Incident)后,她和丈夫赵明诚从山东省来到江苏省南部。无家可归的境遇和悲惨的生活也在她后来的诗歌和词作中有所体现。她写出了战争带给女性的灾难,也写下了大量的爱国主义诗歌和词作品。

Li Qingzhao was a well-known ci poetess in the Song Dynasty of China.The collection of her ci poems is called Shu Yu Lyrics, which took its name from the Shuyu Spring in front of her former residence in Jinan.Li Qingzhao had received good education when she was a child and showed her literary talent in her early years.After Jingkang Incident, she and her husband Zhao Mingclieng came to the south of Jiangsu from Shandong province.The homeless and miserable life was also revealed in her later poems and ci poems.She depicted calamities caused by wars to the women and wrote down quite a large number of patriotic poems and ci poems.华佗是中国东汉(the Eastern Period)和三国时期(the Three Kingdoms Period)著名的医生。他擅长各个医学领域,尤其是外科手术。他被后人称为“外科圣手”(Surgeon Master)”和“外科鼻祖(Founder of Surgery)”。他是一个受过良好教育的人,熟悉古典文学。然而,他拒绝了高官的推荐,决定做一名给老百姓治病的医生。他在开处方和治疗疾病方面技术精湛。此外,他的名字总是和外科手术相联系,因为他被认为是中国第一个外科医生。

Hua Tuo was a renowned Chinese doctor during the Eastern Han Dynasty andthe Three Kingdoms Period.He was good at all fields of medicine,particularly at surgical operations.He was regarded as the “Surgeon Master” and the “Founder of:Surgery”,He was a well-educated man and was familiar with classical literature.However, he refused the recommendation by high officials,and decided to become a doctor to cure the diseases of the common people.He was highly skilled in writing out prescription and curing illness.In addition,his name is always mentioned in relation to surgeiy, as he was considered the first surgeon in China.郑和是一位伟大的中国探险家和舰队指挥官。他主要进行了七次探险活动,为中国皇帝(Chineseemperor)探索了世界,并在新的区域建立了与中国的贸易联系。永乐帝(Emperor Yongle)想向世界其他国家展示中华帝国(the Chinese Empire)的荣耀与权力,同时还想与世界其他国家建立贸易联系。于是他任命郑和为首席特使(ChiefEnvoy),命他成立一个舰队去探索世界。郑和指挥了一个大型舰队,第一次航海时估计有超过200艘船,将近28000人。

Zheng He was a great Chinese explorer and fleet commander.His seven main expeditions explored the world for the Chinese emperors and established the trade links between China and new areas.The Emperor Yongle wanted to show off the glory and power of the Chinese Empire to the world.He also wanted to establish the business relations with other countries.So, he appointed Zheng He as the Chief Envoy and asked him to set up a fleet to explore the world.Zheng He commanded a large fleet, whose first voyage was estimated to have over 200 ships and nearly 28,000 men 花木兰是中国著名古诗《木兰辞》中描绘的一位替父从军的英雄。因木兰的父亲年事已高,不能经受奔波劳苦,木兰又没有兄长可以代替老父,于是她把自己乔装成男子代父从军。虽然这个故事是否真实不得而知,但是千百年来,花木兰作为孝顺的典范而深受中国人的尊敬。1998年,美国迪士尼公司将花木兰的故事改编成了动画片,受到了全世界的欢迎。Hua Mulan is a heroine who joined the army for her father, according to what is described in a famous Chinese ancient poetry The Ballad of Mulan.Mulan's father is too old to bear suffering from the bitterness, and she doesn't have an elder brother to go and fight instead of the old father.So Mulan decides to disguised herself as a man to join the army for her father.Hua Mulan has been highly respected as a filial model by the Chinese people for hundreds of years, even though it is unknown whether the story has any factual basis.In 1998,her story was adapted into an animated cartoon by Disney of the United States, and the cartoon was very popular all over the world.孔子(Confucius)是我国古代著名的思想家、教育家,儒家学派(Confucian School)的创始人。相传孔子有弟子三千,贤弟子72人,孔子曾带领部分弟子周游列国14年。在中国五千年的历史上,对华夏民族的性格、气质(temperament)产生最大影响的人就算是孔子了。他正直、乐观向上、积极进取。他一生都在追求真、善、美,一生都在追求理想的社会。他品格中的优点,几千年来影响着中国人,特别是影响着中国的知识分子。

Confucius is a famous ideologist, educator, and the founder of Confucian School in ancient China.It's said he has 3,000 disciples, 72 out of whom are excellent ones, and he has led some disciples to visit various states for 14 years.During 5,000 years' history of China, it's Confucius who has exerted the greatest impact on Chinese nation's characteristic and temperament.He is upright, optimistic, active and enterprising, striving for truthfulness, kindness and beauty, and seeking for an ideal society all his life.The shining points in his characteristics have been influencing the Chinese people, especially the Chinese intellectuals for thousands of years.孟子(Mencius)是战国时期(the Warring States Period)伟大的思想家、教育家。孔子去世100年后,孟子传授并发展了孔子的学说,他的哲学思想与孔子是一脉相承的。孟子认为人性本善,是社会的影响引发了道德的堕落,因此十分重视道德教育。孟子的母亲在他的生命中扮演了重要的角色,她曾三度迁居,只为了帮助她的孩子找到一个合适的成长环境。

Mencius is a great ideologist and educator in the Warring States Period.A hundred years after Confucius died, Mencius taught and expanded Confucian doctrine.His philosophical thinking has its origin in Confucius'thoughts.Mencius believes that human nature is essentially good, and it is society's influence that causes the degradation of morality.For that reason, he attaches great importance to moral education.Mencius'mother plays an important role in his life.She moved home three times only to find an environment that she felt was suitable for the child's upbringing.赢政(前259年〜前210年),庄襄王之子,秦朝的开国皇帝。他13岁继承秦王王位,21岁亲理国事。在公元前221年,秦始皇统一了全国,建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权的(centralized)封建国家。秦始皇在位期间统一了文字、货币和度量衡等;他所开创的皇权制度,在中国历史上一直延续了两千多年。然而,秦始皇为了控制人民和加强专制统治(autocratic rule), 采取了许多残忍的手段,其中最著名的就是“焚书坑儒”。

Ying Zheng(259 B.C.-210 B.C.), the son of King Zhuangxiang, is the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty.He ascended the throne at 13, and took over with state affairs himself at 21.In 221 B.C., Qin Shi Huang unified the country and established the first centralized feudal state in Chinese history.Qin Shi Huang unified the Chinese characters in writing, currency, and measures for length, capacity and weight.The imperial power system set up by him lasted for more than 2,000 years in Chinese history.However, in order to control people and strengthen the autocratic rule, Qin Shi Huang took many brutal means.The most famous one is “Fen Shu Keng Ru”,that is to burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive.黄帝(Yellow Emperor)被认为是中华文明的奠基人和祖先。他生活在大约4000年前。他是黄河中部流域一个最强部落的神秘首领。在该时期,许多部落在黄河附近定居。部落之间相互征战以获取更多耕地。持续不断的战争给人民带来诸多苦难。黄帝决定结束这种情势。他制定出一套道德规范(ethical code),训练他 的军队。他和他的军队征服了黄河流域的一大片区域,成为了部落联盟(tribal union)的首领。

The Yellow Emperor is considered to be the founder of Chinese civilization as well as its ancestor.He lived about four thousand years ago.He was the mystical chief of one of the strongest tribes in the middle valley of the Yellow River.During this period many tribes came to settle around the Yellow River.They fought with each other to get more farmland.The constant war caused much suffering to the people.The Yellow Emperor decided to put an end to this situation.He worked out an ethical code and trained his army.With his army, the Yellow Emperor conquered a wide area along the Yellow River.He was made chief of the tribal union.徐志摩是20世纪著名的现代浪漫主义诗人。他毕业于北京大学,而后去剑桥大学(Cambridge University)学习政策和经济。经过两年在剑桥的学习,他深受欧洲和美国诗人的影响。1922年他回到中国,后来成为了现代诗歌运动的领导者。他的生命很短暂,但却为世界和中国文学作出了重大贡献。他是中国第一批成功将西方浪漫主义形式引入中国现代诗歌的作家之一。他的诗歌是世界文学的瑰宝。

Xu Zhimo was a famous modern romantic poet of 20C.He graduated from Peking University and then went to the Cambridge University to study policy and economy.After two years studying in Cambridge University,he was deeply influenced by the poets of Europe and America.In 1922 he went back to China and later became a leader of the modern poetry movement.Though he lived quite a short life,he made a great contribution to the world's and Chinese literature.He was one of the first Chinese writers to successfully introduce Western romantic form into the modern Chinese poetry, and his poetry is a treasure of the world literature.鲁迅是作家周树人的笔名,生于1881年,其家庭有深厚的儒家背景(Confucian background)。由于家道中落,鲁迅的童年充满了苦难。1904年,他去了日本仙台学医,但很快意识到中国对“精神医学”的需要远远超过治疗身体疾病的需要。因此,鲁迅在1906年回到东京,决定放弃医学,投身于教育和文学事业。他一直被视为中国20世纪最伟大的现代作家。毛主席称他为“中国文化革命的主将”。

Lu Xun is the pen name of the writer born as Zhou Shuren in 1881 in a family with a deep Conflician background.Owing to the decline of his family fortunes,Lu Xun’s childhood was filled with hardship.In 1904, he went to Sendai, in Japan,to study medicine,but he soon realized that China needed far more“spiritual medicine”,than treatment for physical ills.Therefore, he returned to Tokyo in 1906,and decided to give up studying medicine and devote himself to education and literature.Lu Xun has been considered as China's greatest modern writer during the 20th century.Chairman Mao called him ”commander of China's cultural revolution“.景点

中国是一个文化历史悠久的(time-honored)国度,也是一个礼仪(ceremony and decorum)之邦。每当客人来访,都需要泡茶给客人喝。在给客人奉茶之前,你应该问问他们都喜欢喝什么类型的茶,并采用最合适的茶具奉上。奉茶期间,主人需要仔细留意客人的茶杯里的茶量。通常,若是用茶杯泡的茶,在茶喝完一半之后就应该加开水,这样,茶杯就一直都是满的,茶的芳香(bouquet)也得以保留。

China is a country with a time-honored civilization and also a land of ceremony and decorum.Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them.Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy, and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups.In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water remains in the guests'cups.Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added into the cup when half of the tea in it has been consumed;and thus the cup is kept filled and the tea retains the same bouquet.丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是世界上最伟大、最重要的贸易通路之一。它是连接中国和欧洲、东方和西方的陆路通道。丝绸之路始于公元前2世纪,汉高祖(Han Emperor)派遣张骞出使西域的时期。丝绸之路极其分散,很少有商人走过整个道 路。大部分地区地形崎岖或有敌对势力的存在,使得丝绸之路非常危险。因此丝 绸和其他商品的供应经常受到限制。The Silk Road is one of the greatest and most important trade routes.It is the overland route that connects China and Europe, the East and the West.The Silk Road began in the 2nd century BCE when Han Emperor gave Zhang Qian the diplomatic missions of visiting the Western regions.The Silk Road was largely scattered and very few merchants ever crossed the whole route.Most of the areas along the road were rugged or with hostile forces, which made the route quite dangerous.Therefore, the supply of silk and other goods was often limited.在古代,著作和铭文(inscription)通常写在竹片或丝绸上。但丝绸昂贵,竹片太重,使用起来都不方便。后来蔡伦开创了用树皮造纸的方法。传统上人们认为 他是纸张和造纸术的发明者。尽管公元前2世纪中国就已经有了早期的纸,但蔡 伦促成了纸张的首次重大改进,并通过添加至关重要的新材料使造纸过程标准 化。蔡伦发现了造纸材料的组合方式,发明了造纸术。这项发明使蔡伦闻名于世,甚至使他在有生之年就已经得到了认可。

In ancient times, writing works and inscriptions were generally written on :tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk.But silk being costly and bamboo heavy, they were both not convenient to use.Then Cai Lun initiated the method of making paper with the bark of trees.Traditionally, he is regarded as the inventor of paper and the technique of papermaking.Although early forms of paper had already existed in China since the 2nd century BC, he fostered the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into papers composition.Cai found the composition of paper and invented the technique of papermaking.Cai was reputed for this invention in the world, and even in his own lifetime he was already given recognition for it.黄河(the Yellow River)是中华民族的摇篮。她孕育了一代又一代的中国人,但她的洪水也给人们带来了灾难。勤劳的中国人民世代都在努力治理黄河水。大禹是4000多年前中国著名的治水家。大禹继承了他父亲曾经治水的经验,经过大 量的调查和研究,发现了引发洪水的原因。大禹工作很努力。他致力于治水13年。作这段时间里,他没有回过家,甚至三过家门而不入。

The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation.She has fostered generations of Chinese but she has also brought troubles with her floods.The diligent Chinese people have been struggling to control the water of the river for generations.Da Yu was a famous expert on water regulation in China more than 4,000 years ago.Da Yu inherited the experience from his father, who once controlled the floods, and after plenty of investigations and researches, he found the cause of the floods.Da Yu worked very hard.He had been working on controlling the floods for 13 years constantly.During this period he did not go back his home, even stopping by without going into his house for 3 times.北京是中华人民共和国的首都,也是全国的政治和文化中心。大约70万年前,北京人(Peking Man)出现在北京西南48公里的周口店地区。十世纪初期,北京成为辽代(the Liao Dynasty)的第二个都城。从那时起,北京先后成为金、元、明和清四朝的首都,直至1911年。1949年10月1日,毛主席在北京向全世界宣布了中华人民共和国的成立。北京人口超过2000万,大约1000万人住在城里,其他人住在郊区。

Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, is the nation's political and cultural center.Some 700,000 years ago, Peking man appeared at Zhoukoudian, 48 kilometres southwest of Beijing.At the beginning of the 10th century, it became the second capital of the Liao Dynasty.From then on, Beijing had been the capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties until 1911.On October 1st, 1949, Chairman Mao proclaimed to the whole world the founding of the People's Republic of China in Beijing.Beijing has a population of over 20 million;about 10 million live in the city proper and the rest on the suburbs.西湖位于杭州市中心的西部,是江南三大名湖之一。由于西湖的缘故,杭州自古就被誉为“人间天堂”。西湖就像镶嵌(inlay)在广袤大地上的一颗璀燦的明珠,以其秀丽的风景、闻名的古迹、灿烂的文化和丰富的特产而闻名。宋代大文豪苏轼在西湖留下了“欲把西湖比西子,淡妆浓抹总相宜”的千古绝唱;白娘子的传奇故事(The Legend of White Snake)也给西湖增添了一层神秘色彩。

The West Lake, located in the western area of Hangzhou's center, is one of the top three lakes in the regions south of the Yangtze River.Because of it, Hangzhou has been acclaimed as “a heaven on earth',since ancient times.The West Lake is like a shining pearl inlaid on the vast land, renowned for its beautiful scenery, well-known historical sites, brilliant culture, and plentiful local specialties.The literary giant Su Shi in Song Dynasty left a poetic masterpiece through the ages there: The West Lake is like the beauty Xi Shi, who is always charming with either light or heavy make-up(rainy or shiny).The Legend of White Snake also brings the West Lake an air of mystery.故宫(The Palace Museum),旧称紫禁城(Forbidden City),是明、清两朝(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)的皇宫,位于北京市市中心,前通天安门,后倚景山公园,东近王府井街市,西临中南海。故宫是无与伦比的古代建筑杰作,也是世界现存规模最大、保存最完整的古代皇宫建筑群,1987年被联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)评为世界文化遗产。故宫是中华民族的骄傲所在,也是全人类的珍贵文化遗产。

The Palace Museum, once called Forbidden City, is the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Located in central City of Beijing, it faces Tian’anmen Square in the front, with Jingshan Park at its back, Wangfujing Street at its east, and Zhongnanhai at its west.The Palace Museum is an unprecedented masterpiece of ancient construction and the world’s largest and best-preserved architectural complex of ancient imperial palace at present.It was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.It’s an invaluable cultural heritage of all human beings as well as the pride of the Chinese nation.长城(the Great Wall)又被称作“万里长城”,不仅是中华文明的瑰宝,也是中国古代人民智慧的结晶。长城是世界文化遗产(world cultural heritage)之一,更是中华民族的象征。其在建筑上的价值,足以与其在历史和战略上的重要性相媲美。长城现存的遗址有很多处,其中北京的八达岭长城是驰名中外的景区,也是明代长城最具代表性的一段,每年都会接待来自世界各地的许多游客。

The Great Wall, which is also called “wan li chang cheng” in Chinese language, is not only the treasure of Chinese civilization, but also the masterpiece made by the ancient Chinese people.The Great Wall is not only one of the world cultural heritages, but the symbol of the Chinese nation.Its architectural value is comparable to its historical and strategic importance.Among the numerous remains of the Great Wall, Badaling in Beijing is the most popular destination that has won fame both at home and abroad.It can also be regarded as the most representative section of the Wall ever constructed during the Ming Dynasty.Every year it attracts many tourists from all over the world.四合院(the quadrangle)是中国的一种传统合院式住宅。一个标准的四合院通常由一个庭院及其四周独立的房屋构成。不同方位的房屋有着不同的名称。坐北对着庭院入口处的称为正房(main house),东西两边的称为厢房(side house),坐南朝北的称为倒座房(reversely-set house)。长辈或一家之主住正房,晚辈住厢房。倒座房可以用作厨房、储物间、客厅或书房。四合院如今已经成为观光景点,并为世界各地的游客所熟知。

The quadrangle is a traditional courtyard residence in China.A standard quadrangle usually consists of a courtyard with independent houses along its four sides.Houses in different directions have their own names.The house on the north facing the courtyard’s entrance is called the main house;the house which lies on the east or west is called the side house;and the one stands on the south is called reversely-set house.The older generation or the head of the household lives in the main house, while the younger generation lives in the side houses.The reversely-set house can be used as a kitchen, a storeroom, a sitting-room or a study.The quadrangle has now become a tourist attraction and is well-known to tourists from all over the world.北京城的胡同长短不一,风格各异。最长的是东交民巷胡同,全长近3千米。最短的是一尺大街胡同,从头到尾仅有25米。最宽的是灵境胡同,目前最宽处可达30多米。最窄的是钱市胡同,最窄处仅40厘米,需侧身通过。弯道最多的是九湾胡同,弯曲之处(curves)不下13处,走在其中,很容易迷路。历史最悠久的要数砖塔胡同,为元代胡同,至今已有700余年历史。

Hutongs in Beijing have various styles and different lengths.The longest one is Dongjiaominxiang Hutong, with a total length of about 3 kilometers.The shortest one is Yichidajie Hutong, with only 25 meters from beginning to the end.The widest one is Lingjing Hutong, with the widest part reaching over 30 meters at present.The narrowest one is the Qianshi Hutong, and its narrowest part is merely 40 centimeters wide;people must turn sideways to pass through it.Jiuwan Hutong, with at least 13 curves, is the most tortuous one and can easily make you lose your way.The one with the longest history of more than 700 years is the Zhuanta Hutong, whose construction can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty.环保

随着环境保护意识的传播,“低碳(low-carbon)”这个词变得非常流行。在许多领域都出现了这个词,如低碳产品,低碳消费,低碳旅游等。“低碳生活”是一种新型生活方式,旨在尽量减少生活中的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide emisson)排放。例如,一些上班族不再以开私家车通勤自豪,而是以骑车或乘坐公共交通工具而骄傲。此外,他们提倡水的循环利用,并尽可能节约能源。

As the consciousness of environmental protection spreads, the word “low-carbon” has been very popular.It can be found in many aspects, such as low-carbon products, low-carbon consumption, low-carbon travel and so on.“Low-carbon life” is a new pattern of lifestyle, aiming to lower the carbon dioxide emission in living as much as possible.For example, some office commuters are not proud of driving private cars any more but pride themselves on cycling or taking public transportation.In addition, they advocate recycling water and saving energy as much as they can.现代中国

中国梦(the Chinese Dream)是中国的一个新名词。人们已经开始期待一个“梦想的国度”。因此,在中国人民的意识中,中国梦将会取代美国梦。期待“梦想国度”的中国人现在要放眼全世界。改革开放使中国发展的梦想变为现实。中国已经进入了一个新时代,在这个时代出生的每一个中国人都应该为他们的好运而感到髙兴。

The Chinese Dream is a new term in China.People have begun to expect a“dream country”.In Chinese citizens'consciousness,therefore,the Chinese Dream will supersede the American Dream.The Chinese people,in expectations of a “dream country”,are now opening their eyes to the world.Reform and opening-up has made the Chinese dream of development a reality.China has entered an new era,and every Chinese person born in this time should feel happy about their good fortune.随着中国经济的蓬勃发展,学汉语的人数迅速增加,使汉语成了世界上人们最爱学的语言之一。近年来,中国大学在国际上的排名也有了明显的提高。由于中国教育的巨大进步,中国成为最受海外学生欢迎的留学目的地之一就不足为奇了。2015年,近40万国际学生蜂拥来到中国市场。他们学习的科目不再限于中国语言和文化,而包括科学与工程。在全球教育市场上,美国和英国仍占主导地位,但中国正在迅速赶上。

As China’s economy booms, there is a dramatic increase in the number of people learning Chinese, which makes it become one of the most popular languages.In recent years, international ranks of Chinese universities have apparently boosted.Owing to the progress of Chinese education, it is not odd that China has become one of the most favorite destinations for oversea students studying abroad.In 2015, around four hundred thousand international students piled into China to study.What they learn is no more limited to the subjects of Chinese and Chinese culture, they also learn science and engineering.In the global education market, America and Britain still play dominant roles, while China is catching up.中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家,中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究,这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学、从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作,使创新成果商业化。与此同时,无论在产品还是商业模式上,中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋,以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。

China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before.In order to catch up with the developed countries in science and technology as soon as possible, China has substantially increased research and development funds in recent years.Universities and research institutes in China are actively carrying out innovative researches, covering various high-tech fields such as big data, biochemistry, new energy, robots.They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places to commercialize their innovations.Meanwhile, whether in products or business models, Chinese entrepreneurs are also striving to be pioneers in innovation to satisfy the changing and growing demands of both domestic and foreign consumer markets.2011年是中国城市化(urbanization)进程中的历史性时刻,其城市人口首次超过农村人口。在未来20年里,预计约有3.5亿农村人口将移居到城市。如此规模的城市发展对城市交通来说既是挑战,也是机遇。中国政府一直提倡“以人为本’’的发展理念,强调人们以公交而不是私V--$-出行。它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会。有了这个明确的目标,中国城市就可以更好地规划其发展,并把大量投资转向安全、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上。

The year of 2011 is a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China, when the urban population exceeds the rural population for the first time.In the next 20 years, it is estimated that about 350 million rural populations will migrate to cities.Such a scale of urban development is both a challenge and an opportunity for urban transportation.The Chinese government has always been advocating the concept of ”people-oriented“ development, stressing that people should travel by buses instead of private cars.It also calls for the construction of ” resource-saving and environment-friendly society“.With this explicit goal, Chinese cities can make better plans for their development, and turn a massive investment to the development of safe, clean and economical transportation system.北京计划未来三年投资7,600亿元治理汚染,从减少PM2.5排放人手。这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源,包括500多万辆机动车的尾气(exhaust)排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘。另有850亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水(sewage)处理设施,加上300亿元投资未来三年的植树造林(forestation)。

市政府还计远还造一批水循环利用工厂,并制止违章建筑,以改善环境。另外,北京还将更严厉地处罚违反限排规定的行为。

Beijing is planning to invest 760 billion yuan to control environmental pollution in the next three years, starting from reducing the emissions of PM2.5.The newly announced plan aims to reduce the four major pollution sources, including exhaust emissions of over 5 million motor vehicles, coal-burning of the surrounding areas, sandstorms from the north areas and the local construction dust.Another 85 billion yuan will be used for establishing or upgrading the facilities of municipal waste treatment and sewage' treatment.Besides, 30 billion yuan will be invested in the forestation program in the coming three years.In order to improve the environment, the municipal government also plans to build a number of water-recycling plants and to prohibit illegal constructions.In addition, Beijing will punish those who violate the emission-reduction regulations more severely.中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化,有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如,土豪(tuhao)和大妈(dama)都是老词,但已获取了新的意义。土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主,现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人。也就是说,土豪有钱,但没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼,但现在特指不久前金价下跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。

土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津(Oxford)英语词典。至今已有约120个中文词被加进了牛津英语词典,成了英语语言的一部分。

The Chinese buzzwords usually reflect the social changes and cultures, some of which are increasingly popular with the foreign media.Tuhao and dama, for instance, are both old words, but they acquire new meanings now.The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money without limits or those showing off the wealth.That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste.The word dama is used to describe the middle-aged women.However, it is regarded as a special word to call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase a lot of gold when the gold price slumped sharply not long ago.Tuhao and dama may be included in the new version of Oxford English Dictionary.Up to now, about 120 Chinese words have been added to it, becoming a part of the English language.最近,中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Sciences)出版了关于其最新枓学发现与未来一年展望的系列报告。系列报告包括三部分:科学发展报告、高技术发展报告、中国可持续发展战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现,诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域,如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计,以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍,并促进节能减排。

Recently, Chinese Academy of Sciences released a series of annual reports about its latest scientific findings and a blueprint for the coming year.The reports cover three aspects: science development, high-tech development, and the sustainable development strategy of China.The first report includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, including the research of new particles and the breakthrough of the H7N9 virus research.This report also emphasizes the issues which deserve our attention in the next few years.The second report announces the heated areas in applied science, for instance, 3D printing and the study of artificial organs.The third report lays emphasis on the top layer design, which can help to solve the structural problem in industrial upgrading and promote the energy-saving and emission reduction process 反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。这在很大程度上归功于道家对自然的感情。传统中国画有两个最受青睐的主题,一是家庭生活的各种幸福场景,画中往往有老人在下棋饮茶,男人在耕耘收割,妇女在织布缝衣,小孩在户外玩耍。另一个则是乡村生活的种种乐趣,画有渔夫在湖上打渔,农夫在山上砍柴采药,或是书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。这两个主题可以分别代表儒家和道家的生活理想。

The ideal of country life reflected in art and literature serves as the significant feature of Chinese civilization, which, to a large extent, can be attributed to the Taoist affection to nature.There are two most preferred themes in the traditional Chinese painting.One is the various scenes of happiness about family life, in which the old man often plays chess and drinks tea, a man ploughs or harvests, a woman weaves or sews, and children play outdoors.The other scene is all kinds of pleasures about country life, in which a fisherman is fishing on the lake, with a farmer cutting firewood or gathering herbs in the mountains, or scholars chanting poems and painting pictures under pine trees.The two themes respectively represent the life ideal of Confucianism and Taoism.中国将努力确保到2015年就业者接受过平均13.3年的教育。如果这一目标得以实现,今后大部分进入劳动力市场的人都需获得大学文凭。

在未来几年,中国将着力增加职业学院的招生人数:除了关注高等教育外,还将寻找新的突破以确保教育制度更加公平。中国正在努力最佳地利用教育资源,这样农村和欠发达地区将获得更多的支持。

教育部还决定改善欠发达地区学生的营养,并为外来务工人员的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等机会。

China will strive to ensure that by 2015 employees receive an average of 13.3 years of education.If this goal can be achieved, the majority of those who enter the labor market will be required to obtain a college degree in the future.In the next few years, China will endeavor to increase the enrollment in vocational colleges.Apart from focusing on higher education, China will find a new breakthrough point to ensure the justice of education.China is making efforts to optimize the use of educational resources so that rural and underdeveloped areas can receive more support.The Ministry of Education has also decided to improve student nutrition in underdeveloped regions, and to offer equal education opportunities for children of migrant workers in cities.历史著作

《论语》(The Analects of Confucius)是儒家的经典著作之一,它是对孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和对话的记录。众所周知,孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家,他的思想被发展成了儒家哲学体系。《论语》是儒家思想的代表作,数个世纪以来,《论语》一直极大地影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观,它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。

The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples, as well as the conversations they held.It's well-known that Confucius is a great ideologist and philosopher, and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism.The Analects of Confucius is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.《孙子兵法》(The Art of War)是中国古代最重要的军事著作之一,是我国优秀文化传统的重要组成部分。孙子(Sun Tzu),即该书作者,在书中揭示的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律,不仅受到军事家们的推崇,还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求甚至家庭关系等方面,具有广泛的指导作用。《孙子兵法》中的许多名言警句,富有哲理、意义深远,在国内外广为流传。

As one of the most important ancient Chinese classical military works, The Art of War serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which is not only valued by militarists but also plays extensive guiding roles in economy, leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous quotes from The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings, and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.《西游记》是吴承恩写的一部神话小说(mythological novel),讲述的是唐僧在三个徒弟孙悟空、猪八戒和沙僧的保护下去西天取经(to find the Buddhist scripture)的故事。一路上,唐僧经常被妖怪(demon)捉走,性命垂危,因为它们相信吃了他的肉就可以长生不老,因而他的三个徒弟总要一次又一次地解救他。在历经了九九81难之后,他们终于取得了真经,修炼成佛。1986年,这部小说被改编为电视剧,受到了广大观众的喜爱。

Journey to the West is a mythological novel written by Wu Cheng'en which tells a story about Tangseng—the Master, who went to the West to find the Buddhist scripture under the protection of his three disciples-Monkey King, Pigsy and Sandy.During the journey, Tangseng is often captured and has his life threatened, because the demons who capture him believe that if they eat Tangseng they can attain immortality.As a result, his three disciples always have to save him time and again.After experiencing 81 difficulties, the four obtain the true scripture and become Buddha.In 1986,the novel was adapted into a TV series, which was very popular among the massive audience.唐诗(Tang poetry)泛指创作于唐代(618年?907年)的诗。唐诗是汉族最珍贵的文化遗产之一,同时也对周边民族和国家的文化发展产生了很大影响。唐诗中流传最广的当属收录在《唐诗三百首》(Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty)中的诗歌,里面收录的许多诗篇都为后人所熟知。唐代的诗人特别多,其中李白、杜甫等都是世界闻名的伟大诗人,他们的作品有很多都是脍炙人口的诗篇。

Tang poetry generally refers to poems written during the Tang Dynasty(618 A.D.-907A.D.).Tang poetry is one of the most valuable cultural heritages of the Han Chinese.Meanwhile, it also has a great influence on the cultural development of neighboring ethnic groups and nations.The most widely spread among Tang poems are definitely the poems that are included in the “Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty”,many of which are quite popular with people of later generations.There are lots of poets in Tang Dynasty, among whom Li Bai and Du Fu are world-famous.Many of the two great poets’works are household poems.《红楼梦》(A Dream of Red Mansions)是曹雪芹在18世纪中期的作品。它不仅是一部中国小说的巨作,同时也是世界文学的瑰宝。曹雪芹出生于一个由极富没落到极贫的贵族权势家族。基于他对生活的理解、进步的思想、认真的写作态度和高超的写作技能,他才能创作出《红楼梦》。这本书描述了一个封建大家庭的生活及其没落,小说中所写的家庭既是现实的反映,又是曹雪芹自己家庭的小说化或者“梦”般的写照。

A Dream of Red Mansions was written by Cao Xueqin in the middle of the 18th century.It is not only a great Chinese novel but also a gem of world literature.Cao Xueqin was born into a noble and powerful family which declined from extreme prosperity to poverty.Based on his own undcretanding of life, his progressive ideas,serious writing attitude and excellent writing skill, he was able to create A Dream of Red Mansions.The book describes the life and declining fortunes of a large feudal fcmily, which is both a realistic reflection and a fictional or ”dream” version of Cao's own family.中华人民共和国成立后,文学开始繁荣。来自当时的苏联(Soviet Union)和西方国家的作品大大影响了中国文学。这一时期作品的主题包括革命历史和国家建设的新生活。最著名的作品是《红岩》(The Red Rock)和《茶馆》。1978年改革开放后,中国文学又迎来了一次新的繁荣,中外文化交流空前繁荣。今天,中国当代文学也越来越为各国人民所关注。

After the founding of People's Republic of China, literature began to boom.Works from Soviet Union then and western countries exerted a profound influence on the Chinese literature.The themes expressed in the works of this period covered revolution history as well as the new life of nation's construction.The best known works are The Red Rock and Teahouse.After the Reform and Opening up in 1978,Chinese literature won a new prosperity with sino-foreign cultural exchanges flourishing as never before.Today, Chinese contemporary literature is drawing more and more attention of the people of the world.其他

中国因其国宝(national treasure)—熊猫—而闻名于世。熊猫的食物竹子—也深受中国人民的喜爱。中国是世界上拥有竹子最多的国家,被称为竹子的王国。竹文化长久以来深深根植于中国人的思想中。对中国人民来说,竹子是美德的象征。它反映了人的灵魂和情感。中国古代的学者对竹子非常敬重。这就解释了为什么历史上有那么多的著作和绘画都是以竹为主题的。

China is worldwide famous for its national treasure, the pandas.The panda's food, bamboo, is also favored by Chinese people.It is known as the Kingdom of Bamboo possessing more bamboos than any other country in the world.Bamboo culture has been rooted in Chinese people's minds for a long time.To the Chinese people, bamboo is a symbol of virtue, which reflects people's souls and emotions.Ancient Chinese scholars looked up with great respect to bamboo.This explains why there are so many writings and paintings dedicated to the plant throughout history.工匠精神

第五篇:传统文化的初三作文

传统文化的初三作文1

当时间的沙漏漏下最后一粒沙粒,金子的本色才会如此灿烂;当贝壳的泪痕划过最后一瞬,珍珠的色彩也会如此耀眼。当六年的养分在体内积累,毛竹的生机也会如此蓬勃。

正是由于历史的洗礼,在漫漫的历史长河中,最终诞生了华夏女儿的独一无二的中国传统文化,守护优秀传统文化,是我们每个人的使命。材料中所说的那个歌星的经历,正是由于时代的进步、社会的发展、观念的更新形成的。

守护优秀传统文化,正确对待外来文化。现如今,知道重阳节的人越来越少了,知道感恩节的人越来越多了;知道情人节的人越来越多,可知道七夕节的人越来越少了。对于我们先辈留下来的许多传统节日,我们中的许多人都几乎全都置于脑后了,这难道不是一种崇洋媚外吗?这难道是我们口口声声说到的责任感吗?然而,我们身边其实有许多人在为我们做榜样,他们能坚守自己的信念,鼓励人们学习继承优秀传统文化,著名学者马寅初不就是吗?他积极提倡我们青少年应当多多学习中国的优秀传统文化,虽然世界正在多元化,但是,我们传统的中化文化不能丢!因此,我们是否想过,在不久的将来,中国优秀传统文化是否会被他国文化所取代?这个答案须靠我们用行动来回答。优秀传统文化,是我们继续发展的基石,是我们共同保护,共同继承的使命。

守护优秀传统文化,让我们坚定信念,共创美好未来!忆往昔,若不是司马迁的沥尽心血,怎会有《史记》的鸿篇警后人,若不是李时珍的跋山涉水,怎会有《本草纲目》的福祉遗万年代;若不是曹雪芹的五次易稿,怎会有《石头记》的哀婉催人泪?看今昔,是谁苦心钻研十余载,终使两星成?是谁奋斗十八年,终抱金牌归?是钱学森!是申雪与赵宏博。他们是继承了中华传统文化经典中的坚定,他们是守护了中华传统文化典籍中的不懈。正是由于继承和传扬了中国优秀传统文化和精神,才使得他们能够这般坚定,这般执着。

守护优秀传统文化,我们虽如一根小小的火柴,但仍能点亮一片星空:守护优秀传统文化,我们虽如一片绿叶,但能点缀整个春天;传统优秀传统文化,我们虽若驾一叶扁舟,但仍能惊动一片大海。

传统文化的初三作文2

传统文化有很多,我最喜欢春节。

传说,从前有一个叫年的怪物,它经常到村子里危害人类,吃牛和羊。所以,人们一心想除掉它。可是,无论人们用什么办法,都无法赶走“年”。最后,一个小孩无意之中点燃了竹子,发出噼里啪啦的声音,“年”被吓跑了。人们都很高兴。后来,人们为了纪念这格高兴的日子,就在每年的这一天放鞭炮,家家户户张灯结彩。以后,又逐渐演变成了“春节”这个节日。

我每年都回老家过年,每年都很热闹。过年的前一天,就是大年三十,也叫除夕。家家户户都贴上了春联,贴上了“福”字。有的人心灵手巧,把自己剪的窗花贴在窗户上,像降落的雪花。还有的人把灯笼挂在大门上,张灯结彩,非常美丽。

我觉得春节里面最好玩的是大年三十,要问是哪里吸引了我,非贴春联和包饺子莫属了。我们每年在大年三十的时候都要拿出大红色的喜气洋洋的春联张贴在大门上,红色代表红红火火,就是希望这一年都开开心心、顺顺利利。这贴春联啊,还有讲究呢!要把春联正中间的福字倒过来贴,这样就和人们平常说的福到好运来正好吻合,就是希望人们在新的一年可以好运常来、万事如意。

我天生就喜欢做手工,但我最喜欢的还是包饺子。年三十我和爸爸妈妈一家人坐在餐桌前其乐融融的包饺子,先把发好的面团用锋利的小刀从中间割开,分成若干份,再用又粗又圆的擀面杖不停的擀,渐渐的变成了一张张薄薄的面皮,最后往里填上香喷喷的肉馅,就等着晚上吃可口的饺子了!

和我一样喜欢贴春联、包饺子的小朋友们,仔细回想一下,是不是也觉得倍感有趣呢?

这天晚上,一声声花炮声,像打雷一样,此起彼伏,接连不断。李华映红了整个天空,像一朵朵美丽的花。放完了鞭炮,人们又抱起了又香又大的饺子,吃上了团圆饭。儿女们也都和父母团聚。人们一边吃着热腾腾的饺子,一边看精彩的春节联欢晚会,一直持续到晚上十二点,新年的钟声敲响。第二天早上,人们都起得很早,无论大人小孩都喘着新衣服挨家挨户的拜年。每个人的脸上都带着笑容,嘴里说着吉祥的话。

这种欢乐的气氛一直持续到农历正月十五。

传统文化的初三作文3

如今相对开放的国际环境,使得各种地域文化交汇融合,过各种洋节日的中国人也越来越多,这使得中国的传统节日渐渐地不被重视。现今守护中国传统文化是我们每个人肩负着的使命。

中国的传统和文明需要传承。这些传统节日是中华民族几千年来生存和发展的产物。现在的中国人,未来的中国人,若是无法了解自己的祖先和民族的发展,轻视这些传统和文明,那么这样的中国人也就失去了属于自己的特色。

中国的传统节日和中华民族数千年来形成的品性的紧密联系,也使得中国的传统节日不容被西化。中秋节寄托了游子对家的思念;端午节展现了耕作的劳动人民对丰收的喜悦;清明节表达了亲人对逝去者的哀思;新年则体现了人民向往和平快乐生活的朴素愿望。这些节日背后所存在的意义,是任何一个洋节日无法替代的。

因此,越来越多的人开始提倡守护重视中国的传统节日。清明,端午从原来没有节假日变成了休假一天,电视媒体也日益加大了对中国传统文化的宣传,提高人们的了解和重视程度。

在这个受到外来文化强烈冲击的21世纪,我们太多地关注于西方万圣节的南瓜;情人节的玫瑰;圣诞节的白胡子老人。从而忽略了新年的福字,端午的艾草,中秋的月饼,对于我们每一个中国人来说这都是一种本土文化的丢失,没有了这些文化和传统,我们也将丢失自己的信仰,失去自己的特色。

身处于现今社会的我们依然要懂得不崇洋媚外的道理。外国的传统和特色往往不适合拥有古老历史的中国。就像君主立宪制不适用于中国;刀叉无法成为中国人吃饭的主要工具;直接的说话方式无法改变中国人的婉转一样,洋节日也不应该成为中国人的节日。

一个民族的传统节日,是历史文化在千百年里长期积淀和凝聚之后又经后人总结和实践而成的,从种种节日风俗里,后世的人们可以清晰地体验到先民生活的历史文化图景。当承载着民族传统文化的节日不再受重视,节日的文化内涵渐渐被遗忘,中国文明古国的盛誉也将不复存在。我们需要加强对传统节日的宣传与弘扬,从自身做起,守护中国的'传统文化。

传统文化的初三作文4

没有土地的滋养,就没有了参天大树,没有底层坚固的地基,就没有那高楼大厦,没有中华传统文化,就没有现代文化的,繁荣发展。

近年来,有不少学生利用其寒假时间去参加传统文化培训班,他们的这一做法是值得肯定的,俗话说人不能忘本,我们现在所学文化,其根源都来自于传统文化,所以我们应该继承,中华优秀的传统文化。

继承传统文化,取其精华,去其糟粕,世界上的每个事物都有其两面性,我们的文化也不例外,传统文化中有优秀的也有其不好的,部分,我们应该要学会取其精华,去其糟粕,把传统文化中优秀的部分继承并发展下去,作为学生的我们无时无刻不在接受,只有优秀传统文化,学习古文,让我们领略了古人的风采,学习历史,让我们了解了古人的伟大成就,古人们留下来的优秀文化遗产,是非常宝贵的历史文化,它能够丰富我们的生活,增强我们的精神力量,促进我们全面发展。

发展传统文化,面向世界博采众长,中华传统文化是中华文化五千多年沉淀下来的,有其独特性区域性,21世纪的现在,倡导和平与发展各国之间的友好往来,是促进国与国之间进步的一个途径,所以我们应该把眼光放得更广阔,更长远,既要借鉴各国优秀传统文化,也要争做中外友好关系的使者,中华文化有其固有的包容性,兼收并蓄,所以我们更加要不断促进各国之间的文化交流促进,共同发展。

立足于传统文化,推陈出新,革故鼎新,随着时代的发展,社会的进步,文化也是其中的变化因素所以我们必须牢牢抓住传统文化的根,在其基础之上推陈出新,革故鼎新,使其顺应时代潮流,现在传统文化的气息还随处可见,春节贴春联,守岁等悉数已深深烙在人们的心里,在其基础上,人们也在不断的革新,让新年更加的热闹,传统文化是中华民族精神的魂,如果没有传统文化,就没有现代社会文化的繁荣,所以我们必须牢牢抓住传统文化这个基础,在此基础上不断发展,不断创新。

传统文化是中华民族精神的魂,是现代文化繁荣发展的根基,传统文化中优秀的成分能够促进社会发展,请同学们继承优秀传统文化,弘扬中华民族精神吧!

传统文化的初三作文5

我说中国的文化一半是浸在海水中的,咸涩的焦灼,凄苦的迷离,构建了华夏的高阁。

回望历史,我们无法不直视那些才华横溢的诗人,无法躲避他们脸上长流的泪。那泪,是一种包含,包含了人生诸多的坎坷,包含了时代留下的痕迹,包含了中华礼貌蹒跚的脚步。

你看,李煜总在哭,哭声中是他泣诉朱颜改的悲哀;陆游总在哭,哭声中是他北国久失的无奈;杜甫总在哭,哭声中是他渴望国强的期待;李白总在哭,哭声中是他一醉千年的姿态。泪,飘洒。你听,苏轼在泪中低吟:“相顾无言,惟有泪千行”;柳永在泪水中默念:“执手相看泪眼,竟无语凝噎”。泪,表达了千种风情。

我听到阮籍呼号,“天下无智者,使竖子成名”而穷途而哭,那是魏纷乱的愤恨之泪;我听到李清照低吟“梧桐落,又还秋风又还寂寞”而双泪长流,那是对南宋败落的无奈之泪。泪,记录了一个时代。

中国,也许正因为这些泪流满面的感伤文人才有它更为鲜活的生命力。而这些泪,又几经流传,流在后人的眼中。我们无法忘却这些感伤的文人,他们对人世的种种必然的丢失不能对之坦然,对人世必有得缺憾总耿耿于怀,他们无法安宁于生活的定数,然而却既不能战胜世界又不能战胜自我。这样的现实于是只能由泪来承担。

是的,一个又一个,一代接一代,悄然而来,溘然而逝,最终流下了风雨飘摇中的身影,流下了永不干涸的泪,而对无数的后人来说,则是流下了一个永远的标志,一个属于东方的文化情结,一个不息地祈祷着昌盛的记忆。泪,于是化为血液,流动在文化的全身;泪,于是成为烙印,镌刻着中华的礼貌;泪,于是折射着一种永恒的文化流转。

我总是这样想,在这个年代,我们不怕笑容的消亡,而是害怕在泪眼中无法了悟人生,了悟中国的文化。泪,不只是一种实物的液体,而我们应当清楚地明白,泪是一种精神的包含,在那里,我们能够看见一切的一切。

原先,小小的一滴泪,却滋润了华夏五千年的礼貌。原先,小小的泪滴,我们看见过去与未来。

中华文化千古不朽,永远是世界礼貌不可揩去的一部分。

传统文化的初三作文6

亲爱的同学,敬爱的老师,大家星期一早上好,今天我国旗下讲话的主题是:关注传统,继承民族文化。

中国,一个有着悠久历史的文明古国,一个有着灿烂文化的伟大民族。纵观当今世界,昔日的四大文明古国已经有三个离我们远去,埃及人不会讲埃及语,印度人不懂得印度文明,巴比伦就连一个统一的国家都没有了,而中华文明,在西方文化的冲击下也似乎岌岌可危。同学们,传统文化的继承需要我们献出一份力。

首先,我们应该知道中国的传统文化是什么?中国传统文化主要是道家、墨家、法家与儒家的文化。中国古代文化是异常灿烂、无比光辉的。拿青铜器来说,拿陶瓷来说,拿丝绸来说,都居世界的前列。拿创造发明来说,造纸术、印刷术、指南针、火药,这“四大发明”更是其他民族所赶不上的。

再来说说我们苏州,苏州园林被列入了世界文化遗产,它综合了建筑、山水、花木、雕刻、书画,给人一种古典的美。俗话说:民以食为天。苏州的传统小吃也十分有名,海棠糕、梅花糕、豆腐干等等,这些传统小吃使人垂涎三尺,也是其他民族无与伦比的。

中国传统文化有着强大的生命力,我们千万不能让它在岁月的车轮中慢慢地消亡。因此,我们要关注传统,继承民族文化,让中国传统文化重新焕发新的活力。作为一个炎黄子孙,我们应该如何来继承、发展中国的传统文化呢?

也许,你会认为老祖宗留下的传统已经过时了。但只要我们宣传、宏扬民族传统中优秀的部分,吸收西方文化中的精华。然后,根据时代的要求,构建新时代的民族道德标准,便可更好地继承传统文化。

据说,今年有许多刺绣大师要绣北京奥运会的吉祥物五福娃,他们巧妙地利用苏绣来宣传奥运,这样一来就可以很好的将刺绣这一传统文化发扬光大。前一阶段,苏州评弹“走”进了许多中学的校园,这使我们拓展了视野,增长了知识,也更加了解了苏州的传统文化。

中国的传统文化是世界的瑰宝,千万不能让它淹没在时代的潮流之中。作为一个炎黄子孙,我们应该从现在做起,从我做起,将中国的传统文化发扬光大。同学们,让我们用一颗赤诚的心去继承中华民族的传统,为民族的传统注入新的芬芳。

谢谢大家!

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