第一篇:写作教案1
修辞立其诚——写真话,抒真情
主备人:王 勇
教学目标:
1、了解写作中“修辞立其诚”的重要性。
2、引导学生写真话、抒真情。
重点难点:
如何在文章中表达真情实感。
教学方法:
讨论质疑 合作探究 课时安排:二课时
三、教学过程:(第一课时)
1、导入:思想情感是文章的灵魂,而真实是文章的生命。写文章一定要有真情实感,一定要采撷生活中足以令人感动的事,用朴实率真的文字加以表现。
2、活动体验:阅读感悟“走进现场”的四篇文章回答问题。
3、走进现场 李兆权《丑娘》点评
1)、围绕母亲容貌的“丑”,作者写出了自己思想感情的变化。少年时懵懂任性,因为母亲不漂亮,“我心里像满含着委屈,在公开场合中很少提及她,更不愿把同学领到家里”。青年时只小事理,想到母亲艰难却善良宽容,“我的心在发酸”。而当作者怀着感恩之心,结婚之际带妻子回家看望母亲时,母亲却与世长辞。作者真正感受到母爱的博大无私,从而陷入无尽的悲痛之中。围绕对母亲的认识,作者选择从童年到成年三个时段的感受,以母亲亲手制作的毛边鞋为线索贯穿始终,通过自己感情的变化,写母亲对儿子不变的爱。2)、第一次是叙述当年老师说这几句话时的情形。在老师说这几句话之前,有一段细节描写:“他提过鞋子左看右看,随即又把鞋子举得高高的,兴奋地说,好漂亮的鞋子呀!说着,又把鞋底端详了半天„„”——在这样铺垫的基础上,老师发出了赞叹。老师的生活经验,也许是“漂亮人做出漂亮活”因而顺理成章地作出了判断:能做出这样精致漂亮的鞋的,必定是心灵手巧的魅力女子。这样写是为了突出例外:母亲并不漂亮,被村里人称作“丑娘”。母亲去世以后,作者想到母亲对儿子的恩情,这句话再次出现。这次出现,作者的思想感情已经有了巨大的变化,母亲虽然被人称作“丑娘”,但是她的心是最美丽的,这比容貌的美丽更动人。这句话第二次出现时,内涵已经不同,主题得到升华。3)、母亲爱子女,是人性美,也是伦常。表现母爱的生活素材比较多,母爱的方式也比较丰富,相对而言,选材不难。但是母爱的深层含义,在于将这种充满人性的爱一代代地传下去,将这种爱的禀赋延及他人,首先要回报在给予自己生命和慈爱的父母身上。《丑娘》中,当作者长成一个小伙子时,已经知道要报答母亲,知道给母亲买衬衫和雪花膏;到成婚之际,还特别关照爱人“娘一辈子在农村,农村人显丑显老,见了面一定要多说些宽慰老人心的话”,表现出对母亲的爱;而当看到母亲给儿子媳妇留下的精致的毛边鞋时,“膝头一阵酸涩,扑通一声跌跪在地上”,夫妇俩“眼泪如泉涌般直落下来”,表现出痛失母亲的悲伤。如果仅仅写母亲对自己的爱,那就很容易停留在一般层面上。
莲子《苦糖》点评
1)、本文叙述的是儿时的一件事。它不但记录了母亲的内心悲苦,记录了母亲对孩子的慈爱宽容,更记录了一个儿子对母亲的感恩之心。作者之所以对它感兴趣,是因为这件小事集中反映了穷苦家庭的亲情。只要留意观察,注意倾听,触摸社会的方方面面,进入人的心灵世界,就能发现生活中这些真实的有价值的素材。文题为“苦糖”,意在反映童年的生活困苦,更在反映母亲更苦的心,甜蜜的糖和苦难的记忆联在一起,使文章“母亲的慈爱”这一主题得到升华。2)、文章用较多的笔墨叙述描写麦天枢少年时偷白糖吃的情景,反衬出贫苦家庭的窘况。作者用笔简约,仅用短短的一句“在嚼咽的时候,他目光怔怔地盯着某处,甜出了泪水”,这样的描写抓住了生活的真实,生动感人。而写母亲,竟只用了一句话:“母亲只是抱着空罐子哭着,一句责骂的话都没有。”真的母爱,不需要更多的语言去描写。母亲不是为二斤白糖而痛苦,而是为自己没有钱让孩子吃上白糖而痛哭。母亲的哭声在儿子看来是无言的责备,成为一种责任,一种报效母亲的责任。母亲的哭泣给了麦天枢什么样的感悟和感动,文章也没有多言,仅写他总是带着白糖回乡。“而他自己,从那以后,很少再吃白糖”,为什么会如此?文章又给读者留出了无限的回味空间。巴金《朋友》点评
本文没有运用绚丽的语言,而是用饱含感情的笔墨,怀着一颗感恩的心真诚的感谢朋友,诠释友情的真谛,非常感人。因为情感的表达,关键在于所传达的情感是否真实。细细品味文中的语句,如:“但是他给我的那一点点温暖至今还使我的心颤动”,“对于我,要是没有朋友,我现在回变成怎样可怜的东西,我自己也不知道”,“我的生活曾经是悲苦的,黑暗的。然而朋友们把多量的爱„„分给了我”,等等,着实让人感动。这些情感真实地表达出来,也就自然地产生了感染力。文章结尾是主题的深化,巴金的人生信条“掏出心来”“愿化泥土”表现出来的舍己为人的精神,感天动地。邓拓《“伟大的空话”》点评
文中的“伟大”是指喜欢用“大字眼”,说空话大话套话,人为造大气势,而完全不考虑读者的情感。作者对这样一种文风深恶痛绝,并揭示出这种文风的产生根源是庸俗的社会风气,特征是缺乏实事求是精神,不尊重事实,自欺欺人。作者在文中用一种理性、负责的态度展开分析,显示了其高度的社会责任感。
第二课时
1.导入:现在很多同学写出的文章总感觉不能打动人,其中一个重要原因就是没有真情实感,在写文章时常常东拼西凑,生编硬造,千篇一律,给人似曾相识之感。那么,如何才能改变这种现状呢?叶圣陶说:“作文这件事,离不开生活,生活充实到什么程度,才会做成什么文字。否则就会陷入不切实际的唯技艺论。”孔子也说:“修辞立其诚。”什么意思呢?“修辞”就是修饰词句,是写作,“立其诚”就是写文章要实在,诚实,写真话,抒真情。由此看来,文章能打动人的第一要务就是要有真情实感,要采撷生活中足以令人感动的事,用朴实率真的文字加以表现。那么我们这节课就来探讨如何才能写真话、抒真情。(出示教学目标)
2.比较文章片断,了解写作中“修辞立其诚”的重要性。我们下面就先来比较以下三个文章片断,从“修辞立其诚”的角度看,你认为哪个片断写的好?
片断一:(以“待人和善”为话题的开头)盈盈月光,我掬一捧最清的;落落余晖,我拥一缕最暖的;灼灼红叶,我拾一片最热的;萋萋芳华,我摘一束最灿的;对待朋友,我选择最和善的方式。
片断二:一天,我患了重感冒,发烧至四十度,早饭后独自骑着自行车去医院看病。骑着骑着,正面开来一辆大卡车,眼看就要轧着一位拄着棍蹒跚着正要横穿马路的老大爷。”就在这紧要关头,我的头脑里思想斗争很激烈。去救吧,要耽误自己看病,不救吧,眼看着悲剧就要发生。正在这时,雷锋、赖宁等英雄形象掠过我的脑海。我想,自己是新时代的中学生,更应为人民做好事。于是,我不管三七二十一,跳下车,用尽全力一推,老大爷得救了。这时的老大爷激动万分,热泪滚滚,握住我的手说:“娃啊,现在精神文明建设的春风吹遍了祖国的每个角落,社会上的好人好事像雨后春笋般层出不穷,你的行为是多么伟大,多么崇高啊,你就是一个光辉的典范。我为我们国家有你这样高尚的学生而感到无比自豪和骄傲。我代表人民感谢你。” 片断三:(2007年江苏省高考作文《怀想天空》)
麦收时节,天空显得非常的明净。在麦田上空,偶尔悠然地游过几朵白云。
麦收时节,中午常是烈日当空。我们勤劳的父母,不得不在烈日下劳动。
我是一个农家子弟。我明白我们乡下的家长们要靠田地来生活,供我们上学。他们为了子女辛勤地劳动,但没有半句怨言。在家,我常听到他们说:“只要孩子搞好了,再苦再累,我们都愿意„„” „„
6月5日早晨,我爸起得很早。四点多钟就起了。他临下地时告诉我说:“你再睡会吧!六点钟起来做饭,然后洗洗衣服,八点钟到地里给我送饭。” „„
当我到地里时,父亲已割了七八垄了。他脸上很多汗珠,衣服湿透了。他说:“你来,吃过了吗?我割光这一垄,再吃„„”大概四、五分钟吧,他割光了。他从篮子里拿出饭盆、馍头,边吃边说:“孩子,你爸没本事,明天到县城后好好休息!后天好好考,别紧张„„” 学生讨论:
教师明确:第一篇,词藻华丽,但内容空洞,只追求形式。第二篇,凭空编造,情节违情悖理,唱高调。第三篇,虽语言平谈,但感情真挚,文风质朴。第三篇作文得了53分,所以说,写真话,抒真情是作文的基础。3.学生讨论如何才能做到写真话,抒真情。
那么,我们如何才能做到写真话,抒真情呢?我们教材中的四篇文章《丑娘》《苦糖》《朋友》《伟大的空话》在这方面给我们做了一个示范,请我们一块来讨论一下,看用什么方法来写文章就能做到说真话,写真情。在分析时我们可以从选材方面,也可以从表达方式或手段等方面来谈。(板书:选材、表达方式、手段)(学生讨论交流)
教师明确:
(1)《丑娘》为什么写得好?
A、没有回避母亲的丑,开头的侧面写,中间的正面写。B、中间的我的心情很真实。总结:写真事,不避讳。(板书)(2)《苦糖》为什么写的好?
A、选材上以小见大,把家庭的穷苦和亲情写了出来(如果现在让你写,如果再这样写就显得不真实了)B、细节描写很真实,把小孩子禁不住白糖的诱惑的心理传神地表达了出来。总结:以小见大,细节描写。
(3)《朋友》为什么好?这篇文章能感动你吗? A、此文和一般的写朋友之间感情的文章不同,不是记叙的具体事情,而是重在倾诉自己的心灵感受,可见直接倾诉心灵感受也是写真话,抒真情的一种方式。B、用了许多疑问句,直接抒情的文字来表达,增强了感染力。
C、我觉得此文不好,有点唱高调,巴金对朋友的感情并不能与我产生共鸣。(分析原因:学生不了解巴金此文的写作背景,出示背景材料,分析)背景材料:巴金先生说他是靠友情生活到现在的。青年时的巴金埋头于写作,为了写作,他到四十岁才结婚。没有家,朋友的家就是他的家,写作之余,巴金先生常常旅游到各处去看朋友,并写下了《旅途随笔》。散文《朋友》就是《旅途随笔》中的一篇。巴金先生在一个明争暗斗的封建大家庭里度过了他的青少年时期,除了母亲给予的无私的爱,他很难得到更多的亲情的关怀,但是性格内向的巴金却有一大帮志同道合的朋友。他对朋友无话不说,至诚至义。巴金先生的小说《灭亡》发表后,他得到生平的第一笔稿费,他一分不剩地全给了朋友。巴金先生说没有这些朋友,他就没法写出这部小说。
总结:通过比较,我们发现,文章感染力不同的原因可以总结为以下两点:一是从语言语调入手,疑问句和祈使句比陈述句感染力要强;二是可运用议论、抒情的手法,也可采用细节描写,特别是细腻的心理描写来增强感染力。真实倾诉心灵感受、疑问、抒情。(板书)(4)《伟大的空话》好在哪里?
敢于直接发表负责任的看法,有公民意识,该批判时毫不留情。
比较:写作实践四中,铁路工人、医生、士兵、消防队员四个人的话,你认为哪个人说的好?为什么?
消防队员说的好,因为其他人都是大话空话,是新闻语,是不太负责任的,只有消防队员说出了真实的感受。总结:说话负责任。(板书)4.总结:如何才能写真话,抒真情? 选材方面:
(1)写真事,不避讳。(2)以小见大(3)真实倾诉心灵感受
表达方式、手段:
(1)细节描写(2)疑问、抒情 写作态度:说话负责任
5.补充:还有没有你认为写真话,抒真情的方法?阅读《给班主任的一封信》
总结:人物不程式化,脸谱化。
6.写作实践:我们已经总结了这么一些方法,在写文章时,并不一定全部运用,只要能根据需要把握好其中的一条或几条就可以了,下面给大家提供两个话题来作一个片断描写,做到写真话,抒真情。
(1)误解(2)父爱(或母爱)同学点评。
7.小结:同学们,写作方法固然重要,但要写出“真实真切,感人”的文章,首先要做一个热爱生活的人,高明的作家或者聪明的初学写作的人都是平实地写生活中的琐事,只有热爱生活的人才会写作,因为独特的感情来源于独特的经历和感受,来自于对独特经历和真心感受的提炼。“修辞立其诚”,“诚”是内在的,“辞”是外在的,“诚”是主导,“辞”以“诚”存,“立诚”之“辞”才更有价值和魅力。希望大家面对生活微笑,去发现生活中的美,让它流淌在我们的心间,绘成一道道美丽的风景。
第二篇:写作教案1
1~2 periods
Date: Sept.1st
Objects: 1.Complete sentences and sentence fragments 2.Loose, periodic and balanced sentences
Contents: I.What is the complete sentence?
S/V(Subject/verb)David cried.S/V/SC(subject complement)David looks tired.S/V/DO(direct object)David loves his mother.S/V/IO(indirect object)/DO David gave me the book.S/V/DO/OC(object complement)David makes his mother angry.Sentence stripped to their basic patterns give us only a minimum of information, but they provide the skeleton(基干)for more fully developed sentences.We use two kinds of material to build up sentences.a.attributive or adverbial modifiers develop or narrow the meaning of the basic sentence elements.A modifier may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause: Basic: the woman stood.Expanded: the short, wrinkled old woman who was wearing a jacket stood behind the counter reading a fishing magazine.b.Compounding: using more than one of the basic sentence elements or a set of similar modifiers.(modification and compounding are usually combined in building a sentence)Basic: He enjoyed dances.Expanded: He enjoyed dances, parties, and concerts.II.what is Sentence fragment? A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.A sentence fragment(破碎句)is part of a sentence that is set off as if it were a complete sentence by an initial capital letter and a final period or other punctuation marks signifying the end of a complete sentence(such as questions marks and exclamatory marks).A sentence fragment : 1 lacks a verb(e.g.The horse running fast.)
2.lacks a subject(And ran away)
3.is a subordinate clause not attached to a complete sentence(Because it was confusing.)Fragment: To earn some pocket money, you only need an odd job.While to accomplish something remarkable, you must spend lots of time and energy.Revised: To earn some pocket money, you only need an odd job.But to accomplish something remarkable, you must spend lots of time and energy.Fragment: More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat.To somewhere cooler.Revised: More than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat to somewhere cooler.(the phrase is combined with the main clause.)Revised: more than anything else, I wanted to get away from the heat.I longed for somewhere cooler.(the phrase is turned into a complete sentence.)
Comma Splices(逗号误用)and Run-on sentences(粘连句): A comma splice is one of the common errors that inexperienced writers make – separating independent clauses by only a comma or by a comma and a conjunctive adverb or a transitional phrase.Conjunctive adverbs include such words as furthermore, however and moreover;transitional phrases are expressions such as in fact and for example.Rain had fallen steadily for sixteen hours, many basements were flooded.Power tends to corrupt, moreover, absolute power corrupts absolutely.Revising comma splices:(1)Turn the clauses into separate sentences.Comma Splice: Rain had fallen steadily for sixteen hours, many basements were flooded.Revised: Rain had fallen steadily for sixteen hours.Many basements were flooded.(2)Insert an appropriate coordinating conjunction(such as: and, or, nor, for, but yet, and so)after the comma between clauses.Comma Splice: he had intended to work all weekend, his friends arrive Friday and stayed until Sunday.Revised: he had intended to work all weekend, but his friends arrived Friday and stayed until Sunday.(3)Insert a semicolon between clauses.Comma Splice: Tom and Henry were more than close friends, they were inseparable.Revised: Tom and Henry were more than close friends;they were inseparable.(4)Subordinate one clause to the other.When the idea in one clause is more important than that in the other, you can express the less important idea in a phrase or a subordinate clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions(such as because, when , who, so that, where and till)Comma Splice: The examination was finally over, Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.Revised: The examination was finally over.Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.Revised: When the examination was finally over, Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.(Emphasis on the second idea.)Revised: The examination being over, Becky felt free to enjoy herself once more.(Absolute construction is used to emphasize the second part.)
Run-on sentences: when two main clauses are joined without a word to connect them or a punctuation mark to separate them, the result is a run-on sentence, or a fused sentence.Generally, run-on sentences may be corrected in the same way as comma splices.Run-on: Our foreign policy is not well defined it confuses many countries.Excise: Read the following rough draft carefully and repair any sentence fragments and revise any comma splices or run-on sentences, using one of the methods you think effective.Jim, Jeff, and I took introductory foreign language courses last year.Each of us was interested in learning a different language, however, we were all trying to accomplish the same goal.To begin mastering a new language.When we compared our classes and the results, we found that each course used a quite different approach to language learning.In my Spanish course, Professor Cruz introduced lists of new words every week she devoted half of each class to grammar rules I spent most of my time memorizing the lists and rules.In addition to vocabulary and grammar study, I read passages of Spanish literature.Translating them into English.And wrote responses to the reading in Spanish.The only time I spoke Spanish, however, was when I translated a passage or answered questions in class.Although Professor Cruz spoke Spanish for the entire class period.In stead of memorizing vocabulary lists and grammar rules and translating reading selections, Jim’s Portuguese class rehearsed simple dialogues useful for tourists.Conducting every class in Portuguese, Jim’s professor asked students to recite the dialogues, she corrected the students’ pronunciation and grammar as they spoke.Jim’s homework was to go to the language lab, he listened to various dialogues and practiced ordering meals, asking for directions to a train station, and so on.Jim learned to pronounce the language well, he mastered the simple dialogues.But he did not get much practice in reading.When Jeff took a course in Russian, his experience was different from Jim’s and from mine.His professor asked the students to read articles from the Russian press.And to listen to recent news programs from Russian.In class, students discussed the articles and programs.Jeff’s professor encouraged the students to use Russian as far as possible in their discussions, she also allowed them to use English.Other class activities included writing letters in response to articles in Russian publications and role playing to duplicate real-life situations.Such as a discussion with a neighbor about the lack of meat in the shops.Jeff learned to understand spoken Russian and to speak the language, in addition, he regularly practices reading and writing.Although his Russian course was difficult, Jeff thinks it will help him when he visits Russia this summer.Of the three of us, Jeff is the most positive about his course.He is certain that he will further develop his language skills when visiting Russia, moreover, he is confident that he can communicate without struggling too much with a dictionary.Jim and I feel less positive about out courses.Because we both have forgotten the vocabulary and grammar rules.If I were asked to read a passage in Spanish now, I couldn’t, Jim says he would not understand Portuguese or be able to respond to a single dialogue if he had to.III.A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information;in other words, it puts first things first, and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words.Periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached.The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.-Jane Austen This is the sentence with which Jane Austen begins her Pride and prejudice.It is clearly of the periodic structure because neither in syntax nor in meaning is it complete before the last word.The sentence follows a climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong.Here is the opening paragraph of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim:
He was an inch, perhaps two, under six feet, powerfully built, and he advanced straight at you with a slight stoop of the shoulders, head forward, and a fixed-from-under stare which made you think of a charging bull.His voice was deep, loud, and his manner displayed a kind of dogged self-assertion which had nothing aggressive in it.It seemed a necessity, and it was directed apparently as much at himself as at anybody else.He was spotlessly neat, appareled in immaculate white from shoes to hat, and in the various Eastern ports where he got his living as ship-chandler’s water-clerk he was very popular.Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure.There is no suspense or climax;the tone is easy, relaxed and informal.The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct;periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.
第三篇:雅思写作教案1
Argument
In IELTS, for both the academic and the General Training modules, the second writing task is often an argument or a discussion on a given topic.In this unit, we will be discussing how to write an argument.An argument is a set of statements in support of an opinion or proposed course of action.It is expressed in an orderly way, and is used to try to convince someone that the opinion or course of action is correct.In this unit, we will discuss: How to plan an argument How to support an argument How to organize an argument How to refute an argument The first step in planning an argument is to list the points you wish to make.Some of these may be facts.Some may be opinions.Facts are statements which are known to be true.Opinions are personal beliefs which may or may not be true.It is important to distinguish between facts and opinions in arguments.An argument consisting only of opinions will not be convincing to your reader.See the following sentences: 1 The sun rises in the east 2Qing Dao is a city in Shan Dong Province.3Qing Dao is a beautiful city.4The Ghost Show, which is broadcast on Friday nights, is a terrible program.Exercise1 Which of the following statements are facts or opinions? 1Only weak people smoke cigarettes.2There is a drastic statistic relationship between lung cancer and cigarette smoking.3 Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer.二How to support an Argument(如何支撑论点)When you write an argument, you must try to convince your reader that your points are correct and reasonable.To do so you must provide strong support for your arguments.Here are some ways of supporting an argument(你应该通过一些途径支撑论点,举例法,给出相关的理由或者事实,引用事实,或适当的过度词,等)1Supporting an argument by giving lots of examples 2Supporting an argument by giving relevant and accurate reasons or facts as evidence.3Supporting an argument by giving a quotation.4Supporting an argument by using transitional words and phrases that signal your supporting evidence.5Supporting an argument by expressing your opinion in a clear way in a topic sentence.6supporting an argument by mentioning a source.一Giving examples Revolutions which overthrow despotic governments by violent means often end by establishing another kind of despotism.A good example is the French Revolution of 1789, which began as an expression of democratic will, and ended by establishing Napoleon as of the Emperor of the French.二Write two relevant supporting statements for each of the sentences below.1Public money should be spent on persuading people to give up smoking
2Drinking and driving don’t mix Up to 75% of fatal road accidents involve alcohol People drink much more when they are worried.三A quotation may consist of a word , phrase ,sentence ,paragraph or longer expression from the text of another writer.Quoting an authority on a subject is a way of reinforcing an argument and strengthening a point of view.Quotations also add colour and feeling to writing.But take care not to overwork the technique.It is unnecessary to substantiate every assertion you make by bolstering it up with a quotation.Select the quotations and use them sparingly.“Prevention is better than cure” “Actions speak louder than words”
四The transitional words and phrases used in an argumentative writing include to begin with ,first ,next, because, since, more important, furthermore , besides, etc Eg
An earlier age of retirement has certain advantages A More opportunities for jobs for younger people B Ambitious younger workers would be reach the top without a lot of older people blocking the way.五A good topic sentence of an argumentative essay ought to be clear and to the point.It can be placed at the beginning or in the middle or at the end of a paragraph.Eg School athletes should take part in school sports but should not be excused from taking a full schedule of other subjects.Athletes should not base all their hopes on having sports careers.Dr Brown , the distinguished basketball star, pointed out that all school athletes should prepare for an alternative career ,because sports life is not long and mostly, only a small number of these athletes might succeed in this career …….六Eg As Professor Hones points out that in an increasingly technological society, some form of tertiary training is fast becoming essential.Experimental work undertaken in this country suggests that…….How to Organize an argument 怎样组织论点
A good argument has to be effectively organized so that your reader can follow the chain of argument and convinced by it.In academic writing two methods are commonly used.They are called the deductive method and the inductive method.When we use the deductive method, the main statement is made at the beginning followed by a supporting statement or statements.When we use the inductive method it is effective to outline the evidence first and present the main the point last as a conclusion.Eg Ask most people what causes strikes and they will probably say: more money.In fact, there are many causes of strikes.Moreover, a single strike could have a number of causes rather than a single cause.Obviously, the demand of more money is a major cause of strikes.A second cause is the demand for improving working conditions.But “working conditions” covers many things.It includes the physical environment of the workplace, such as the quality of eating and recreational facilities, together with the safety and cleanliness of the workplace itself.“working conditions” also includes the psychological climate of the workplace.Quite often when a strike is called the official reason given is inadequate pay.But industrial psychologists have found that this may be disguising the real reasons.Such reasons might be the unpleasant attitude of a supervisor or a company official, or it might be the tedium of highly repetitive work.Furthermore, the workers themselves may not be aware of “hidden” reason.They may only be aware of general dissatisfaction, and “inadequate pay” may just be a convenient excuse for expressing that dissatisfaction.In addition to expressing dissatisfaction, strikes have the effect of breaking the monotony of repetitive work.In conclusion, although demanding for more money is usually the main reason of strikes, there are also some other reasons.How to refute an argument 怎样反驳论点
If there were no evidence for an alternative point of view, there would be no need for argument.A good argument always takes the opposing point of view seriously.If this were not the case, the argument would be more like a quarrel, consisting of the exchange of opinions and prejudices without support from evidence or reasoning.When you are writing, your refutation should do one of the following: Re—state the opinion Correct your opponent’s facts(修正或者改正对方的观点)Deny that counterargument is related to the topic否认驳论与主题有关 Indicate that the counterargument is insufficient(指出驳论不足)
When you want to refute an argument, you need to restate the opinion, so the person you are writing to can understand.To show that we don’t personally hold the opinions we intend to refute, we often write as reported speech Eg 1 Some people assert that all pop music is rubbish.2 It is ridiculous to say that English ought to be taught everywhere 3 It used to be stated that there were jobs which women were physically incapable of doing
Your opponent’ facts---Some people say that cutting trees harms the environment and destroys valuable natural resources.Your correction---Selective harvesting is actually good for forests and for people because it increases productivity and provides jobs and timber.Deny that the counterargument is related to the topic When the topic is something about “insufficient public transportation” and the writer’s purpose is to persuade people to agree with the idea of changing and expanding the bus system ,but the writer talks a lot about the nice drivers and free fare for university students, it shows that his argument is irrelevant.You can write : “Although nice drivers and free fare for students is true, it is not related to the topic.”
Indicate that the counterargument is insufficient Write a statement for each statement to show that the following ideas are insufficient 1 Cutting trees causes erosion and landslides, and destroys natural resources.2 Cars are very convenient.It can be fairly quick to send you to anywhere you want to go.
第四篇:学术论文写作教案1
第四讲 学术论文的选题
一、选题的意义
1、学术论文选题、学术论文题目、学术论文主题三者的关系
1)所谓选题,是选择研究的课题;是研究的范围、对象、目标、中心和方向;是研究试图解决的一个具体问题。2)所谓题目就是论文的名称。3)所谓主题,就是论文表达的中心意思,体现着作者对具体问题的认识、理解和评价。
4)三者中,选题的概念较大,一个选题可以写一篇论文、也可以写若干篇。例:电影《夜宴》
2、选题的意义 所谓“题好文一半”
论文的价值取决于主题、主题的确立取决于研究工作、而研究工作是否有意义取决于选题。具体而言有如下意义
1)提出一个问题比解决一个问题更难也更重要。
因为学科的范围实在太大,选题意味着选择研究对象和范围,没有具体的选题就如同没有靶子,无法走出科研第一步。2)关系研究内容是否有价值 所谓价值,就是有用。
①对社会(应用与基础);对学科(前沿与纵深);对个人(挑战与中庸)来说标准都不一样。②研究成果是否有生命力?“文章千古事”,即时应景是大忌。
二、选题的要求 选题的科学性与可行性
1、对科研的兴趣及具备基本的条件 1)兴趣
兴趣是最大的动力,能够忍耐工作学习中的寂寞、枯燥、折磨合痛苦。孔子:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者”,否则就有抵触心理。但也要注意。单纯从兴趣出发去挑战专业以外的领域。2)研究条件
①尽可能占有文献资料 ②要有研究基础,专业范围。③保证研究时间
2、密切联系实际的选题
结合地区、国家的实际需要。应用研究课题和基础研究课题(理工与人文)
3、选题新颖、立论根据充足、研究目标明确、研究方法科学
1)新颖,即有新见。初步写作很难。可以作为追求的目标
2)方法科学,掌握理论的“拐杖”。如各种理论武器。“重要的不是神话讲述的年代,而是讲述神话的年代”。一心为公的英雄与现下的财富英雄。
6、70年代的正面人物与当下的人物。
4、难易程度范围大小与研究条件 1)难易与范围要量力而行 2)现实条件,如图书资料
5、熟悉选题领域的研究状况 不用多说。判断选题是否有价值 1)是否有开创性 2)是否有延伸性
三、选题的方法
一般讲,在阅读、整理文献时,选题就开始了。它是一个范围由宽泛、抽象到有限、具体的过程。
1、缩小观察点。《夜宴》是情感范围,但突破口是章子怡的婉后角色。只有她是人物的联结点。
2、浏览捕捉法。在材料上下功夫。1)将文献资料归类 2)在点滴体会中找到灵感
3、追溯验证,主要在自然科学中
4、获得最佳选题的领域 1)学科中有争议的问题 2)社会急需的课题
3)学科历史中的攻关性课题
四、选题示范
第五讲 论文写作的具体过程
一、编写论文提纲
《文心雕龙》:“凡大体文章,类多枝源。整派者依源,理枝者循干。是以附辞会义,务总纲领。”
1、提纲的意义及重要性:
提纲就是文章的框架,犹如施工的蓝图。是给论文搭一个骨架,而这个骨架来源于作者前期对选题的初步研究结果。
但提纲又不于蓝图,施工方要严格按蓝图走,但写作的过程却是一个修修补补、不断改变设计的过程。这充分说明写作是一项具有高度创造性的工作。包括:结构安排、材料取舍、层次设置、论证的逻辑顺序等,力图达到:即使未能有明晰、畅达、连贯的思路,也应形成粗线条的逻辑体系。
否则会层次模糊、结构紊乱、详略失当。最明显的也有可能无话可说。
2、提纲的内容及格式(例)1)内容:简纲:提出论文要点;编排论文目次。
详纲:既列纲目,更重要的,每部分的论点、论据、材料、论证方法甚至字数。推荐详纲。
2)格式:(例)
3、提纲的形式要求及编写方法 1)系统性、整体性 2)简明原则
二、起草论文初稿
1、初稿起草方法: 因人而异主要两种: 1)按提纲所写顺序依次写出 2)各个击破法,将论文分成不同部 分,按熟悉程度
2、起草初稿应注意的几个问题 1)避免知识普及型文章: 问题:论证过程罗嗦;选材不精当 2)不要做炫耀式文章:
问题:词藻华丽不等于有文采;旁征博引不易定增加文章的可信度
3)避免“浮光掠影”式文章
三、全面展开论证
论证:用论据通过一定方法和方式证明论点的过程
1、论证的一般要求 1)论点论据要统一
剔除游离于论点之外的论证。(阴谋 与爱情,只有两个人可以证明,太子不行)
论点和论据不统一:有观点无材料、有材料无观点、两者结合不紧密。
2)论证要步骤分明、深入浅出例:庄子《秋水》
2、论证的原则与表达 1)忌论点不明 2)忌偷换概念 3)忌循环论证 4)忌草率论证 几种方法: 1)旁征博引:
2)抽象概括:(上升理论高度)(云水谣:“意识形态腹语术”)
四、注意调整修改
1、调整修改的意义 1)负责任的表现 2)提高写作水平的途径 3)增强学术论文的理性色彩
2、调整修改的具体内容 1)论点的修正 2)论据的增删 3)论证的调整 4)文字的润色
3、调整的方法 1)调整的原则 2)调整常用的方法: 第六讲 社科学术论文写作、审鉴
一、社会科学学术论文含义、特点
1、论文内容:
分类:社会科学学术论文、自然科学学术论文。
社会科学:研究各种社会现象的科学,政治经济学、法学、历史学、文艺学、美学、伦理学等。属于社会意识范畴。是“务虚”之学。
2、特点
1)抽象性:是研究有关社会本质和规律的问题,超越了具体的物质、形态研究。比如,历史学科是试图在纷繁的史料中还原所谓的历史真实。美学、文学、法学等等。抽取带有普遍意义的同 类事理的共性。
2)或可行(自圆其说)
研究对象是人和人类社会,其实多变、多因素、多层次、复杂的动态系统。研究者都是从某一个侧面深入其中,难免陷入盲人摸象的境地。
3)批判性
人类的认识都是累加的,所有后来的认识、知识都是一种认识批判。
4)综合性
在现代知识结构中更是如此,学科之间既相互区别,但联系也越发密切。
二、社会科学学术论文分类、写作要求
1、分类
1)理论型: 倾向于严密逻辑的推理,有谨严的体系,揭示的是人类社会和某门学科的普遍规律。哲学、法哲学、文艺学、美学等。
特征: 用纯粹抽象概念展开论述,表现为: 对概念的精确界定、对理论体系的充分展开。
2)专题性学术论文
对某一学科的具体现象展开分析。比如对文学艺术中具体的作家、作品、流派、思潮、风格进行研究。
3)考据型论文
根据历史文献、实物、文物等资料展开质疑、考察、判断研究。如《谈艺 录》、陕西考古队对兵马俑的研究。主要是需要第一手资料。
2、写作要求
1)具备一定的批判能力
敢于提出问题、审慎解决问题。胡适:“大胆假设、小心求证”
2)培养问题意识
具体而言,研究一个问题,要有如下追问:a这一问题前人是否已有研究?有哪些成绩?那些不足?b我的思路观点与前人相比,是否有进步?是否有独创?c支持我的观点的材料是否可靠?推理过程是否严密?方法是否科学?
3)逻辑建构能力
首先,“破”还是“立”;其次,论 证结构是总分总,还是变体;第三段落逻辑的前后衔接安排。
4)文献检索能力
三、社科论文的行文与表述
1、以议论性语言为主,尽量要准确严密。
2、正确驾驭资料,数据参考:1万字论文,60个工作日阅读资料、每天记笔记2-3000字、大约会有10几万字的资料积累。
3、复述引证与节录引证
1)复述:复述要忠于原作、为论点服务、目的不在叙而在议。
2)节录:原文引用,做好注释;整段引用不加引号。比正文再内所两格,一般与正文的字体不同。
注意:支持论点、翔实准确、不做“文抄公”
自然科学论文写作(略)
审鉴
四、学术论文分级(品级)
1、鉴定评审
作为科研成果通常要审定,起码要公开发表。
2、学术品位
横向:学年论文、毕业论文、学位论 文
纵向:学士、硕士、博士
五、如何鉴审
1、鉴审学术价值的标准 1)从标题估量
虽然负面,但可初步判断
„„我见;„„新见;„„新论;容易做的是与人“商榷”。2)从立论估量
是否提出新问题、立起新的起点,开创学科、研究领域等。3)从使用的资料估量
a新鲜资料的重要性,如红学、敦煌学、考古学等;
b对原有资料的科学认识和处理,如刘 鹗(铁云)对甲骨文的收集研究; 4)从分析论证方法上估量
使用新的研究方法会推陈出新,比如:叙事分类研究
三、学术论文的使用 高境界:对社会生产力的推动 中境界:对研究成果的纪录 低境界:为毕业、为发表、为职称第七讲 学术论文的发表、论文答辩
发表
一、发表的要求与条件
出版单位的要求:思想内容、表达形式;本身质量、社会价值
1、正文的要求 1)政治性要求
政治观点正确,辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义的把握。
2)社会价值
符合时代精神;对当下现实提出问题并解决问题;有创造性。
3)科学性要求 所谓的业务标准
2、正文的形式要求 正文的小标题统一、名词术语规范、数字运用一律
3、正文的格式要求
现在此问题不大,word有统一规范。
二、投稿的操作与注意事项 写论文就要发表,注意以下事项
1、形式完整(打印稿,不存在整洁问题,但规范的形式是对编辑的尊重)
2、刊物选择
1)注意刊物级别问题
一般期刊;核心:一般、CSSCI、权威
2)注意刊物的选稿来源问题 3)注意刊物的选稿题材体裁问题 4)注意投稿时机
3、与编辑的联系 1)方式
登门自荐、书信联络、通过第三者推荐
2)注意事项
正常业务交往;谦虚得体
答辩
一、答辩的意义
1、考察论文真实性
较低角度:是否建立在科学基础上、是否遵循实事求是原则、是否是本人亲自撰写
2、考察论文质量
较高角度:立论、论证、材料、结 构、创造性
3、论文的修改补充完善
从作者角度:与专家互动过程中的受益,是学术见解的交流与深化。
二、答辩的一般程序
答辩,以专业为单位成立的答辩委员会对学术论文的集体审查。一般3-7人。
程序如下:
1、学位评定委员会主席宣布举行答辩,介绍学位申请人姓名和答辩委员会成员名单
2、主席宣布答辩开始
3、指导教师介绍申请人情况
4、申请人报告论文主要内容(时间 长短不等)
5、委员会成员提问、申请人(准备时间)回答
6主席宣布休会 7举行答辩委员会会议 8主席宣布复会
9主席公布评语及表决结果
三、答辩前的准备
1、心理准备 1)树立信心
整理好有关资料,自己的文章一定能讲好
2)端正态度
克服紧张畏难和漫不经心两级态度
3、内容准备 尽管是自己写的,也要准备答辩词 3)物质准备
主要是材料要带齐(有同学居然空手而来)
四、答辩人的程序
1、自我介绍
2、简述答辩内容
四点:选题的内容和意义;研究问题的关键;解决问题的对策和特色;对策的论据和结论。目的是表述自己对选题的把握、研究和理解的程度
注意时间(10分钟)言简意赅 3对论文作简单自我评价(可略)
五、委员会成员可能的提问点
1、对论文的思考点创新点比较关注
2、对论文的论点、结论比较关注
3、对论点的逻辑起点(问题的由来)及引申处比较关注
六、答辩人回答问题的注意事项
1、听清楚提问的题意 特别是没听清时一定要追问
2、通过对问题的“限定”缩小回答范围
“关于这个问题,我想着重谈一点(二点)„„”
“您这个问题我觉得主要是指„„”
3、先易后难,树立信心
4、简洁明快、不枝不蔓
5、坦诚直言、失言莫辩
6、把握分寸、见好就收
看一篇《论文综合症》与君共勉(星期三的班)27
第五篇:阅读与写作教案1
小学阅读与写作教案
(一)课题:句子训练:怎样把句子写通顺 教学目标:
(1)知识目标:通过本次课的学习,巩固把句子写完整的相关知识。使学生掌握句子通顺性的要领。充分利用词语的表达和先后顺序达到句子的通顺。
(2)能力目标:引导学生养成一个爱说话的好习惯,培养学生的说话完整性、通顺性。提高认识、观察、分析事物的综合能力。
(3)情感目标:写作是一个综合能力的体现,在于平时的点滴积累。通过本次课的学习,使学生在平时的生活学习中养成良好的交际能力。善于与人交谈。教学重点:句子通顺性的要求 教学难点:怎么做到句子通顺性 教学课时:2 课时 A、导言:
同学们,大家好!通过上一次课的学习,我们了解了怎样把句子写完整的要领。在学习句子的同时,也掌握了词语的分类和怎样积累以及不同词语的运用。学习了写完整句子以后,就要利用每一个词汇以及词汇的先后顺序来把句子写通顺。怎样把学过的词汇组合成既完整又通顺的句子呢?今天我们一起来学习写句子,要求把句子写通顺。
B、每课一诗积累赏析:
所
见
作者:【袁枚】 年代:【清】 体裁:【五言绝句】
牧童骑黄牛,歌声振林樾。
意欲捕蝉鸣,忽然闭口立。
诗文分析:诗记录了作者亲眼所见的夏日农村小景。诗人抓住牧童活泼好奇的特点,着意描写了“忽然闭口立”这一精彩的瞬间。
诗篇大意:野外林阴道上,一位小牧童骑在黄牛背上缓缓而来。也不知有什么开心事儿,他一路行一路唱,唱得好脆好响,整个树木全给他惊动了。忽然,歌声停下来,小牧童脊背挺直,嘴巴紧闭,两眼凝望着高高的树梢。“知了,知了,知了„„”树上,一只蝉儿也在扯开嗓门,自鸣得意地唱呢。正是它把小牧童吸引住了,他真想将蝉儿捉一手呢!
赏析:这情景,全被 人看在眼里,写进诗中。诗人先写小牧童的动态,那高坐牛背、大声唱歌的派头,何等散漫、放肆;后写小牧童的静态,那屏住呼吸,眼望鸣蝉的神情,又是多么专注啊!这从动到静的变化,写得既突然又自然,把小牧童天真烂漫、好厅多事的形象,刻画得活灵活现。至于下一步的动静,小牧童怎样捕蝉,捕到没有,诗人没有写,留给读者去体会、去遐想、去思考。
C、主题讲授:
作文,除了要把句子写完整外,还要注意把句子写通顺。写通顺,就是写的句子要合乎语法规则、合乎事理,合乎人们的语言习惯。如果句子写出来词序颠倒、不合事理,不合语言习惯,别人就难理解句子的意思,甚至闹出错误和笑话来。
要把句子写通顺,最重要的是要注意词语在句子中的先后顺序。哪个词在前,哪个词在后,词语与词语的搭配,都要按照一定的顺序组合排列,不能颠三倒四。
例
一、1.我告诉妈妈,鸡生蛋了。
2.妈妈告诉我,鸡生蛋了。3.弟弟告诉我,妈妈生蛋了。4.告诉弟弟我,生蛋妈妈了。上面四个句子所用的词都一样,但因词的顺序变了,所以句子的意思跟着起了变化。第一句是讲“我”告诉妈妈一件事;第二句则是妈妈告诉“我”一件事;第三句闹成了笑话——“妈妈生蛋了”;第四句由于词序排列混乱,意思表达不清楚,别人无法理解。上述例句说明,要把句子写通顺,一定要注意词序的排列与词的组合。
把句子写通顺,还要注意合乎事理。
例
二、1.春天到了,种子在发芽、生根、长叶。
2.春天到了,种子在长叶、生根、发芽。
第一句,通顺,合乎植物生长的规律,第二句虽然也通顺,但不合事理。植物的生长规律是发芽→生根→长叶。违背事理的句子,在意思上是讲不通的。
把句子写通顺,还要注意合乎人们的语言习惯。如我们常说“刮风了”“下雨了”。如果说成“刮雨了”、“下风了”。人家就要说你是胡说八道。
把句子写通顺,可以经常做如下练习: 1.扩词成句。
例:树→松树→两棵松树→栽了两棵松树→院子里栽了两棵松树→我在院子里栽了两棵松树。
2.整理词序。例:好孩子/是个/小勇/懂礼貌的
小勇是个懂礼貌的好孩子。
想一想,练一练: 1.照样子扩词成句。
例:球:足球→踢足球→国安队踢足球→勇猛的国安队踢足球→中国勇猛的国安队踢足球。
马:______________________________________________________
青蛙:____________________________________________________
花衣:____________________________________________________
2.把下面排列错乱的词整理成通顺的句子,写在横线上,加上标点。
①土层里的乌鸦
啄吃
喜鹊
在和新
翻松的地老虎
_________________________________________________________ ②走来走去
大草原上
在羊群
一眼望不到边的 _________________________________________________________
③军民联欢
我们
兴高采烈地
庆祝
八一建军节晚会
参加
_________________________________________________________
3.把下面的词语连成通顺的句子。妈妈悄悄地
落下去。小勇轻轻地
走上领奖台。太阳不慌不忙地
走过去蒙住小三的眼睛。那像雪一样白的 是天空中飘着的雪花。
那像晚霞一样红的是田野里的油菜花。
那千变万化的 是山坡上的桃花。
那像金子一样黄的是果园里的梨花。
4.下面的话应怎样排列?排好后把它写下来,加上标点。①分给大家吃 妈妈让我把葡萄洗一洗 吃过晚饭
_________________________________________________________
②吹得树叶乱摇 一只蜘蛛垂落下来逃走了 忽然一阵大风
_________________________________________________________
5.下面是词序颠倒的病句,请修改后写在横线上。①春风和煦地轻轻地吹着。
_________________________________________________________
②北风凛冽地呼呼地刮个不停。
_________________________________________________________
③他把劳动场面热气腾腾地写下来啦!_________________________________________________________
D、课后总结:
通过今天的学习,我们积累了一首古诗,了解了古诗的事情发生和写作技巧。学习了新的内容,怎么把句子写通顺,知道了要把句子写通顺的要领。需要学会运用各个词汇之间的运用和顺序。掌握这个要求,我们的句子就能写通顺。句子写完整是第一步,其次就是在完整的基础上怎样做到把句子写通顺。下一节课我们将共同学习怎样把句子写具体。
E、布置作业:
1、完成课堂的想一想,练一练。
2、试着在完整句子的基础上,利用不同词汇的先后顺序把句子写完美、写通顺。