文体学论文

第一篇：文体学论文

A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dream

Course: English Stylistics and Rhetoric Lecturer: Zhang Xuhong Credit: 2 Time of Assigned on 28/11/2013 Time of Submission:19/12/2013 Student No:2010010225 Name:杜敏

Class:(Grade 2001)Class 1English Dept, Harbin Normal Univ.从文体学的角度分析演讲稿《我有一个梦》

杜敏

摘要：本文根据文体学理论从文体手段角度试图对美国著名黑人领袖马丁.路德.金的著名演讲《我有一个梦》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析，作者在此基础上进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。本研究对演讲稿的文体风格的选用具有启示作用。

关键词：文体学；文体学理论；文体手段；文体的风格；分析；演讲

A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dream

DuMin

Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style.Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, Analysis, Speech.Introduction As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques.It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing.In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr.I Have a Dream.1.Introduction: Definition of Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways.Wales defines stylistics simply as “ the study of style”(1989:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” and takes “a view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two”(1975:3).Leech holds a similar view.He defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1)and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2).From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse(text)as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text;that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message.This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse.Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another.Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as „this‟ in contrast with „that‟, with another poem or another novel;stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature…”(1971:341).On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday.He says：“All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general”(1975:84).Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.2.A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech(An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech.Martin Luther King‟s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States.Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care.It is an example of formal English with a convincing style.Here are some of the stylistic devices(which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices)used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.2.1 Repetition Throughout the speech, Dr.King repeats words and sentence.This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition.It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity.The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence(Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious.Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable.In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker‟s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God‟s children.If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.(1)But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro(2)is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.(3)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation.(Par.4)(4)Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God‟s Children.Now Is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.(Par.4)In this short passage, the clause “Now is the time to…” has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of “NOW” and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.2.2 Use of Parallelism Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity.It means exact repetition in equivalent positions.It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are „parallel‟ with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66).To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal.To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas.Here are few examples:(5)…by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination…(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)(6)“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.”(Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)

(7)“there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)

It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp.in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker(or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience.We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King‟s speech and classified as is followed: 2.2.1 Parallel Nouns:(8)This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.(Par.3, three parallel nouns as attributive)(9)1963 is not an end, but a beginning(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)(10)Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.(Par.6)2.2.2 Parallel Noun Phrases:(11)So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice.(Par.4)(12)I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood(Par.10)2.2.3 Parallel Infinitive Phrases:(13)It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro.(Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)(14)With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(Par.7, five parallel infinitive phrases).2.2.4 Parallel Prepositional Phrases(15)I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.(Par.12)(16)…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, …(Par.25)

E.Parallel clauses:(17)…, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and(that)their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom.(Par.6, two parallel objective clause)2.3 Use of Similes and Metaphors As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing.As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule”(1969: 151).That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors.In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness.The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which(in this case)ends “the long night of captivity”.In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves.Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing and make it easy for the readers or audience to understand.Now let‟s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King‟s speech.(18)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2, metaphors)(19)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity for this nation(Par.4, metaphors)(20)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.(Par.4, metaphor)2.4 Use of Contrast Although maybe a rhetorical device instead of a stylistic one, contrast has also been used effectively, like repetition, in this speech, achieving the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker.In paragraph l, for example, “GREat beacon light of hope” is contrasted with “flames of withering injustice,” and “joyous daybreak” with long night of captivity.”

As it is defined, contrast is used to show the difference between two things.Therefore, it is not very difficult for us to understand why the speaker king uses so many contrasts in his speech.(21)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2)(22)Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.(Par.4)(23)Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood(Par.4)

Conclusion

As we have analyzed above, stylistic devices are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech, to achieve certain specific purposes.Thus making the style of a speech somewhat particular to the others.Generally speaking, a speech may have the following stylistic characteristics: To begin with, it must be very persuasive.Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetitions, parallelism and contrasts frequently used.Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should not only be orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring.Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved.Finally, in many cases, written-conversational style is usually used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure.Reference [1].Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963 [2].Wang Shouyuan, Essentials of English Stylistics, Shandong University Press, July, 2000 [3].Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing, Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998 [4].Widdowson, H.G.Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, Longman, 1975

[5].Leech, G.N.“ „This bread I break‟ Language and interpretation”.In D.C.Freeman.(ed.).Linguistics and Literature Style.New York:Holt, Rinhart & Winston.

第二篇：英语文体学论文范式

题目：1)stylistic analysis of …………..2)comparative study of a and b from the perspective of stylistics

abstract in english

key words（3-5）

introduction（the text you analyze）

ⅰat the phonological level

ⅱat the graphological level

ⅲat the lexical level

ⅳat the syntactic level

ⅴat the semantic level

conclusion

references(including at least 2 references)

appendix（the text you analyze）

1.根据所学内容对某个文本进行分析。论文里若引用别人的观点必须用夹注标明，格式为（thomas, XX: 12）；论文末尾列出的参考文献必须是论文里引用过的。引用别人的内容不得超过15%，否则视为抄袭。切忌拼凑。

2.格式要求按以上模板，统一用times new roman五号字体，每部分大标题用黑体，1.25倍行距,页面两端对齐。使用英文标点。

3字数要求：1500以内

文末参考文献格式：

论文

thomas, j.d.XX.“science and the sacred: intertextuality in richard powers's the gold bug variations.” critique 51, no.1: 18-31.academic source premier, ebscohost(accessed december 7, XX).专著

hung, eva.XX(ed.).teaching translation and interpretation 4: building bridges.amsterdam-philadelphia: john benjamins.4.论文截止时间：18周周二三四节，打印版：a4纸打印，（学委收齐后按学号排序）

电子版（文件名：班级+中文姓名+论文题目）由学委收齐后，按学号排序，打包压缩发至（电子版可延至18周周五交。）

5.评分标准：原创性；语言流畅地道；格式符合要求；按时与否

第三篇：论文摘要格式与文体的浅析

论文摘要格式与文体的浅析？

『中国论文榜』中国论文榜是中国权威优秀论文收录平台。专业论文发表网，我们致力于学术咨询、免费论文收录、论文指导和论文发表等相关服务。经过多年的努力，我们已与众多学术期刊杂志社建立了长期友好的合作关系，协助杂志社对外征集优秀文章。携手十年，真诚相伴，中国论文榜将一如既往本着权威、诚信、便捷、高效的服务理念为您提供更完善、更优质、更高效的服务！

中国论文榜小编根据十几年的经验，今天在这里跟大家分享下：

1文摘的版面位置

在每一篇文献中，文摘应尽量靠前排列。分析，在学术期刊中，文摘应醒目地位于每篇文章或其他摘要款项的首页，最好是位于标题及作者之后的，正文之前按照文献工作-期刊中的文摘专页，将文摘编入“文摘专页”也是很理想的。

在单行本报告中，如有可能的话，文摘应位于题名页上的。如该单行本中有“本报告文献处理专页”，文摘可位于该页。还可以将文摘置于紧接目次表之前的右页上。

在书籍、专著或学位论文中的，文摘应位于书名页的背面，或位于紧接该页的右页面上，至于分属各章(篇)的文摘，应位于各章(篇)的首页，或紧接首页之前的一页。

2有关文献的著录出处资料

在一次出版物中，应在文摘同页适当位置标出原文献的著录出处。例如位于该页篇眉或底栏内。在二次出版物或从某一文献单独复制其文摘时，则应在文摘之前或之后附以原文献的著录出处。例6中表示三种不同的编排方法。有关引文的详细编排方法，参见文献工作-供参考的文献题录-基本标目与辅助标目。

3文献卡

如果文摘及其著录出处的编排格式又能适用于文献卡，那是非常理想的。最好是“文献专页”和附于某一文献的文献卡都采用硬卡片制成，但若采用与出版物同一种纸张印刷，则应都印刷在同一页面上，以便剪下后装帧到空白卡片上。

4文摘的完整性、准确性与长度

既然文摘必须使读者无需参阅原文献便能看懂，那么，文摘应该具有自含性，但必须保持原文献的基本信息与格调。文摘既应力求简明，其内容又须符合要求，便不能因此而晦涩难解。即使必要，背景介绍也力求简短。不得将原文献本身未含的信息或主张写入文摘之内。

对于大部分论文和专著中的各章(篇)，其文摘少于250个词是适宜的。对于札记、短讯，少于100个词己足，至于编者按语或读者来信，其文摘通常只需一句话。对于报告及学位论文等较长文献，其文摘一般也应少于500个词，最好能短到在一页版面上登完。文摘的长短不取决于原文的长短，而取决于它的内容。

5文体

除非在文摘前的文献标题中己确切地反映该文献的主题思想，否则在文摘的一开头就应写明反映该文献主题内容的主题句。如果从文献标题、出版者说明或文摘其他部分三者之中都不能看清文献的类型，则应在文摘(特别是为二次应用而编写或改写的文摘)中及早写清。应说明作者对论题的论述方式或文献性质。例如，理论性论述、病例分析、科学发展动态报告、回顾性综述、原始研究报告、读者来信、文献调研等等。

6段落完整句

短文摘只需一整段，长文摘则可多于一段。文摘要用完整句撰写，并宜采用转接词或词组加以连接，以求连贯。在文摘正文之后可标引出一连串用标点符号分隔的关键词，这些关键词可以代替本拟另行编写的指示性文摘。

7主动态动词与人称代词的用法

应尽量采用主动语记、因主动语态有助于文字的清晰、简洁及有力的表达。然而，在指示性甚至报道性陈述中，为强调动作承受者，也需采用被动态动词。除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐累赘从而更易于理解，否则，一般均采用第三人称。

8专用名词(术语)

应从正文中选用有利于计算机原文检索的实义词。

避免选用人们不熟悉的术语、首字母缩略词、编造词或符号。若必须采用时，则应在它们首次在文摘中出现时指明其意义。要尽可能使用ISO(国际标准化组织)规定的单位、符号和名词术语。若无国际标准可循的话，则可采用国家标准。

9非文字材料

代写论文说，简短表格、方程式、结构式及图形等，只有在因为简洁和明晰而必须采用且又别无其他变通办法可用时，才可在文摘中采用。

以上内容，只是小编个人拙见，若有介绍不清楚的，可以联系中国论文榜客服。

第四篇：语文论文的文体特点

语文论文的文体特点

语文教学论文，是以语文教学作为研究对象的科学论文。

就语体学的分类而言，语文教学论文属于科学研究论文的范畴。但是教学论文与一般的科研论文、学术论文又有所不同。学术论文可以是纯理论、纯学术的研究；而教学论文除了具有一定的学术性、理论性之外，还应具有突出的实践性。因为“教学”本身是一个实践活动。比如，就汉语语音问题来说，用音位学理论来分析现代汉语语音成分，分析单元音a及韵母ia,ai,ian中的a有什么不同，zhi和zi中的元音的发音特点如何，这样的语文论文属学术论文；而分析汉语拼音怎样教，有介音(韵头)的音节是三拼法好还是两拼法好，两拼法中是“声韵”相拼(如j+ian)好还是“声介合母/后随成分”相拼(如ji+an)好等等，这样的语文论文属语文教学论文。又如，研究句式是语法学方面的语文论文，研究句子在中小学怎样教则是语文教学论文。语文教学论文不能只是理论分析，而应该有具有充分说服力的实践性材料来加以证明，必须以教学实践为基础，是教学经验的总结和提炼。它应该对人们的教学实践有指导意义。

语文论文与语文教学论文的区别

这就是说，教学论文与一般学术论文的不同，是它具有突出的实践性，是针对教学实践来写的论文。教学论文虽然来自教学实践，是对教学实践的总结和提炼，但教学论文又不同于一般的教学总结。语文教学论文与教学总结属于两个不同的文体范围。前者属科学研究论文范畴，后者属工作报告范畴。因此，二者具有不同的特点。教学总结是对某个教学阶段、某个教学范围中教学工作情况的总结，它的内容主要是对教学实践的一种说明。教学论文则是一种理论联系实践的文体，它除了具有实践的说明之外，还应该有理论的分析和一些学术性的探讨.当然，教学论文是在总结教学实践的基础上产生出来的，因此，它与教学总结之间并没有不可逾越的鸿沟。好的教学总结经过加工和提炼就可以成为一篇教学论文。但从文体上说，二者毕竟有区别。教学总结中当然也可以有一些理性的分析和理论的探讨，但这不是必需的；教学论文则必须具有理论的探讨，必须在实践的基础上升华为理论，必须以规律的总结和提炼为目的，而不能仅仅停留在对教学实践作法的表述上。

通过以上说明，我们认为写语文教学论文首先要把握住这种文体的基本特点:既注重实践性，又注重理论性和学术性。既要以教学实践为基础，总结实践经验(包括自己的，或别人的；正面的，或反面的)，又要在此基础上运用有关的理论(如教育学理论、心理学理论、语言学理论等等)加以分析提炼，去粗取精，去伪存真，归纳出带规律性的东西；而这些规律又要能对教学实践有指导意义，具有可操作性。

不注意这一点，就难以写好语文教学论文，要么只阐述某种观点，不提出有现实针对性的实践依据，泛泛而论，不解决实际问题；要么只说自己怎么做怎么教，不分析为什么这样做这样教，其中有什么值得认真研究的地方，这就和一般的教学工作总结没有什么不同。语文论文的研究视野

写语文论文，可以写也就是说可以研究的东西很多，研究的题目也可大可小。大到研究语文教学的原则理论，小到研究一篇课文甚至一句话、一个字词的读法教法。研究题目的大小，本身并不决定文章的优劣，大题目不见得好，小题目也不见得不好，关键在于自己的研究是否有针对性，分析是否深入，总结出的规律是否有指导意义。

从目前语文教学研究情况看，语文论文中针对教材和教法的具体问题进行研究的情况比较多，比如某一篇课文如何教，某一类课文如何教，识字课如何教，拼音课如何教，作文课如何教，看图学文课如何教……等等。有一些“传统课文”(中小学都有)人们研究了几十年，提出过各种各样的教法。这一类的问题我们当然还可以再研究.因为教法本身是一门富有活力的艺术，而不是死板的模式。一个高水平的教师教同一篇课文，在不同的时间，不同的地方，针对不同的学生，他的教法绝对不会是一样的。因此同样的教材在不同的具体环境中可以有不同的教法。我们可以针对人们还没有注意到的具体环境、具体情况再进行研究，提出不同于别人的见解。

不过，如果我们研究的眼光只盯住教材中某一课、某一类课文、某一个知识点的教学，这样就局限了自己的研究范围，不容易找到有突破性、创新性价值的研究题目，写出的语文论文就往往会缺乏新意，难得有独到的见解。因此，我们应该把视野再扩大一些，从传统研究中着重对教材教法的研究拓展开去，寻找新的研究范围、研究题目的语文论文。比如说，我们 写语文教学论文的思路可以向以下两个方面展开。

一个是课程方面的语文论文，即对课程设置、课程性质目的、课程间相互关系的研究。人们在基础教育即小学、中学阶段都要学语文课。解放前小学叫“国语”、中学叫“国文”，解放以后叫“语文”。语文究竟是一门什么样的课，为什么要学语文、教语文，怎样教、怎样学才算达到这门课的目的，这些问题虽然专家们已经谈论甚至争论得很多，但并不是每一个教语文的人都了然于胸.吕叔湘先生说:“我认为每一个做教学工作的人必须首先认清他教的是什么。”语文教师每天教的“语文”究竟是什么?这门课究竟应该让学生学些什么，学会什么?这样的问题的确值得我们思考。很多有识之士都指出过，几十年来我们国家的语文课教学是不成功的。吕叔湘曾说:“讲到中小学语文教学问题，首先我们肯定它有问题……教学时间很多，效果并不理想……”吕先生这话是20年前讲的，现在的情况也未必有多大好转。只要看看目前社会公民的总体文化水平、语文水平的低下(商店、报刊、电视，到处写错字，读错字，到处是不通的句子，学校中很多老师说不了普通话，板书极糟……)，就可以知道学校语文教学从总体来说是低效益的，甚至是失败的。叶圣陶先生曾经指出语文教学三大弊病，其中之一是读书作文不是为了增长知识、发表思想、抒发感情，而是为了应付考试。这一点不仅没有改变，而且是愈演愈烈.从这个角度看，语文教学的成败问题，自然也不仅仅是语文教学本身的问题，它还受到教育体制的影响和限制。不过，就语文教学自身而言，如何正确认识这门课的性质和功能，从而自觉自主地(而不是仅仅为完成上面规定的教学内容、教学计划)去上好这门课程，这里仍然有很多问题值得研究。

拿叶圣陶先生的观点来说，语文课的任务就是帮助学生养成使用语文的良好习惯。因为语文是工具，是人生日用不可缺少的工县.语文课和语文老师要做的事情，就是指导和培养学生学会使用这个工具.有的学生从小学读到中学毕业，发电报不会拟电报稿，十个字八个字可以说清楚的用了二三十个字还说不清楚，这就是没掌握好这个人生日用的工具.从教的这一面检查，就是语文课或语文老师还没有尽到职责。语文课既然是“帮助”培养学生使用语文的良好习惯，那么如何“帮助”就大有文章可做。时代不同(比如改革开放以来同以前就不同)、地域不同(比如大城市和小地方不同，汉族地区和少数民族地区不同)，学生的情况不同(总体素质，经济文化环境等不同)，教师“帮助”的方法就可以大有不同。处于教学第一线的教师在如何有效地“帮助”学生养成良好习惯这个问题上比专家教授更有发言权，很可以通过教学实践总结出一些东西来，充实甚至改写我们目前的语文课程教学法理论。

当然，涉及课程性质目的等方面的问题，是比较大的问题，把语文课的性质、目的任务作为研究题目甚至语文教学论文的题目，往往不容易做好。不可能人人都来做这样的大题目。但是，如果我们善于把自己研究的小题目与这些大问题联系起来，虽然是微观的研究，但却包含宏观的思考，这样的研究，就可能站得高一些，分析问题说得透一些。

另一个是教语方面的语文论文，即对教师教育教学用语的研究。教语是教师教育工作中的主要工具。一方面，它自身有它的规律值得研究；另一方面，它作为讲授教材、体现教法的主要工具和载体，与教材教法有密切的关系。目前师范院校都开设有各科教学法课。除了讲授一些教学理论、课程性质等问题之外，着重研究的是教材及相关的教法。所以，有的干脆叫“教材教法”课。这门课本应是最具有针对性、最实用、最有可操作性的课，可惜它的现状却不能令人满意。从师范院校毕业出来教书的老师，没有几个承认是从这门课学会教法的。造成这种情况，原因是多方面的，其中之一便是过去这门课往往脱离实际。

这些年来，人们日益注重到对教学中一个极为重要的方面——教学语言的研究。实践证明，离开了对教学语言的研究，教学法的研究是难以深入的。现在国家教委已正式下达文件，把教师口语作为教师职业技能训练的必修课列入师范院校的教学计划。在语文教学研究中，过去对教材研究较多，对教法的研究要薄弱一些，而对“教语”，过去的研究很少涉及。在今后的语文教学研究中，必然会形成“教材.教法.教语”这样的新格局。其中“教语”的研究基本上是刚开垦的生荒地，语文教师大可以把自己的眼光投向这片土地，搞出一些研究成果来。

教学语言的研究范围是宽广的。比如:教学语言作为一种语体，它有什么特征?它与一般口语有什么不同?教师口语中课堂语言和课下语言有什么不同?中学阶段或小学阶段教师口语分别有什么共性特征?对高年级和低年级学生使用的教师口语有什么区别?这些区别与学生的语言认知能力和心理因素等有什么关系?课堂教学中导入语、讲授语、提问语、交谈语等有什么特点?等等.结合地区特点，我们还可以研究对落后山区、少数民族地区学生教学时使用教师口语的具体情况，在双语教学情况下教师口语的使用情况，以及在落后地区如何提高教师自身口语水平等问题。当我们把目光投向这些方面的时候，就会发现在很多问题上都大有文章可做，我们的研究就可以不步人后尘，不人云亦云，甚至可以发前人所未发，开拓新领域，发现新问题，总结新规律，提供新经验。

第五篇：各种文体及其格式

应用体大致可分七大类

(一)公文类

这类应用文主要指以党政机关、社会团体、企事业单位的名义发出的，表达自己法定意愿、联系与处理公务、记载与传递信息的文件类应用文。如：命令、批复、指示、报告等。

(二)工作文书类

这类应用文主要指企事业单位、政府部门、社会团体以及个人为工作、生产和学习的正常运作而制作的一系列文书。如：计划、总结、章程、制度等。

(三)法律文书类

这类应用文主要指司法部门在执法 过程中依照法律程序所需而制作的各种文书。如：笔录、立案报告、鉴定书，起诉书，调解书，判决书以及各种诉状等。

(四)经济文书类

这类应用文主要指金融、财税、工商、审计以及商业团体、公司和个人在市场运作及业务交往中所使用的文书。如：财务报告、市场调查、招投标书、合同，以及财税、工商、审计、地产等部门的各种业务文书等等。

(五)、条据文书类

这类文书是指人们日常工作、生活中相互交往具有凭据作用的一些文书。如：请假条、留言条、借据、收条欠条、领条、便条、托事条、催托条、馈赠条等。

(六)、书信文书类

此类文书是指人们日常生活和工作中相互交流、沟通、表达意愿而普遍使用的文书。如：一般书信（给长辈的信、写给晚辈的信、写给兄弟姐妹的信、写给亲朋的信）、情书（初恋情书、求爱情书、热恋情书）和表扬信、推荐信、慰问信、邀请信、感谢信、求职信、咨询信、介绍信、证明信、申请书（入学申请书、入党入团申请书、住房申请书、困难补助 申请书、辞职申请书）、聘书、履历、说明书、报捷书、保证书、倡议书、建议书、悔过书等专用书信。

(七)、礼仪文书类

此类文书是指人们在社会交往活动中，遵循长期以来交往的礼仪形式和活动方式而使用的文书。如：祝词、贺信、请柬、欢迎词、欢送词、题词、悼词、讣告、唁电、碑文、对联（节令联、祝寿联、婚联、喜联、挽联、名胜联）等。

（八）启事文书类

此类文书是组织（或个人）公开向大家说明，让更多人知晓的公告性文体。启事可以张贴、散发或通过报刊、电视、广播等媒体进行广泛传播，是树立组织形象，扩大知名度的有利手段。如：征稿启事、征婚启事、征订启事、开业启事、寻人启事、寻物启事、招聘启事、招生启事等。

此外，还有会议类、公证遗嘱类、科技类、宣传类、广告类、史志类等文类。

举例：

1.公文：

2.工作文

3.经济文

4.书信文

5.条据文

6.礼仪文

7.启事文