江泽民在剑桥的演讲

第一篇：江泽民在剑桥的演讲

江泽民在剑桥的演讲

（1999 ．10．22）

校长先生，同学们，老师们，女士们，先生们： Students and Faculty, Ladies and Gentlemen: 我感谢布罗斯校长的邀请，使我有机会来到久负盛名的剑桥大学访问。

I would like to thank you, Sir Alec Broers, Vice-Chancellor, for the invitation, which brings me to the famous Cambridge University.能够与青年朋友们聚集一堂，共同讨论人类如何在新世纪里迎接挑战、创造更加美好的未来，我感到十分高兴。

It gives me great pleasure to be together with young friends in a discussion on how mankind should rise up to the challenge in the new century and build a better future.剑桥大学是具有700多年历史的世界著名学府，曾培养出牛顿、培根、弥尔顿、拜伦、达尔文等对人类进步事业作出杰出贡献的伟大科学家、思想家和诗人。

Cambridge University is a world-renowned university with a history of more than 700 years.It has nurtured great scientists, thinkers and poets such as Newton, Bacon, Milton, Byron and Darwin, who made outstanding contribution to the progress of mankind.今天，剑桥大学作为获得诺贝尔奖学者最多的大学，在世界高等学府中依然居于显要的地位。Today, Cambridge University, which has produced more Nobel Prize winners than any other university, still takes a significant place among all the institutions of higher learning in the world.50多年前，在我上大学的那个年代，就有不少的中国年轻学子向往到剑桥负笈求学。

Over fifty years ago when I was a university student, many young Chinese students were longing for an opportunity to come and study in Cambridge.剑桥大学与中国交往的历史，早在上个世纪之交就开始了。

This university began its contacts with China as early as the beginning of the last century.一百年前，剑桥大学开设了汉语课程。

A hundred years ago, Cambridge started the Chinese language course.贵校已故的李约瑟博士在中国学术界享有很高的声名。

The late Dr.Joseph Needham of Cambridge University enjoyed a high prestige in the Chinese academic circles.他倾注毕生心血撰写的《中国科学技术史》，是一部研究中国古代科学技术和文明成就的鸿篇巨制。He devoted his entire life to the writing of Science and Civilization in China, a monumental work for study on ancient Chinese science and technology and cultural achievements.100年来，许多中国学者不远万里到剑桥求学访问，中国杰出的数学家华罗庚就是其中最著名的代表。For 100 years, many Chinese scholars, best represented by Mr.Hua Luogeng, an outstanding Chinese mathematician, have traveled long distances to study in Cambridge.今天，中国学术界和剑桥大学继续保持着良好的交流与合作。

Today, the Chinese academic community still maintains good exchanges and cooperation with Cambridge.这对加强中英人民的文化交流和友谊，推进科技和思想进步产生了积极的作用和影响。

This has played a positive role in and exerted a sound influence on enhanced cultural exchanges and friendship between the Chinese and British people and progress in science and technology as well as in thinking.20世纪，人类创造的物质和精神财富，超过了以往任何一个时代。I n the 20th century, mankind has created material and spiritual wealth unmatched by any other time in history.令人遗憾的是，人类在这100年中也经历了前所未有的苦难，特别是遭受了两次世界大战的浩劫。Regrettably, it is also in these 100 years that humanity has experienced unprecedented hardships, particularly the havoc of the two world wars.但是世界的历史从来是由世界人民创造和书写的，因而正义总会战胜邪恶，光明总会战胜黑暗，进步总会战胜落后，人类必然会不断地克服艰难险阻，向着美好的未来开拓前进。

However, it is always the people of the world that make and write world history.In this sense, justice will inevitably prevail over evil, light over darkness and progress over backwardness.Mankind will undoubtedly keep on overcoming difficulties and obstacles, blaze new trails and steadily move forward to a better future.21世纪就要到来，世界人民虽然仍面临着很多严峻的挑战，可以肯定地说，人类也面临着巨大的发展机遇。

The 21st century is approaching.The people of the world still face many tough challenges, but definitely they also see enormous opportunities for development.只要世界人民同心协力，形成战胜一切挑战的巨大力量，人类文明进步的航船就必将乘风破浪地前进。So long as the people of the world work in unison and form a strong force to tackle all challenges, mankind with its civilization will continue to march forward against all odds.like a ship braving the wind and the waves.People of different countries have traversed different roads of historical development.Each nation with its own cultural background, social system and value, will continue to lead a life in its own way.世界是丰富多彩的。

The world is colorful and diversified.各国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路，有着不同的文化背景、社会制度和价值观念，延续着不同的生活方式。

People of different countries have traversed different roads of historical development.Each nation with its own cultural background, social system and value, will continue to lead a life in its own way.这种多样性正是世界充满竞赛、活力和创新的根本原因。

This diversity is the very reason why the world is full of competition, vigor and innovation.各国之间应该加强交流和了解，在相互尊重和平等相待的基础上共同前进，而不应让这种多样性成为阻碍各国人民携手共进的隔阂，更不应人为地从中挑起对立和冲突。

Countries should enhance exchanges and understanding, and move ahead together on the basis of mutual respect and equality.They should not allow the diversity to be a barrier to their forward march, still less should they deliberately provoke confrontation and conflict.尊重和发展世界文明的多样性，并在这种多样性中找到共同利益之所在，是人类社会向前发展的伟大动力。

To respect and develop the diversity of world civilization and identify therefrom common interests are a great driving force propelling human society forward.这里，我想就中国的发展这个题目谈一些我的看法，希望有助于诸位对中国的了解。

Here, I want to share with you some of my thoughts on China's development, in the hope that it will give you a better understanding of my country.中华人民共和国刚刚度过了50岁的生日。

The People's Republic of China has just celebrated its 50th anniversary.对于绵延5000多年的中华文明而言，50年只是弹指一挥间。

Fifty years are but a brief moment for Chinese civilization that has been going on for more than 5,000 years.然而，在这50年中，中国这个古老的国度发生了翻天覆地的变化，面貌焕然一新。

However, in the past 50 years, earth-shaking changes have taken place on this ancient Chinese land.It has taken on a completely new look.近代中国是一个半殖民地半封建的社会，China in modern history was a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.国势衰弱，外强侵入，国土沦丧，生灵涂炭。

It was weak, feeble and fell a prey to foreign invasion, with lots of land annexed and its people plunged into an abyss of misery.中国人民为改变这种悲惨命运，进行了顽强的抗争。The Chinese people fought tenaciously to change their miserable destiny.从上世纪中叶到本世纪中叶，中国人民在苦斗中经历了多次挫折和失败，但始终不屈不挠，最后在中国共产党的领导下取得了民族独立和人民解放，建立了新中国。

From the middle of the last century to that of this century, the Chinese people went through setbacks and defeat in their struggles, but they never yielded.Finally, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, they won national independence and liberation and founded New China.从此，中国历史的发展进入了崭新的时代。

From then on China entered a completely new era of development in its history.掌握了自己命运的中国各族人民，终于可以在一个独立、统一、和平、稳定的环境中意气风发地建设自己的国家，实现振兴中华的伟大理想。

The Chinese people of all ethnic groups, who have taken their destiny in their own hands and enjoy independence, unity, peace and stability, are now able to devote all their energy to the cause of building up their country and realize the lofty ideal of national rejuvenation.中国人民十分珍惜经过艰苦卓绝的奋斗而取得的当家作主的权利，十分珍惜经过长期艰辛的探索而开辟的建设有中国特色社会主义这一正确的发展道路。

They deeply cherish their hard-won right to be masters of the country and the right past to development, that is ,building socialism with Chinese characteristics.This is a road they have found after years of difficult exploration.历史和现实都告诉我们，只有始终不渝地坚持这一切，中国才能持续发展，中国人民才能过上幸福美好的生活。

Both history and realities tell us that only by adhering to all this can China obtain a sustainable development and the Chinese people lead a happy life.经过50年的艰苦创业，中国的综合国力、社会生产力和人民生活水平大幅度提高。

Our strenuous efforts in the past 50 years have brought about a substantial boost in the overall national strength and social productivity and a marked improvement of people's livelihood.从1952年到1958年，中国国内生产总值年均增长百分之七点七，明显高于同期世界年平均增长百分之三左右的水平。

From 1952 to 1998, China's GDP grew at an average annual rate of 7.7%, much higher than the world average of 3% in the same period.现在，中国的经济总量排名世界第七，外汇储备世界第二，进出口总额世界第十一。

Its economic aggregates are the 7th largest in the world, its foreign exchange reserves the second largest, and its total foreign trade volume the 11th largest.在过去20年间，中国农村贫困人口减少了两亿多，百分之九十五以上的农民过上了温饱有余的生活。In the past two decades, the poverty-stricken population in its rural areas has been reduced by more than 200 million, and more than 95% of farmers have got enough and to spare.中国人口的预期寿命由新中国成立前的35岁提高到目前的71岁，成人文盲率由百分之八十下降到百分之十六点五。

Life expectancy has increased from 35 years prior to the founding of New China to the current 71.The illiteracy rate among adults has dropped from 80% to 16.5%.中国的物质文明建设和精神文明建设都取得了举世瞩目的成就，Remarkable achievements have been scored in both the material and spiritual civilization.旧中国积贫积弱的状况已经一去不复返了。

Gone forever are the days in which China was poor and weak.国际舆论评论说：“中国只用了一代人的时间，取得了其他国家用了几个世纪才能取得的成就”。There are comments from world opinion: “It has taken China only on generation to achieve what would have taken other countries several centuries to accomplish”.中国建设的成就，不仅为中国的未来发展奠定了坚实基础，而且也为促进亚洲和世界的和平稳定作出了巨大贡献。

What China has accomplished has not only laid a solid foundation for its future development, but also constituted enormous contribution to peace and stability of Asia and the world at large.中国所以能在短短的几十年间成就这样的大业，是由于在中国共产党领导下全国各族人民实现了前所未有的大团结，是由于中国人民找到了有中国特色的社会主义道路，并从优秀的民族文化传统与时代精神的结合中获得了强大的精神动力。

The reason why China can achieve so much in the short space of several decades lies with the unprecedented unity that the people of all ethnic groups have attained under the leadership of the CPC.It can also be attributed to the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics that the Chinese people have found and to the inspiration that the Chinese nation has drawn from its fine tradition and culture as well as the spirit of the new era.没有自己精神支柱的民族是没有前途的。

A nation without a spirit to support it has no future.要正确把握中国已经发生和将要发生的事情，需要了解中国人民的基本价值观念。

To have a good understanding of what has happened and what will happen in China, it is absolutely necessary to know the basic Chinese values.中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。

The Chinese nation has always valued human dignity and value.还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵”，Even in the ancient days, our ancestors came up with the idea of people being most important, believing that “man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters”.一切社会的发展和进步，都取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。

Progress and development of a society hinge on human progress and development and depend on how well human dignity is maintained and how much human value is realized.中国共产党领导人民进行革命、建设和改革，就是要实现全中国人民广泛的自由、民主和人权。The Communist Party of China has lead the Chinese people in carrying out revolution, development and reform precisely for the purpose of ensuring the entire Chinese people broad freedoms, democracy and human rights.今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主的生动写照。The immense vitality displayed by China today is a vivid reflection of the broad freedoms and democratic rights enjoyed by the Chinese people.中国在公元一世纪人口就已达到过6000万左右，China's population reached around 60 million as early as in the 1st century.众多人口的衣食住行，几千年来一直是中国历代政府所要解决的首要人权问题。

For several thousand years, to provide for the people 's need for food, clothing, housing and transport has all along been the primary human rights challenge for successive governments in Chinese history.今天的中国是一个有12亿多人口的发展中大国，仍然必须首先保障最广大人民的生存权和发展权，不然一切其他权利都无从谈起。

In today's China, which is a large developing country with a population of over 1.2 billion, top priority should still be given to ensuring the greatest possible majority of its people the rights to subsistence and development.Otherwise, there would be no other rights to speak of.中国确保12亿多人的生存权和发展权，这是对世界人权进步事业的重大贡献。

To ensure our people these rights is in itself a major contribution to the progress of the world human rights cause.集体人权与个人人权、经济社会文化权利与公民政治权利紧密结合和协调发展，这是适合中国国情因而是中国人权事业发展的必然道路。

Collective and individual human rights have to go hand in hand and their coordinated development should be pursued, so do economic, social and cultural rights on the one hand and civil and political rights on the other.This is in keeping with China's specific national conditions and is therefore the only way to progress in the human rights cause in China.中国集中力量发展经济，促进社会全面进步，坚持发展社会主义民主，建设社会主义法治国家，都是为了促进中国人民的人权事业。

China has been concentrating its resources on economic development, promoting all-round social progress and persistently developing socialist democracy and building a socialist country under the rule of law.All this is aimed at promoting the cause of human rights of the Chinese people.中国积极参加国际人权领域的活动，在平等与相互尊重的基础上与国际社会就人权问题开展了富有成效的对话与合作，为推进世界人权进步事业作出了积极贡献。

China has played an active part in international activities in the human rights field, carried out highly effective dialogues and cooperation with the rest of international community on the question of human rights on the basis of equality and mutual respect and hence made positive contributions to progress in the global human rights cause.中华民族历来坚持独立自主的民族精神和发展道路。

The Chinese nation has persistently pursued an independent national spirit and road to development.中国人民把独立自主当作立国之本，We, the Chinese people, regard independence as the foundation on which to build the country.在五千多年的不懈奋斗中创造了灿烂的中华文明，We have created a splendid Chinese civilization by making unremitting endeavor over five thousand years.并在近代反抗外来侵略、实现民族解放的斗争中自立自强，最终掌握了自己的命运。

We grew stronger by relying on our own efforts in the struggle to resist foreign aggression and gain national liberation in modern times and finally became masters of our own destiny.独立自主、自力更生，同学习外国，吸收世界文明的成果，Independence and self-reliance should not rule out learning from other countries and drawing upon the fruits of world civilization.是相互结合、相辅相成的。

The two are complementary to each other.中华民族的先人们早就懂得这个道理。

Our ancestors came to know this a long time ago.中国的汉唐时代，都曾在这方面留下了宝贵的历史经验，In this respect, we have valuable historical experience from the Han and Tang Dynasties.当时既是中国自强不息地发展自己的昌盛时期，也是积极开展对外交流，广泛吸收外来进步文化的时期。

Those were periods of prosperity when China strove to develop itself on its own, and also periods when it learned extensively from foreign advanced cultures in the process of actively conducting external exchanges.新中国成立后，中国人民坚持走自己的路，进行经济政治文化建设，把祖国建设成为一个初步繁荣昌盛的社会主义国家。

Since the founding of New China, we Chinese people have persevered in taking our own road and engaging in the economic, political and cultural undertakings and turning our motherland into a socialist country with initial prosperity.同时，积极吸收和借鉴世界一切先进的文明成果，这些文明成果对于中国的发展也起了重要的促进作用。

Meanwhile, we have earnestly absorbed and drawn upon fruits of advanced world civilization, which in turn have greatly promoted the development of China.当然，这种对外国文明的吸收和借鉴决不能是简单的模仿。

However, it must be pointed out that the absorption and learning process is by no means one of simple imitation.中国既不能照抄西方资本主义国家的发展模式，也不能硬搬其他国家建设社会主义的模式，China can not copy the development model of Western capitalist countries, nor can it mechanically follow other countries' models of building socialism.而必须走适合自己国情的发展道路。

On the contrary, it must take a road to development that is suited to its national conditions.这就是我们通过自己的长期实践终于找到的建设有中国特色社会主义的道路。

That is, the road to building socialism with Chinese characteristics, which we have found through long-term practice.中国人民将坚定不移地沿着这条道路走下去。

The Chinese people will move forward unswervingly along this road.中华民族历来珍惜各民族大团结和祖国统一。

The Chinese nation has always valued the great unity of all the ethnic groups and the reunification of the country.中国的56个民族，从古代开始就在华夏大地上劳动和繁衍，经过长期的相互帮助、相互学习，形成了统一的多民族国家。

Since ancient times, people of the 56 ethnic groups have toiled and multiplied on the vast land of China.They have helped each other and learned from each other over long years and thus formed a unitary multi-ethnic country.维护中华民族的团结统一，是中华民族伟大复兴的根本基础，是全国各族人民的根本利益所在。The preservation of solidarity and unity of the Chinese nation is the very foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and is where the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups lie.新中国成立以后，中国在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，Since the founding of New China, regional autonomy has been practiced in places where ethnic minorities live in compact communities.各民族的权益受到宪法保障，The rights and interests of all the ethnic groups are protected by the Constitution.民族地区的经济社会不断发展，Continued social and economic progress has been made in the regions inhabited by ethnic minorities.各民族之间的平等、团结、互助关系不断加强。

The relations between different ethnic groups based on equality, solidarity and mutual help have grown stronger and stronger.中国各族人民坚决反对任何企图分裂中国领土和主权的图谋。

The Chinese people of all ethnic groups are firmly opposed to any attempt to split the Chinese territory and sovereignty.中国民主革命的伟大先行者、中国国民党的创始人孙中山先生早就指出：“中国是一个统一的国家，这一点已牢牢地印在我国的历史意识之中，正是这种意识，才使我们能作为一个国家而被保存下来。” Dr.Sun Yat-sen, the great forerunner of the Chinese democratic revolution and the founder of the Kuomintang(the Nationalist Party), pointed out:“China is a unitary country.This has already been deeply etched in its historical identity.It is this identity that has kept us together as one nation.”

中国政府已经恢复对香港行使主权，澳门也将于今年12月20日回归中国。

The Chinese government has already resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong.Macau will return to the embrace of the motherland on 20 December this year.按照“和平统一、一国两制”方针最终解决台湾问题，完成祖国的统一大业，是全体中国人民不可动摇的意志。

It is the unshakable will of all the Chinese people to ultimately resolve the Taiwan question under the principle of “peaceful reunification, one country two systems” and accomplish the great cause of national reunification.在解决台湾问题上，我们不承诺放弃使用武力，正是为了促成和平解决。

On the settlement of the Taiwan question, we do not undertake to renounce the use of force precisely for the purpose of facilitating a peaceful settlement.中国人民一定能够实现中国的完全统一。

The Chinese people will certainly accomplish the complete reunification of the country.中华民族历来爱好自由与和平。

The Chinese nation always loves freedom and peace.中国人民始终希望天下太平、希望同各国人民友好相处。

The Chinese people have always longed for peace prevailing across the world and wish to live in harmony with the people of all the other countries.“亲仁善邻”，一直为我们的先人们奉为国之宝箴。

“Benevolence and good-neighbourliness” were all along regarded as a treasured maxim by our ancestors.中国人民在近代饱受战争和被侵略的痛苦，更深感自由与和平的珍贵。In modern times, the Chinese people suffered immensely from the scourge of war and aggression, so now they feel all the more strongly the value of freedom and peace.任何一个国家的建设和发展，都需要一个和平稳定的国际国内环境。

The nation-building and development of each and every country requires a peaceful and stable international and domestic environment.任何一个国家和民族的自由，都是一切个人自由的前提和基础。

Freedom of a country and nation serves as a precondition and basis for the freedom of all its individuals.我们希望各国人民都生活在没有战争和暴力的世界里，希望各国人民都能享有不被人压迫、歧视和欺凌的自由。

It is our hope that the people of all countries can live in a world free from war and violence and free from suppression, discrimination and bullying.中国实行以和平为宗旨的外交方针，坚持相互尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政的基本原则。

China pursues a peace-oriented foreign policy and adheres to the basic principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.中国主张不同社会制度的国家应该平等相待，和平共处，反对任何国家以任何形式把自己的政治制度和意识形态强加于别国。

China is of the view that countries with different social systems should treat one another as equals and co-exist peacefully, and is opposed to any attempt to impose in any form one's own political system and ideology on other countries.中国的发展和强盛不会对任何人构成威胁，而只会促进世界的和平、稳定和发展。

A developed, strong and prosperous China will pose no threat to anyone.It will only promote world peace, stability and development.永远不称霸，这是中国人民对世界的庄严承诺。

China will never seek hegemony.This is a solemn commitment of the Chinese people to the world.中国人民选择和实践的社会主义发展道路和各项基本的内外政策，源于现代中国历史发展的必然，也源于中华民族千百年来形成的优良民族传统，因而具有历史和现实的充分依据和牢固基础。

The road to socialist development and the basic domestic and foreign policies chosen and followed by the Chinese people have their origin in the logical historical development of modern China and in the fine national tradition of the Chinese nation formed over thousands of years.Therefore, they are well founded and firmly grounded in terms of both history and realities.我们的目标是，到下个世纪中叶，即中华人民共和国成立一百周年时，基本实现现代化，把中国建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家。

Our goal is to realize modernization by and large and turn China into a strong, prosperous, democratic and culturally-advanced socialist country by the middle of next century when the People's Republic of China celebrates its centenary.中国人民有信心克服和战胜前进道路上出现的各种困难和风险，实现我们既定的伟大目标。

The Chinese people are confident that they will brave and overcome all the difficulties and risks on their way forward and attain this great goal.中国的稳定和发展，将会为中英两国在各个领域的友好合作提供良好的机遇。

The stability and development of China will provide good opportunities for China and the UK to carry out friendly cooperation in various fields.中国愿与英国共同努力，将一个充满活力的中英全面合作伙伴关系带入21世纪。

China is ready to work together with the UK to bring a dynamic China-UK partnership of all-round cooperation into the 21st century.女士们，先生们： Ladies and Gentlemen, 人类又来到了一个新的世纪之交和千年之交的重要历史时刻。

Mankind is again at an important historical juncture when it is about to enter a new century and a new millennium.冷战结束以来，世界形势总体趋向缓和。

Since the end of the Cold War, the world situation has, generally speaking, moved towards relaxation.各国人民要和平、求稳定、谋发展的呼声日益高涨。

There has been an increasingly louder call for peace, stability and development from people of the world.科学技术日新月异的发展，为人类开发和利用自然提供了空前巨大的能力，也为人类自身能力的发展开辟了广阔的前景。

Science and technology, which advance by leads and bounds, have not only provided an unprecedented capacity for mankind to explore and harness nature, but also opened up broad prospects for the development of man's own ability.但天下仍很不太平，世界的和平与发展依然受到这样或那样的威胁。

But the world is far from tranquil, and world peace and development are still under threat in one way or another.强权政治和霸权主义在国际政治、经济和安全领域中依然存在并有新的发展，Power politics and hegemony still exist in international political, economic and security realms and have further asserted themselves.地区冲突此起彼伏，Regional conflicts have erupted one after another.南北发展差距继续拉大，The gap in development between North and South continues to widen.环境恶化、武器扩散、国际犯罪、恐怖主义等跨国问题困扰着人类。

Mankind is plagued by trans-national problems such as environmental degradation, arms proliferation, international crimes and terrorism.如果我们不能抓紧解决这一系列重大问题，世界就难以发展。

If we fail to address these major problems promptly, it will be difficult for the world to develop further.何去何从，解决这些问题的主动权掌握在世界人民手中。

With regard to what course to follow and how to resolve these problems, the initiative is in the hands of the people of the world.推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序，是各国人民和有远见的政治家必须认真而审慎思考的极其重大的课题。

To help establish a just and rational new international political and economic order is a task of vital importance, a task that people of all countries and farsighted statesmen have to ponder over in seriousness and with prudence.为维护世界和平，促进共同发展，所有的国家都必须遵循公认的国际关系基本准则，包括和平共处五项原则和《联合国宪章》的宗旨与原则。

To safeguard world peace and promote common development, all countries must comply with the universally recognized basic norms governing international relations, including the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence and the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.各国的事情要由各国人民作主，国际上的事情要由大家商量解决。

The affairs of a country should be dealt with by the people of that country, and international affairs should be settled through consultation by all countries and regions concerned.各国人民有权自主选择符合本国国情的社会制度和发展道路，创造自己的生活。

People of each country are entitled to choose independently the social system and road to development suited to their national conditions and to build their own lives.维护自己国家的主权和安全，是每个国家的政府和人民的神圣权利与光荣职责，It is the sacred right and glorious duty of the government and people of each country to safeguard their state sovereignty and security.任何别的国家和国际组织都应尊重，都无权进行干预。

All other countries and international organizations should respect them and have no right to interfere.处理国与国的关系应超越社会制度和意识形态的差异，努力寻求共同利益的汇合点，扩大互利合作，谋求共同发展。

It is essential to transcend the differences in social system and ideology in handling state-to-state relations, work to seek convergence of common interests, expand mutually-beneficial cooperation and strive for common development.不能用一种政治制度和发展模式去规范世界。

It is not right to model the world after one political system or development mode.各个国家都应遵循世界是丰富多彩的原则，采取相互学习、取长补短的积极态度，以利共同发展。All countries should honor the principle that the world is colorful and diversified, and adopt a positive attitude of learning from each other to make up for their respective deficiencies in the interest of common development.开展国际经济交往，应该坚持平等互利。

It is essential to adhere to the principle of equality and mutual benefit in conducting international economic exchanges.制定国际经济贸易领域的新规则，应该充分反映经济技术还不发达、处于弱势地位的广大发展中国家的合理要求，注意保障它们的正当权益。

In formulating new rules guiding international economic activities and trade, the reasonable demands of the vast number of developing countries should be fully reflected, as they are under-developed in terms of the economy and technology and at a disadvantage, and attention should be paid to the protection of their legitimate rights and interests.第二次大战以后许多殖民地国家的人民获得了解放和独立，Following World War II, the people of many countries under colonial rule were emancipated and won independence.这是人类社会在20世纪取得的最伟大的进步。

That was the greatest progress made by human society in the 20th century.这些国家经济基础薄弱，处在发展的过程之中。

These countries still have a weak economic foundation and are in the process of development.离开甚至损害发展中国家的利益，整个世界就不可能稳定，更不可能普遍繁荣，Should their interests be ignored or even harmed, the world would not enjoy stability, not to say universal prosperity.就会带来诸多困难、风险和不公正不合理的现象，最终发达国家也会受到损害。And there would emerge a multitude of problems, risks, inequalities and irrationalities, which would ultimately jeopardize the interest of developed countries.我们希望各国的政治家都能关注逐步解决南北经济差距不断拉大这一十分紧迫的问题。

It is our hope that the statesmen of all countries will pay attention to the very urgent issue of gradually narrowing the widening gap between North and South economically.这个问题不解决，必将对全球经济的稳定发展产生极大的负面影响，人类共同发展繁荣的目标就不可能实现。

This problem, if not solved, is bound to inflict a big negative impact on the steady growth of the global economy, and make it impossible for mankind to achieve common development and prosperity.维护国际安全，必须彻底摒弃冷战思维，努力把国际社会的持久和平建立在促进各国相互信任和共同利益的新安全观的基础上。

To maintain international security, it is essential to discard the Cold-War mentality and work to build a lasting peace for the international community on the basis of a new security concept featuring promotion of mutual trust and common interests of all countries.应通过国际社会的共同努力，首先确立有利于世界和平与稳定，有利于各国和平发展的安全机制，任何国家都不能把自己的所谓安全建立在损害他国安全利益的基础上。

A security mechanism conducive to world peace and stability and to peaceful development of all countries should first be established through the concerted efforts of the international community.Under it, no country should be allowed to build its own so-called security at the expense of the security interests of other countries.应通过对话增进信任，通过合作谋求安全，相互尊重主权，和平解决争端。

It is essential to build confidence through dialogue, seek security through cooperation, respect each other's sovereignty and settle disputes through peaceful means.中国2550年前诞生的杰出教育家、思想家孔子说过：“逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。”

Confucius, an outstanding educator and thinker of China who was born about 2,550 years ago, once said:“The passage of time is just like the flow of water, which goes on day and night.”

时光流逝不可逆转。

The lapse of time is irreversible.21世纪正在到来。

The 21st century is just around the corner.人类美好的未来要靠一代代年轻人去创造。

The beautiful future of mankind will depend on the efforts of young people generation after generation.我希望，中英两国青年顺应时代的要求和世界发展的潮流，刻苦学习，知难而进，为建设自己的国家，为维护世界和平、促进人类进步事业作出应有的贡献。

It is my hope that the youth of China and the UK will meet the needs of the times and follow the tide of world development, study hard, move ahead in defiance of difficulties and make their due contribution to the development of their own countries, maintenance of world peace and advancement of the cause of human progress.谢谢各位。Thank you.

第二篇：敬爱的温总理剑桥演讲全文

敬爱的温总理剑桥演讲全文——用发展的眼光看中国

尊敬的校长，老师们、同学们，今天外边下着大雪，天气严寒，但是我的心是热的，我早已盼望在剑桥同老师同学们见面，互相交流。现在正是金融危机的严冬季节，但是我看到年轻人仿佛看到了春天，看到了光明和未来。因为我坚信知识的力量，年轻人的勇气是可以改变人的命运、国家的命运、整个世界的命运。一篇好的演讲应该是不加修饰的，用心说话，讲真话，这就是演讲的实质，我希望我的演讲能够给老师、同学们思想以启迪。你们能够记住其中一两句话我也就满足了。

其实到高等学府我的心里总是充满着一种敬畏的心情，这种心情是由于我对知识、对老师、对学校的尊重，所以我刚才深深的给校长、给老师们鞠躬，那不是礼节，而是一个学生对待校长和老师应尽的礼貌。剑桥举世闻名，培养出牛顿、达尔文、培根等许多杰出的科学家、思想家，为人类文明进步做出了重要贡献，今年是剑桥建校800周年，我谨致以热烈祝贺。首先我向剑桥大学赠送“中华数字书院”，其中收入了中国出版的20万册电子图书，涉及中国的政治、经济、历史、文化等各个领域，大家可以从中更多的了解中国。

这是我第四次访问英国，中英相距遥远但两国人民的友好交往不断增多，香港问题的圆满解决、经贸、文教、科技等领域的有效合作，为发展中英全面战略合作伙伴关系奠定了坚实的基础，为此我向大家表示崇高的敬意，今天我演讲的题目是“用发展的眼光看中国”。我深深爱着的祖国古老而又年轻，说他古老，他是一个有着数千年文明史的东方大国，中华民族以自己的勤劳和智慧创造了灿烂的古代文明，对人类发展作出过重大贡献；说他年轻，新中国成立才60年，改革开放才30年，中国人民经过长期不懈的斗争建立了新中国，又经过艰苦的探索终于找到了适合国情的发展道路，中国特色社会主义、中国改革开放最重要的是解放思想，最根本，最具有长远意义的是体制创新，我们推进经济体制改革，建立了社会主义市场经济体制，在政府的宏观调控下充分发挥市场对资源配制的基础性作用。我们深化政治体制改革，把发展民主和完善法制结合起来，实行人民当家作主，依法治国，建设社会主义法制国家。

改革开放的实质就是坚持以人为本，通过解放和发展生产力满足人们日益增长的物质文化需求，在公正的条件下促进人们的全面发展，就是保障人民的民主权利，让国家政通人和，兴旺发达；就是维护人的尊严和自由，让每个人的智慧和力量得以迸发，成功的追求自己的幸福生活。30年来，中国贫困人口减少了2亿多，人均寿命提高了5岁，8300万残疾人得到了政府和社会的特殊关爱，这是中国保障人权的光辉业绩。9年免费义务教育的推行，农村合作医疗制度的建立，社会保障体系的完善使学有所教，病有所医，老有所养的理想正在变为现实，我愿借用两句唐诗形容中国的现状，“潮平两岸阔，风正一帆弦”，这是一个古而又新的发展中大国进行的一场伟大实践，掌握了自己命运的中国人民对未来充满信心，我深深爱着的祖国历经磨难而又自强不息。我年轻时曾长期工作在中国的西北地区，在那浩瀚的沙漠中生长着一种稀有的树种叫胡杨，扎根地下50多米，抗干旱，斗风沙，耐盐碱，生命力极其顽强，它生而1000年不死，死而1000年不倒，倒而1000年不朽，世人称为英雄树。我非常喜欢胡杨，它是中华民族坚韧不拔精神的象征。几百年来中华民族一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了急流险滩，昂首挺胸的走到今天，深重的灾难铸就了他百折不挠的品格，中华民族的历史证明了一个真理，一个民族在灾难中失去的必将从民主的进步中得到补偿。

此时此刻我不禁想起在汶川地震灾区的亲身经历。今年春节除夕，我就是在灾区渡过的，去年5月四川汶川发生震惊世界的特大地震，北川中学被夷为平地，孩子伤亡惨重，在救援的现场我曾经指挥过抢救，我紧紧抱住两个孩子。前不久一位在西班牙学绘画的同学把这幅场景画了一幅油画送给了我，标题就叫“依偎”。可是时隔10天，当我第二次来到这里的时候乡亲们已经在废墟上搭起了板房教室，校园里又回荡着孩子们朗朗的读书声，当时我在黑板上给同学们写下了“多难兴邦”几个字，地震发生以来我七次到灾区，碰到这样感人的事迹不胜枚举，我为我们中华民族这种越挫越奋的精神感到高兴，这是我们生生不息的力量源泉，经过半个多世纪的艰苦奋斗，中国有了比较大的发展。经济总量跃居世界前列，但我们仍然是一个发展中国家，同发达国家相比还有很大的差距，人口多、底子薄、发展不平衡，这种基本国情还没有从根本上得到改变，中国的人均GDP水平排在世界100位之后，仅为英国的1/18。到过中国旅游的朋友，你们所看到的城市是现代的，而我们的农村还比较落后。到本世纪中叶，中国要基本实现现代化，这面临三大历史任务：既要努力实现欧洲早已完成的工业化，又要追赶新世纪革命的浪潮；既要不断提高经济发展水平，又要实现社会的公平正义；既要实现国内的可持续发展，又要承担相应的国际责任。

中国要赶上发达国家水平，还有很长很长的路要走，还会遇到许多艰难险阻，但是任何困难都阻挡不住中国人民前进的步伐，只要我们坚持不懈的努力奋斗，中国现代化的目标就一定能够实现。我深深爱着的祖国，珍视传统而又开放兼容，中华传统文化底蕴深厚，博大精深，“和”在中国古代历史上被封为最高价值，是中华文化的精髓，中国古老的经典《尚书》就提出了主张人民和睦相处，国家友好往来，和为贵的文化传统哺育了中华民族宽广博达的胸怀，我们的民族既能像大地承载万物一样宽厚包容，又能像苍天一样彰显正义，15世纪中国著名航海家郑和七下西洋，到过三十几个国家，他带去了中国的茶叶、丝绸、瓷器，还帮助沿途的国家剿灭海盗，真正做到了博人爱与友邦。说国强必霸这不适合中国，称霸既有悖于我们的文化传统，也违背中国人民的意志，中国的发展不损害任何人，也不威胁任何人。中国要做和平的大国、学习的大国、合作的大国，致力于建设一个和谐的世界。

不同的国家，不同民族的文化需要相互尊重，相互包容和相互学习，今天的中国有3亿人在学英语。

我们的新闻广播天天都在介绍文化艺术，正因为我们善于在交流中学习，在见解中收获才有今天中国的繁荣和进步。进入21世纪经济全球化信息网络化已经把世界连成一体，文化的发展将不再是各自封闭的，而是相互影响中多元共存，一个国家，一个民族对人类文化贡献的大小越来越取决于他吸收未来文化的能力和自我更新的能力，中国将永远坚持开放兼容的方针，既珍视传统又博采众长，用文明的方式、和谐的方式实现经济繁荣和社会进步。

女士们、先生们，我之所以强调用发展的眼光看中国，就是因为世界在变，中国也在变，如今的中国早已不是100年前封闭落后的旧中国，也不是30年前贫穷僵化的中国，经过改革开放，中国的面貌已焕然一新，北京奥运会向世界展示的就是这样一个古老、多彩和现代的中国。我希望朋友们多到中国走一走，看一看，了解今天的中国人究竟在想什么、做什么、关心什么，这样有助于你们认识一个真实的不断发展变化着的中国，也有助于你们了解中国是如何应对当前这场全球性金融危机的。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国和包括英国在内的欧洲都受到严重的冲击，现在危机尚未见底，由此可能带来的各种严重后果还难以预料，合作应对、共度难关是我们的首要任务。我认为应对全球性危机需要增进合作，有多大程度的相互信任就可能有多大程度的合作。

中国政府主张：第一要首先办好各国自己的事情，不要把麻烦推给别人；第二要精诚合作，不要搞以邻为祸；第三要标本兼治，不能头疼医头，脚疼医脚。我在达沃斯会上已经重申，应对国际货币金融体系进行必要的改革，建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序。努力营造有利于全球经济发展的制度环境，我不想再重复在达沃斯讲的那些观点了，这里我想谈一谈中国是如何应对这场金融危机的。

金融危机对中国实体经济的影响日益显现，从去年第三季度以来出口大幅下滑，经济增速放缓，就业压力加大，中国经济面临着严峻的局面，面对危机我们果断决策，及时调整宏观经济政策的趋向，迅速出台扩大国内需求的十项措施，陆续制定了一系列政策，形成了系统完整的促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划，主要包括以下几个方面：

一是大规模增加政府支出，扩大内需。中国政府推出了以财政支出带动社会投资、总额4万亿元的两年计划，规模相当于2007年中国GDP的16%，主要投向保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、铁路交通等基础设施以及社会事业、生态环保建设和地震灾后恢复重建。中国政府还推出了大规模的减税计划，一年可减轻企业和居民负担约5千亿元，我们还大幅降息和增加银行的流动性，出台了一系列措施。

二是大范围实施产业调整振兴计划。我们全面推进产业结构调整和优化升级，制定了汽车钢铁等10个重点产业的调整和振兴规划，我们采取经济和技术的措施，大力推进节能减排，推进企业兼并重组，提高产业集中度和资源配置的效率，我们鼓励和支持企业广泛应用新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料、开发时效对路的产品。

三是大力推进科技进步和创新。科技是克服金融危机的根本力量，每一场大的危机常常伴随一场新的科技革命，每一次经济的复苏都离不开技术的创新。我们加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划，特别是核心电子器件、核能开发利用、高档数控机床等16个重大专项，突破一批核心技术和关键技术，为中国经济在更高水平上实现可持续发展提供科技支撑，推动发展高科技术产业群，培育新的经济增长点。我们就是要依靠科学技术的重大突破创造新的社会需求，催生新一轮的经济繁荣。

四是大幅度提高社会保障水平。继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金，提高失业保险金和工伤保险金标准，提高城乡低保，农村五保等保障水平，积极推进医疗卫生体制改革，力争用3年时间基本建成覆盖全国城乡的基本医疗卫生制度，初步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。我们坚持优先发展教育，正在制订中长期教育规划发展纲要，我们实施更加积极的就业政策，重点解决高校毕业生和农民工的就业问题，开辟就业岗位，缓解就业压力，我们采取的这些措施把扩大国内需求、调整振兴产业、加强科技支撑、强化社会保障结合起来。把拉动经济增长和改善民生、增加就业结合起来，把克服当前困难和促进长远发展结合起来，这样做有利于中国的发展。也将给包括英国在内的各国企业带来巨大商机，这场百年一遇的金融危机留给世人的思考是沉重的，它警示人们对现行的经济体制应该进行深刻的反思。

中国曾经长期实行过高度集中的计划经济，把计划看成绝对的，束缚了生产力的发展，这场金融危机使我们看到市场也不是万能的。一味放任自由势必引起经济秩序的混乱和社会分配的不公，最终受到惩罚。真正的市场化改革决不会把市场机制与国家宏观调控对立起来，既要发挥市场这只看不见的手的作用，又要发挥政府和社会监管这只看得见的手的作用，两手都要硬，两手同时发挥作用，才能实现按照市场规律配制资源，也才能使资源配制合理、协调、平衡、可持续。

国际金融危机再次告诉人们不受监管的市场经济是多么可怕，从上世纪90年代以来，一些经济体受利益驱动，利用数十倍的金融杠杆进行超额融资，在获取高额利润的同时把巨大的风险留给世界，这充分说明不受管理的市场经济是注定行不通的，因此必须处理好金融创新与金融监管的关系、虚拟经济与实体经济的关系、储蓄与消费的关系。有效应对这场危机还必须高度重视道德的作用。道德是世界上最伟大的，道德的光芒甚至比阳光还要灿烂，真正的经济学理论决不会同最高的伦理道德准则产生冲突，经济学说应该代表公正和诚信，平等的促进所有人，包括最弱势人群的扶持，被誉为现代经济学之父的亚当斯密，道德缺失是导致这次金融危机的深层次原因，一些人见利忘义损害公众利益，丧失了道德底线，9(待续)我们应该倡导企业要承担社会责任，企业家身上要流淌着道德的血液。

尊敬的校长，老师们、同学们，今天外边下着大雪，天气严寒，但是我的心是热的，我早已盼望在剑桥同老师同学们见面，互相交流。现在正是金融危机的严冬季节，但是我看到年轻人仿佛看到了春天，看到了光明和未来。因为我坚信知识的力量，年轻人的勇气是可以改变人的命运、国家的命运、整个世界的命运。一篇好的演讲应该是不加修饰的，用心说话，讲真话，这就是演讲的实质，我希望我的演讲能够给老师、同学们思想以启迪。你们能够记住其中一两句话我也就满足了。

其实到高等学府我的心里总是充满着一种敬畏的心情，这种心情是由于我对知识、对老师、对学校的尊重，所以我刚才深深的给校长、给老师们鞠躬，那不是礼节，而是一个学生对待校长和老师应尽的礼貌。剑桥举世闻名，培养出牛顿、达尔文、培根等许多杰出的科学家、思想家，为人类文明进步做出了重要贡献，今年是剑桥建校800周年，我谨致以热烈祝贺。首先我向剑桥大学赠送“中华数字书院”，其中收入了中国出版的20万册电子图书，涉及中国的政治、经济、历史、文化等各个领域，大家可以从中更多的了解中国。

这是我第四次访问英国，中英相距遥远但两国人民的友好交往不断增多，香港问题的圆满解决、经贸、文教、科技等领域的有效合作，为发展中英全面战略合作伙伴关系奠定了坚实的基础，为此我向大家表示崇高的敬意，今天我演讲的题目是“用发展的眼光看中国”。我深深爱着的祖国古老而又年轻，说他古老，他是一个有着数千年文明史的东方大国，中华民族以自己的勤劳和智慧创造了灿烂的古代文明，对人类发展作出过重大贡献；说他年轻，新中国成立才60年，改革开放才30年，中国人民经过长期不懈的斗争建立了新中国，又经过艰苦的探索终于找到了适合国情的发展道路，中国特色社会主义、中国改革开放最重要的是解放思想，最根本，最具有长远意义的是体制创新，我们推进经济体制改革，建立了社会主义市场经济体制，在政府的宏观调控下充分发挥市场对资源配制的基础性作用。我们深化政治体制改革，把发展民主和完善法制结合起来，实行人民当家作主，依法治国，建设社会主义法制国家。

改革开放的实质就是坚持以人为本，通过解放和发展生产力满足人们日益增长的物质文化需求，在公正的条件下促进人们的全面发展，就是保障人民的民主权利，让国家政通人和，兴旺发达；就是维护人的尊严和自由，让每个人的智慧和力量得以迸发，成功的追求自己的幸福生活。30年来，中国贫困人口减少了2亿多，人均寿命提高了5岁，8300万残疾人得到了政府和社会的特殊关爱，这是中国保障人权的光辉业绩。9年免费义务教育的推行，农村合作医疗制度的建立，社会保障体系的完善使学有所教，病有所医，老有所养的理想正在变为现实，我愿借用两句唐诗形容中国的现状，“潮平两岸阔，风正一帆弦”，这是一个古而又新的发展中大国进行的一场伟大实践，掌握了自己命运的中国人民对未来充满信心，我深深爱着的祖国历经磨难而又自强不息。我年轻时曾长期工作在中国的西北地区，在那浩瀚的沙漠中生长着一种稀有的树种叫胡杨，扎根地下50多米，抗干旱，斗风沙，耐盐碱，生命力极其顽强，它生而1000年不死，死而1000年不倒，倒而1000年不朽，世人称为英雄树。我非常喜欢胡杨，它是中华民族坚韧不拔精神的象征。几百年来中华民族一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了急流险滩，昂首挺胸的走到今天，深重的灾难铸就了他百折不挠的品格，中华民族的历史证明了一个真理，一个民族在灾难中失去的必将从民主的进步中得到补偿。

此时此刻我不禁想起在汶川地震灾区的亲身经历。今年春节除夕，我就是在灾区渡过的，去年5月四川汶川发生震惊世界的特大地震，北川中学被夷为平地，孩子伤亡惨重，在救援的现场我曾经指挥过抢救，我紧紧抱住两个孩子。前不久一位在西班牙学绘画的同学把这幅场景画了一幅油画送给了我，标题就叫“依偎”。可是时隔10天，当我第二次来到这里的时候乡亲们已经在废墟上搭起了板房教室，校园里又回荡着孩子们朗朗的读书声，当时我在黑板上给同学们写下了“多难兴邦”几个字，地震发生以来我七次到灾区，碰到这样感人的事迹不胜枚举，我为我们中华民族这种越挫越奋的精神感到高兴，这是我们生生不息的力量源泉，经过半个多世纪的艰苦奋斗，中国有了比较大的发展。经济总量跃居世界前列，但我们仍然是一个发展中国家，同发达国家相比还有很大的差距，人口多、底子薄、发展不平衡，这种基本国情还没有从根本上得到改变，中国的人均GDP水平排在世界100位之后，仅为英国的1/18。到过中国旅游的朋友，你们所看到的城市是现代的，而我们的农村还比较落后。到本世纪中叶，中国要基本实现现代化，这面临三大历史任务：既要努力实现欧洲早已完成的工业化，又要追赶新世纪革命的浪潮；既要不断提高经济发展水平，又要实现社会的公平正义；既要实现国内的可持续发展，又要承担相应的国际责任。

中国要赶上发达国家水平，还有很长很长的路要走，还会遇到许多艰难险阻，但是任何困难都阻挡不住中国人民前进的步伐，只要我们坚持不懈的努力奋斗，中国现代化的目标就一定能够实现。我深深爱着的祖国，珍视传统而又开放兼容，中华传统文化底蕴深厚，博大精深，“和”在中国古代历史上被封为最高价值，是中华文化的精髓，中国古老的经典《尚书》就提出了主张人民和睦相处，国家友好往来，和为贵的文化传统哺育了中华民族宽广博达的胸怀，我们的民族既能像大地承载万物一样宽厚包容，又能像苍天一样彰显正义，15世纪中国著名航海家郑和七下西洋，到过三十几个国家，他带去了中国的茶叶、丝绸、瓷器，还帮助沿途的国家剿灭海盗，真正做到了博人爱与友邦。说国强必霸这不适合中国，称霸既有悖于我们的文化传统，也违背中国人民的意志，中国的发展不损害任何人，也不威胁任何人。中国要做和平的大国、学习的大国、合作的大国，致力于建设一个和谐的世界。

不同的国家，不同民族的文化需要相互尊重，相互包容和相互学习，今天的中国有3亿人在学英语。

我们的新闻广播天天都在介绍文化艺术，正因为我们善于在交流中学习，在见解中收获才有今天中国的繁荣和进步。进入21世纪经济全球化信息网络化已经把世界连成一体，文化的发展将不再是各自封闭的，而是相互影响中多元共存，一个国家，一个民族对人类文化贡献的大小越来越取决于他吸收未来文化的能力和自我更新的能力，中国将永远坚持开放兼容的方针，既珍视传统又博采众长，用文明的方式、和谐的方式实现经济繁荣和社会进步。

女士们、先生们，我之所以强调用发展的眼光看中国，就是因为世界在变，中国也在变，如今的中国早已不是100年前封闭落后的旧中国，也不是30年前贫穷僵化的中国，经过改革开放，中国的面貌已焕然一新，北京奥运会向世界展示的就是这样一个古老、多彩和现代的中国。我希望朋友们多到中国走一走，看一看，了解今天的中国人究竟在想什么、做什么、关心什么，这样有助于你们认识一个真实的不断发展变化着的中国，也有助于你们了解中国是如何应对当前这场全球性金融危机的。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国和包括英国在内的欧洲都受到严重的冲击，现在危机尚未见底，由此可能带来的各种严重后果还难以预料，合作应对、共度难关是我们的首要任务。我认为应对全球性危机需要增进合作，有多大程度的相互信任就可能有多大程度的合作。

中国政府主张：第一要首先办好各国自己的事情，不要把麻烦推给别人；第二要精诚合作，不要搞以邻为祸；第三要标本兼治，不能头疼医头，脚疼医脚。我在达沃斯会上已经重申，应对国际货币金融体系进行必要的改革，建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序。努力营造有利于全球经济发展的制度环境，我不想再重复在达沃斯讲的那些观点了，这里我想谈一谈中国是如何应对这场金融危机的。

金融危机对中国实体经济的影响日益显现，从去年第三季度以来出口大幅下滑，经济增速放缓，就业压力加大，中国经济面临着严峻的局面，面对危机我们果断决策，及时调整宏观经济政策的趋向，迅速出台扩大国内需求的十项措施，陆续制定了一系列政策，形成了系统完整的促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划，主要包括以下几个方面：

一是大规模增加政府支出，扩大内需。中国政府推出了以财政支出带动社会投资、总额4万亿元的两年计划，规模相当于2007年中国GDP的16%，主要投向保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、铁路交通等基础设施以及社会事业、生态环保建设和地震灾后恢复重建。中国政府还推出了大规模的减税计划，一年可减轻企业和居民负担约5千亿元，我们还大幅降息和增加银行的流动性，出台了一系列措施。

二是大范围实施产业调整振兴计划。我们全面推进产业结构调整和优化升级，制定了汽车钢铁等10个重点产业的调整和振兴规划，我们采取经济和技术的措施，大力推进节能减排，推进企业兼并重组，提高产业集中度和资源配置的效率，我们鼓励和支持企业广泛应用新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料、开发时效对路的产品。

三是大力推进科技进步和创新。科技是克服金融危机的根本力量，每一场大的危机常常伴随一场新的科技革命，每一次经济的复苏都离不开技术的创新。我们加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划，特别是核心电子器件、核能开发利用、高档数控机床等16个重大专项，突破一批核心技术和关键技术，为中国经济在更高水平上实现可持续发展提供科技支撑，推动发展高科技术产业群，培育新的经济增长点。我们就是要依靠科学技术的重大突破创造新的社会需求，催生新一轮的经济繁荣。

四是大幅度提高社会保障水平。继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金，提高失业保险金和工伤保险金标准，提高城乡低保，农村五保等保障水平，积极推进医疗卫生体制改革，力争用3年时间基本建成覆盖全国城乡的基本医疗卫生制度，初步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。我们坚持优先发展教育，正在制订中长期教育规划发展纲要，我们实施更加积极的就业政策，重点解决高校毕业生和农民工的就业问题，开辟就业岗位，缓解就业压力，我们采取的这些措施把扩大国内需求、调整振兴产业、加强科技支撑、强化社会保障结合起来。把拉动经济增长和改善民生、增加就业结合起来，把克服当前困难和促进长远发展结合起来，这样做有利于中国的发展。也将给包括英国在内的各国企业带来巨大商机，这场百年一遇的金融危机留给世人的思考是沉重的，它警示人们对现行的经济体制应该进行深刻的反思。

中国曾经长期实行过高度集中的计划经济，把计划看成绝对的，束缚了生产力的发展，这场金融危机使我们看到市场也不是万能的。一味放任自由势必引起经济秩序的混乱和社会分配的不公，最终受到惩罚。真正的市场化改革决不会把市场机制与国家宏观调控对立起来，既要发挥市场这只看不见的手的作用，又要发挥政府和社会监管这只看得见的手的作用，两手都要硬，两手同时发挥作用，才能实现按照市场规律配制资源，也才能使资源配制合理、协调、平衡、可持续。

国际金融危机再次告诉人们不受监管的市场经济是多么可怕，从上世纪90年代以来，一些经济体受利益驱动，利用数十倍的金融杠杆进行超额融资，在获取高额利润的同时把巨大的风险留给世界，这充分说明不受管理的市场经济是注定行不通的，因此必须处理好金融创新与金融监管的关系、虚拟经济与实体经济的关系、储蓄与消费的关系。有效应对这场危机还必须高度重视道德的作用。道德是世界上最伟大的，道德的光芒甚至比阳光还要灿烂，真正的经济学理论决不会同最高的伦理道德准则产生冲突，经济学说应该代表公正和诚信，平等的促进所有人，包括最弱势人群的扶持，被誉为现代经济学之父的亚当斯密，道德缺失是导致这次金融危机的深层次原因，一些人见利忘义损害公众利益，丧失了道德底线，我们应该倡导企业要承担社会责任，企业家身上要流淌着道德的血液。

女士们、先生们，英国是我这次欧洲之行的最后一站，这次访问加深了我对欧洲的了解，中欧合作已经站在一个新的历史起点上。我对中欧发展全面战略伙伴关系更加充满信心，我们之间不存在历史遗留问题，也不存在根本厉害冲突，中欧合作基础坚实，前景光明，英国是最早进入现代化的国家，你们在发展经济、保护环境方面有着许多成功的经验，我们愿意向你们学习，加强交流与合作。

未来属于青年一代，中英关系美好的前景要靠青年去开拓，抚今追昔，我和校长一样想起了对中英文化交流作出重要贡献的剑桥校友李约瑟博士。

人类的幸福是历史的潮流，是任何力量阻挡不了的，请让我讲下去。李约瑟博士在他的宏篇巨作架起了桥梁，希望更多的剑桥人关注中国，用发展的眼光看中国，使中英交流的友好实质，在剑桥代代相传，我相信只要中英两国的青年相互学习，携手共进，一定会谱写出中英关系崭新篇章，谢谢大家！

第三篇：温家宝剑桥发表演讲

新华网英国剑桥２月２日电 国务院总理温家宝２日在英国剑桥大学具有５００年历史的“瑞德讲坛”发表了题为《用发展的眼光看中国》的演讲。全文如下：

用发展的眼光看中国━━在剑桥大学的演讲

中华人民共和国国务院总理 温家宝

尊敬的校长，老师们，同学们：

今天外边下着大雪，天气严寒，但是我的心是热的。我早已盼望在剑桥同老师、同学们见面，互相交流。现在正是金融危机的严冬季节，但是我看到年轻人，仿佛看到了春天，看到了光明和未来。因为我坚信，知识的力量，年轻人的勇气，是可以改变人的命运、国家的命运、整个世界的命运。一篇好的演讲应该是不加修饰的。用心说话，讲真话，这就是演讲的实质。我希望我的演讲能够给老师、同学们思想以启迪。你们能够记住其中一两句话，那我也就满足了。

到高等学府，我的心里总是充满敬意。这种心情是由于我对知识、对老师、对学校的尊敬。所以，我方才深深地给校长、给老师们鞠个躬，那不是礼节，而是一个学生对待校长和老师应尽的礼貌。

来到向往已久的剑桥大学，非常高兴。剑桥举世闻名，培养出牛顿、达尔文、培根等许多杰出的科学家、思想家，为人类文明进步作出了重要贡献。今年是剑桥建校８００周年，我谨致以热烈祝贺！首先，我向剑桥大学赠送“中华数字书苑”，其中收录了中国出版的２０万种电子图书，涉及中国政治、经济、历史、文化等各个领域，大家可以从中更多地了解中国。这是我第四次访问英国。中英相距遥远，但两国人民的友好交往不断增多。香港问题的圆满解决，经贸、文教、科技等领域的有效合作，为发展中英全面战略伙伴关系奠定了坚实基础。在此，我向长期致力于中英友好的朋友们表示崇高的敬意！

今天，我演讲的题目是：

用发展的眼光看中国。

我深深爱着的祖国——古老而又年轻。

说她古老，她是一个有着数千年文明史的东方大国。中华民族以自己的勤劳和智慧，创造了灿烂的古代文明，对人类发展作出过重大贡献。

说她年轻，新中国成立才６０年，改革开放才３０年。中国人民经过长期不懈的斗争建立了新中国，又经过艰苦的探索，终于找到了适合国情的发展道路——中国特色社会主义道路，文明古国焕发了青春活力。

中国改革开放，最重要的是解放思想，最根本、最具有长远意义的是体制创新。我们推进经济体制改革，建立了社会主义市场经济体制。在政府的宏观调控下，充分发挥市场对资源配置的基础性作用。我们深化政治体制改革，把发展民主和完善法制结合起来，实行人民当家作主，依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。

改革开放的实质，就是坚持以人为本，通过解放和发展生产力满足人们日益增长的物质文化需求，在公正的条件下促进人的全面发展；就是保障人民的民主权利，让国家政通人和、兴旺发达；就是维护人的尊严和自由，让每个人的智慧和力量得以迸发，成功地追求自己的幸福生活。

３０年来，中国贫困人口减少了２亿多，人均寿命提高了５岁，８３００万残疾人得到政府和社会的特殊关爱，这是中国保障人权的光辉业绩。九年免费义务教育的推行，农村合作医疗制度的建立，社会保障体系的完善，使学有所教、病有所医、老有所养的理想，正在变为现实。我愿借用两句唐诗形容中国的现状：“潮平两岸阔，风正一帆悬。”中国人正在努力实现现代化，这是一个古而又新的发展中大国进行的一场伟大实践。掌握了自己命运的中国人民，对未来充满信心！

我深深爱着的祖国——历经磨难而又自强不息。

我年轻时曾长期工作在中国的西北地区。在那浩瀚的沙漠中，生长着一种稀有的树种，叫胡杨。它扎根地下５０多米，抗干旱、斗风沙、耐盐碱，生命力极其顽强。它“生而一千年不死，死而一千年不倒，倒而一千年不朽”，世人称为英雄树。我非常喜欢胡杨，它是中华民族坚韧不拔精神的象征。

千百年来，中华民族一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了急流险滩，昂首挺胸地走到今天。深重的灾难，铸就了她百折不挠、自强不息的品格。中华民族的历史证明了一个真理：一个民族在灾难中失去的，必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。

此时此刻，我不禁想起在汶川地震灾区的亲身经历。去年５月，四川汶川发生震惊世界的特大地震，北川中学被夷为平地，孩子伤亡惨重。可是，时隔１０天，当我第二次来到这里时，乡亲们已在废墟上搭起了板房教室，校园里又回荡着孩子们朗朗的读书声。当时我在黑板上，给同学们写下了“多难兴邦”几个字。地震发生以来，我７次到汶川灾区，碰到这样感人的事迹不胜枚举。我为我们中华民族这种愈挫愈奋的精神深深感动。这种伟大的精神，正是我们的民族饱经忧患而愈益坚强、生生不息的力量源泉。

经过半个多世纪的艰苦奋斗，中国有了比较大的发展，经济总量跃居世界前列，但我们仍然是一个发展中国家，同发达国家相比还有很大的差距。人口多，底子薄，发展不平衡，这种基本国情还没有从根本上得到改变。中国的人均ＧＤＰ水平，排在世界１００位之后，仅为英国的十八分之一。到过中国旅游的朋友，你们所看到的城市是现代的，而我们的农村还比较落后。到本世纪中叶，中国要基本实现现代化，面临三大历史任务：既要努力实现欧洲早已完成的工业化，又要追赶新科技革命的浪潮；既要不断提高经济发展水平，又要实现社会公平正义；既要实现国内的可持续发展，又要承担相应的国际责任。中国要赶上发达国家水平，还有很长很长的路要走，还会遇到许多艰难险阻。但是，任何困难都阻挡不住中国人民前进的步伐，只要我们坚持不懈地努力奋斗，中国现代化的目标就一定能够实现。

我深深爱着的祖国——珍视传统而又开放兼容。

中华传统文化底蕴深厚、博大精深。“和”在中国古代历史上被奉为最高价值，是中华文化的精髓。中国古老的经典——《尚书》就提出“百姓昭明，协和万邦”的理想，主张人民和睦相处，国家友好往来。

“和为贵”的文化传统，哺育了中华民族宽广博大的胸怀。我们的民族，既能像大地承载万物一样，宽厚包容；又能像苍天刚健运行一样，彰显正义。

１５世纪，中国著名航海家郑和七下西洋，到过三十几个国家。他带去了中国的茶叶、丝绸、瓷器，还帮助沿途有的国家剿灭海盗，真正做到了播仁爱于友邦。

国强必霸，不适合中国。称霸，既有悖于我们的文化传统，也违背中国人民意志。中国的发展不损害任何人，也不威胁任何人。中国要做和平的大国、学习的大国、合作的大国，致力于建设一个和谐的世界。

不同国家、不同民族的文化，需要相互尊重、相互包容和相互学习。今天的中国，有３亿人在学英语，有１００多万青年人在国外留学。我们的电视、广播、出版等新闻传媒，天天都在介绍世界各地的文化艺术。正因为我们善于在交流中学习，在借鉴中收获，才有今天中国的繁荣和进步。进入２１世纪，经济全球化、信息网络化，已经把世界连成一体，文化的发展将不再是各自封闭的，而是在相互影响中多元共存。一个国家、一个民族对人类文化贡献的大小，越来越取决于她吸收外来文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中国将永远坚持开放兼容的方针，既珍视传统，又博采众长，用文明的方式、和谐的方式实现经济繁荣和社会进步。

老师们，同学们：

我之所以强调用发展的眼光看中国，就是因为世界在变，中国也在变。如今的中国，早已不是一百年前封闭落后的旧中国，也不是３０年前贫穷僵化的中国。经过改革开放，中国的面貌已焕然一新。北京奥运会向世界展示的，就是这样一个古老、多彩和现代的中国。我希望朋友们，多到中国走一走、看一看，了解今天的中国人究竟在想什么、做什么、关心什么。这样，有助于你们认识一个真实的、不断发展变化着的中国，也有助于你们了解中国是如何应对当前这场全球性金融危机的。

在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国和包括英国在内的欧洲都受到严重冲击。现在危机尚未见底，由此可能带来的各种严重后果还难以预料。合作应对、共渡难关，是我们的首要任务。

我认为，应对全球性危机，需要增进合作。有多大程度的相互信任，就可能有多大程度的合作。中国政府主张：第一，要首先办好各国自己的事情，不把麻烦推给别人；第二，要精诚合作，不搞以邻为壑；第三，要标本兼治，不能头疼医头、脚疼医脚。我在达沃斯会议上已重申，应该对国际货币金融体系进行必要的改革，建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序，努力营造有利于全球经济发展的制度环境。

这里我想谈一谈中国是如何应对这场金融危机的。

金融危机对中国实体经济的影响日益显现。从去年第三季度以来，出口大幅下滑，经济增速放缓，就业压力加大。中国经济面临着严峻的局面。面对危机，我们果断决策，及时调整宏观经济政策取向，迅速出台扩大国内需求的十项措施，陆续制定了一系列政策，形成了系统完整的促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划。主要包括以下几个方面：

一是大规模增加政府支出扩大内需。中国政府推出了以财政支出带动社会投资，总额达４万亿元的两年计划，规模相当于２００７年中国ＧＤＰ的１６％。主要投向保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、铁路交通等基础设施、社会事业、生态环保建设和地震灾后恢复重建。中国政府还推出了大规模的减税计划，一年可减轻企业和居民负担约５０００亿元。我们还大幅度降息和增加银行体系流动性，出台了一系列金融措施。

二是大范围实施产业调整振兴计划。我们全面推进产业结构调整和优化升级，制定汽车、钢铁等十个重点产业的调整和振兴规划。我们采取经济和技术的措施，大力推进节能减排，推进企业兼并重组，提高产业集中度和资源配置效率。我们鼓励和支持企业广泛应用新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料，开发适销对路产品。

三是大力推进科技进步和创新。科技是克服金融危机的根本力量。每一场大的危机常常伴随一场新的科技革命；每一次经济的复苏，都离不开技术创新。我们加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划，特别是核心电子器件、核能开发利用、高档数控机床等１６个重大专项，突破一批核心技术和关键共性技术，为中国经济在更高水平上实现可持续发展提供科技支撑。推动发展高新技术产业群，培育新的经济增长点。我们就是要依靠科学技术的重大突破，创造新的社会需求，催生新一轮的经济繁荣。

四是大幅度提高社会保障水平。继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金，提高失业保险金和工伤保险金标准，提高城乡低保、农村五保等保障水平。积极推进医药卫生体制改革，力争用三年时间基本建成覆盖全国城乡的基本医疗卫生制度，初步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。我们坚持优先发展教育，正在制定《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》。我们实施更加积极的就业政策，重点解决高校毕业生和农民工就业问题。开辟就业岗位，缓解就业压力。我们采取这些措施，把扩大国内需求、调整振兴产业、加强科技支撑、强化社会保障结合起来，把拉动经济增长和改善民生、增加就业结合起来，把克服当前困难和促进长远发展结合起来。这样做，有利于中国的发展，也将给包括英国在内的世界各国企业带来巨大的商机。

这场百年一遇的金融危机，留给世人的思考是沉重的。它警示人们，对现行的经济体制和经济理论，应该进行深刻的反思。

中国曾长期实行高度集中的计划经济，把计划看成是绝对的，束缚了生产力的发展。这场金融危机使我们看到，市场也不是万能的，一味放任自由，势必引起经济秩序的混乱和社会分配的不公，最终受到惩罚。真正的市场化改革，决不会把市场机制与国家宏观调控对立起来。既要发挥市场这只看不见的手的作用，又要发挥政府和社会监管这只看得见的手的作用。两手都要硬，两手同时发挥作用，才能实现按照市场规律配置资源，也才能使资源配置合理、协调、公平、可持续。

国际金融危机再次告诉人们，不受监管的市场经济是多么可怕。从上世纪９０年代以来，一些经济体疏于监管，一些金融机构受利益驱动，利用数十倍的金融杠杆进行超额融资，在获取高额利润的同时，把巨大的风险留给整个世界。这充分说明，不受管理的市场经济是注定行不通的。因此，必须处理好金融创新与金融监管的关系、虚拟经济与实体经济的关系、储蓄与消费的关系。

有效应对这场危机，还必须高度重视道德的作用。道德是世界上最伟大的，道德的光芒甚至比阳光还要灿烂。真正的经济学理论，决不会同最高的伦理道德准则产生冲突。经济学说应该代表公正和诚信，平等地促进所有人，包括最弱势人群的福祉。被誉为现代经济学之父的亚当·斯密在《道德情操论》中指出：“如果一个社会的经济发展成果不能真正分流到大众手中，那么它在道义上将是不得人心的，而且是有风险的，因为它注定要威胁社会稳定。”道德缺失是导致这次金融危机的一个深层次原因。一些人见利忘义，损害公众利益，丧失了道德底线。我们应该倡导：企业要承担社会责任，企业家身上要流淌着道德的血液。老师们，同学们：

英国是我这次欧洲之行的最后一站。这次访问，加深了我对欧洲的了解。中欧合作已经站在一个新的历史起点上。我对中欧发展全面战略伙伴关系更加充满信心。我们之间不存在历史遗留问题，也不存在根本利害冲突。中欧合作基础坚实，前景光明。英国是最早进入现代化的国家，你们在发展经济、保护环境等方面，都有许多成功的经验。我们愿意向你们学习，加强交流与合作。

未来属于青年一代。中英关系的美好前景要靠青年去开拓。抚今追昔，我想起对中英文化交流作出重要贡献的剑桥校友李约瑟博士。他的鸿篇巨著《中国科学技术史》，在东西方两大文明之间架起了一座桥梁。继承传统、勇于创新，是剑桥大学的优秀品格。希望更多的剑桥人关注中国，用发展的眼光看中国，做中英交流的友好使者。我相信，只要中英两国青年相互学习，携手共进，一定会谱写出中英关系的崭新篇章。

谢谢大家！

第四篇：江泽民哈佛大学演讲-文化外交

江泽民在哈佛大学讲话(中英对照)

Jiang's speech at Harvard University

江泽民在哈佛大学讲话

我感谢陆登庭校长的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节，来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。I wish to thank Dr.Neil L.Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.哈佛建校360年来，培养出许多杰出的政治家、科学家、文学家和企业家，曾出过6位美国总统，30多位诺贝尔奖获得者。Since its founding some 360 years ago, Harvard has nurtured a great number of outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers and businessmen, including six of the American Presidents and over thirty Nobel Prize winners.先有哈佛，后有美利坚合众国，这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位。

The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of America testifies to its position in the American history.哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。

Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.哈佛为增进中美两国人民的相互了解作出了有益的贡献。Harvard has thus made useful contribution to the enhanced mutual understanding between the Chinese and American peoples.相互了解，是发展国与国之间关系的前提。Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations.惟有相互了解，才能增进信任，加强合作。Without it, it would be impossible for countries to build trust and promote cooperation with each other.中美建交以来，我们两国人民之间的相互交流与了解在逐渐扩大和加深，但还不够。Since the establishment of diplomatic ties邦交 between China and the United States, the exchanges and mutual understanding between our two peoples have broadened and deepened steadily.However, this is not enough.为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。To promote the development of China-U.S.relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.要了解中国，可以有很多视角。To know China better, one may approach it from different angles.现实中国是历史中国的发展。China today has been evolved from its past.中国是一个有5000年文明历史的国家，China is a country with 5,000 years of civilization.从历史文化来了解和认识中国，是一个重要的视角。It is important to approach China from a historical and cultural perspective.记得我在高中读书时，老师给我们讲微积分，第一课就是讲《庄子》中的“一尺之棰，日取其半，万世不竭”，很形象地使我建立起极限的概念。I recall my first lesson on calculus微积分学 in senior high school.My teacher quoted a line from Zhuang Zi, a Chinese philosopher over 2,000 years ago, which reads “Cut away half of a rod and keep on halving what is left, and there will be no end to that process.” This gave me a vivid concept of limit.这表明中国古人就已认识到事物的发展变化是无限的，也说明我们的先人对自然界的认识已达到相当的水平。It shows that the ancient Chinese realized the endless process of changes of matters and had a fairly good understanding of the nature.早在公元前2500，中国人就开始了仰观天文、俯察地理的活动，逐渐形成了“天人合一”的宇宙观。As early as in 2,500 B.C.Chinese began astronomical observation and geographical survey, and gradually formed a world outlook of an “integration of the universe and humanity.”

中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家，留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.春秋战国时期出现的“百家争鸣”局面和老子、孔子等诸子百家的学说，在世界思想史上占有重要地位。The scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2,500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2,200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents示范者倡导者 such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2,400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.古代中国在天文历法、地学、数学、农学、医学和人文科学的许多领域，都作出过独特的贡献。Ancient China made unique contributions to many areas of science including astronomy, calendric历法的 system, geography, mathematics, agriculture, medicine and the humanities.殷商时期的甲骨文中就有日月之食的记载。Records of solar and lunar eclipses are found in the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty over 3,000 years ago.从秦代到清末的2100多年间，哈雷彗星出现27次，中国都有记录。In the 2,100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty(221 BC-1911), the 27 appearances of Halley Comet were all recorded in China.汉代张衡发明了测定地震方位的地动仪和演示日月星辰的浑天仪。Zhang Heng of the Han Dynasty over 1,800 years ago invented a seismograph地震仪 to determine the location of earthquakes and the celestial globe that showed the movement of the sun, moon and other stars.先秦的数学家提出了勾股定理。Mathematicians in the pre-Qin days over 2,200 years ago put forward the proposition known as the Pythagorean theorem in the West today.南北朝的祖冲之算出圆周率为3．1415926。In the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the 4th century A.D., China's mathematician Zu Chongzhi calculated the ratio of the circumference of a circle圆周率 to its diameter to be 3.1415926.中国的丝织、制瓷、冶金、造船技术很早就达到世界的先进水平。China's silk weaving, porcelain making, metallurgy冶金术 and shipbuilding reached the world's advanced level in ancient times.明代朱载首创十二平均律，后来被认定为世界通行的标准音调。In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaiyu initiated the twelve-tone temperament十二平均律 which later became the universal standard tones.中国的医药学在世界上独树一帜。The Chinese medicine is a unique school of its own.特别是中国的造纸、火药、印刷术、指南针4大发明，曾经改变了世界的面貌。Particularly, China's four great inventions of paper making, gunpowder, printing and compass had once changed the face of the world.直到15世纪以前，中国的科学技术在世界上保持了千年的领先地位。China had been a world leader in science and technology for one thousand years until the 15th century.中国人的这些发明创造，体现了人与自然协调发展、科学精神与道德理想相结合的理性光辉。These inventions and creations of China have brought forward the rationalistic brilliance of coordination between humanity and the nature and the integration of scientific spirit with moral ideals.中国的历史文化始终处于发展进步之中。China's culture in history has never stopped developing.它是通过各种学科、各种学派的相互砥砺、相互渗透而发展的，也是通过同世界各国的相互交流、相互学习而进步的。It has enriched itself through the contention and infiltration渗透 of various disciplines and schools of thought, and also through the mutual exchanges and learning between China and other countries in the world.中国人早就懂得兼取众长、以为己善的道理。Since old times, the Chinese people came to know full well the importance of “drawing widely upon others' strong points to improve oneself.”

汉、唐时期，既是经济繁荣的盛世，也是中外交流的盛世。The Han and Tang Dynasty were both an age of economic prosperity and also one of flourishing international exchanges.张骞出使西域，开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。Imperial envoy使节 Zhang Qian's trip to the “West” in the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD)over 2,000 years ago opened up the world-famous Silk Road;

Eminent Monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty(618-907)brought back ancient culture after braving long journey to South Asian countries.明代郑和“七下西洋”，把中华文化传向远方的国度。In the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), Chinese navigator Cheng Ho led a fleet to what that then people called the “West Sea” seven times in the 15th century, spreading the Chinese culture to distant land.但是后来特别是清代晚期，封建统治者实行闭关锁国政策，阻碍了中国的进步和中外交流。Only later on, especially in late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rulers adopted a policy of seclusion闭关锁国政策, which hampered阻碍 China's progress and its exchanges with the outside world.鸦片战争以来，一代又一代先进的中国人，为了振兴中华，努力向西方国家学习先进的科学思想和文明成果，并同中国的实际相结合，推动了中国社会的变革与发展。After the Opium War(1840-1842), generation after generation of enlightened Chinese people have, for national rejuvenation恢复活力, spared no efforts in learning from Western countries advanced science and cultural achievements in combination with China's realities and pushing for China's social reforms and development.今天，正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民，把对外开放作为一项基本国策，同世界各国进行广泛的交流与合作，开创了中国历史上崭新的开放局面。Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy and conducted extensive exchanges and cooperation with the rest of the world, thus creating a brand-new situation in its opening-up endeavor in the Chinese history.阳光包含7种色彩，世界也是异彩纷呈。Sunlight is composed of seven colors, so is our world full of colors and splendor.每个国家、每个民族都有自己的历史文化传统，都有自己的长处和优势，Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions, strong points and advantages.应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon other's strong points to offset one's own deficiencies for achieving common progress.中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的历史文化传统。这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展。In the prolonged course of development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either developed or discarded with the changes of the times and social progress.对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China's road of development today.这里，我想就以下一些方面谈些看法，希望有助于诸位对中国的了解。Here, I would like to make the following observations which I hope will help you to know China better.一是团结统一的传统。First, the tradition of solidarity and unity.中华民族是由56个民族组成的大家庭。The Chinese nation is a big family composed of 56 nationalities.从遥远的古代起，我国各族人民就建立了紧密的政治经济文化联系，共同开发了祖国的河山。Since the time immemorial, people of all nationalities have established closely-knitted political, economic and cultural links and joined hands in developing the vast land of our country.中国2000多年前就形成了幅员广阔的统一国家。China became a vast unified country more than 2,000 years ago.悠久的中华文化，成为维系民族团结和国家统一的牢固纽带。The deep-rooted Chinese culture become a strong bond for ethnic harmony and national unity.团结统一，深深印在中国人的民族意识中。Solidarity and unity have been inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national identity.中国历史上虽曾出现过暂时的分裂现象，但民族团结和国家统一始终是中华民族历史的主流，是中国发展进步的重要保障。Despite occasional division in the Chinese history, ethnic harmony and national unity have remained the main stream in the history of the Chinese nation, and an important guarantee for China's development and progress.新中国的成立，标志着中华民族实现了空前的大团结。The founding of the People's Republic of China marked an unprecedented great unity of the Chinese nation.各民族之间建立了平等、团结、互助的新型关系。A new type of relationship of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance between different nationalities has been established.各民族人民依法享有各项权利和自由。People of all nationalities enjoy full rights and freedoms provided for by the law.在少数民族聚居的地方实行了区域自治。In places where there is a high concentration of minority nationality people, regional autonomy is in practice.民族地区的经济社会获得不断的发展。These regions have witnessed continued economic and social development.所有这些，为巩固国家统一奠定了坚实的政治基础。All these have laid a solid political foundation for consolidated national unity.二是独立自主的传统。Second, the tradition of maintaining independence.我们的先人历来把独立自主视为立国之本。Our ancestors always regarded the spirit of maintaining independence as the foundation of a nation.中国作为人类文明发祥地之一，在几千年的历史进程中，文化传统始终没有中断。As one of the cradles of human civilization, China has all along maintained its cultural tradition without letup in the history of several thousand years.近代中国虽屡遭列强欺凌，国势衰败，但经过全民族的百年抗争，又以巨人的姿态重新站立起来。

In modern times, the frequent bullying and humiliation by imperialist powers once weakened China.However, after a hundred years' struggle of the entire Chinese nation, China has stood up again as a giant.这充分说明，中国人独立自主的民族精神具有坚不可摧的力量。This fully testifies to the indestructible strength of this independent national spirit of the Chinese people.今天，我们在探索自己的发展道路时，坚持从中国国情出发，来解决如何进行经济政治文化建设的问题，而不照搬别国的模式。Today, in finding a road to development suited to us, we will proceed from our own national conditions to address the issue of how to conduct economic construction and political and cultural advancement without blindly copying other countries' models.在处理国际事务中，我们采取独立自主的立场和政策。In handling international affairs, we decide our positions and policies from an independent approach.中国人民珍惜同各国人民的友谊与合作，也珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。The Chinese people cherish its friendship and cooperation with other peoples, as well as their right to independence they have won through protracted struggles.三是爱好和平的传统。Third, the peace-loving tradition.我国先秦思想家就提出了“亲仁善邻，国之宝也”的思想，反映了自古以来中国人民就希望天下太平、同各国人民友好相处。Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days(over 2,000 years ago)advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.” This is a reflection of the aspiration of the Chinese people for a peaceful world where people of all countries live in harmony.今天，专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民，更需要有一个长期的和平国际环境和良好的周边环境。Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment.中国实行的是和平外交政策。China's foreign policy is peace-oriented.我们坚持在和平共处五项原则，特别是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的原则基础上，同世界各国建立和发展友好合作关系。We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, especially the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.我们绝不会把自己曾经遭受欺凌的苦难加之于人。We will never impose upon others the kind of sufferings we once experienced将来中国富强起来了，也永远不称霸。China will never seek hegemony even if it is developed in the future.中国始终是维护世界和平与地区稳定的坚定力量。China is always a staunch force for world peace and regional stability.四是自强不息的传统。Fourth, the tradition of constantly striving for self-perfection.我们的先哲通过观察宇宙万物的变动不居，提出了“天行健，君子以自强不息”的思想，成为激励中国人民变革创新、努力奋斗的精神力量。Through observing the changing nature of the universe and all earthly matters, ancient Chinese philosophers proposed the following doctrine: “As Heaven maintains vigor through movement, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.” This idea has become an important moral strength, spurring the Chinese people to work hard for reform and renovation.中国古代文明的发展，是中华民族艰苦奋斗、自强不息的结果。The fruits of China's ancient civilization were brought about by the tireless efforts and hard work of the Chinese nation.百年来，为了摆脱半殖民地半封建的历史境遇，中国人民进行了艰苦卓绝、奋发图强的斗争。In the past one hundred years or so, the Chinese people have waged arduous struggles to get rid of the sufferings under semi-colonial and semi-feudal rule.中国民主革命的先行者孙中山首先提出“振兴中华”的口号，Dr.Sun Yat-sen, China's forerunner of the democratic revolution, was the first to put forward the slogan of “rejuvenation of China.”

他领导的辛亥革命，推翻了在中国延续几千年的君主专制制度。He led the Revolution of 1911 to remove the millennia old autocratic monarchy in China.在毛泽东思想指引下，中国共产党领导中国人民实现了民族独立和人民解放，并把中国建设成为初步繁荣昌盛的社会主义国家。Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese Communist Party led the Chinese people in achieving China's national independence and people's liberation and in building China into a socialist country with initial prosperity.今天，在邓小平理论指引下，我国人民坚定不移地实行改革开放，在现代化建设中取得举世瞩目的成就。Today, guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Chinese people are firmly pressing ahead with reform and opening-up and have made remarkable achievements in the modernization drive.中国进入了百年来发展最快最好的历史时期。China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century.改革开放，是中华民族自强不息和变革创新精神在当代的集中体现和创造性发展。The reform and opening-up endeavor is an embodiment and a creative development of the Chinese spirit of constantly striving for self-perfection and renovation in modern times.我们把改革开放叫作社会主义改革开放，因为它是中国社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。We refer to our reform and opening-up as socialist reform and opening-up because they constitute the process of self-improvement and development of the socialist system in China.近20年的实践已充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。The practice in recent twenty years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.虽然在前进中也遇到这样和那样一些困难和风险，但我们都顺利地解决了，不仅没有引起大的社会震动，而且极大地解放和发展了社会生产力，保持了社会稳定和全面进步。We have successfully overcome various difficulties and risks in the course of our advance without causing great social unrest.Rather, we have succeeded in greatly releasing and developing productive forces and maintained social stability and an all-round progress.现在，我们正在满怀信心地全面推进改革。We are conducting a comprehensive reform with full confidence.在经济上，要加快建立社会主义市场经济体制，实现工业化和经济的社会化、市场化、现代化；Economically, we will speed up the establishment of a socialist market economy and realize industrialization, and the socialization, marketization and modernization of the economy.在政治上，要努力发展社会主义民主政治，依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，保证人民充分行使管理国家和社会事务的权力；Politically, we will endeavor to develop socialist democracy, govern the country according to law, build a socialist country under the rule of law and ensure the full exercise of people's rights to govern the country and manage social affairs.Culturally, we will work hard to develop a scientific socialist culture for the people, a culture that is geared to the needs of modernization, of the nation, of the world and of the future, adopt a strategy of rejuvenating China through science and education, and strive to raise the political and moral standards as well as scientific and cultural level of the entire nation.总起来说，就是要把中国建成富强民主文明的现代化国家。In a word, it is to build our country into a prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced modern country.中国作为疆域辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久的国家，应该对人类有较大的贡献。China, a country with vast territory, a big population and a long history, should make greater contribution to humanity.中国人民所以要进行百年不屈不挠的斗争，The Chinese people waged a dauntless struggle for one hundred years.所以要实行一次又一次的伟大变革、实现国家的繁荣富强，They have effected great reforms and changes one after another to build China into a strong and prosperous country.所以要加强民族团结、完成祖国统一大业，所以要促进世界和平与发展的崇高事业They have worked to strengthen ethnic harmony and achieve national reunification and to promote the lofty cause of world peace and development.归根到底就是为了一个目标：实现中华民族的伟大复兴，争取对人类作出新的更大的贡献。In the final analysis, they have done all these for one objective, that is the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and China's greater contribution to humanity.总之，今天中国所选择的社会制度和发展道路，实行的内外政策，确定的下个世纪的奋斗目标，既有现实的根据，又有历史的渊源；In short, the choice of the social system and development path that China has made, the domestic and foreign policies that it has pursued and the goals it has identified for the next century are all based on both the reality and the history.既符合人类历史发展的趋势和时代潮流，又具有中华民族自己的特色；Therefore, they are not only in conformity with the trend of the historical development of mankind and that of the times, but also reflect the characteristics of the Chinese nation.既符合中国人民的根本利益，又有利于世界的和平、稳定、繁荣与进步。They serve not only the fundamental interests of the Chinese people, but also world peace, stability, prosperity and progress.掌握这一点，乃是了解和认识中国现状与未来的关键。This is the key to an understanding of the present China and its future.中美两国人民的友好交往，已有200多年历史。The friendly exchanges between the Chinese and American peoples date back to more than two hundred years ago.1784年，美国商船“中国皇后号”远航到中国。Back in 1784, American merchant ship the “Empress of China” came a long way to China.In 1847，1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容闳等人赴美求学。Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group of Chinese students to study here.许多中国人参加了美国的建设事业，不少美国人同情和帮助过中国的民族解放事业。Many Chinese contributed to the nation-building of the United States, while a lot of American friends helped and supported the national liberation cause of the Chinese people.他们的动人事迹，我们永远记在心中。We will never forget their contribution which has touched us deeply.中国人民一向钦佩美国人民的求实精神和创造精神。The Chinese people have always admired the American people for their pragmatic attitude and creative spirit.昨天，我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室，领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology.科学技术的突飞猛进，越来越深刻地影响着世界政治经济的格局和人们的社会生活。Today's rapid development in science and technology is bringing about increasingly greater impact on global political and economic pattern and people's social life.坚持变革创新，理想就会变为现实。If we persist in our reform, we will be able to turn our ideals into reality.我们在扩大开放、实现现代化的进程中，重视学习和吸收美国人民创造的一切优秀文化成果。In our course to further open up and achieve modernization, we have spared no efforts in learning from all the fine cultural achievements of the American people.中美两国人民的友好合作对世界具有重大影响。Friendship and cooperation between our two peoples are of great importance to the world.美国是最发达的资本主义国家，中国是最大的发展中国家。The United States is the most developed country and China the largest developing country.12亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展，对促进亚太地区和世界的稳定与发展，具有极其重要的意义。

China is a country with 1.2 billion people.Its stability and rapid development is of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia-Pacific and the world at large.中国拥有广大的市场和发展需求，美国拥有先进的科学技术和巨大的物质力量，China holds a huge market and great demand for development and the United States holds advanced science and technology as well as enormous material force.两国之间有着很强的经济互补性。The economies of the two countries are therefore highly complementary with each other.中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来，就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力。China's potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development.中国和美国，在事关人类生存和发展的许多重大问题上，例如维护世界和平与安全，防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散，保护人类生存环境，打击国际犯罪等，有着广泛的共同利益，肩负着共同责任。

China and the United States share broad common interests and shoulder common responsibility on many important questions which are crucial to human survival and development such as maintaining world peace and security, preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction, protecting environment for human survival and combating international crimes.这些都是中美两国发展友好合作的重要基础。All these provide an important basis for further developing China-U.S.friendly relations and cooperation.我们应该牢牢把握中美关系的大局，We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-U.S.relations

妥善解决分歧，不断朝着增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、创未来的目标前进。and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together.这次访问期间，我同克林顿总统就中美关系的未来发展，深入交换了意见，达成了广泛共识。During my current visit to the United States, I had an in-depth exchange of views and reached broad agreement with President Clinton on the future development of China-U.S.relations.双方同意，为了促进世界和平与发展的崇高事业，中美应该加强合作，努力建立面向21世纪的建设性的战略伙伴关系。We both agree that with a view to promoting the lofty cause of world peace and development, China and the United States should strengthen cooperation and work to build a constructive strategic partnership oriented toward the 21st century.这标志着中美关系进入了一个新的发展阶段。This will mark a new stage of development in the China-U.S.relations.哈佛大学一向重视对中国的研究。Harvard University has all along placed importance on China studies.贵校已故的费正清教授，就是毕生从事中国历史文化研究的知名学者。The late Professor Fairbank was a well-known scholar from Harvard.He devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture.为了有助于研究中国的历史和现实，我愿向贵校赠送一套新出版的《毛泽东评点二十四史》。In order to promote the study of China's past and present, I will present Harvard with a set of newly published Twenty-Four Histories with Mao Zedong's Comments.二十四史是记载中国几千年历史的重要典籍。Twenty-Four Histories are important classical works on China's history of several thousand years.毛泽东先生一生对二十四史做过许多评点和批注，为认识中国的历史和吸取历史经验，留下了丰富的思想遗产。In his life time, Mr.Mao Zedong made numerous comments and annotations on the Twenty-Four Histories, thus leaving us with a rich heritage of philosophy in understanding and drawing useful lessons from China's history.我高兴地得知，陆登庭校长将于明年访华，我期待在北京与你再次见面。I am glad to learn that you, Mr.President, will come to China next year.I look forward to meeting you again in Beijing or Shanghai.我很欣赏哈佛校门上的一段话：“为增长智慧走进来，为服务祖国和同胞走出去。”I highly appreciate the motto on the gate of your University.It reads: “Enter to grow in wisdom” and “Depart to serve better thy country and thy kind.”

中国青年也把“胸怀祖国、服务人民”作为自己的座右铭。Young people in China have also a motto, that is, “keep the motherland in heart and serve the people with heart and soul.”

我希望中美两国青年在建设各自国家、促进世界和平与发展的事业中，加深了解，互相学习，增进友谊，为创造美好的未来而努力奋斗。I hope that in the cause of building our own countries and promoting world peace and development, younger generations of China and the United States will understand each other better, learn from each other, enhance the friendship and strive for a better future.

第五篇：江泽民在哈佛大学讲话

Jiang's speech at Harvard University 江泽民在哈佛大学讲话 我感谢陆登庭校长的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节，来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。I wish to thank Dr.Neil L.Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.哈佛建校360年来，培养出许多杰出的政治家、科学家、文学家和企业家，曾出过6位美国总统，30多位诺贝尔奖获得者。Since its founding some 360 years ago, Harvard has nurtured a great number of outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers and businessmen, including six of the American Presidents and over thirty Nobel Prize winners.先有哈佛，后有美利坚合众国，这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位。The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of America testifies to its position in the American history.哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.哈佛为增进中美两国人民的相互了解作出了有益的贡献。Harvard has thus made useful contribution to the enhanced mutual understanding between the Chinese and American peoples.相互了解，是发展国与国之间关系的前提。Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations.惟有相互了解，才能增进信任，加强合作。Without it, it would be impossible for countries to build trust and promote cooperation with each other.中美建交以来，我们两国人民之间的相互交流与了解在逐渐扩大和加深，但还不够。Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the United States, the exchanges and mutual understanding between our two peoples have broadened and deepened steadily.However, this is not enough.为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。To promote the development of China-U.S.relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.要了解中国，可以有很多视角。To know China better, one may approach it from different angles.现实中国是历史中国的发展。China today has been evolved from its past.中国是一个有5000年文明历史的国家，China is a country with 5,000 years of civilization.从历史文化来了解和认识中国，是一个重要的视角。It is important to approach China from a historical and cultural perspective.记得我在高中读书时，老师给我们讲微积分，第一课就是讲《庄子》中的“一尺之棰，日取其半，万世不竭”，很形象地使我建立起极限的概念。I recall my first lesson on calculus in senior high school.My teacher quoted a line from Zhuang Zi, a Chinese philosopher over 2,000 years ago, which reads “Cut away half of a rod and keep on halving what is left, and there will be no end to that process.” This gave me a vivid concept of limit.这表明中国古人就已认识到事物的发展变化是无限的，也说明我们的先人对自然界的认识已达到相当的水平。It shows that the ancient Chinese realized the endless process of changes of matters and had a fairly good understanding of the nature.早在公元前2500，中国人就开始了仰观天文、俯察地理的活动，逐渐形成了“天人合一”的宇宙观。As early as in 2,500 B.C.Chinese began astronomical observation and geographical survey, and gradually formed a world outlook of an “integration of the universe and humanity.”

中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家，留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.春秋战国时期出现的“百家争鸣”局面和老子、孔子等诸子百家的学说，在世界思想史上占有重要地位。The scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2,500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2,200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2,400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy.古代中国在天文历法、地学、数学、农学、医学和人文科学的许多领域，都作出过独特的贡献。Ancient China made unique contributions to many areas of science including astronomy, calendric system, geography, mathematics, agriculture, medicine and the humanities.殷商时期的甲骨文中就有日月之食的记载。Records of solar and lunar eclipses are found in the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty over 3,000 years ago.从秦代到清末的2100多年间，哈雷彗星出现27次，中国都有记录。In the 2,100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty(221 BC-1911), the 27 appearances of Halley Comet were all recorded in China.汉代张衡发明了测定地震方位的地动仪和演示日月星辰的浑天仪。Zhang Heng of the Han Dynasty over 1,800 years ago invented a seismograph to determine the location of earthquakes and the celestial globe that showed the movement of the sun, moon and other stars.先秦的数学家提出了勾股定理。Mathematicians in the pre-Qin days over 2,200 years ago put forward the proposition known as the Pythagorean theorem in the West today.