TED演讲

第一篇：TED演讲

Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China

The world is changing with really remarkable speed.If you look at the chart at the top here, you’ll see that in 2025 these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be almost the same size as the American economy.And if you look at the chart for 2050, it’s projected that the Chinese economy will be twice the size of the American economy, and the Indian economy will be almost the same size as the American economy.We should bear in mind here these projections were drawn up before the Western financial crises.A couple of weeks ago, I was looking at the latest projection by BNP(Banque Nationale de Paris)PARIBAS for when China will have a larger economy than the United States.Goldman Sachs projected 2027.The post-crisis projection is 2010.That’s just a decade way.China is going to change the world in two fundamental respects.First of all, it's a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion people, which has been growing for over 30 years at around 10% a year.And within a decade it will have the largest economy in the world.Never before in the modern era has the largest economy in the world been that of a developing country, rather than a developed country.Secondly, for the first time in the modern era, the dominant country in the world which I think is China will become, will be not from the West, and from very very different civilizational roots.Now I know it’s a widespread assumption in the West that as countries modernize, they also Westernize.This is an illusion.It’s an assumption that modernity is a product simply of competition markets and technology.It is not;it is also shaped equally by history and culture.China is not like the West, and it will not become like the West.It will remain in very fundamental respects very different.Now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of China? How do we try to understand what China is? And the problem we have in the West at the moment by-and-large is that the conventional approach is that we understand it really in Western terms, using Western ideas.We can’t.Now I want to offer you 3 building blocks for trying to understand what China is like just as a beginning.The first is this, that China is not really a nation state.Okay, it's called itself a nation state for the last hundred years.But everyone who knows anything about China knows it’s a lot older than this.This was what China looked with the victory of the Qin Dynasty in 221 B.C.at the end of warring state period—the birth of modern China.And you can see it against the boundaries of modern China.Or immediately afterward, the Han Dynasty, still 2000 years ago, and you can see already it occupies most of what we now know as Eastern China which is where the vast majority of Chinese lived then and live now.Now what is extraordinary about this is what gives China it’s sense of being China, what gives the Chinese the sense of what it is to be Chinese, comes not from the last hundred years, not from the nation state period which is what happened in the West, but from the period, if you like, of the civilization state.I’m thinking here, for example, of customs like ancestral worship, of a very distinctive notion of the state, likewise, a very distinctive notion of the family, social relationships like “guanxi”, Confucian values and so on.These are all things that come from the period of the civilization state.In other words, China, unlike the Western states and most countries in the world, is shaped by its sense of civilization, its existence as a civilization state, rather than as a nation state.And there’s one other thing to add to this, and that is this.Of course we know China’s big, huge demographically and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people.What we often aren’t really aware of is the fact that China is extremely diverse and very pluralistic, and in many ways very decentralized.You can’t run a place on this scale simply from Beijing, even though we think this to be the case.It’s never been the case.So this is China, a civilization state, rather than a nation state.And what does it mean? Well, I think it has all sorts of profound implications.I'll give you two quick ones.The first is that the most important political value for the Chinese is unity, is the maintenance of Chinese civilization.You know, 2000 years ago, Europe breakdown, the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire, it divided, and its remained divided ever since.China, over the same time period, went in exactly the opposite direction, very painfully holding this huge civilization, civilization state together.The second is, maybe more prosaic, which is Hong Kong.Do you remember the handover of Hong Kong by Britain to China in 1997? You may remember what the Chinese constitutional proposition was, one country, two systems.And I’ll lay a wager that barely anyone in the West believed them.Window dressing.When China gets its hands on Hong Knong, that won’t be the case.13 years on, the political and legal system in Hong Kong is as different now as it was in 1997.We were wrong.Why were we wrong? We were wrong because we though, naturally enough in nation state ways.Think of German unification, 1990.What happened? Well, basically the East was swallowed by the West.One nation, one system—that is the nation state mentality.But you can’t run a country like China, a civilization state on the basis of one civilization, one system.It doesn't work.So actually the response of China to the question of Hong Kong—as it will be to the question of Taiwan—was a natural response: one civilization, many systems.Let me offer you another building block to try to understand China, maybe it’s not such a comfortable one.The Chinese have a very very different conception of race to most other countries.Do you know of the 1.3 billion Chinese, over 90% of them think they belong to the same race, the Han.Now this is completely different from the other world’s most populous countries.India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil—all of them are multiracial.The Chinese don’t feel like that.China is only multiracial really at the margins.So the question is, why? Well, the reason I think essentially is again back to the civilization state.Very very…you know, at least 2000 years, a history of conquest, absorption, assimilation and so on, led to the process by which over time this notion of the Han emerged, of course, nurtured by a growing and very powerful sense of cultural identity.Now the great advantage of this historical experience has been that, without the Han, China could never have held together.The Han identity has been the cement which has held this country together.The great disadvantage of it is that the Han have a very weak conception of cultural differences.They really believe in their own superiority, and they are disrespectful of those who are not.Hence their attitude, for example, to the Uyghurs and to the Tibetans.Or let me give you my third building block, the Chinese state.Now the relationship between the state and society in China is very different from that in the West.Now we in the West are overwhelmingly seem to think—in these days at least—that the authority and legitimacy of the state is a function of democracy.The problem of this proposition is that the Chinese state enjoys more legitimacy and more authority amongst the Chinese that is true with any Western state.And the reason for this is because—well, there’re two reasons I think.And it’s obviously got nothing to do with democracy, because in our terms the Chinese certainly don’t have a democracy.And the reason for this is, firstly, because the state in China is given a very special.It enjoys a very special significance as the representative, the embodiment and the guardian of Chinese civilization, of the civilization state.This is as close as China gets to a kind of spiritual role.And the second reason is because, whereas in Europe and North America, the state’s power is continuously challenged—I mean in the European tradition, historically against the church, against other sectors of the aristocracy, against merchants and so on.For 1000 years, the power of the Chinese state has not been challenged.It’s had no serious rivals.So you can see, the way in which power has been constructed in China is very different from our experience in Western history.The result, by the way, is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state.Whereas we tend to view it as an intruder, a stranger, certainly an organ whose powers need to be limited or defined and constrained, the Chinese don’t see the state like that at all.The Chinese view the state as an intimate—not just as an intimate actually, as a member of the family;not just in fact as a member of the family, but as the head of the family, the patriarch of the family.This the Chinese view of the state, very very different to us.It’s embedded in society in a different kind of way to what the case in the West.And I would suggest you that actually what we are dealing with here, in the Chinese context, is a new kind of paradigm, which is different from anything we’ve had to think about in the past.You know that China believes in the state and market, I mean, Adam Smith already writing in the late 18th century, said, “the Chinese market is larger and more developed and more sophisticated than anything in Europe.” And, apart from the Mao period, that remained more-or-less the case ever since.But this is combined with an extremely strong and ubiquitous state.The state is everywhere in China.I mean, its leading firms, many of them are still publicly owned.Private firms, however large they are, like Lenovo, depend in many ways on the state patronage.Targets for the economy and so on are set by the state.And the state, of course, its authority flows into lot of other areas as we are familiar with, with something like the one-child policy.Moreover, this is a very old state tradition, a very old tradition of statecraft.I mean, if you want an illustration of this, the Great Wall is one.But this is another, this is the Grand Canal, which was constructed in the first instance in the 5th century B.C.and was finally completed in the 7th century A.D.It went for 1114 miles, linking Beijing with Hangzhou and Shanghai.So there’s a long history of extraordinary state infrastructure projects in China, which I suppose helps us to explain what we see today, which is something like the Three Gorges Dam and many other expressions of state competence within China.So there we have 3 building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is China—the civilization state, the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society.And yet we still insist, by-and-large, in thinking that we can understand China by simply drawing on Western experience, looking at it through Western eyes, using Western concepts.If you want to know why we unerringly to get China wrong, our predictions about what’s going to happen to China are incorrect, this is the reason.Unfortunately I think, I have to say that I think attitude towards China is that of a kind of little Westerner mentality.There’s kind of arrogant.It’s arrogant in the sense that we think that we are best, and therefore we have the universal measure.And secondly, it’s ignorant.We refuse to really address the issue of difference.You know, there’s a very interesting passage in a book by Paul Cohen, the American historian.And Paul Cohen argues that the West thinks of itself as probably the most cosmopolitan of all cultures.But it’s not.In many ways, it’s the most parochial, because for 200 years, the West has been so dominant in the world that it’s not really needed to understand other cultures, other civilizations.Because at the end of the day, it could, if necessary by force, get its own way.Whereas those cultures, virtually the rest of the world in fact, which have been in a far weaker position, vis-à-vis the West, have been thereby forced to understand the West, because the West’s presence in those societies.And, they are, as a result, more cosmopolitan in many ways than the West.I mean take the question of East Asia: Japan, Korea, China, etc.a third of the world’s population lives there, now the largest economic region in the world.And I’ll tell you now, that East Asianers, people from East Asia, are far more knowledgeable about the West than the West is about East Asian.Now this point is very germane, I’m afraid, to the present.Because what’s happening? Back to that chart at the beginning the Goldman Sachs chart.What is happening is that, very rapidly in historical terms, the world is being driven and shaped, not by the old developed countries, but by the developing world.I mean we’ve seen this in terms of the G20 usurping very rapidly the position of the G7 or the G8.And there are 2 consequences of this, first, the West is rapidly losing its influence in the world.There was a dramatic illustration of this actually, a year ago, Copenhagen, climate change conference, Europe was not at the final negotiating table.When did that last happen? I would wager it was probably about 200 years ago, and that is what is going to happen in the future.And the second implication is that the world will inevitably as a consequence, become increasingly unfamiliar to us, because it’ll be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories that we are not really familiar with or conversant with.And at last, I’m afraid, take Europe, America is slightly different, but Europeans by and large I have to say are ignorant, are unaware about the way the world is changing.Some people, I’ve got an English friend in China, he said “the continent is sleepwalking into oblivion.” Well maybe that’s true, maybe that’s an exaggeration.But there’s another problem which goes along with this that Europe is increasing out of touch with the world and that is a sort of a loss of a sense of the future.I mean, Europe once, of course, once commanded the future in its confidence.Take the 19th century for example, but this, alas, is no longer true.If you want to feel the future, if you want to taste the future, try China—there’s old Confucius.This is a railway station the like of which you’ve never seen before.It doesn’t even look like a railway station.This is the new Guangzhou railway station for the high-speed trains.China already has more of the bigger network than any other country in the world and will soon have more than all the rest of the world put together.Or take this: now this is an idea, but it’s an idea to be tried out shortly in a suburb of Beijing.Here you have a megbus, on the upper deck carries about 2000 people.It travels on rails down a suburban road, and the cars travel underneath it.And it does speeds of up to about 100 miles an hour。

Now this is the way things are going to move, because China has a very specific problem, which is different from Europe and different from the United States.China has huge numbers of people and no space.So this is a solution to a situation where China’s going to have many, many, many cities over 20 million people。

Okay, so how would I like to finish? Well, what should our attitude be towards this world that we see very rapidly developing before us? I think there will be good things about it and there will be bad things about it.But I want to argue above all, a big picture positive for this world.You know, for 200 years, the world was essentially governed by a fragment of the human population.That’s what Europe and North America represented.The arrival of countries like China and India—between them 38% of the world’s population, and others like Indonesia and Brazil and so on, represent the most important single act of democratization in the last 200 years.Civilizations and cultures which had been ignored, which had no voice, which were not listened to, which were not known about, will have a different sort of representation in this world.As humanists, we must welcome, surely, this transformation.And we will have to learn about these civilizations.This big ship here was the one sailed in by Zheng He in the early 15th century on his great voyages around the South China Sea, the East China Sea and across the Indian Ocean to East Africa.The little boat in front of it, was the one in which, 80 years later, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic.Or, look carefully at this silk scroll made by Zhu Zhou in 1368.I think they’re playing golf.Christ, the Chinese even invented golf.Welcome to the future.Thank you!

David Steindl Rast Want to be Happy be Grateful

There is something you know about me, something very personal, and there is something I know about every one of you and that's very central to your concerns.There is something that we know about everyone we meet anywhere in the world, on the street, that is the very mainspring of whatever they do and whatever they put up with, and that is that all of us want to be happy.In this, we are all together.How we imagine our happiness, that differs from one another, but it's already a lot that we have all in common, that we want to be happy.Now my topic is gratefulness.How is the connection between happiness and gratefulness? Many people would say, well, that's very easy.When you are happy, you are grateful.But think again.Is it really the happy people that are grateful? We all know quite a number of people who have everything that it would take to be happy, and they are not happy, because they want something else or they want more of the same.And we all know people who have lots of misfortune, misfortune that we ourselves would not want to have, and they are deeply happy.They radiate happiness.You are surprised.Why? Because they are grateful.So it is not happiness that makes us grateful.It's gratefulness that makes us happy.If you think it's happiness that makes you grateful, think again.It's gratefulness that makes you happy.Now, we can ask, what really do we mean by gratefulness? And how does it work? I appeal to your own experience.We all know from experience how it goes.We experience something that's valuable to us.Something is given to us that's valuable to us.And it's really given.These two things have to come together.It has to be something valuable, and it's a real gift.You haven't bought it.You haven't earned it.You haven't traded it in.You haven't worked for it.It's just given to you.And when these two things come together, something that's really valuable to me and I realize it's freely given, then gratefulness spontaneously rises in my heart, happiness spontaneously rises in my heart.That's how gratefulness happens.Now the key to all this is that we cannot only experience this once in a while.We cannot only have grateful experiences.We can be people who live gratefully.Grateful living, that is the thing.And how can we live gratefully? By experiencing, by becoming aware that every moment is a given moment, as we say.It's a gift.You haven't earned it.You haven't brought it about in any way.You have no way of assuring that there will be another moment given to you, and yet, that's the most valuable thing that can ever be given to us, this moment, with all the opportunity that it contains.If we didn't have this present moment, we wouldn't have any opportunity to do anything or experience anything, and this moment is a gift.It's a given moment, as we say.Now, we say the gift within this gift is really the opportunity.What you are really grateful for is the opportunity, not the thing that is given to you, because if that thing were somewhere else and you didn't have the opportunity to enjoy it, to do something with it, you wouldn't be grateful for it.Opportunity is the gift within every gift, and we have this saying, opportunity knocks only once.Well, think again.Every moment is a new gift, over and over again, and if you miss the opportunity of this moment, another moment is given to us, and another moment.We can avail ourselves of this opportunity, or we can miss it, and if we avail ourselves of the opportunity, it is the key to happiness.Behold the master key to our happiness in our own hands.Moment by moment, we can be grateful for this gift.Does that mean that we can be grateful for everything? Certainly not.We cannot be grateful for violence, for war, for oppression, for exploitation.On the personal level, we cannot be grateful for the loss of a friend, for unfaithfulness, for bereavement.But I didn't say we can be grateful for everything.I said we can be grateful in every given moment for the opportunity, and even when we are confronted with something that is terribly difficult, we can rise to this occasion and respond to the opportunity that is given to us.It isn't as bad as it might seem.Actually, when you look at it and experience it, you find that most of the time, what is given to us is opportunity to enjoy, and we only miss it because we are rushing through life and we are not stopping to see the opportunity.But once in a while, something very difficult is given to us, and when this difficult thing occurs to us, it's a challenge to rise to that opportunity, and we can rise to it by learning something which is sometimes painful.Learning patience, for instance.We have been told that the road to peace is not a sprint, but is more like a marathon.That takes patience.That's difficult.It may be to stand up for your opinion, to stand up for your conviction.That's an opportunity that is given to us.To learn, to suffer, to stand up, all these opportunities are given to us, but they are opportunities, and those who avail themselves of those opportunities are the ones that we admire.They make something out of life.And those who fail get another opportunity.We always get another opportunity.That's the wonderful richness of life.So how can we find a method that will harness this? How can each one of us find a method for living gratefully, not just once in a while being grateful, but moment by moment to be grateful.How can we do it? It's a very simple method.It's so simple that it's actually what we were told as children when we learned to cross the street.Stop.Look.Go.That's all.But how often do we stop? We rush through life.We don't stop.We miss the opportunity because we don't stop.We have to stop.We have to get quiet.And we have to build stop signs into our lives.When I was in Africa some years ago and then came back, I noticed water.In Africa where I was, I didn't have drinkable water.Every time I turned on the faucet, I was overwhelmed.Every time I clicked on the light, I was so grateful.It made me so happy.But after a while, this wears off.So I put little stickers on the light switch and on the water faucet, and every time I turned it on, water.So leave it up to your own imagination.You can find whatever works best for you, but you need stop signs in your life.And when you stop, then the next thing is to look.You look.You open your eyes.You open your ears.You open your nose.You open all your senses for this wonderful richness that is given to us.There is no end to it, and that is what life is all about, to enjoy, to enjoy what is given to us.And then we can also open our hearts, our hearts for the opportunities, for the opportunities also to help others, to make others happy, because nothing makes us more happy than when all of us are happy.And when we open our hearts to the opportunities, the opportunities invite us to do something, and that is the third.Stop, look, and then go, and really do something.And what we can do is whatever life offers to you in that present moment.Mostly it's the opportunity to enjoy, but sometimes it's something more difficult.But whatever it is, if we take this opportunity, we go with it, we are creative, those are the creative people, and that little stop, look, go, is such a potent seed that it can revolutionize our world.Because we need, we are at the present moment in the middle of a change of consciousness, and you will be surprised if you--I am always surprised when I hear how many times this word “gratefulness” and “gratitude” comes up.Everywhere you find it, a grateful airline, a restaurant gratefulness, a cafe gratefulness, a wine that is gratefulness.Yes, I have even come across a toilet paper that the brand is called Thank You.(Laughter)There is a wave of gratefulness because people are becoming aware how important this is and how this can change our world.It can change our world in immensely important ways, because if you're grateful, you're not fearful, and if you're not fearful, you're not violent.If you're grateful, you act out of a sense of enough and not of a sense of scarcity, and you are willing to share.If you are grateful, you are enjoying the differences between people, and you are respectful to everybody, and that changes this power pyramid under which we live.And it doesn't make for equality, but it makes for equal respect, and that is the important thing.The future of the world will be a network, not a pyramid, not a pyramid turned upside down.The revolution of which I am speaking is a nonviolent revolution, and it's so revolutionary that it even revolutionizes the very concept of a revolution, because a normal revolution is one where the power pyramid is turned upside down and those who were on the bottom are now on the top and are doing exactly the same thing that the ones did before.What we need is a networking of smaller groups, smaller and smaller groups who know one another, who interact with one another, and that is a grateful world.A grateful world is a world of joyful people.Grateful people are joyful people, and joyful people, the more and more joyful people there are, the more and more we'll have a joyful world.We have a network for grateful living, and it has mushroomed.We couldn't understand why it mushroomed.We have an opportunity for people to light a candle when they are grateful for something.And there have been 15 million candles lit in one decade.People are becoming aware that a grateful world is a happy world, and we all have the opportunity by the simple stop, look, go, to transform the world, to make it a happy place.And that is what I hope for us, and if this has contributed a little to making you want to do the same, stop, look, go.

第二篇：TED演讲

绿色未来（A Greener Future?）

大家好，我是Zach。从本周开始，我们将开展“TED演讲主题介绍”系列，陆续为大家介绍TED演讲的各类主题，方便大家更快地找到自己喜欢的TED演讲。众所周知，TED刚刚创办时的焦点是集中在Technology（科技）, Entertainment（娱乐）和Design（设计）三方面。但随着TED的成长和知名度的增加，TED演讲所涵盖的行业也越来越广泛。为了确保读者们不会在大量的演讲中迷失了方向，TED网站贴心地将所有的演讲分门别类，归纳到不同的主题中，既方便读者们针对自己感兴趣的内容有选择地观看演讲，也便于大家观看和某一演讲相关的其他内容。

本系列的目的就是逐步地将已翻译好的主题简介带给大家，并为大家推荐相关主题下的已翻译演讲、待翻译演讲和待校对演讲。

本周为大家介绍的主题是–A Greener Future? 绿色未来

该主题在TED的网址是:

在TEDtoChina的网址是:

http:///themes/a_greener_future/

◎ 主题简介

关于环境的辩论通常被定性为经济发展和保护地球这两种势力间的较量。然而，大多数TED演讲者坚持鱼和熊掌可以兼得的观点——只要我们在处理环境问题时足够聪明。

阿尔·戈尔作为宣传气候危机的领军人，坚持人类可以通过细微处的改进以在避免灾难的同时保持经济的活跃发展。建筑师威廉·麦克多纳向人们展现了伟大设计的力量，它作用在整个文明体系上，而不仅仅是针对局部领域，并能持久地担负起丰富的未来。马约拉·卡特谈及了她为曾陷入腐化的的纽约南布隆克斯区带来绿色生机的工程。

爱德华·伯汀斯基关于环境损害和经济发展的异常精致的摄影作品记录了人类发展从未停滞的脚步。而生物学家爱德华·奥斯伯·威尔森向我们分享了他最大的心愿——人类社会团结起来保护地球上的生命。

◎ 演讲者推荐

阿尔·戈尔(Al Gore)：美国政治人物，曾于1993年至2001年间在比尔·克林顿掌政时担任美国第四十五任副总统。其后升为一名国际上著名的环境学家，由

于在环球气候变化与环境问题上的贡献受到国际的肯定，因而与政府间气候变化专门委员会共同获得2007诺贝尔和平奖。

珍·古道尔(Jane Goodall)：英国生物学家、动物行为学家和著名动物保育人士。珍·古道尔长期致力于黑猩猩的野外研究，并取得丰硕成果。她的工作纠正了许多学术界对黑猩猩这一物种长期以来的错误认识，揭示了许多黑猩猩社群中鲜为人知的秘密。除了对黑猩猩的研究，珍·古道尔还热心投身于环境教育和公益事业，由她创建并管理的珍·古道尔研究会（国际珍古道尔协会）是著名民间动物保育机构，在促进黑猩猩保育、推广动物福利、推进环境和人道主义教育等领域进行了很多卓有成效的工作，由珍·古道尔研究会创立的根与芽是目前全球最活跃的面向青年的环境教育计划之一。由于珍·古道尔在黑猩猩研究和环境教育等领域的杰出贡献，她在 1995年获英国女王伊丽莎白二世荣封为皇家女爵士，在2002年获颁联合国和平使者。

（演讲者简介来自维基百科）

◎ 部分已翻译演讲（简体中文）推荐：

1.阿尔·戈尔关于避免气候危机的演讲

“此次演讲流露出的幽默感和人道主义跟在他的纪录电影”难以忽视的真相“如出一辙，戈尔阐明了15种应对气候危机立马有效的方法而且简单易行，从购买混合动力产品到发明新产品替代碳排放产品，使“全球温室效应”更加深入人心。”

2.阿力克斯·史蒂芬看望可持续发展的未来

“阿力克斯·史蒂芬是“改变世界”（Worldchanging.com）网站的创建人，他在这个演讲中指出，减低人类生态足迹在当下之意义尤为巨大，原因在于西方那一套生活方式将不能推广到发展中国家，因为那样将消耗大量的资源。(因为西方的那一套生活方式正逐步推广到发展中国家，进一步加剧着资源的大量消耗。)”

3.Willie Smits 修复雨林

透过复杂的生态学，生物学家Willie Smits发掘一个重新植林的快捷方式，在婆罗洲救回了许多栖息于当地的红毛猩猩，进而创造出一个得以修复脆弱生态系统的蓝图。

4.William McDonough 谈「从摇篮到摇篮」理念

致力于环保的建筑师兼设计师 William McDonough 问，如果设计师心系所有子孙、所有物种、直到永远，我们的建筑及产品会是什么样子？

5.查尔斯·摩尔：塑料充斥的海洋

查尔斯·摩尔船长是Algalita海洋研究基金会的创始人，他第一次发现了大太平洋垃圾带——一片无边无际漂浮着塑料垃圾的海域。现在，他为我们讲述大海面临的日益严重的塑料碎片污染问题。

◎ 待校对演讲（简体中文）推荐

1.Carl Honore praises slowness

“Journalist Carl Honore believes the Western world’s emphasis on speed erodes health, productivity and quality of life.But there’s a backlash brewing, as everyday people start putting the brakes on their all-too-modern lives.”

2.Kamal Meattle on how to grow fresh air

Researcher Kamal Meattle shows how an arrangement of three common houseplants, used in specific spots in a home or office building, can result in measurably cleaner indoor air.以上就是这个星期的TED主题介绍。希望大家能从上面的演讲中有所收获。大家也可以点击这里的网址来查看所有该主题下演讲的翻译进度（简体中文和繁体中文）。

如果大家对此专栏有何建议的话，欢迎大家在下面留言，或是电邮至OTP at TEDtoChina dot com

我们下期再见。

第三篇：Ted演讲

Ralph Langner谈21世纪电子武器Stuxnet揭密

关于这场演讲

Stuxnet计算机蠕虫于2010年首次被发现，带来了令人费解的谜团。除了它不寻常且高度复杂的编码以外，还隐藏着一个更令人不安的谜团：它的攻击目标。Ralph Langner及其团队协助破解Stuxnet编码，找出这个数字弹头的最终攻击目标－以及其幕后源头。经使用计算机数字鉴识方法深入检视后，他解释了其运作原理。

关于Ralph Langner

Ralph Langner是德国控制系统的安全顾问。他对Stuxnet恶意软件的分析受到全球瞩目。

为什么要听他演讲

Ralph Langner为独立网络安全公司Langner的领导者，专营控制系统－监控和调控其它设备的电子装置，如生产设备。这些装置与运作我们城市和国家的基础设施有密切关系，这使它们逐渐成为一场新兴且具高度复杂型态的电子战争攻击目标。自2010年起，当Stuxnet计算机蠕虫首次现身时，Langner坚决地投身于这个战场。

身为致力于译码这个神秘程序的一份子，Langner和他的团队分析Stuxnet的数据结构，并找出他认为其最终的攻击目标：运行于核工厂离心机的控制系统软件－特别是伊朗的核工厂。Langner进一步分析，发现Stuxnet可能的幕后源头，并于TED2011演讲中透露这个秘密。

Ralph Langner的英语网上资料

网站：Langner

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计]

已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

Ralph Langner谈21世纪电子武器Stuxnet揭密

Stuxnet计算机蠕虫背后的想法其实很简单，我们不希望伊朗造出原子弹，他们发展核武器的主要资产是纳坦兹的浓缩铀工厂，你们看到的灰色方块是实时控制系统，现在，如果我们设法破坏控制速度和阀门的驱动系统，我们事实上可以使离心机产生很多问题。这些灰色方块无法执行Windows软件，两者是完全不同的技术，但如果我们设法将一个有效的Windows病毒放进一台笔记本电脑里，由一位机械工程师操作，设定这个灰色方块，那么我们就可以着手进行了，这就是Stuxnet大致背景。

因此，我们从Windows释放程序开始，让病毒载体进入灰色方块中，破坏离心机，延迟伊朗的核计划，任务完成，很简单，对吧？我想说明我们是如何发现这个的，当我们在半年前开始研究Stuxnet时，对这个东西的攻击目标一无所知，唯一了解的是它在Windows的部份非常、非常复杂，释放程序部份使用多个零日漏洞，它似乎想要做些什么，用这些灰色方块，这些实时控制系统，因此，这引起我们的注意，我们开始了一个实验计划，我们用Stuxnet感染我们的系统并审视结果，然后一些非常有趣的事发生了。Stuxnet表现得像只白老鼠，不喜欢我们的奶酪，闻一闻，但不想吃。这根本没道里。之后，我们用不同口味的奶酪进行实验，我意识到，哦，这是一个直接攻击，完全直接的。释放程序在这些灰

色方块中有效的潜伏着，如果它发现了一个特定程序组态，甚至是它正试图感染的程序，它都会确实针对这个目标执行，如果没发现，Stuxnet就不起作用。

所以这真的引起了我的注意，我们开始进行这方面的工作，几乎日以继夜，因为我想，好吧，我们不知道它的目标是什么，很可能的，比方说美国的发电厂，或德国的化工厂，所以我们最好尽快找出目标。因此，我们抽出攻击代码并进行反编译，我们发现它的结构由两个数字炸弹组成，一个较小、一个较大。我们也看到，这是非常专业的设计，由显然知道所有内幕信息的人编写，他们知道所有必需攻击的位和字节，搞不好他们还知道控制员的鞋子尺寸，因此他们什么都知道。

如果你曾听过Stuxnet的释放程序，是复杂、高科技的，让我跟你们说明一下。病毒本身是很高科技没错，比我们曾见过的任何编码都高深，这是这个实际攻击代码的样本，我们谈论的是大概15,000行的代码，看起来很像旧式的汇编语言。我想告诉你们的是，我们如何能够理解这段代码，所以，我们首先要寻找的是系统的函数调用，因为我们知道它们的作用是什么。

然后，我们寻找时间控制器和数据结构，试图将其与真实世界连结起来，寻找现实世界中的潜在目标，因此我们必需进行目标推测，以便确认或排除。为了找到推测目标，我们想到，它必定具有绝对破坏性，必定是一个高价值目标，最可能设置在伊朗，因为这是大部份感染发生的地点。在这区域内你不会找到几千个目标，基本上范围可以缩小为布什尔核电厂及纳坦兹浓缩铀工厂。

所以我告诉我的助手，“列出我们客户中所有离心机和核电厂专家的名单”，我打电话给他们，听取他们的意见，努力用我们在代码和数据中的发现与他们的专业知识做对照。这很有效，因此，我们找出了这个小数字弹头与转子控制的关联，转子是离心机内部的运转零件，就是你们看到的这个黑色物体，如果控制这个转子的速度，事实上你就能使转子损坏，甚至最后使离心机爆炸。我们也看到了这次攻击的目标，实际上进行的相当缓慢、低调，显然为了达成目标，快把维修工程师逼疯了，因为他们无法迅速找出答案。

这个大数字弹头－我们做过尝试，非常仔细检查数据和数据结构，因此，例如数字164在这些代码中确实很突出，你不能忽视它。我开始研究科学文献，这些离心机如何在纳坦兹组建，并找出它们的结构，就是所谓的层级。每个层级由164台离心机组成，这就说的通了，与我们的结果匹配。

而它甚至更有帮助。这些在伊朗的离心机细分为15种所谓的等级，你猜我们在攻击代码中发现什么？一个几乎相同的结构。所以，同样的，这与结果完美匹配，就我们所寻找的东西来说，这给了我们相当大的信心。别误解我的意思，不是像这样弹指之间，为了获致这些成果，历经几星期相当艰苦的奋斗，我们常常走进死胡同，必需重新来过。

总之，我们找到了这两个数字弹头，实际上是针对同一个目标，但从不同角度。小弹头对准一个层级，让转子加速旋转然后急遽减速，而大弹头影响六个层级并操纵阀门，总之，我们非常有信心，我们已经确认目标是什么，是纳坦兹，就只有纳坦兹。因此，我们不必担心其它目标可能被Stuxnet攻击。

我们看到一些非常酷的东西，真的让我印象深刻。下方是灰色方块，顶端你们看到的是离心机，这些东西所做的是拦截来自传感器的输入值，例如，来自压力传感器和振动传感器的，它提供正常代码，在攻击中依然执行，用的是假的输入数

据。事实上，这个假的输入数据是Stuxnet事先录制的，因此，这就像来自好莱坞电影的抢劫过程中，监视器被放入预录的影片，酷吧？

这里的想法显然不仅是愚弄控制室中的操作者，实际上更加危险且更具攻击性，这个想法是规避数字安全系统。我们需要数字安全系统，当一位人类操作员的行动不够快时，因此，例如在一座核电厂中，当一台大蒸汽涡轮机严重超速时，你必须在一毫秒内打开泄压阀。显然，一位人类操作员办不到，因此，这就是我们需要使用数字安全系统之处。当它们被破坏，真正糟糕的事就会发生了，你的工厂会爆炸，无论你的操作员或安全系统都无法注意到这一点，这很可怕。

但还会更糟。我要说的这些相当重要，想想看，这种攻击是一般性的，它没什么特定性，对离心机来说，还有浓缩铀，因此，它也会作用于，例如一座核电厂或一座汽车工厂，它是通用的，你不需要－身为攻击者，你不需要藉由USB装置传递这个病毒载体，如我们在Stuxnet例子中看到的，你也可以使用传统的蠕虫病毒技术的来散播，尽可能传播四方。如果你这么做，最终它会变成具大规模破坏性的网络武器，这是我们必然会面临的后果。所以，不幸的是，这种攻击最大量的目标并不是在中东，而是在美国、欧洲和日本。因此，所有这些绿色区域就是遭受最多攻击的目标，我们必须面对这个后果，我们最好现在开始做准备。

谢谢。

（掌声）

Chris Anderson：我有个问题，Ralph，这件事已广为人知，人们认为摩萨德（以色列情报机构）是幕后的主要推手，你也这么认为吗？

Ralph Langner：好，你真的想知道吗？

Chris Anderson：是啊!

Ralph Langner：好，我的看法是，摩萨德有参与，但以色列并非领导势力。因此，背后的主导力量是网络超级大国，只有一个，就是美国。幸好、幸好，因为如果不是这样，我们的问题可能更大。

CA：谢谢你吓坏了美国人，谢谢Ralph。

第四篇：TED演讲

如果你喜欢TED，观看了TED的演讲视频，感到激动不已，甚至梦想，有一天自己也站在TED的舞台上做一个演讲，分享你的精彩创意想法和精彩故事！这太好了，这种热情的向往，是通往TED讲台之路的最大动力。除此之外还需要了解一些演讲技巧。

下面是著名的The TED Commandments（TED演讲十个黄金法则），为TED演讲者提供了建议和指南。

These 10 tips are the heart of a great TED Talk.1.Dream big.Strive to create the best talk you have ever given.Reveal something never seen before.Do something the audience will remember forever.Share an idea that could change the world.给自己一个高目标，要把这个演讲做成你最成功的一个演讲。你可以向观众展示某些未曾公开展示的东西或做出能够让观众留下深刻印象的事情。分享一个有可能改变世界的想法。

2.Show us the real you.Share your passions, your dreams...and also your fears.Be vulnerable.Speak of failure as well as success.展示一个最真实的你。分享你的激情、梦想，乃至恐惧。不要把自己当成是完美无缺的，你可以讲成功的故事，也可以讲失败的故事。

3.Make the complex plain.Don't try to dazzle intellectually.Don't speak in abstractions.Explain!Give examples.Tell stories.Be specific.简单化。千万不要吹自己多么博学，不要用抽象的言辞来表达。你要解释为何会是这样。多讲点故事，讲得清楚一点。

4.Connect with people's emotions.Make us laugh!Make us cry!

要说得动人一点，使得观众听了会发出由衷的微笑或感动到禁不住要哭泣。

5.Don't flaunt your ego.Don't boast.It’s the surest way to switch everyone off.不要自吹自擂。那样做的话，最容易吓跑观众。

6.No selling from the stage!Unless we have specifically asked you to, do not talk about your company or organization.And don't even think about pitching your products or services or asking for funding from stage.台上不能推销！除非事先有通知，否则不可谈论你的公司或组织。更别指望在台上展示你的产品。

7.Feel free to comment on other speakers, to praise or to criticize.Controversy energizes!Enthusiastic endorsement is powerful!

要给其他演讲嘉宾一定的回应，可以赞可以弹。意见之对立才会擦出思维之火火嘛。激情的参与本身的力量就是这么强大的。8.If possible, don't read your talk.Notes are fine.But if the choice is between reading or rambling, then read!

除非万不得已，否则不要照着讲稿阅读。当然可以看自己写的小纸片。但假如不看讲稿你会表述得含糊不清的话，那还是看着稿子讲吧。

9.You must end your talk on time.Doing otherwise is to steal time from the people that follow you.We won’t allow it.必须在规定的时间内说完。因为超时就意味着剥夺了其他人的时间。这是不允许的。

10.Rehearse your talk in front of a trusted friend...for timing, for clarity, for impact.为了保证演讲准时、清晰、高质量，我们希望你提前跟朋友一起做试讲。关于TED

TED于1984年由理查德·温曼和哈里·马克思共同创办，从1990年开始每年在美国加州的蒙特利举办一次，而如今，在世界的其他城市也会每半年举办一次。

它邀请世界上的思想领袖与实干家来分享他们最热衷从事的事业。“TED”由“科技”、“娱乐”以及“设计”三个英文单词首字母组成，这三个广泛的领域共同塑造着我们的未来。事实上，这场盛会涉及的领域还在不断扩展，展现着涉及几乎各个领域的各种见解。参加者们称它为 “超级大脑SPA”和“四日游未来”。

大会观众往往是企业的CEO、科学家、创造者、慈善家等等，他们几乎和演讲嘉宾一样优秀。比尔·克林顿、比尔·盖茨、维基百科创始人吉米·威尔斯、DNA结构的发现者詹姆斯·华森、google创办人、英国动物学家珍妮·古道尔、美国建筑大师弗兰克·盖里、歌手保罗·西蒙、维珍品牌创始人理查德·布兰森爵士、国际设计大师菲利普·斯达克以及U2乐队主唱Bono都曾经担任过演讲嘉宾。

大凡有机会来到TED大会现场作演讲的均有非同寻常的经历，他们要么是某一领域的佼佼者，要么是某一新兴领域的开创人，要么是做出了某些足以给社会带来改观的创举。比如人类基因组研究领域的领军人物Craig Venter，“给每位孩子一百美元笔记本电脑”项目的创建人 Nicholas Negroponte，只身滑到北极的第一人 Ben Saunders，当代杰出的语言学家 Steven Pinker……至于像 Al Gore 那样的明星就更是TED大会之常客了。

每一个TED 演讲的时间通常都是18分钟以内，但是，由于演讲者对于自己所从事的事业有一种深深的热爱，他们的演讲也往往最能打动听者的心，并引起人们的思考与进一步探索。

第五篇：ted演讲

Arvind Gupta 谈将垃圾变成可供学习的玩具

于这场演讲

在INK Conference中，Arvind Gupta分享简单却惊人的计划－将垃圾转变成充满娱乐效果、设计精美的玩具，让孩子们可以在学习科学和设计的基本原理中建立自我。

关于Arvind Gupta

科学教育家Arvind Gupta使用简单的玩具教学。

为什么要听他演讲

Arvind Gupta是印度的玩具发明家及儿童科学教育推广者。他用垃圾和日常用品创造简单的玩具，并以一场令人难忘的亲手示范表演说明了科学和设计原理。他任职于印度Pune的儿童科学中心。

他着有许多书籍，有英文、北印度语及其它印度语言版本，包括《小玩具》，《由废弃物学习科学》，以及《科学的技巧及惊喜：Arvind Gupta的压箱宝》。他的低成本科学和科技教育设备经由联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）制作成可供下载的PDF说明档案。他的许多玩具设计说明已摄录成一分钟的影片。Arvind Gupta的英语网上资料

首页：ArvindGuptaToys.com

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计]

已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

Arvind Gupta 谈将垃圾变成可供学习的玩具

我叫Arvind Gupta，是一位玩具制作者，过去30年来我一直在制作玩具。70年代初，我还在上大学，那是一段非常革命性的时期，可以这么说，是一个政治**期，学生走上巴黎街头起义反抗权威；美国因反越战运动、民权运动而动荡不安；在印度，我们有纳萨尔巴里运动，即农民武装运动，但你们知道，当社会处于政治动荡时期，会释放出大量的能量，印度的民族运动证明了这一点。很多人辞去高薪职位，投身于民族运动。70年代初，印度最伟大的计划之一，是在乡村学校中振兴基础科学。

有个叫Anil Sadgopal的人，在加州理工学院取得博士学位，并返国在印度最先进的研究机构，TIFR，担任分子生物学家。31岁的她，无法将她所做的那种研究，跟一般人的生活联系起来，于是，她设计并开办了乡村科学计划，很多人因此深受鼓舞。这个70年代初的口号是，“接近人群，参与他们的生活，爱他们，从他们所知开始，建立在他们所拥有的基础之上。”这多少是种定义型的口号。

嗯，我花了一年时间，我加入Telco，制造TATA卡车，在相当接近Pune的地方。我在那里工作了两年，我意识到，我不是适合造卡车的人。人们常常不知道自己想要做什么，但知道你不想做什么就算很好了。所以我休息了一年，然后加入这个乡村科学计划，这是一个转折点。这是个非常小的村庄，每周一次的集市，那里的人，每周只有一次，把所有货品拿出来摆，所以我说，“我要在这里待一年。”所以我把在路边摆摊卖的东西每一种买一样，我发现了一个东西，是这个黑色橡胶。

这就是所谓的气嘴管，当你给自行车打气时就会用到。而当中一些模型－你拿起一段气嘴管，将两根火柴放在里面，可制造出一个活动连结物。这是气嘴管组成的连结物，从教导角度开始，锐角、直角、钝角、平角，这就像它们本身组成的小连结物。如果你拿三个，让它们连成一圈，可以组成一个三角形；使用四个，可组成一个四边形；可以组成五边形、六边形，可以组成所有种类的多边形，它们拥有一些很美妙的特性，例如，看这个六边形，它就像一只变形虫，不断改变它的外形，你可以把这里拉出，就变成一个矩形，把它推向一边，就变一个平行四边形，但这非常不固定，例如，看这个五边形，把这边拉出，它变成船状的梯形，将它推出，它变成房子的形状，这样就变成一个等腰三角形，同样的，非常不固定。这个四边形看起来非常方正，将它轻轻一推，就变成菱形、风筝形。但如果给孩子一个三角形，他就变不出什么花样。

为什么要使用三角形？因为三角形是唯一的刚性结构，我们不能造一座四边形的桥，因为当火车驶来时，它会开始晃动，一般人都知道这点，因为如果你到一个印度村庄去，他们可能没念过工学院，但没人会建一个像这样的屋顶，因为如果他们将砖瓦放在上面，它将会被压垮。他们总是建造三角形的屋顶，这是人类的科学。

如果在这里戳一个洞，放入第三根火柴，就会得到一个T形连结。如果我将这三根腿柱插进这个三角形的三个顶点，就能组成一个四面体。所以，你可以组成这所有的3D结构，你可以组成像这样的四面体，一旦做出了这些，就能组成一间小房子。将这个放在上面，你可以将四个、六个连接在一起，只需要一大堆这种小零件。现在，这是－你将六个连接在一起，组成一个二十面体，你可以随意玩弄它，这变成一间圆顶小屋。这是1978年的时候，当时我是一位24岁的年轻工程师，我认为这比制造卡车好多了。（掌声）事实上，如果你放入四个圆球，可以模拟甲烷的分子结构，CH4，四个氢原子即四面体的四个顶点，这个代表小小的碳原子。

从那时起，我只觉得自己相当荣幸，能走遍我祖国的2000所学校，乡村学校、公立学校、市立学校、常春藤盟校，大多都邀请过我。每当我到一间学校去，见到孩子们眼里闪耀着光芒，我看到了希望，看到他们脸上的快乐。孩子们想要制作东西，想要亲自动手。像这个，我们做了很多种唧筒，这是一个小唧筒，可以用来给气球充气，这是真正的唧筒，真的可以给气球充气。我们有一个口号：孩子们对玩具最好的玩法，就是弄坏它。因此，你所做的就是，这是一个富有激发性的声明，这个旧自行车内胎和这个旧塑料[不清楚]，这个油口盖可以很恰当地放入旧自行车内胎，这就是制作阀门的方法。放上一个小胶带，这是单向通道，嗯，我们做了很多种唧筒，这是另一种，你拿一根吸管，只要将一根小木签插入，插在中央，让它分成两半，现在，你要做的是将这两条腿弯曲成一个三角形，在周围缠上一些胶带，就变成一个泵。现在，如果你用这个泵，它就像一个很棒的喷头，像一个离心机，如果你旋转某个东西，它会向外飞出。

（掌声）

根据这个－如果你[不清楚]，她会用扇叶树头榈叶来做这个东西。我们的许多民间玩具蕴含很美妙的科学原理，如果你旋转某个东西，它会向外飞出，如果我用双手转，就会看见这个有趣的飞人先生。好的，这是一个用纸做的玩具，很神奇，上面有四张图片，可以看到昆虫、青蛙、蛇、老鹰、蝴蝶，青蛙、蛇、老鹰，这是一张你可以用来跳舞的纸，于1928年由一位哈佛大学的数学家设计，他叫做Arthur StoneMartin Gardner，在他许多著作中都有提到，但孩子们从中得到很多乐趣，他们可以学习到食物链，昆虫被青蛙吃，青蛙被蛇吃，蛇被老鹰吃，这张纸可以，如果你有整张的复印纸，A4大小的纸，你可以在市立学校、公立学校，一张纸、一根比例尺和一支铅笔，不用胶水，不用剪刀，三分钟内就可以折出这个，你能用它来做什么只受限于你的想象而已。如果用一张较小的纸，就做出较小折曲式图形，用较大的纸，就能做出较大的图形。

这是一支铅笔，上面刻有一些沟槽，在这里放一个小扇叶，这是个有百年历史的玩具，有六篇关于这个的重要研究论文，这里也有一些沟槽，你们可以看到，如果我用一个簧片－如果我摩擦它，会产生非常神奇的效果，有六篇关于这个的重要研究论文，事实上，费曼幼年时对这个非常着迷，他写了一篇关于这个的论文，做这个不需要三十亿美元的强子对撞机，每个孩子都玩得到，也都会乐在其中。如果你想放上一个色盘，七种颜色全都会混在一起，这就是牛顿在大约400年前提到的，白光是由七种颜色混成，只要旋转这个就可以知道。

这是一根吸管，我们做的是，只要将两端用胶带密封，剪掉右下角和底端的左下角，所以对角会有洞，这里有一个小洞，这是一种吹管，我只要把这个放进这里，这里有一个洞，我把它盖住，花很少的钱就可以做，孩子们会觉得非常有趣。

我们所做的是制造一个非常简单的电动马达，这是地球上最简单的马达，其中最昂贵的东西就是里面的电池，如果有个电池，做这个只要花五分钱，这是一个旧自行车内胎加上一根宽橡皮筋，两个安全别针，这是一个永久磁铁，当电流通过线圈，这变成一个电磁铁，就是这两个磁铁的交互作用使这个马达旋转，我们做了三万个。

老师们教导科学很多年，只是讲述并模糊了科学的定义，当老师们动手做，孩子们动手做，你可以看见他们眼中的光芒，他们因了解科学而兴奋不已，这样的科学不是有钱人的游戏，在一个民主国家，科学必须延伸到最受限、最边缘化的儿童，这项计划开始于16所学校，并扩展到1500所公立学校，超过10万名儿童用这种方式学习科学，我们只是试着看到可能性。

请看，这是利乐包，从环境的角度来看这所有的材料，它有六层－三层塑料、三层铝，全被密封在一起，它们融合在一起，你无法将它们分开，只能做成像这样一个小网状结构，将它们折迭并黏在一起，做成一个二十面体。因此，一些垃圾，一些让所有海鸟噎住的东西，你可以将其回收，做成一个非常有趣－在科学中所有模型都可用像这样的东西制作。

这是一根小吸管，你要做的就只是剪掉这里两个角，它会变成像是小鳄鱼的嘴，将它放在你嘴里，吹气（鸣声）有人说，这是个让孩子开心、老师羡慕的东西，你无法看见声音如何产生，因为这东西在我嘴里振动，我现在将这个放在外面，不是吹气，而是将空气吸入。（鸣声）因此，不需用线圈的振动模糊了声音产生的观念。另一种方式则是你不断地吹，不断吹出声音，然后不断地剪掉，它会产生非常棒的效果。（鸣声）（掌声）当你剪成非常小的一段，（鸣声）这是孩子们教的，你也可以试试。

在我继续讲述前，有件值得分享的事，这是一个对盲童深具意义的触板，这是魔鬼粘，这是我的画板，这是我的画笔，这基本上是一个胶卷盒，这基本上像是渔夫用的线，钓鱼线，这是毛线，如果我转这个把手，所有毛线都会被卷进去，盲童可以在这上面画画，毛线会黏在魔鬼粘上。我们国家有12万个盲童，（掌声）他们生活在黑暗的世界中，这对他们来说是个福音，那里有个工厂使我们儿童变盲，不提供他们食物、维生素A，但这已成为他们的福音，没有专利权，任何人都可以制作。

这非常简单。你们可以看到，这是发电机，一个手摇发电机，这是两个磁铁，这是一个大滑轮，以橡胶当做两片旧CD的夹层制成，加上小滑轮和两个强力磁铁，这个纤维，形成连接着一个LED的线圈，如果我旋转这个滑轮，小滑轮会转得快多了，将会产生一个旋转的磁场，当然，磁力线会被截过，就会产生力量，你们可以看到，这个LED将会发光，因此，这是一个小手摇发电机。

嗯，这是，同样的，只是一个环，有着钢制螺丝帽的钢环，你可以做的就是，如果你转动它，它们会继续前进，想象一群孩子站成一圈，只是等待着钢圈传到他们手上，他们绝对会开心的玩着这个。

最后，我们还可以做的是，用大量的旧报纸做帽子，这配得上Sachin Tendulkar（板球明星），是一顶很棒的板球帽。当你初次见到尼赫鲁和甘地，这是尼赫鲁帽－只用了半张报纸，我们用报纸做了很多玩具，这是其中之一，这是－你们可以看到，这是一只振翅的鸟，所有的旧报纸，我们都可以剪成这样的小方形，如果你将这些鸟当中的一只－日本孩子做这种鸟有很多年历史了，你们可以看到，这是一个小扇尾鸟玩具。

最后，我用一个小故事结束，故事名称为“船长帽的故事”。这是一艘航海船的船长，航行得非常缓慢，船上有大量乘客，他们感到无聊，因此船长邀他们到甲板上，“穿上你们五颜六色的衣服，唱歌跳舞，我会提供你们好吃好喝的。”船长每天都戴着一顶帽子，穿上盛装，第一天是一顶巨大的伞状帽，就像船长帽。那天晚上，当乘客睡觉时，他将它再折一次，第二天，他会戴起消防员的帽子，后面有个小突起，就像一顶设计师帽，因为它能保护脊椎。而第二天晚上，他用同一顶帽子，将它再折一次，到了第三天，这将是一顶探险帽，就像探险家的帽子。第三个晚上，他将它再折两次，这是一顶非常著名的帽子，如果你看过任何一部宝莱坞电影，这就是警察戴的，叫做zapalu帽，它已一跃而成我们的国际荣耀。

我们可别忘了他是这艘船的船长，所以这是一条船，到了故事结尾，每个人都非常享受这段旅途，他们正唱着歌、跳着舞，突然间，一阵暴风和巨浪袭来，船只能随着波浪上下起伏。一阵大浪袭来，拍打在船头，将它打落；另一阵大浪袭来，拍打在船尾，将它打落；第三阵大浪袭来，淹没了船桥，将它打落；船沉了，船长失去了一切，只剩下一件救生衣。