第一篇：英文summary撰写指导
怎么写ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ
摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。2）弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
如何写一篇文章的摘要？– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译 摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作
A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4)避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5)压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past.Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not!If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful„ like eating cardboard or sand„ just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient.She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul.She wanted to persuade him.She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you.It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks.It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt.She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food.But Paul disagreed.He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
第二篇：冰雪奇缘英文summary
The summary of Frozen
Elsa was a princess who was born with magic.She had the ability to create ice and snow which made her fall into big trouble.One day, she hurt her sister Anne by accident.Trolls saved Anne and removed Anne’s memories about Elsa’s magic.From then on, Elsa was locked in her room to practice control her magic.After several years, the King and the Queen were dead by accident in the sea.So Elsa should be the new Queen.She had to attend the coronation.She was so nervous and she was afraid of exposing her ability.What’s more, Anne’s absurd love with a stranger, Prince Hans, made Elsa lose control.Elsa’s emotion turned summer into winter.After those masses, Elsa escaped to the mountain alone.Anne went after her sister to persuade her sister to bring back summer.Then, Anne met with Kristoff and the snow man Olaf.They went through many difficulties to meet Elsa.Unfortunately, Anne was failed to persuade her sister and hurt by her sister again.At that time, everyone thought Prince Hans can give Anne the kiss of true love which could save her life.But Prince Hans betrayed her.Hans wanted to kill her and then he can became the king.Finally, Elsa’s love saved Anne, it called family love.
第三篇：怎样写英文摘要summary
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作
A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4)避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5)压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past.Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not!If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful„ like eating cardboard or sand„ just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient.She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul.She wanted to persuade him.She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you.It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks.It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt.She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food.But Paul disagreed.He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
附：
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。
2）弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表
述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
第四篇：英文自荐信如何撰写？（范文模版）
Written submissions to the job graduates recommended by the employing unit of self-written material, all graduates in the cover letter is critical to the pillars of documents, the quality of their writing careers directly related to the success of graduates.Therefore, the personal statement is known as graduates seeking jobs, “stepping-stone.”
So, job cover letter how to write it?
The focus of personal statement, “ö” in the conception must focus on “why ö”, “With what Elite”, “how Elite” line of thinking arrangement, its format is generally divided into title, title, text, attachments and dated 5 section.1, the title is a personal statement the title logo and title to require eye-catching, simple, Jhuangya.Use larger fonts in the paper at the top marked “personal statement” in the name, seems generous and beautiful.2, called This is the main unit or the recipient to send the call to language.If the employing unit clear, can be written directly on the unit name, with “highly respected” should be qualified to lead the post office or collectively, the “leadership” put pen to paper, such as unit is not clear, then used collectively, the “Dear your organization(company or school)leadership ”The Link, the best not to directly labeled as top leadership positions, so easily lead to the first reader's resentment, but difficult to attain this purpose.3, text
The body is a personal statement of the core, opening words should be said greetings to each other compliments.Generally include the main part of the job-seeking resumes, Zijian purpose, conditions, display, determination and desire to conclude the five elements.profile is the outline of self-description and self-nominations name, gender, ethnicity, age, origin, political outlook, education, college and department professional, home address, the representation of other factors, it is necessary for the purpose of self-Zijian A brief description, without long and cumbersome.Objective To Zijian Xie Qing sources of information, job search intention to undertake projects such as work objectives, it is written in clear and specific, but to grasp the sense of proportion, concise, we can not expect too much ambiguity can not give people the impression conceited or self-esteem.Conditions of display is a key element of personal statement should primarily Xie Qing's own talents and strengths.To address the demand should be aware that the work should go to write, and fully display the conditions of employment, from the basic conditions and specific conditions on what basis both seek to solve the problem.The basic conditions should be Xieqing political performance and learning activities in two aspects.political performance from the activities and performance aspects of realism, such as the party School to learn and participate in activities, professional attitude, dedication, cooperation, awareness, etc., and accompanied by award-winning and qualification certificates.Learning experiences to Xie Qing Lord, minor professional courses and achievements of the situation, for English, computer and putonghua level of 11 must also note, for and acted, organizational management, social surveys, design and practical aspects of thesis also slightly touching, and, there are special skills should be emphasized, such as the operating practices, style painting, writing, eloquence and other expertise, to demonstrate their abilities, outstanding personality traits.Determined part of the desire to express the earnest desire to join other organizations, and looking forward to the bright future of unit, expect to be recognized and accepted by, naturally sincere, neither overbearing nor servile.After the general conclusion in the text format, according to letters written on the wish language or “Sincerely, salute” “waiting for good news,” like the phrase the name.4, annex personal statement accessories include personal resume, a copy of the certificate and articles need to appendix explains the material can also be listed as an attachment 11.5, dated inscription Department to write to "person × × × Zi Jian words, and to regulate body mark the Year Chronology and monthly day.Following replies to illustrate the text at the contact, zip code, address, mailbox number, phone number and pager number.signed by Branch, such as printed copies will have to leave blank, signed personally by the job-seekers in order to show solemnly and respect.Cover letter writing skills is actually very good grasp of writing although a certain degree of freedom, but be sure to pay attention to civil and courteous, sincere and simple elegance, with particular attention to highlight the talent and expertise of the individual characteristics, pay attention to demonstrate experience, performance and results, well-designed binding , emphasis on format, elegant appearance, the pursuit of a solemn and beautiful, so like a light of spring Yan, flew into the thousands of families, in order to bring you good news.
第五篇：研究方案撰写指导范文
课题研究方案的撰写指导
作者:佚名时间:2006-6-23 12:32:00来源:会员转发人气: 3672
一、什么是课题研究方案的设计
课题研究方案的设计是研究人员为了完成研究任务而进行的总体谋划。
二、课题研究方案设计的意义
（一）保证课题研究具有明确的方向和目标。
（二）保证课题研究步骤有序化。
（三）有利于课题论证、评价与管理
三、课题研究方案的主要内容及其要求。
（一）课题名称。要求：
1． 简明、贴切、清晰。
2． 常用陈述式句型表述。
（二）课题界定。要求回答“什么是”的问题，说明课题名称及其关键词和重要要领的定义、涵义及来源。方案设计的许多内容将由此发出去。科学的课题界定有利于使研究内容和活动切题，防止研究目标和方向的转移或使研究范围任意扩大或缩小。
（三）研究背景与意义。要求回答“为什么要进行该课题研究”的问题。可说明：
1．研究原因。具体说明：
（1）时代背景。用以说明研究者选用的新的社会参照标准。
（2）针对问题。说明根据新的社会参照标准的要求，本课题试图解决的教育中的主要问题。问题表述要求：
① 一定的维度说明，并使彼此边界清晰，不致混淆。② 同一方案中旨在解决的问题前后一致，防止互相矛盾。③ 彼此逻辑关系正确，母概念与子概念关系清晰。
④ 总课题所列问题要包容子课题旨在解决的问题，防止各说各的互相矛盾。子课题要根据总课题所列的某些问题作具体说明。
⑤ 旨在解决的问题要与研究目标、指导理论、研究内容及操作变量等相呼应，前后照应，防止相互分离。
（3）学生发展的需要。
（4）学校发展的需要。
2．本课题研究的先进性。说明本课题的研究切合国内外相关课题研究的现状和发展趋势，与其既有联系又有区别。
3．本课题研究的实践意义和理论价值。
（四）课题研究的对象。可说明：
1．根据研究的目的和任务确定对象的代表性
2．根据统计学要求推算研究对象的数量
3．通过前测对实验对象和对照对象进行等化处理或采取随机抽样的方法确定研究对象和对照对象。
（五）研究思路。可说明：
1．研究假设。研究假设是研究者根据一定的科学事实和科学理论对研究中所要解决的问题的结果所做的猜测，即对课题中涉及的两个变量之间相互关系的设想。假设在课题研究中具有定向、限定和标准的作用。在有假设的实验研究中，研究必须围?quot;假设“进行，对”假设“进行验证，并在以后的研究报告中说明研究结果是否验证了假设。假设在内容与表达上应达到这样一些标准：
（1）以陈述的方式表达。通常说明两变量之间的因果关担?quot;如果……，那么就（有可能）……”
（2）一般陈述两个变量之间的关系
（3）假设有待检验，且必须可以检验。必要时可对假设作理性分析。
2．指导理论。主要说明原理性理论。要求：
（1）少而精
（2）针对“问题”
（3）能指导操作
（4）表述简明、准确，有具体贯彻要点，涵盖子课题，以便教师理解和把握。可引经据典，也各自圆其说。防止搞成目录式，似贴标签。
3．研究目标。独特的研究课题应有独特的研究目标。表述时要注意顾名思义、切题、个性化。作为应用性研究课题至少说二点：
（1）研究目标。也称中介目标、自变量。即解决问题的对策。常简述如何操作，包括途径、策略、方法和模式等。注意：
① 针对课题界定和“问题”
② 体现先进性。在收集和研究相关情报资料的基础上继承和创新。③ 如总课题分解为子课题时，则要分别说明。
（2）学生发展目标。也称教育目标、因变量。常简述由于实施上述操作，学生发展将如何。注意：
① 针对课题界定和“问题”
② 理顺逻辑关系，如说直接目标1，由此导致目标达成2、3……③ 与研究目标构成函数关系：（假定其它因素作用为零的情况下）
（六）因变量及其评价标准和评价方法。要求：
1．将前述因变量分解为指标，形成评价指标体系
2．说明评价指标的测试及观察判断方法
3．设计好相应的统计表格
（七）自变量与无关变量的操纵与控制。说明：
1．自变量的操纵与控制
（1）明确每一自变量的操作原因
（2）明确每一自变量的操作规范，将方法化为方式，并体现先进性。如说“模式”，则按“模式”要素分别说明规范要求。
（3）规范操作
2．无关变量的操纵与控制
（八）研究方法和设计逻辑。可说明：
1．研究方法。说明每一研究方法用于什么。
（试介绍教例研究法、问题研究法和实验研究法）
2．设计逻辑。说明如何取样，绩效如何反映。
（九）预期研究成果。可说明：
1．研究报告
2．其它论文
3．专著
4．音像资料
5．典型教案
6．教具学具（含课件）等
（附鉴定材料：①主件：研究报告；②附件：有关研究的支撑性材料；③研究工作总结）
（十）研究步骤及进度。可说明如何实施目标管理；规定时间、明确责任、计量成果等。
（十一）课题研究的组织与管理。可说明：
1．课题研究的类别。说明是独立课题，还是集体课题。如果集体课题，则要说明如何分工协作。
2．课题研究的组织形式。说明是集体研究式、总分协作式还是纵何分层式研究形式。
3．相关人员的分工及职责等。
（十二）课题研究的保证措施。可说明：
1．人员保证
2．策略保证
3．经费和物质保证
4．机制保证等
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