英文毕业论文 网络流行语及其英文翻译

第一篇：英文毕业论文 网络流行语及其英文翻译

本科生毕业论文

网络流行语及其英文翻译

院 系： 外国语学院 专 业： 英 语

I A Study of English Translation of Network Catchwords

摘要

随着中国国际化进程日益加快和互联网的普及，越来越多的外国友人更加密切地关注中国。与此同时，中国网民也创造了不少幽默诙谐、充满智慧的语言，一些鲜活的流行语不仅在网络上迅速传播，还渗透到社会生活中。然而通过对汉语网络流行语翻译的研究现状来看，汉语网络流行语的翻译工作还有待进一步的发展。本文首先介绍了流行语和网络流行语的背景以及它们之间的从属关系。其次，网络流行语主要来源于网络用语、影视用语和外来语。通过对其来源的分析，进一步概括出网络流行语之所以流行的原因。从广义上来说，网络流行语的形成不仅是语言继承性和创新性的有机结合，它的简洁、幽默、流行性和周期性也让众多网民对其更加追捧和使用。然而，在网络流行语不断追求个性、不断创新的洪流中，也不可避免地出现了粗俗化现象。本文根据奈达的功能对等理论，对汉语网络流行语的翻译技巧进行了分析和总结之后发现，在网络流行语的翻译中直译、直译夹注、意译、意译加注、加缀法和改译法仍是十分有效和常用的技巧。

关键词：网络流行语；来源；特征；翻译

II

Abstract

With the accelerating process of China Internationalization and popularity of the Internet, more and more foreigners pay closer attention to China.At the same time, Chinese netizens also create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through Internet and also deeply enter the social life.However, through the translation situations of Chinese network catchwords, the translation problem needs further development.The thesis firstly introduces the background of catchword, network catchwords and their subordinate relationship.Secondly, network catchwords mainly originate from network expression, expression in entertainment industry and foreign words.By analyzing its sources, the causes of popularity of network catchwords have been displayed clear for us.Broadly speaking, network catchwords are not only combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation, but also adored and used by netizens because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity.However, continuous pursuit for uniqueness and innovation also emerge vulgar usage of it.After analyzing and concluding the translation skills of Chinese network catchwords according to Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory, it is found that the translation methods including literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes, affixation method and adapted translation are still effective and common ones.Key Words: Network Catchwords;Sources;Features;Translation

III

Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................错误！未定义书签。摘要................................................................................................................................................II Abstract.......................................................................................................................................III Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................IV Chapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords.....................................................................................3

2.1 From Network Expression.................................................................................................3

2.1.1 From Current Affairs..............................................................................................3 2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar........................................................................................4 2.2 From Entertainment Industry............................................................................................6

2.2.1 From Television Play..............................................................................................6 2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show.................................................................................7 2.3 From Foreign Words..........................................................................................................7 2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords.............................................................8 Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords.................................................................................11 3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation...................................................11 3.2 Economic effect...............................................................................................................12 3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies....................................................................................12 IV 3.4 Vulgarness Expression....................................................................................................13 Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords..............................................................15 4.1 Literal Translation...........................................................................................................15 4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes.......................................................................16 4.3 Free Translation...............................................................................................................17 4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes...........................................................................18 4.5 Affixation Method...........................................................................................................19 4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences..................................................................................19 Chapter 5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................21 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................23

V

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Chapter 1 Introduction Catchwords as a lexical phenomenon reflect people’s general concern on problems and issues of specific periods of time in one country or one district.Different period has different catchwords.In the early days of new China, the word 同志（people who hold same aspirations/comrade）originated from Soviet Union was popular among different strata;During the cultural revolution period, 阶级斗争（class struggle）,上山下乡(going to the mountainous areas and the countryside)became catchwords of that time;between 1980s and1990s, 脱贫致富（cast off poverty to get rich）, 奔小康（strive for a relatively comfortable life）were prevalent in those two decade years;Since the new century, all kinds of catchwords have become popular by means of network transmission.Furthermore, different social groups also hold distinct catchwords.Therefore, catchword as a piece of social sensitive nerves represents various changes of society and widespread responsive reflection of public attitudes.Having carried out reform and opening-up policy for thirty years, China has given birth to many new thoughts and things while so-called catchwords appropriately bear witness to these changes.Changing times arouses surge in people’s mind, which seeks innovation methods from a linguistic point of view.Therefore, based on complicated psychology and social background, catchwords mostly result form era of social changes which carry much higher cultural contents.Meanwhile, some also originate from dialects and influenced by regional cultures.In a word, the existence and prevalence of catchwords is both a cultural phenomenon and a linguistic phenomenon.From a positive aspect, catchwords are pipelines to multiply lexis and also accesses to some certain social culture or emotional abreactions.Moreover, network catchwords are one type of whole catchwords.Network catchwords namely prevalent words in internet which are the expressions established by netizens through common usage.With popularization of the internet, Chinese netizens create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through internet and also gradually enter the 1

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social life.These network catchwords as a type of special linguistic variants also hold cultural connotations besides denotations.All in all, network catchwords use vivid forms to express special meanings, which enrich our discourse space, generalize the raw style and content for living together with build up aesthetic value through ridicule person and ridicule words.With social development, cultural diversification and flourishing mass media as well as thriving network, the popularization range of network catchwords will be expanded step by step.Thus, it is necessary to research its Chinese-English translations because they have a realistic meaning in current society.The thesis consists of five chapters.Chapter one is an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword.Chapter two firstly focuses on the sources of network catchwords then concludes the causes of its popularity.Chapter three introduces main features of network catchwords.By means of arduous analysis and generalization, chapter four have given priority to the English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.Finally, the thesis comes to a conclusion.本科毕业论文

Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords The birth of internet to the production of human life brought about profound changes.Network becomes the fourth media after newspaper, radio and television and also creates new information exchanges and dissemination, which has brought communication environment, communication way to update and formed a new variant of network language-network catchwords.Xie Xinzhou(2002)considered that generalized network language could be classified into three types, firstly network technical terms like online, chat room, website, internet bar and hacker and so on.Secondly, language used in chat room, BBS or other forums namely netizens’ communication language.Thirdly, language of network news, network advertisement and network literature.However, narrowly-defined network catchwords refer to the second type.On one hand, lexis is one of the most active aspects in linguistic revolution of which network catchwords are complicated one.Furthermore, the formation and development of any language are linked with social background and cultural accumulation.It is these sources that form the new linguistic style—network catchwords.2.1 From Network Expression

With the coming of internet era, network has penetrated into people’s daily life.Though closely linked with communication activities of daily life, Language used in the virtual world is different from it.2.1.1 From Current Affairs

CNN(Cable News Network)originally is a US cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24 hour television news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States(Wikipedia).In the CNN report of 2008, it appeared foreign media’s twisted coverage of Tibet happenings.Many Chinese thought it was biased.It drew more attention after CNN commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of China 3

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during the Olympic torch passed in the United States.Later, network catchword做人不能太CNN(do not be too CNN)which means how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events becomes popular among netizens.In previous time, 打酱油(to get some soy sauce)was a true portrayal of people’s daily life.Nowadays, it is given a new meaning it is none of my business to imply audiences’ attitudes of drawing veil over politics and sensitive topics to protect themselves.As far as we know, Phoenix was a miraculous animal and king of birds in Chinese ancient mythology and legend.However, in Western mythology, there still has such kind of bird called fire bird or immortal bird.As Chinese saying goes golden phoenix flying from the deep hill, the new compounding catchword凤凰男(phoenix man)is prevalent in society because it represents a kind of men who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later move to a big city and married a city girl.Are you obsessed with football? If you are, you must know the source of network catchword叉腰肌(Psoas muscle).Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(this is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs ,it is important for motion.)However, nobody knew where the muscle is.Altogether, about the network catchwords of this type, it is hard to find corresponding English versions in the progress of translation.As long as event-backgrounds are defined, translation versions will be better understood by foreigners.2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar

What is paste bar? Paste bar is an online community bound tightly with searching service in which people express what they think about a specific topic, like a big group.In this big group, there are so many smaller groups, each group has its own keywords which is the common interest of every members.Generally, users search or create a bar by keyword.They type the keyword and enter the bar.If the bar has not been created before, it will be created at the time you search it(Wikipedia).Due to the convenience of senting pictures into internet, sometimes, many netizens are struck 4

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dumb with astonishments even without uttering any words to depict them when faced with these weird, peculiar pictures.So the word雷(stun)becomes an replacement to express netizens’

embarrassing feelings of that specific moment.After that, these new lexis 雷人(stunning),雷倒(stunned)and 雷文(stunning words)came out but not briefly translated as surprise or astonishing just with literal meanings.From internet forum mop hodgepodge in March,2009, a netizen named don’t be infatuated with me have a spoof on some pictures and then others quickly transmit the catchword不要迷恋哥，哥只是一个传说(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)in internet.Later, in September, someone posts a photograph of an non-mainstream man eating noodle adding a sentence哥吃的不是面，是寂寞(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude)in Baidu paste bar.After that, this catchword turns out to be the greatest love of people.With fertile imaginations of new generations about new social fashion, they create different kinds of network catchwords to generalize some kinds of people.Nowadays, many job-seeking youngsters including college students devote their time and energy to preparing exams that award an array of certificates in order to prove their language and computer skills in the hope of securing an edge over other applicants in the job market.Because of this phenomenon, the network catchword哈证族(Certificate maniac)emerges as the times require.On the contrary, a graduate student once issued a post to claim that he was employed without knowing.Behind the scenes, we could imagine what the true employment percentage of university graduates is.Additionally, the word 被就业(falsification of graduates employment status)comes into people’s view.In other cases, some traditional words change or completely change its original semantic meanings to some degree in current society.Some small factories started by small workshops imitate famous brands to create low-price, civilian products.Owing to their cheapness and popularity, the catchwords 山寨(copycatting)becomes a top hit because it reflects common phenomenon in Chinese manufacturing industry.Therefore,山寨(copycatting)originally means a mountain fortress but later transforms into new meaning duplicates of world class brands criticized by foreigners on this phenomenon.Moreover, Google gives a suitable 5

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translation version copycatting which has been included to network dictionary.2.2 From Entertainment Industry

The entertainment industry(also informally known as show business or show biz)consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment.However, the term is often used in the mass media to describe the mass media companies that control the distribution and manufacture of mass media entertainment.In the popular parlance, the term show biz in particular connotes the commercially popular performing arts, especially musical theatre, vaudeville, comedy, film, television play and variety shows etc.Broadly speaking, as a type of tertiary industry, the bloom of entertainment not only brings about mental and psychological pleasure in people, but also makes us have an opportunity to taste new-appeared network catchwords.2.2.1 From Television Play

A television sketch不差钱(Money is not a problem)of Spring Festival Evening Party in 2009 becomes popular all over the country after the classic performance of Zhao Benshan,Xiao Shenyang.Nowadays, some guests always use this catchword when having meals in restaurants.Along with audiences’ high concern on house slave of television play蜗居(dwelling narrowness),two catchwords 蚁族(the ant tribe)and 房奴(house slave)of this type are becoming hit catchwords during the two meetings(National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)of 2010.Meanwhile,the classical lines人情债，我肉偿了(My debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!)also receives an unexpected reaction in the recesses of people’s heart.As far as I am concern, the reason why these words of dwelling narrowness are conspicuous in current society is that this teleplay deeply touches white-collar employees to the sweets and bitters of battling strenuously for a house.While at the early time of previous year, Topics in Focus of CCTV broadcasts a programme suspicious toll which immediately causes public concern on it.When questioned how large amounts of Tianjin annual road construction loan, Liu Bo, deputy director of Tianjin municipal highway

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administration fees said that it can not be explained in detail(这事不能细说)which turns into a conspicuous network catchwords implying the dirty trick among some governmental or regional departments.Are you familiar with Lecture Room of CCTV 10? If you are, you may be a fan of Yi Zhongtian.In a programme of Lecture Room, professor Yi Zhongtian once sighed such a sentence,悲剧啊(tragedy,ah).Later, netizens copy this exclamatory sentence into internet filled with allegorical illustration.Thus, netizens has given birth to the usage of such catchwords人生就像茶几，上面摆满了茶具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life)in internet.Besides the above-mentioned catchwords, dialects of some teleplay also arouse audiences’ interest and then popularize over the whole country.For example, dialect catchwords 得瑟(arrogant/rampant)and妥了(something is done)become beloved ones in people’s mouths.2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show

In view of 2008 Chinese network catchwords issued by Google at the beginning of 2009 year, monosyllabic catchwords become eye-catching objects among people.With the hit broadcast of film Lost on Journey, 囧(sunken)originated from ancient Chinese character literally means light shining through a window while refers embarrassing or confused under the circumstance of variety shows.However, official translation issued by Google(2009)is being sunk in accordance with foreign culture because Google considers that embarrassing generally means awkward in Chinese people’s minds.With the popularity of the hit show If You Are the One, a series of catchwords闪婚(shotgun marriage),做秀(make a show)and 拜金主义(money warship)represent new hit topics on personal values towards contemporary society, family relations and individuals.For instance, Ma Nuo, a player of the hit shows If You Are the One once said ‘I would rather cry in the BMW, than smile in the bicycle’.Thought this material girl was well-known by us, how many other worldly girls are there in current society?

2.3 From Foreign Words

Foreign words play a vital role in the formation of network catchwords to some extent of

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which English accounts for large part.In internet, we frequently see the new catchword 酷毙了(ultra cool)and 晒(share)appeared in entertainment programmes.In fact, both two words are originated from transliteration of English words ultra cool and share.The first word is used to express astonishing, exciting feelings about performance.While the latter word is a self-released life style to share personal resources with others including innovation, life condition, pets etc.In summation, whether from network expression, expression in industry or foreign words, the whole sources reflect the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords.It is its unique and popular sources that attract many people’s close attention to the starting and ending of each social event.2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords

American scholar J.B.Pride(1971)once put forward the theory Covariation between Language and Social Structure in his book The Social Meaning of Language.When social life has gradual or sudden changes, language as a social phenomenon will necessarily change in accordance with the tempo of social life progress.Nowadays, being in a transitional period, China has corresponding and intense changes in social structure and life.By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese netizens reaches 457.3 million which leaps to the first place in the world.With the fast development of the Internet, social resources like speech privilege, acquisition right and sensibility towards social events are being redistributed.Under the strict regulation of traditional media in domestic China, the Internet is regarded as a platform on behalf of freedom of speech and grassroots culture which has a dominant role in public opinions.Moreover, Linguists hold that language expresses not only contents but also closely relates to life style, economic level and current affairs.During the period of reform and opening-up, advertisement language was being the greatest love of all among citizens.While in recent years, network catchwords become the top topic in streets and lanes.Innovation of any social behavior always motivates linguistic changes.In other words, linguistic changes are the external representation of 8

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people’s social behavior.For instance, the development of network makes people actively participate into social life to express their thoughts and reach affirmative praise from other people towards their talents and innovations.In this participation society, each person has the right to give free rein to his imagination, unique thoughts.According to the table of 27th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China by China Internet Network Information Center in 19 January, 2011, the age span of Chinese netizens from 10 to 39 takes up 81.9 percent in 2009;80.5% in 2010 compared with the whole ages.Concerning academic degree and educational background of the netizen group, there are large numbers of student netizens holding a college or equivalent degree in China.Filled with agile minds and special pursuits for fashion and innovation, these youngsters spare free time in virtual world without bearing heavy burden on realistic life.Undoubtedly, they provide themselves with private spaces for exerting talents and abilities.Once social events appear in all kinds of media, netizen groups will actively express their personal judgment in the first time in order to amuse themselves or audiences.From the viewpoint of our country, public opinions play a good supervisory role in public affairs;as for audiences themselves, their reflections on social events seem to be like a flavoring of releasing stress of work and life, family friction and interpersonal relationship.Nowadays, network catchwords become fashionable for a time of which each one has an affair happened behind the scene.As for the network catchwords 范跑跑(Running Fan), it emerged in response to Fan Meizhong’s escape from classroom regardless of any student when Wenchuan earthquake happened in May,12,2008.Later, he issued a post named the moment the earth was moving and said ‘at the moment between life and death, I may care sacrificing myself only for my daughter.Other people even like my mother;I would ignore them in that case.’ His escape behavior and outrage speech cause hot topic among netizens and then they give him a nickname running Fan.On one hand, this popular catchword wakens Chinese people the loss of teachers’ virtue in current society.On the other hand, it also reflects collective concern and fierce

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response of Chinese netizens towards this event.Another network catchword 我爸是李刚(My father is Li Gang)refers to the event a 22-year-old student of HeBei University named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away after a Volkswagen sedan he drove raced down a narrow lane and struck two students named Chen Xiaofeng and Zhang Jingjing head-on.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, my father is Li Gang(the deputy police chief in the Beishi district of Baoding).Thus, the transparence of social events not only motivates people’s communication enthusiasms for thoughts, beliefs and participation but also make more netizens actively express their attitudes and judgments towards society events.Accordingly, network catchwords as recorder of social history are closely connected with realistic society in which netizens reveal their genuine attitudes towards thinking, grievances or enjoyment in society.Though being different from rigorous and complete language of traditional mass media, network catchwords always simply arouse public concentrated feelings through netizens’ opinions on top issues.Consequently, in current multicultural society, the appearance of network media provides audiences golden opportunities with new things, rich minds and fashionable life style.At the same time, the transparency of social events and people’s great concern on current affairs both motivate the popularity of network catchwords.本科毕业论文

Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords

Network is just like an open square towards people while anonymity breaks the bound of authority and reverse relations between center and edge.In the network stage, grassroots netizens attain unprecedented freedom of expression, which leads to depressed netizens roaring out special language to audiences.Network catchwords are just special language to some extent.Thus, most netizens regard the popularity of network catchwords as success of common people.On all accounts, network catchwords are the conventional product of social collective thoughts while containing love-hate sentiments and value judgments on social events.Why do so many people like such kind of language style? For many netizens, using network catchwords not only show their close concern on social events but also save their time to reach economic effects due to its popularity and periodic features.Of network catchwords itself, it perfectly combines advantages between linguistic inheritance and linguistic innovation to form this unique language style.3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation

The advancement and development of any language firstly can not depart from linguistic transmission and inheritance.Undoubtedly, network catchwords originate from realistic society.Thus, formations of network catchwords like monosyllable, compounding of lexis and sentence are similar to spoken language or written language in ordinary life.Moreover, innovation includes three features new, unusual and queer.New mostly refers to spoken expressions based on distinctive feature and condition of current life.For instance,富二代(second rich generation)originally appeared from an entertainment programme refers to these rich children who were born in the 1980s and might inherit property of hundred million.Unusual is not a special or rebelling but reflections of minds and dispositions which displays special thoughts of linguistic users.Like Chinese characters 槑(nuts)pronounced mei,the word is a variant of the word for 梅.but it also looks like a double version of the character 呆

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which means stupid.So netizens have borrowed it to mean 槑 nuts.Queer partly means going against even destroying linguistic convention on the basis of arbitrariness and dynamics.Some catchwords surpass lexical collocation standard like被就业(falsification of graduates employment status)and abuse usage of linguistic arbitrariness as 歇菜(finished，dead, napoo).However, just these unconventional usages of network catchwords bring about netizen unique feelings.3.2 Economic effect

Economic principle is a fundamental one to conduct human behaviors.Usage of language as one of human behaviors also accords with the influence of economic principle.In other words, the smallest cognitive expense exchanges the biggest communication profits.American pragmatic scholar Laurence Horn(2002)holds that people are apt to choose the least words to satisfy both speakers and hearers.Formation and pragmatic aspects of network catchwords reflect both concision and condensation trait.Such as Chinese-English abbreviative words Happy(开心)一下,今天太high(兴奋)了(it is so exciting today!),你真out(落伍)了(you are behind the times).3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies

The essential feature of network catchwords is its popularity.Unlike these steady traditional words, some catchwords will be gradually gone out of use until accepted and recognized by citizens to become ordinary lexis.For this reason, network catchwords are dynamic phenomenon and go through the process of appearance-popular-disappearance with exception of turning into ordinary words.In view of late network catchwords found in television programme, and hot social issues by netizens, the catchword打酱油(get some soy sauce)gradually fade away with the end of influence and then is replaced by newly-appeared event magic horses are floating clouds(神马都是浮云).When netizens type Chinese characters 什么啊 by means of Sogou pinyin input method, without remembering the usage of delimiter ′, so pinyin s′m′a always turns

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into s′ma(神马).Thus, magic horses(神马)become a top hit in current internet due to its humorous effect.Whereas, the word floating clouds(浮云)namely illusory or fleeting meaning nothing is worthy of being mentioned.During the national day of 2010, a post named thank you a perfect friend for bringing me a sentimental national day reminds us of these weird and thunderous words spoken by xiaoyueyue.Hence, netizen connect magic horses with floating clouds to describe her because other words are less insipid than these two words.These two catchwords give us desperate but detached feelings which represent certain mental features of social people.Of course, other catchwords also keep its consistent popularity like English abbreviation PK concerned by people in 2005.Though some local government definitely prohibiting its usage in textbooks or media, this word is still prevalent in spoken language, mass media, and advertisement.Another example Gelivable(给力)originally comes from Japanese humorous animation Journey to the West-the destination of Pilgrimage.When the four people reach tianzhu(Just have a flag marked two words tianzhu)through trials and tribulations, meanwhile, Wukong complains ungelivable, master.During the period of 2010 world cup, the word gelivable(给力)becomes all the rage for football fans and netizen.Thereby, popular and periodic features of network catchwords become a general trait accepted by netizens and linguists.3.4 Vulgarness Expression

Network as a virtual space in which netizens hide their ages, genders, identifications and social status in order to gross over their natural countenances.Without concerning about actual condition, they always speak their minds without reservation to show off so-called self-righteous attitudes.Owing to the platform in revealing gloomy sentiments, someone unscrupulously create language rubbishes to get rid of their grievances or satisfy vulgar tastes such as appearances of TMD(他妈的)/ NND(奶奶的)/ SB(傻逼).These vulgar words may penetrate into traditional media step by step even some become new favorite of mainstream press.Therefore, it is necessary for us to draw

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the essence and discard the dregs from current network catchwords.Although network catchwords are prevalent among people because of its weird, special formation, some of which directly form rude even obscene linguistic phenomenon.Thus, it is necessary for us to have right judgments from the scurrilous network catchwords.Certainly, besides above-mentioned four main aspects, there are also other features of network catchwords like background trait, holding strong cultural color, usage of irony and metaphor as well as analogical devices duplicated into network.本科毕业论文

Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords In the informal verbal communication, network catchwords cater to popular tastes and also bring about translators a lot of troubles.In the thesis, it mainly refers to Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory as a whole.Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are two approaches to translation, of which the former attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text(if necessary, at the expense of word order, the source text’s grammatical voice, etc.)while the latter means to render the text word-for-word(if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language).The two approaches respectively represent emphasis on readability and literal fidelity to the source text.There is no sharp boundary between Functional and Formal equivalence.Broadly, the two represent a spectrum of translation approaches.Furthermore, the terms Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are associated with the translator Eugene Nida, and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but nowadays the two approaches are applicable to any translation(Wikipedia).Therefore, Nida acclaims that there are no such things as identical equivalence in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the closest possible equivalent.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence, Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory.In specific translation skills, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.the following translation references all originate from China Daily Website(2009/2010)and Google(2009).4.1 Literal Translation

Literal translation or direct translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word for word rather than conveying the sense of the original(Wikipedia).Spoken network catchwords always refer to new words that appeared in casual or informal circumstance used by netizens.Literal translations of catchwords always appeared in the forum and entertainment

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news like狗仔队(paparazzi/ dog packs),做秀(make a show),拜金主义(money warship).For example, the network catchword狗仔队 translated as paparazzi or dog packs has a vivid which seems to be like a pack of dogs chase something at top speed.Some popular sentences are still used by netizens as follows.哥吃的不是面，是寂寞.(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude.)不要迷恋哥，哥只是一个传说.(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)

4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes While faced with some social events on the basis of backgrounds, when translate it directly, the additional explanations of events are necessary to make foreigners understood clearly and concisely as follows.When a person in Guangzhou was asked to give his opinion of the sex scandal involving Hong Kong star Edison Chen(Chen Guanxi), the man answered, it is none of my business and I am just out to get some soy sauce.Later, this catchword implies audience’s attitudes of being worldly-wise and playing safe.Thus, the network catchword 打酱油 Get some soy sauce(it implies the meaning it is none of my business)become popular in different strata.凤凰男 Phoenix man(a man who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later moved to a big city and married a city girl.)Another case like this, Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(This is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs;it is important for motion.)However, nobody, including the players, knew where the muscle is.So the catchword叉腰肌Psoas muscle(having nothing definite in mind)takes on overnight.At the same time, one night in late October of 2010 in Baoding, China.A college student named Chen Xiaofeng was in-line skating with a friend on the grounds of Hebei University in

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central China.They were gliding past the campus grocery when a Volkswagen sedan raced down a narrow lane and struck them head-on.The impact sent Ms Chen flying and broke the other woman’s leg.The 22-year-old driver named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, ‘My father is Li Gang!’ Later, the network catchword我爸是李刚 My father is Li Gang(it implies morbid psychology of the second officer generation)represents us the genuine psychology of some contemporary adolescents.4.3 Free Translation

Free translation is applied when there is conflict between the source language meaning and the form of target language expression, that is to say, when the language form in the target language can not faithfully convey the meaning that is expressed in the corresponding target language form.In this case, meaning is the first choice.The translator has to give up the original language form and try to keep the meaning instead.Free translation does not mean that the translator can ignore the source text;it only means that the surface structure of the source text is not completely rendered while the deep structure is faithfully reproduced.Free translations always apply to these words when netizens conclude specialized name after reading representative articles such as 闪婚(shotgun marriage),山寨(copycatting),哈证族(certificate maniac).For instance, the word 闪婚 literally gives us a shock feeling of quick marriage as startled as a clap of thunder.So the translation version shotgun marriage just conforms to the charm of source language.Other spoken catchwords originally come from dialect language then become popular in society.For example, Northeastern catchwords 得瑟 was also prevalent along with television play Country love meaning rampant, aggressive or arrogant.妥了(something is ok / done)from television named Happiness of the eldest among siblings is also frequently quoted by netizens.In order to save time and improve efficiency, many monosyllabic catchwords appear to suit 17

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audience tastes as follows.在这里碰到他，雷！(It is embarrassing to meet him here!)可真够雷人的！(It is so stunning!)你女友的身材简直酷毙了！(How slim your girlfriend’s figure is!)人在囧途(Lost on journey)囧事(Embarrassing things)Some network popular sentences have vivid meanings and regional differences.Due to the cultural differences, there might be existing semantic vacancies, namely, Chinese cultural connotations have not corresponding elements in English language.Under this circumstance, translation materials should satisfy foreign culture and psychology.Such as,(R represents right, W represents wrong)不差钱！R: Money is not a big deal / problem!W: there is no lack of money!人情债，我肉偿了！R: I have paid the debt of gratitude by selling my self!

W: I have paid the debt of gratitude with my flesh!

晒工资 R:

Wages online exposure

W:

Shine one’s wages

4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes

During a CCTV interview about a new Internet censorship regulation, a girl said that an uncensored web page once popped up on her computer.She called it ‘very pornographic, very violent’.Some believe the girl was told to say it by CCTV, so it is now used to mock the way the network covers news.So the word很黄很暴力 very pornographic, very violent(it implies some

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websites’ unrestricted regulations on many pornographic pictures)reflect the falsification coverage of some websites on unhealthy web pages.做人不能太CNN do not be too CNN(It emerged in response to foreign media’s falsification of Tibet happenings even the commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of china to express how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events).In this translation version, 做人 could not be given priority to the translation of to conduct yourself, to behave.In western countries, people stress on done or undone in the influence of democracy and freedom.For this reason, do not be too CNN is much better for foreigners’ psychology.4.5 Affixation Method

Nominal catchwords always add to an affixation to state its meaning by use of suffix and prefix.××族(adding a suffix –ers）

刷卡族(card-users), 工薪族(wage-earners)×奴(adding a suffix word slave)房奴(mortgage slave), 婚奴(wedding slave)While 巨搞(spoof), 卧槽族(job-hugging clan)is exception without adding to affixation mega-and –ers.4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences

Some network catchwords are formed in the way of imitation, analogy, pun or conferring traditional words to new meanings, unconventional word-making to receive humorous and ridicule effect.In order to reach this effect, adapted translation skills are good for keeping functional equivalence.人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life).In

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Chinese character, 悲剧(tragedy)is the homonym of 杯具(tableware).So, corresponding translation is fit for delicate touch of pun usage

被就业(Bei jiuye, which is impossible to translate.Literally, is be hired, but it really means be hired without one’s knowing).This is a passive structure and also an unconventional phrase.The word 被 implies a black humor to express unavoidable obsession upon some social phenomenon.Due to the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords, it is difficulty for many translators to have identically accurate English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.As for the translations of network catchwords of this type, acquainting with foreign cultures and target language expressions plays a key role in the translation equivalence between the source text and the target language.本科毕业论文

Chapter 5 Conclusion After previous discuss on the thesis, it will have a conclusion of the whole paper.The thesis starts with an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword, of which their relationship and difference have been displayed clear for us.The second part firstly introduces the sources of network catchwords mainly from network expression, expression in industry and foreign words.With the appearance of network, people gradually indulge in their opinions on social events.It is the concerned thoughts of netizens from transparency of social events that stimulate the popularity of network catchwords.After the detailed analysis of its sources and causes, people begin to pay more attention to features of network catchwords.Thus, on one hand, the formation of network catchwords is a combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation to some extent.On the other hand, because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity features, the usage of network catchwords save most time for audiences but abuse formations also bring about vulgar linguistic phenomenon.By way of detailed and vivid introductions of three previous chapters, the English translations versions of Chinese network catchwords will be represented under the guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory.In specific conditions, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.The famous translator Eugene Nida sets forth the differences in translation, as he accounts for it, within three basic factors.(1)The nature of the message.In some messages, the content is of primary consideration and in others the form must be given a higher priority.(2)The purpose of the author and of the translator.To give information on both form and content;to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message;for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.(3)The type of audiences.Prospective audiences differ both in decoding ability and in potential interest(Wikipedia).As far as I am concerned, based on its 21

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detail causes, sources and features, the English translations of Chinese network catchwords should not only take cultural differences between natives and foreigners into account, but also need finding corresponding or appropriate target-language versions with the accurate grasp of foreign cultures.As long as conforming to reflections of target-people, it might be appearing much better translation versions.Due to its complicated and dynamic features, there are all kinds of network catchwords in different category.What is more, for current linguists, they mainly have given priority to the research on the definition, formation of network catchwords.In view of academic blank in this aspect, the thesis will have a brief discuss on translation methods to find corresponding English versions of Chinese network catchwords according to the four previous aspects.Owing to the lack of relating translation materials, please oblige me with your valuable comments and criticism.At last, I thank all of you for giving me your generous helps and enormous enthusiasms to motivate me complete the thesis.本科毕业论文

Bibliography [1] China’s top 10 Internet buzzwords of 2009 [EB/OL].http://www.xiexiebang.com/wiki/Eugene-Nida.[4] Nord, Christiane.Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist Approach Explained [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.[5] Reiss, Katharine.Translation Criticism-the Potentials and Limitations, Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment [M].Manchester: St.Jerome Publishing, 2000.[6] Suzanne, Romaine.Language in society.An Introduction to sociolinguistics [M].Oxford: Oxford university press, 1994.[7]曾常红.试论现代流行语流行的基本条件[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学).[8]顾源.社会学视野下的网络流行语分析[J].社会学, 2009(3)：15-20． [9]黄涛.流行语与社会时尚文化[M].上海: 上海辞书出版社, 2003.[10]林纲.网络用语的类型及其特征[J].修辞学习, 2002(1).[11]林大津.跨文化交际研究[M].福州: 福建人民出版社, 1996(10).[12]李亮，黄乐平，王翊． 网络流行语探析[J].语文学刊：高等教育版, 2009(7)：116-118． [13]刘志杰.网络热词传播的社会现象透视[J].新闻世界, 2009(6)：143-144． [14]索绪尔.普通语言学教程.高铭凯,译.北京: 商务印书馆, 2001.[15]盛若菁.网络流行语的社会文化分析[J].江淮论坛, 2008(4)：119-121，158． [16]许钟宁.网络词语变异的语言文化解析[J].修辞学习, 2004(6).[17]许斐绚.解读当下青少年流行语.http:// www.xiexiebang.com.hk/Psychtheory.[18]杨玲.从网络流行语看大众文化特征[D].华中师范大学, 2006.[19]中国流行语2009发布榜:文汇新民联合报业集团新闻信息中心,文汇出版社2009年5月版.

第二篇：网络流行语英文PPT

2015年即将要过去了。回首一年，都有哪些网络流行语红极一时呢？你知道用英文怎么讲嘛？跟小编一起看看吧！

1.上交给国家(handover sth to the government)“上交给国家”出自电视剧版《盗墓笔记》，为了能顺利过审，主角吴邪一改原著中的盗墓说辞，改成将所有看到的文物“上交国家”，于是片中的所有宝藏，都摆脱不了“上交国家”的命运，由此引发原著粉和看剧党的大规模的吐槽。

这个词组也是属于中国特有滴，所以小编认为直译会比较靠谱，即为handover sth to the government 或者说handover sth to the authority，你觉得呢？ 2.吓死本宝宝了(scared to death)“吓死宝宝了”这里的“宝宝”指的是自己，是吓死我了的意思，自称本宝宝只是为了卖萌，说自己很可爱！可以译成im scared to death或者说it scared my pants off!3.明明可以靠脸吃饭(could have earned a living with face)小编认为这句话用英语表达就是：she could have earned a living with face, but instead, she uses her talent.4.世界那么大，我想去看看(the world is big and i want to see it.)5.睡什么睡，起来嗨(wake up and get high with us!)6.重要的事情说三遍(important things cannot be underscored too much.)最早说的应该是某房地产网站的电台广告语：“走直线，走直线，走直线，重要的事情说三遍。”此广告一经推出，迅速火遍各大电台，重要事情说三遍被各类广告和跟风使用，洗脑作用可见一斑。

7.傻白甜(blonde)傻白甜通常指电视剧或电影中的女主角，蠢萌没有心机，后用来形容没有演技的角色。傻白甜有两个方向，一是指尽管桥段有些老旧，但剧情并不狗血，比较美好温柔甜美的爱情故事；另外可以用来形容爱情故事里的女主角，个性没有心机，蠢萌可爱，让人感觉很温馨。

在英语中相应的表达就是blonde，来形容那些容貌姣好，内心单纯甚至有点小傻的女人。8.我的内心几乎是崩溃的(i lost my control, in my heart.)某公司ceo在接受媒体采访中说了一句：“我的内心几乎是崩溃的”，鸭梨山大的表达道出很多人的心声，在播出之后被不少网友争相借用，成为2015年的热词。9.小鲜肉(he is such a young handsome!)用于形容年轻、帅气、有肌肉的男生，一般是指年龄在12-25岁之间的性格纯良，感情经历单纯，没有太多的情感经验，且长相俊俏的男生。10.城会玩(townies behaviors.)“你们城里人真会玩(we cant understand you townies behaviors.)”的简称，指某些人的行为很作。

11.心塞(feel stifled)12.么么哒(love you, my darling)一般用于情侣、闺蜜或关系较好的人之间，表示亲近的意思，可译为love you, my darling, my dear。

13.你行你上啊(you can you up/if you can do it then you should go up and do it.)14.有钱就是任性(a rich man is capricious.)这句话也在2015年红遍了大江南北，有人明知自己被骗，但还是给骗子汇去54万元。警察问他为什么时，他说就想知道骗子还能骗他多少钱！被广大网友调侃为：有钱就是这么任性！

任性一词在两会上被官方翻译翻成了capricious，更多人觉得willful比较贴切，所以“有钱任性”可以译为a rich man is absolutely capricious/willful.或者you rich men can do anything with the money you’ve got.篇二：英语网络流行语

eps: representative(销售)代表 expd: experienced 有经验的 req: required 需要 ext.: extension 延伸、扩展 sal: salary 工资 fr.ben: fringe benefits 额外福利 sctry: secretary 秘书 f/t: full time 全日制 sh: shorthand 人手不足 gd: good 好sr: senior 资深 grad: graduate 毕业 stdnt: student 学生 hosp: hospital 医院 stmts: statements 报告 hdqtrs : headquarters 总部 tech: technical 技术上 hr: hour 小时 tel/ph: telphone 电话 hrly: hourly 每小时 temp: temporarily 临时性(工作)hs: high school 高中(学历)trans: transportation 交通 immed: immediate 立即 trnee: trainee 实习生 incl: including 包括 typ: typing/typist 打字/打字员 ind: industrial 工业的 wk: week/work 周/工作 inexp: inexperienced 无经验的 wpm: words per minute 打字/每分钟 intl: international 国际性的 yr(s): year(s)年1.素质教育 ：quality education2.eq：分两种，一种为教育商数 educational quotient，另一种情感商数 emotional quotient3.保险业： the insurance industry4.保证重点指出： ensure funding for priority areas5.补发拖欠的养老金： clear up pension payments in arrears6.不良贷款： non-performing loan7.层层转包和违法分包： mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8.城乡信用社： credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9.城镇居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents10.城镇职工医疗保障制度： the system of medical insurance for urban workers11.出口信贷： export credit12.贷款质量： loan quality13.贷款质量五级分类办法： the five-category assets classification for bank loans14.防范和化解金融风险： take precautions against and reduce financial risks15.防洪工程： flood-prevention project16.非法外汇交易 ： illegal foreign exchange transaction17.非贸易收汇： foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18.非银行金融机构： non-bank financial institutions19.费改税： transform administrative fees into taxes20.跟踪审计： foolow-up auditing21.工程监理制度： the monitoring system for projects22.国有资产安全： the safety of state-owned assets23.过度开垦 ： excess reclamation24.合同管理制度： the contract system for governing projects25.积极的财政政策 ： pro-active fiscal policy26.基本生活费： basic allowance27.解除劳动关系： sever labor relation28.金融监管责任制： the responsibility system for financial supervision29.经济安全： economic security30.靠扩大财政赤字搞建设： to increase the deficit to spend more on development31.扩大国内需求 ： the expansion of domestic demand32.拉动经济增长： fuel economic growth33.粮食仓库： grain depot34.粮食收购企业： grain collection and storage enterprise35.粮食收购资金实行封闭 2009年中国十大网络流行语英文版

这是一个充满无限可能的时代，也是一个网络推动的时代。岁末将至，盘点2009年中出现的每一句网络流行语，无一不与我们的生活息息相关；细读每一个网络流行语诙谐和无厘头的背后，无一不是对现实问题的最理性的思考。

值此之际，特别推出2009十大网络流行语的英文版，让我们一起来对刚刚走远的集体记忆温故知新。1.不差钱

money is not a problem.出处：2009年央视春晚，赵本山、小沈阳等演出了小品《不差钱》。几乎一夜之间，二人转演员小沈阳连同小品中的多句经典台词，红遍大江南北。2.哥抽的不是烟，是寂寞！

what brother is smoking is not a cigarette, but loneliness!出处：7月初，在百度贴吧里突然有人发了一张一名非主流男子吃面的图片，图片配文“哥吃的不是面，是寂寞”。之后一发不可收拾，有网友相继模仿“哥×的不是×，是寂寞”的句式，“哥上的不是网，是寂寞”、“哥爱的不是你，是寂寞”?? 3.贾君鹏你妈妈喊你回家吃饭！

jia junpeng, your mother wants you to go home to have some food.出处：贾君鹏只是个网络虚拟人物，但是在2009年7月16日百度贴吧里的魔兽世界吧里，一个只有标题《贾君鹏，你妈妈喊你回家吃饭！》的空帖，短短几个小时就被390617名网友浏览，引来超过1.7万条回复，并在接下来的一天时间内吸引了710万点击和30万的回复。入选理由：相当长一段时间内，“×××，你妈妈喊你回家吃饭！”这种兼具家庭式温馨的调侃语录成了最流行的网络问候语，并影响了社会各界和媒体们对此语录的深度分析。4.人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具。

life is like a tea table, with bitter cups placed all over it.出处：首先是易中天因为在一期《百家讲坛》中瞪大眼睛感叹了一句“悲剧啊”，结果就被网友截了图并上传到了网上，随即成为无数网友争相引用的签名档。其实，这句流行语的句式模板来自张爱玲笔下的———“人生是一袭华美的袍，上面爬满了虱子。”

“杯具”一词诞生后，网上出现了“杯具党”，网友们又创造了“餐具（惨剧）”、“洗具（喜剧）”和“茶具（差距）”。

入选理由：在网友看来，“杯具”这个词比“悲剧”能表现内心的无奈，同时又多了一分自嘲的乐观态度，比之前单纯的悲观也多了一分希望。5.不要迷恋哥，哥只是个传说。

dont be obsessed with brother.he is only a legend.出处：这句话的起源是猫扑大杂烩，由网友“不要迷恋哥”的一个帖子引起的恶搞。

入选理由：原本是很自恋的一句话，却给无聊的生活添加了一瓶调味剂，它火到什么程度呢？连国际知名大导演张艺谋的新任“谋男郎”小沈阳都在唱“不要疯狂地迷恋我，我只是个传说??”

6.人情债，我肉偿了！

my debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!出处：《蜗居》用犀利的笔触讲述了现代都市白领阶层对房子的渴望以及房奴生活的酸甜苦辣。虽然仍然以上海为故事背景，但剧中人物每日挣扎与奋斗，付出巨大的大城市生活成本，却是很多都市白领的生活写照，编剧六六的犀利台词也成为很多人新的msn签名。

入选理由：除了关注热门的社会话题外，剧中的台词也很潮，不仅幽默风趣充满智慧，还贴近老百姓的生活。随着《蜗居》的热播，剧中犀利有深度的台词也随之走红，成为观众们讨论的热点。

7.你有什么不开心的？说出来让大家开心一下。

what makes you unhappy? tell us to make us happy.出处：生活很苦，开心很难。所以要看开一点，你有什么不开心的，说出来让大家开心一下。

入选理由：你失业了，那还有失恋的呢；你做生意失败了，那还有自杀未遂的呢；天不遂人愿的事多了去了，要是都如意了，还要上帝干什么——帝哥说了，你们都爽了，我还保佑谁去？！

耍贫嘴才是生活的真谛，你噼里啪啦一顿胡侃，不光自己忘了苦恼，也把别人忽悠的忘乎所以——还一本正经的拉住你的手，放在她手心，一把鼻涕一把泪的说：麦兜，我终于找到生活的真谛了~ 8.你out了！

you are left behind the times.入选理由：据了解，现在国内无论是电视媒体还是平面媒体都在统计2009的流行语，对于out这个词儿，有相当一部分人在肯定它流行的同时，也表现出了“深恶痛绝”的态度。这个词儿乍一听没什么杀伤力，可真要摊到自己身上，还真是挺不舒服的。9.雷锋做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都记到日记里。

lei feng does good without seeking recognition, but he records everything in his diary.出处：为什么雷锋做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都记到日记里？这成为今年各大论坛的热贴。人们的回答花样百出，令人捧腹。

入选理由：接过雷锋的枪，雷锋是我们的好榜样；接过雷锋的枪，千万个雷锋在成长??儿时的歌又在耳边响起。也有网友回帖道：雷锋做了好事不留名，但是每一件事情都记到日记里面，而我从来不写日记。10.这事儿不能说太细。

it cannot be explained in detail.入选理由：在天涯、猫扑等论坛，一些帖子下面，常常跟有“这事楼主说得太细了，下回注意”、“这事儿我不能说太细”之类的回帖，与去年“我是来打酱油的”、“做几个俯卧撑就走”等回帖风格十分近似。在“百度知道”，已经出现了“这事儿不能说太细”的解答，并且已有网友建立“这事儿不能说太细”吧，搜狐还有网友列出了“这事儿不能说太细”的俄语、荷兰语、法语、德语等版本译法。

第三篇：毕业论文英文翻译

武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Automatic Statistical Process Control of a CNC Turning Centre Using Tool Offsets and Tool Change

P.R.Gibson and K.Hoang

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia

数控车削中心刀补及换刀的自动统计过程控制

P.R.Gibson and K.Hoang

澳大利亚伍伦贡大学机械工程系，新威尔士大学机械制造工程学

院 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

该论文涉及了自动统计过程控制（ASPC）在数控车削中刀补和换刀的自动周期测量上的运用。由于当今制造对快速稳定的控制系统的需求，而且为了实现较高的产出率，一个闭环ASPC系统已被采用。我们引入了自动周期测量技术，以全面测量该系统。

关键字： 工艺规划； 数控； 车削 简介

今天，所有制造行业都面临着采用更加经济高效的质量控制系统，以满足客户的需求这一问题。其中一个与检验相关的主要经济性问题是，该费用不会直接增加产品的价格。因此，检验的目标应该是在成本最小化同时保证产品的质量，以满足客户的需求。开环与闭环系统

在近几年的主要发展中，自动产品检测已经从开环系统过渡到闭环系统。在开环控制系统中，操作员需要根据由测量单元得到的结果，采取相应的纠正措施。因此，从数据的的收集分析到纠正，使得系统的延时较长，很显然，这是在快速精确响应及反馈场合所不愿见到的。

闭环控制系统可以将测量数据直接送到处理装置并进行随后的分析，然后自动将合适的纠正信号传送给加工设备。因此，闭环控制系统的速度和精确性较高。闭环控制系统可以通过计算机来进行实时的数据分析，这样就可以快速的对加工过程中的变量作出反应并修正，以防止产品缺陷。过程测量、周期测量和加工后测量

自动测量系统并不是一个新概念，各种类型的自动测量系统已推出多年。到目前为止，自动测量过程采用了三种模式：

1.过程测量。该测量不会中断加工进程。这往往被认为是理想的测量技术，因为没有任何断过程，从而节省了时间，进而减少该产品的总成本。缺点是不适用于恶劣的环境，比如车削中可能存在的大量高速切屑粒，冷却液以及润滑剂。

2.周期测量。该测量伴随着加工周期。与过程测量不同的是，这种测量必须停止加工进程。在数控机床的高运行成本下，测量周期可以与加工周期相同，或者更长。这可能使最终产品成本的大大增加，因为在测量时，昂贵的机床并没有创造价值。

3.加工后测量。该测量位于加工完成之后，通常使用通用检测设备或专用检测设备。缺点是，在检测的同时，加工还在继续。在检测结果出来之前，可能会导致大批量的产品缺陷。因此，这可能是一个昂贵而不理想的检验方法。

理想的情况是采用过程测量，然而由于上述缺点，周期测量也是一个不错的选择，有其突出的优点。在应用这种技术时的主要问题是生产时间的损失。如果在质量可以用有限元准确估算的时候结合SPC（统计过程控制），则可以将时间损失最小化：这样不武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

用每次都停机去测量每一个组成单元[1]。

通过采用SPC，可以定期抽样测量，然后统计分析由此产生的数据。换句话说，可以节省大量的生产时间，因为在采样和测量的同时可以监控生产过程，以此来检测产品质量。因此，我们可以在生产时间最大化的同时减少缺陷产品的数量。这将确保一个昂贵的数控车削中心效益的最大化，因此周期测量是更经济的。统计过程控制（SPC）

通过SPC可以推测出生产过程的质量状况，减少了大规模检查的需要。与简单地检测和消除缺陷或质量不合格的产品不同的是，SPC可以监视和控制的影响进程的变量因素，以确保没有缺陷产品。因此，SPC的目的之一是发现存在的相关原因，从而诊断和修正生产过程，以提高生产质量。

通过直接纠正和控制生产过程，SPC可提供一种既能提高质量又具有成本效益的控制手段。质量控制是通过极限化地统计控制以及持续改进工作来实现的。只检查最终产品是不能得到质量结论的，而单靠检查也不能达到提高质量的控制效果。自动检测

总的来说有两种类型的自动检测，即接触式和非接触式[2]。如运用接触式探测器以及光感系统来检测。由于接触式检测直接适用于这项工作，因此下面的讨论会全部集中在这一类型的自动测量。探测器检测

如今，各种能够校准的探测器已可供可供精确检测。探测器的精确性根据任务的类型以及对精确度的要求的不同而不同[3]。

为了实现SPC对数控车削中心的监测目的，接触式探测器已被用于这项工作。这种探测器不需要内置的测量装置，它是基于对自己运动位置的高重复性原则。它的可靠性较高。这种探测器的精度对于数控车床、铣床以及镗床已经足够。数控车床中心的自动过程统计控制

该设备的基本配置包括：

1.Renishaw LP2车床周期测量的探测器系统。车床的工作环境恶劣，为了保证其内部的密封性，其探测器系统要有金属制成的滑行保护层，通常通过油封来增加其可靠性及寿命。探测器的测量部分有一个非常灵敏的的转换器，在接触或碰撞后，会产生并发送信号。图1显示了Renishaw LP2车床的探测器系统。

2.Leadwell LTC-15机床的数控车削中心装备了Fanuc OTA的PLC系统。该车削中武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

心有一个刀具转塔，能同时装载八把刀具，完成车外圆，车平面，车槽，钻孔，镗孔，车螺纹（图2）。

3.具备CGA图形处理器的IBM兼容计算机。该电脑用于运行ASPC监控软件。

图1 Renishaw LP2车床探测系统 图2 Fanuc OTA Leadwell LTC-15数控加工中心

首先要将数控车床的探测系统加以整合，像安装切削刀具一样，将探测器安装在数控车床的八把刀具的位置之一。探测器通过电磁感应将能量从机床传到传输模块[4]，这消除了探测器对电池的需要，从而减少了维修费用。

由于转塔的运动是由PLC监控，因此探头的确切位置可由X坐标和Z坐标来确定。当探测器在机床系统的控制下与工件接触时，机器就会运动停止，工件的大小也可以被确定，因为根据PLC中内置的不断提供位置信号的译码器，可以得到转塔的相对轴位置。另外，RS232通讯端口提供了两种机床和电脑的整合方式。首先，探测器收集到的测量数据被传输到电脑中进行统计首先，根据分析得到的必要纠正指令再被传送回机床。在这个阶段，机床、探测器以及电脑相互传送信息。统计程序

统计程序用Turbo Pascal语言编写，用于：

1.识别和分析异变量以及自动初始化需要纠正的步骤。引起异变量产生的特殊原因是由于发生的事件超出正常生产过程的范围之外。这种变化的原因不是正态分布，而是偶尔发生的，其结果也不可预测。该原因只占引起生产过程异常问题的15％，并能够在该进程的位置上被控制。例如，在车削操作中，刀具磨损可能引起直径偏差。在这种情况下，可能通过改换具或刀补来修正。

2.识别和分析常变量。其目的是提供管理信息和建议，以提高生产以及产品或工艺设计的效率。常变量的常见原因（随机或偶然的原因）是其固有的。由此产生的变化结果通常根据其平均值而正太分布，并能被预测的。例如，在车削过程中，产品的尺寸通常根据其平均值而变化，并且其变量是已知的。其制造的尺寸与界限无限接近的概率是极低的。因此，当只有普通变量存在是，生产进程被认为是可控的。这种典型的变量通常构成生产问题的85％，而且被认为是可以通过管理来控制的，例如，通过控制原材料或运用能达到精度要求的设备。武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

为了达到上述目标，我们用被称为“自动测量”的子程序来生成所需要的数控代码。这些数控代码的指令用于控制机器的具体操作，它被存储在磁盘一个名为“Automate.Lnc”的文件夹中。该系统要求输入“BatchSize”（在批量生产的情况下）。“GroupSize”和“SampleSize”，以确立一个采样计划（图3）。图4显示了程序产生的抽样案例。生成的数控代码可以下载到数控车床中去，用于自动加工、采样和测量。

另一个重要的数控程序变量是零件的设计尺寸。图5显示了编程所需的零件的的详细参数，该信息被“自动测量”程序用来产生正确的刀具路径。

图3 所需加工信息

图4 生成抽样方案的实例

图5 组件的详细信息

图6 自动数据输入简介

生成的数控程序基本上可分为4个主要部分：

1.启动程序触发每个相应的变量在PLC中的内存地址。

2.加工循环程序选择适当的刀具（包括自动换刀以及在需要时更新刀补），并设置加工零件的预定进给速度和主轴转速。

3.检查循环程序中包含了必要的工件测量指令，并将测得的数据存入PLC中相应的寄存器中。这涉及到Renishaw测量软件中两个被存储程序编号为9014及9015的程序指令。9014号程序包含在测量周期之前将探测器移动到目标位置的定位软件，即在刀武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

补之前将探测器移到安全位置。9015号程序包含了测量工件X轴的测量周期。这些子程序都可以很容易的改变用户所需要修改的特定参数。

4.数控程序的最后一部分是可分割的。这里的加工组件被分割为需要的长度，而且警报会通知操作者安装下一个需要加工的工件。将样本数据存储到PLC中

将样本尺寸存储到相应的PLC中的内存位置，必须有相应的数控代码。该指令在“Automate.Lnc”中的数控主程序中。Fanuc OTA PLC有16个偏移存储器，前8个用来存储刀补，剩下的8个用来存储样本尺寸。在每个采样周期结束时，样本的尺寸必须在下一个采样周期之前发送到电脑上。样本数据传输到个人电脑

在每段采样周期结束时，车床将自动停止并通知操作员发送样本数据到统计程序以供分析，该过程是通过程序SendData来完成的。它通过调用另一个程序“AuxlnOut”（用集成语言编写）来打开RS232通讯端口。接着，它读取所有的偏移寄存器，将内容写入存储在磁盘上的“Offsets.Dat“文件中去。

“SendData”程序只提供警报，用以表明新的样本数据已准备好进行分析。所有这一切只需要操作者先按下键盘上“RETURN”键，然后按下数控车床上的“OUTPUT键，（这一点在电脑屏幕上有明确指令）。新的样本数据集将覆盖以前存储在“Offsets.Dat”中的数据。读样本数据

“Offsets.Dat”中的样本数据不能直接用于统计程序，因为它含有大量不相关的信息。另一个“ReformatData”程序可用来提取数据。它将提取的第一个样本数据存储在9号偏移存储器中的X值，然后重复此过程，直到取出最后的样本数据。变量的样本大小可以确定循环次数。

下一步是将所有提取出来的样本数据存储到另一个文件“Sample.Dat”中去，当用户希望自动输入数据时，程序“InputSample”将直接从文件“Sample.Dat”读取，除此之外，从键盘输入的数据也可以被读取。图6显示了自动输入数据的操作指南。控制图诊断

ASPC可以检测以下方面： 1.一点超过警戒限制 2.一点超过运动限制 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

3.一条线段高于或低于平均值 4.一条线段上升或下降 一点超过警戒限制

图10分析绘制了7套样本的X线形图以排列图表。

从X线形图中可以看出，样本2超出了警戒线，排列图表中的样本6表明在该过程中的一个可能的重要变化。（超过警戒线的概率为1/40，平均而言，40个样本中只有一个）。对此，屏幕将显示一条消息，建议操作员立即采取另一个样本。图8显示的是X线形图的信息，图9显示排列图表的信息。

图7 X线形图、排列图表

图8 X线形图警报

从图7中的X线形图中可以看出，样本2之后的下一个样本表明，该程序依然是可控的，而接近警戒线的值只是一个随机事件。如果第二个样本落在警戒线之外，程序很可能会失控（2个连续的概率为1/40事件发生的概率为1/1600，这表明了导致这一程序变化的特殊原因的存在性非常大）。在这种情况下，要求更换刀具或停止进一步进程以处罚权诊断程序。

图9 图列警报

图10 X线形图诊断信息

武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译 超过运动限制

如果X线形图上的样本值上突然超过运动限制，那么很有可能是刀具破损或出现故障。（如果进程并没有出现问题，那么其发生的概率是1/1000）。对自动操作而言，通过PLC换刀将是很明智的选择。图10显示的是诊断讯息和换刀指令。

当某一点穿过了较低的运动限制时，将很难查找出引起问题的原因。在这种情况下，程序指令将告诉操作员停止进程，并检查机器。

当排列图表上的某一采样点超过运动限制时，表明加工精度（如段对段的变化倾向）降低了。如果同时超出了X线形图运动限制，那么很可能是由于刀具破损，那么接下来就会自动换刀。

但是更应注意的是，X线形图没有超出界限而排列图表超出运动限制的情况。图11显示了排列图表中超出了运动限制的样本值的诊断记录。

图11 ASPC的诊断结果

图12 X线形图的诊断结果 一条线段高于或低于平均值

一条只在平均值一端的采样点线段可能意味着该进程的平均值已经改变。八个连续的样本点落在平均值一侧而程序依然可控的概率大约只有0.004[5]。因此，其平均值很有可能已经改变。

X线形图超出行程的最大平均值而排列图表没有超出范围，那么需要根据过程平均值及精度做一个简单的调整，以使样本点的平均值下降，重新恢复到控制范围之内，该过程主要通过调整刀补来实现。图12显示了X线形图中某一进程超过最大平均值的诊断纪录。

如果排列图表上的某一线段超出行程的最大平均值，而在X线形图上却没有这一趋势，那么很难有自动调整程序。在这种情况下，最好停机做进一步的检查。图13显示了对可能导致这一故障的某些原因的诊断记录。武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

如果一条样本点组成的线段位于排列图表的最大平均值之下，说明该进程的精确度以及执行能力都有了提高。如果X线形图显示进程在可控范围之内，那么便可以继续执行，其他进一步的调整将会增加变动的可能性。

图13 诊断记录及建议纠正措施

图14 自动换刀简介 一条线段上升或下降

X线形图上的某一线段持续上升表明该进程存在故障，在这种情况下最好最好通过PLC来换刀（图14）。

X线形图上的某一线段持续下降表明该进程平均值在逐渐降低。在这种情况下，应该停机做全面检查。

再者，如果排列图表上的某一线段持续上升，而X线形图却一切正常时，将很难有相应的执行程序。诊断纪录说明应注意轴承是否磨损，工件是否振幅过大等。

如果排列图表上的某一线段持续下降，说明加工进程得到了改进，在X线形图正常的情况下，加工精度也会有所提高，那么该过程就不用再做任何调整。加工能力

统计程序除了可用于执行上述检测之外，还可用于加工性能分析（性能指标），它能够探测加工不能满足设计规格的情况。改变性能指标里的任一参数都可以用来提高加工能力。统计程序本身也可以通过提供改变设计或改变流程的管理信息，来是性能最优化。文件处理

所有从日常生产中获得的样本数据都可以存储到磁盘上，这些数据使管理或是改进人员能够深入调查那些可能导致只能用管理措施解决的流程问题的案例（如选择供应商确保原材料相同）。武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译 自动纠正措施

ASPC提供了两种类型的自动纠正措施：

1.修改刀补。“ModifyOffsets”程序用于计算刀补的调整量，以及调整刀补所需的数控代码。

2.换刀。当需要换刀时，Pascal程序将调用“ToolChange”。该程序首先检查是否目前所有的刀具都在使用中。该信息被存储在“ToolNumber”程序中。在该程序中，道具编号是用来追踪正在使用中的刀具数量。

在获得这些信息之后，“ToolChange”生成用来根据上述数字顺序换刀的数控代码。这些数控代码被存储在磁盘里的“Tool.Lnc”文件中。由此，操作者只需要按照诊断记录给出的操作说明下载文件“TooI.Lnc”即可。另一个Pascal程序“ToolActions”用来打开通讯端口，并发送“Tool.Lnc”中的内容到PLC中第550号程序中去。

上述所有的自动纠正措施都主要是针对局部作用这一类型，适用于控制图表上的特定行为，根据以上介绍，SPC的作用远不限于此。除了在过程控制中起探测和警报的作用外，SPC还可以被管理人员用来调查所有的质量动态以及那些在日常生成中不明显的缺陷案例的历史数据。局部作用通常被认为只占有关进程问题的15％，剩下的85%在于管理问题。因此，SPC作为管理人员（或改进小组）的一个工具在持续改进流程方面的作用是不容忽视的。发展前景

为了实现真正的实时闭环ASPC控制系统，不能有人工参与电脑和PLC之间的信息传递。为此，必须调整及更新PLC，以使PLC在自动传递数据时完全不借助人力。

为了使车削过程进一步自动化，可以在系统中进一步自动化车削加工增加自动喂料装置。通过该装置，下一个需要加工的工件将被自动放置到机床上去而不需要人工操作。该方案类似于无人生产线的概念。

目前的统计程序将会被扩展，包括记录在整个制造过程中的各种情况，由此，管理人员可以更好的处理车间中遇到的各种流程问题。广泛应用

在现阶段，该统计程序仅用在控制关键部分，在实际的制造过程中，往往不只一方面需要评测。因此，扩展该软件以控制所有质量特性具有非常大的前景。

随着必要的硬件和软件的面世，整个柔性制造系统中的所有机器都可以由统计程序自动控制。

目前的装置只使用一个探测头，当需要检测更复杂的轮廓（如螺纹部分）时，必须运用不同的探测系统。武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

过程测量与闭环控制一起组成了一个很好的质量测量控制体系，然而，进一步发展的过程中周期测量将会被过程测量来取代。随着低成本光感系统的发展，车削加工的过程测量将得以实现，同时进行实时控制并消除生产时间浪费（如在周期测量的情况下）这一问题。效率以及盈利能力也将得到进一步地改善和提高。

最近的发展趋势是将人工智能用于统计过程控制，用专家系统来辅助SPC是一个新概念，与适用于大部分的制造流程的通用SPC软件[6]不同的是，增加专家系统的SPC能够用于特定的生产流程。人工智能（AI）

将AI植入SPC有以下两种方法：

1.自学 2.专家知识

在自学的过程中，系统动态地收集数据，并尝试在所需的变量之间建立相互关系，这些数据包括控制变量、尺寸以及相对应的结果，然后运用非线性回归和贝叶斯方法构建统计模型。在收到足够的数据之后，该模型将变得足够智能，并可以学习输入和输出变量之间的相互关系。那些输出变量可以被看作为目标，该模型可以通过设定控制变量以得到要求的输出结果。

第二种方法是将特定流程的相关知识及其控制机制传输到基于规则的结构中去，比如设定和调整平均数、变化幅度等数学专业知识也包含在内。该系统不仅可以给出样本范围、刀具磨损等方面的建议，还能提供所有与刀具寿命、不同工艺的能力相关的信息数据库。

为了调整SPC以适应该程序，特定流程中的信息将会被嵌入基于规则的专家系统。例如，它可以告诉操作员，什么时候需要检测下一个样本，以及在生产流程中需要检测其变化量的最小工件数。

该专家系统的主要特点是能够提供生产流程的历史纪录，以及不断更新的数据库[7]。通过含有刀具寿命和刀具磨损模板的历史记录的数据库，生产工艺将得以优化。

将专家系统植入到SPC中之后，可以自动纠正那些由常见原因引起的加工问题如果采用这种系统，管理人员将得到极大的帮助。（常见原因占进程变动问题的85%。）因此，该系统将加强缺陷预防以及不断改善的观念，综合生产力也将得到进一步的提高。结论

统计过程控制为保证缺陷预防而不是缺陷探测提供了一种经济有效的质量体系，同时也在不断地改进生产工艺。微型电脑的普及，也使得SPC的计算机化成为了可能，与此同时，数据分析的速度及精度也将大大提高。

由于高产数控机床可能会造成大量的废钢，急需一个能够快速响应并反馈的质量控武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

制系统。这种需求促进了使用自动统计程序以及Renishaw探测器的SPC系统在数控机床上的运用。

随着ASPC的软件和硬件的进一步发展，并被嵌入专家系统，智能闭环控将成为可能。假以时日，ASPC也将被运用到多种质量特性以及柔性制造及探测系统中去，而目前的周期测量系统最终将会被能为ASPC提供实时控制的光感系统所取代。

致谢

在此感谢新威尔士大学工程学院、B.E.Milton教授、机械制造工程学院的领导的对该研究项目赞助支持，并提供设备，以及Mr Y.C.K.Yee、Mr A.Harris 和Mr R.Montgomery 的协助。

第四篇：毕业论文英文翻译

湖北汽车工业学院科技学院

毕 业 设 计（论文）参考文献译文

译文内容译文出处

系 别：专 业：班 级：学生姓名：学 号：指导教师：

无线短消息服务的用户接受：解构感知价值 【作 者】Ofir Turela;Alexander Serenkob and

Nick Bontisa

【刊 名】Information and Management 【出版日期】2007 【卷 号】Vol.44 【期 号】NO.1

经济管理学院 工商管理（汽车市场营销）

K1253-3 黄登宇 20129530310 李建忠

毕业设计（论文）参考文献译文

题 目

Information & Management 44(2007)63–73。

[10]W.W.下巴，问题意见的结构方程模型，MIS季刊22（1），1998，第七–西。[11]W.W.下巴，偏最小二乘法的结构方程模型，在该marcoulides（主编），商业研究的现代方法，劳伦斯大学出版社，台北，NJ，1998，pp.295–336。

[12]W.W.下巴，偏最小二乘法的研究：概述和使用PLS方法的最新研究进展的介绍，2000最后访问：2006年4月5日：http://disc-nt.cba.uh.edu/下巴/ icis2000plstalk.pdf。[13]W.W.下巴，请图的用户指南，3版，软模型公司，2001。

[ 14 ]科恩，行为科学的统计分析，劳伦斯大学出版社，希尔斯代尔，NJ，1988。[ 15 ]戴维斯，感知有用性、感知易用性和用户接受信息技术，MIS季刊13（3），1989，页319–340。

[ 16 ]戴维斯，该巴戈，公关沃肖，外在和内在动机在工作场所使用电脑，应用社会心理学杂志，22（14），1992，页1111–1132。

[ 17 ]·多兹，该梦露，D.格雷瓦尔，影响价格、品牌和商店对消费者的产品评价信息，毕业设计（论文）参考文献译文

市场营销研究杂志28（3），1991，页307–319。

[18]A.Eggert，W.Ulaga，顾客感知价值：一个满意的商业市场的替代品？的商业与工业营销杂志17（2 / 3），2002，页107–118。

[19]eMarketer，移动的未来，eMarketer的报告，2005年9月20日。

[20] M.菲什拜因，I.Ajzen，信念，态度，意图和行为：介绍理论与研究，艾迪生卫斯理，阅读，MA，美国，1975。

[21]C.Fornell，医学博士约翰逊，据安德森，J.茶，成为布莱恩特，美国客户满意度指数：性质、目的、结果、营销杂志60（7），1996，页7–18。

[22]C.Fornell，D.F.拉克尔，与不可观测的变量和测量误差的结构方程模型评价、市场研究杂志18（1），1981，页39–50。

[23]GSM协会GSMA统计，第一季度04，GSM协会，都柏林，爱尔兰，2004。

[24]G.哈克巴特，诉格罗弗，我一，电脑游戏和焦虑：系统的经验影响感知易用性的正面和负面的介质、信息与管理40（3），2003，页221–232。

[ 25 ]该霍尔布鲁克，E.赫希曼，消费体验方面：消费幻想、感情和乐趣，消费者研究杂志9（2），1982，页132–140。

[26]哈顿先生，定价成为移动运营商的消费者的战略重点，洋基，十月2003。温家宝凯廷格等人[ 27 ]，C.C.李，带公差测量信息系统服务质量的另一种尺度，MIS网terly 29（4），2005，页607–623。

[28]该国王，他，一个技术接受模型的Meta分析，信息与管理43（6），2006，页740–755。

外文参考文献2.An examination of the effects of perceived value and attitude on customers’ behavioral intentions in e-shopping 在网上购物的感知价值和态度对顾客行为意向的影响检查 外文参考文献3.Applying the Technology Acceptance Model and Flow Theory to Online Consumer Behavior 将技术接受模型和流程理论应用于在线消费行为 外文参考4.Exploring the effects of perceived values, free bus transfer, and penalties on intermodal metro–bus transfer users' intention 探索感知价值的影响，免费公交换乘，并处罚–联运地铁公交换乘用户意图 毕业设计（论文）参考文献译文

外文参考5.Perceived values and prospective users’ acceptance of prospective technology: The case of a career eportfolio system 感知价值和潜在用户的前瞻性技术接受：一个职业生涯的电子档案袋系统的案例 毕业设计（论文）参考文献译文

译 文 要 求

1、外文翻译一律采用计算机录入，用A4纸打印输出。

2、译文内容必须与课题(或专业内容)相联系，并需注明详细出处。

3、外文翻译3000-5000汉字,要求见《毕业设计(论文)指导工作条例》；外文参考资料阅读量至少3篇以上。

4、译文应在毕业设计前八周内完成，并附上英文原件一起装订。

(本页作为封底)

导师评语(应根据学校“译文要求”,对学生译文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价。)

导师签名：

年 月 日

第五篇：毕业论文英文翻译

水产养殖对环境造成的影响及中国对水产养殖污染的对策

摘要

目标、范围和背景。水产养殖活动是广为人知的增加水中有机废物和有毒化合物的主要因素。随着水产养殖业在中国的密集的发展,已激起了关于不断增加的水产养殖废弃物对生产力都在水产养殖系统和水生生态环境可能造成的影响。因此,很明显,适当的废物处理流程是必须维持水产养殖业的发展。本文旨在识别当前状态的水产养殖和水产养殖废弃物在中国生产。

主要特点。中国是世界上最大的渔业国家以总海产品产量,这一地位一直保持了1990年以来。淡水农业的主要部分我国渔业行业。海洋水产养殖在中国既包含了陆地和海上水产养殖的,后者主要操作在浅海、淤泥和保护海湾。水产养殖业对环境的影响也同样引人注目。结果。案例研究造成污染热点已经被介绍。水产养殖质量和数量的废物从水产养殖主要取决于文化系统的特点和选择的物种,但也在饲料质量和管理。废水没有治疗,如果不断排入水体环境,可能导致显著的海拔的总有机质含量和造成巨大的经济损失。废水的处理主要可分为三个类别:物理、化学和生物学方法。

讨论。对环境的影响不同的水产养殖物种是不一样的。新的废物处理治疗还介绍了参考了中国的发展潜力的废物处理系统。最合适的废物处理系统为每个站点选择应根据网站的条件和经济状况以及通过把握各系统的优缺点。策略和视角提出了可持续水产养殖业的发展,强调环境保护。

结论。负面效应的废物从水产养殖对水生环境越来越得到认可,尽管他们只是一个小比例陆基污染物。适当地计划利用水产养殖废弃物污染问题以及有利于缓解水资源不仅节约宝贵的水资源也利用在废水的营养成分。它要求很高,发展可持续水产养殖使动物密度和污染环境容量下加载。

建议和观点。传统的水产养殖废弃物的处理程序，主要是基于物理和化学方法，应该克服的更多的特定方法,考虑了特征和抵抗力的水生环境。进一步的研究需要改进或优化当前方法的废水处理方法和重用。提出了新的处理技术进行了可行性评价应在实际应用的规模。关键词:水产养殖;水产养殖污染;水产养殖废弃物;中国;对策;环境污染

介绍

水产养殖是一个一直快速增长的行业，因为整个世界对鱼和海鲜的需求的增加。它是增长速度超过任何其他部分动物的文化产业。中国有悠久的水产养殖历史,追溯到2000年前。自20世纪70年代以来，在改革政策和所推动的经济效益,迅速发展的中国的水产养殖无论是在淡水水体和海域一直是世界的关注的焦点。中国现在是世界上最大的渔业国家以总海产品产量,这一地位保持了持续1990年代之后。根据渔政处、中国农业部(MOA)，总生产总量2005吨,占世界总量的四分之一(自然统计局年的中国)。水产养殖导致渔业总产量的65%,其中淡水、海水养殖的一个重要部分。毫无疑问，中国的水产养殖将继续发挥重要作用在全球鱼类资源的未来。然而,随着发展,关注的是诱发的潜在影响,不断增加的水产养殖废弃物导致生产力、水产养殖系统和水生生态环境的恶化。但它仍是自相矛盾的是依赖于供应清洁的水域。传统的农业系统主导水产养殖生产在许多地区,但这些是现在慢慢被密集面向西方技术。快速增长的强化海水养殖规模系统常常可以导致对环境的负面影响。密集的鱼和虾的农业，被定义为基础的系统吞吐量,是一个连续或脉冲释放的营养补充富营养化。氮化物视为在水产养殖废水的主要污染物。氨是主要的含氮废料生产的水生动物。过去，过时的技术和不完整的安排垃圾管理系统在水产养殖大大促进了水产养殖环境的恶化。Ackefors & Enell(1994年)估计9.5公斤P和78公斤N /吨鱼被释放到水中,每年饲料中的主要成分是0.9%p，7.2% N时，饲料的转化系数是1.5。饲料中大约72%的 N和70%的P不被鱼吸收。在提高饲料成分、消化、和饲料转化效率近年来，释放或许是现在减少到7.0公斤P和49.3公斤N每年每吨鱼。水产养殖污染事故发生在1999年和2000年的数量万吨2067,导致经济损失1.32亿美元。旨在解决日益恶化的环境问题所提出的水产养殖废弃物,中国政府应该采取一系列的规定和控制措施。水产养殖系统将垃圾处理和污水重用设施在迅速发展,因为它们的优点是最少量的水输入和污水排放的同时允许完全控制文化环境。这个形式的水产养殖废物处理系统可能不同,但一般可分为三类:物理治疗、化学法和生物法。许多研究已经开展检查不同处理系统水产养殖废弃物的处理效率。然而,每次处理的缺点也是显而易见的,比如过度的污泥生产、不稳定的性能、硝酸盐积累。因此,研究新的方法养殖废水处理正在进行中。本综述的目的是为了研究水产养殖在中国的现状,分析水产养殖浪费和评估常见废弃物的处理方法应用于中国的水产养殖。

1主要内容

1.1中国的水产养殖

1.2水产养殖对环境的影响

1.2.1水产养殖废弃物

质量和数量的废物从水产养殖主要取决于文化系统的特点和选择的物种,但也在饲料质量和管理。从密集的水产养殖系统，主要废物是固体废物、化学品和疗法。释放细菌、病菌和养殖物种逃犯还应该包括作为废物组件。固体废物,或称为颗粒有机物,通常由粪便或未吃的食物。一个建立在系统的固体废弃物应该预防,因为它会导致氧元素的损耗和氨中毒。有机废物中存在的三种主要形态再循环系统:沉积的固体颗粒定居在内胆底部;悬浮性的固体颗粒悬浮在水中，而不会溶于水;精细和溶解的固体浮在水中,而会导致有害刺激和损害鱼的健康。从水生动物排出的尿和粪便会导致高含量的氨氮和增加生化需氧量(生化需氧量)。氨是主要的含氮废物。亚硝酸盐是一种天然的硝化过程的中间产品。硝态氮离子(NO3)是最氧化氮的形式在自然和相对无毒到鱼。然而，当硝酸盐含量变得过度和其它必需的营养因素存在,富营养化和相关的海藻可以成为一个严重的环境问题。广泛的化学物质用于水产养殖行业,包括化合物应用于建筑材料、颜料纳入提要、消毒剂和化学治疗剂。抗菌素给予饮食和大多数人最终在环境相关的东西和粪便的食物。许多研究报告增加阻力,甚至多个电阻病原体的结果是广泛使用的抗菌剂的水产养殖。滥用化学物质也能杀死有效微生物可能占一个平衡的生态系统的水。人们普遍认为,带有某种特殊病原体的物种可能会扩散并摧毁当地的野生种群。Penczaket(1982)估计，大约5%的笼子里的虹鳟鱼每年逃了出来。令人担心的是野生动物成为建立和减少生物多样性通过生活环境的改变,竞争,或者与本地种群的杂交。

1.2.3水产养殖废水造成污染

如果不断污水排放没有治理,其中包含高浓度氮、磷的营养物质，可能会导致一个非常慢性总有机质含量的提高,特别是在管理不善或很差的网站定位。因此,一系列的负面生态影响可能发生:(1)所造成的严重缺氧状态分解的有机物质。(2)富营养化水藻或者造成累积的有机营养,如氮和磷,从而促进高生物质浅表水。除了增加了浮游植物产量、富营养化会导致许多其他效果可能更加敏感和相关指标的变化如:能量和营养的通量,远洋和底栖生物和社区的结构,鱼类,沉积、养分循环和氧气耗竭。(3)水恶化将导致低效率(4)疾病可能爆发。除了这个废水的处理不足严重后果对人类健康、环境和经济发展。其污染的水供应增加了感染疾病的风险和恶化的地下水和其他当地的生态系统,例如洪水。

2结果

2.1中国淡水、海水养殖的案例研究

太湖是中国第三大淡水湖,太湖总水面积2338平方公里。水产养殖业的主要形式是pen-fish-culture太湖。水产养殖一直仅限于东太湖、一个主要是大型植物的湾湖的东南部面积131平方公里,其中2833 hm2用于水产养殖。在这一区域,估计环境负荷的氮和磷的生产1吨鱼分别是141公斤，14公斤。在pen-fish-culture领域,增加营养加载导致快速浮游植物,浮游动物,和细菌的生长。在一年的养鱼,浮游植物的丰富了三次高于无植物地区,和异养细菌大量增加3到4倍。总有机碳、总氮、总氮有机表层沉积物中增加了141、87.5和86%,经过两年的鱼培养。最近,鱼培养已经取代了更有利可图的淡水蟹培育，这将增加在投入的饲料,而进一步增加有机材料残余的饲料。从1984年到1993年,鱼和蟹养殖在东太湖总计分别为11165吨和109吨。氮和磷的加载到这个湖是1634吨和166吨。无水产养殖地区相比,NH4 +n、磷和鳕鱼与1983年相比分别增加为55% 180%、43%和91%。水质的变化在东太湖水产养殖在1990年代的影响提出了表2。水产养殖在东太湖增加养分的含量在水和沉积物,加速开发富营养化和沼泽。

2.4废物处理方法

物理方法,旨在去除悬浮物获得并减少BOD和化学需氧量(COD)的人,是最广泛应用于水产养殖在中国的废物处理。它们包括沉降、机械过滤,和砂滤。这些类型的方法通常是简单和廉价。然而,他们属于水质预处理和主要处理,其中只有温和的影响可溶有机质除去诸如N和p.由挪威Hydrotechnical实验室进行了广泛的测试期间处理效率的一个60-mm孔径鼓屏幕差异很大范围内SS(6786%)和TN(4366 L / h。蒸馏生产线性增加风速。大约7097%的氮肥浪费出现在罗非鱼废水。平均回收率膜用于这个系统是约-57.5%-39.2。生产的成本约为1立方米的淡水从水产养殖废水是4.00美元。尽管生产水使用风力驱动RO系统似乎过于昂贵,在目前情况下,该工艺具有伟大的承诺一旦系统规模可以升级。

4结论

中国的水产养殖将继续发挥全球鱼类资源的重要作用。负面效应的废物从水产养殖对水

生环境越来越得到认可,尽管他们只是一个小比例陆基污染物。适当地计划利用水产养殖废弃物污染问题以及有利于缓解水资源不仅节约宝贵的水资源也利用在废水的营养成分。它要求很高,发展可持续水产养殖使动物密度和污染环境下的负载能力。

5建议和观点

这种治理水产养殖废水的方法和在中国仍处于初步阶段，没有定量的计算数据。此外，检测系统不足的水生环境和废水排放标准的水产养殖促进环境造成直接的废物排放。因此,有必要适当的政策和实践管理系统调节水产养殖废弃物被采纳。不同阶段的废物管理在水产养殖应该是一体的，所以总体水平的污染物的去除和重用进行优化。这样的阶段将包括饲料质量操纵，喂养管理、浪费预处理、主要分离,污泥稳定化和处置。它可能会更有效的和有益的结合了两种方法在未来更多。传统的水产养殖废弃物的处理程序,主要基于物理和化学方法,应该克服的更多的特定方法，考虑了特征和抵抗力的水生环境。进一步的研究需要改进或优化的当前方法污水处理和重用。拟议的新治疗技术应该评估其可行性在实际应用的规模。