第一篇：英语四级阅读题中猜测词义的方法
新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ]网络课堂电子教材系列
英语四级阅读题中猜测词义的方法
在阅读中，我们往往会遇到一些不认识的单词或短语，或者认识的单词在文章中有了新意义。如果这些词或短语不影响对文章主要内容的理解，我们便可以将它们略过，继续阅读。如果了解这些词语的意思对正确理解文章很重要，这时，我们就必须根据上下文的联系，对它们的意义进行猜测，使之不影响对整篇文章的阅读和理解。需要注意的是，一个单词通常有好几个意思，我们要解决的是这些词在文中所表达的意思。因此，不可脱离上下文，只根据自己以前了解的词义来确定其意义。通常，猜测词义可采用以下几种方法：
一、利用所出现生词的上下文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述，猜测词义。
例一：
The female mosquito is a vampire and lives on blood.如不知道vampire的词义，从下文lives on blood(靠吸血而生存)则可得知其词义为吸血昆虫。
例二：
The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.如不知道spectacles的词义，从下文“戴上'spectacles’后开始阅读”可以猜得其词义“眼镜”。
二、利用文中的举例猜测词义。新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ]网络课堂电子教材系列
例三：
Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.如不知道geometric forms的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为“几何图形”。
Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.如不知道appliances的意思，从文中的举例“washing-machines(洗衣机)，refrigerator(冰箱)，televisions(电视机)”可以猜得该词的意思为“家用电器”。
三、利用文中说明词义的同位词或定语等，猜测词义。
例五：
The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, has made it possible for submarines(潜艇)to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.句中snorkel一词的意思，可通过其同位语“a long air tube that reaches up to the surface”来猜得。由此，我们可确定该词义为“通气管”。新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ]网络课堂电子教材系列
例六：
The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.通过定语从句“which is used to measure electricity”(用来测量电的)，我们可将“multimeter”的词义确定为“万用表”。
例七：
They will be on the night shift ― from midnight to 6 a.m.― next week.由破折号之间的解释内容，我们可以了解到“night shift”意思为“夜班”。
四、利用文章中所出现的、与某生词或词组意思相反的内容，猜测词义。
例八：
American businessmen expect employees to be punctual.They do not expect that the workers will come late.文中be punctual的意思，可理解为“not come late”，即“准时，不迟到”。
例九：
Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ]网络课堂电子教材系列
根据文中“unlike……”的意思，可将gregarious理解为与文中“a shy person who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.”相反的意思，即：表示“好交际的”。
五、利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解释，猜测词义。
例十：
Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel.文中“regulate”的词义可猜测为与“government control”的意思相近。
例十一：
One of the predominant concerns today is the future of our natural resources.This issue is of greatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our present resources will not last forever.文中“predominant”的词义可猜测为具有与“of greatest importance”相近的意思。
例十二： 新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ]网络课堂电子教材系列
Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task.The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.文中“enormous”的词义可猜测为与“so large”的意思相近。
六、利用基本的构词方法，猜测词义。
例十三：
They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked him many difficult questions.在overestimate词中over-是前缀，意为“过分”。因此overestimate的词义可以猜测为“过高估计”的意思。
例十四：
We were told that our's was the most spacious room in the hotel.That was why we had to pay so much for it.Spacious是由词根space(空间)+ious(形容词后缀)构成。由此我们可以猜得其大概意思为“有空间的，宽敞的”。新东方在线 [www.xiexiebang.com ]网络课堂电子教材系列
然而，需要指出的是，不要花费太多的时间去试图猜出所有生词确切的意思，因为有的生词只能猜出大概的意思，有的生词则根本无法猜出其意思。一般来说，碰到
一、两个不会的词，无关紧要。重要的是，要弄懂整篇文章表达了什么思想。
在阅读理解中要求判断词语意义的问题，通常有下列形式：
According to the author, the word “……” means ___________.2.By “……”the author means ___________.3.Which of the following is nearest(closest)in meaning to “……”?
4.The word “……”in the passage means ___________.5.“……”is ___________.6.The word “……” most likely means ___________.
第二篇：猜测英语
上海世博
2010年中国上海世博会的举行，将是一件能开发21世纪城市生活的全部潜能的盛事，对于城市发展也是一个重要的时刻。到2010年，世界人口的55%有望生活在城市。城市生活的前景，是全球未来的主题，事关所有国家，发达的或不发达的，和他们的国民。作为第一次以城市为主题的博览会，2010年的博览会将吸引来自世界各国的政府首脑和居民，关注更好的城市，更好的生活这一主题。在会展的184天，参与者将充分地展示城市文化，交流彼此发展城市的经验，宣扬城市发展先进理念，探索在新世纪人类良好生活环境、工作方式、工作环境的新方法。他们将学会如何创造一个生态良好的社会环境，保持人类的可持续发展。
Expo 2010 Shanghai China will be a great event to explore the full potential of urban life in the 21st century and a significant period in urban evolution.Fifty-five percent of the world population is expected to live in cities by the year 2010.The prospect of future urban life, a subject of global interest, concerns all nations, developed or less developed, and their people.Being the first World Exposition on the theme of city, Exposition 2010 will attract governments and people from across the world, focusing on the theme “Better City, Better Life.” For its 184 days, participants will display urban civilisation to the full extent, exchange their experiences of urban development, disseminate advanced notions on cities and explore new approaches to human habitat, lifestyle and working conditions in the new century.They will learn how to create an eco-friendly society and maintain the sustainable development of human beings.Shanghai is stepping up preparations for the 2010 World Exposition.So far, over 120 countries and international organizations have registered to take part.The Expo will be the first to be held in a developing country.One in ten of the registered countries and organizations will be attending a world expo for the first time.Miomir Udovicki, Serbian ambassador to China, said, “It's a good opportunity for us to present Serbia to the outside world.” France was the first country to register for the Shanghai Expo.The French government has organized a working group for the event, made up of members of the government and French companies.Thierry Mathou, French Consul General in Shanghai, said, “We are busy preparing for the expo.We hope that can showcase the fruitful cooperation between China and France.” So far, six corporations have signed agreement to be global partners for the Shanghai expo.People who used to live in the area where the expo will be held have all moved to new houses.Organizers say they are confident about the upcoming event.Hua Junduo, Commissioner General, said, “The international community's reaction shows it accepts China's peaceful development.Many countries have expressed their confidence that China will have a better future.” Organizers say they hope the expo will showcase China's peaceful development to people around the world.And they expect the expo will provide a opportunity for cross-cultural dialogue.广州亚运会
Daer Jack :Hello Jack!I'm very gald to write the letter for you.Do you know
1the 16th Asian Olympic Games to hold in Guangzhou China ? I'm very happy and exctied to hear that.What about you ? Let me introduce about the Guangzhou Asian Olympic for you.I hope you can take part in the Guangzhou Asian Olympic Games after my introduce.In the past.Guangzhou doesn't very well of some place.For exmple ： Guangzhou has a lot of car so the airdoesn‘t very well.People don’t pay attention to clean and throw rubbish to the ground.We think a lot of way in it.We plant some trees and flowers near the pavement ．People plant flowers in their hometoo.we leaflet a rally about clean and polite.I'm very happy!Then people are cleaner and cleaner and politer and politer than before.Guangzhou food is very famous.You can eat different kind of food in Guangzhou.I like Guangzhou food best.I hope you can eat Gangzhou food with me.Then we watch the wonderful matches together.I think this is very interesting.I can become your guide.would you like to take part in the Guangzhou Asian Olympic Games？
亲爱的JACK，很高兴写信给你，你知道地16届的亚运会在中国的广州举行吗？听到这个消息时我真的很高兴，很激动。你呢？让我介绍有关于广州亚运的的事给你听听吧。希望你听了我的介绍后能参加亚运。在过去，广州有一些地方还不是很好，例如：广州太多车辆了，使得空气不怎么好。有些人不太主意卫生，随地乱丢垃圾。我们在这方面想了很多办法。我们在马路边种树，人们也在家里种花。我们还宣传有关文明和卫生。然后人们比起以前更加卫生和文明了,我非常高兴。广州的食物也很出名，我们能在广州吃到各种各样的东西，我也很喜欢广州的食物，希望我能和你一起去吃一下，然后就去看精彩的亚运，我想那很有趣，我还能当你的导游，你愿意参加广州的亚运吗？
亚运再次选择中国，又一次证明了我们伟大祖国在国际社会具有的重要地位和良好的信誉；亚运选择了广州，证明了古老广州的恢弘气度和现代化广州的无穷魅力。
这是广州人民的骄傲，也是全体中华儿女的骄傲！2001年的全国“九运”换来了广州的“中变”；2010年，肯定是广州历史发展的里程碑，“亚运”将换来一个现代化大都市。
我们要见证广州历史上这一难忘的时刻。新的征途把“更高、更快、更强”的奥林匹克精神与广州人精神完美结合，倾情演绎“祥和、绿色、文明”的“亚运”新主题；倾情演绎科学发展观指导下广州发展的新轨迹！
Asian Olympic Games chooses China once more, once again had proven our great motherland the important position which and the good prestige has in the international society;Asian Olympic Games has chosen Guangzhou, has proven the ancient Guangzhou's broad bearing and the modernized Guangzhou's infinite charm.From Joozone.com.This is Guangzhou people's pride, is also all China's youth's pride!the 2001 year's nation “nine transported” trades Guangzhou “changes”;in 2010, definitely is Guangzhou historical development milestone, “Asian Olympic Games” will trade a modernized metropolis.we want in the testimony Guangzhou history this unforgettable time.The new battle path “is higher, is quicker, is stronger” the Olympics spirit and Guangzhou person spirit unifies perfectly, leans “auspiciously the sentiment deduction, the green, the civilization”“Asian Olympic Games”the new subject;Leans new path which under the sentiment deduction scientific development concept instruction Guangzhou develops!
医疗改革
中国医改要遏制医疗机构创收(中英文对照)
美联社报道，中国正计划对公立医院进行重大改革——由于看病难，费用高昂，医生服务质量差，公共医院备受诟病。公立医院改革是百姓期盼了许久的国民医疗制度的一个组成部分。
China plans a major revamp of its public hospitals — criticized for their lack of access, huge fees and poor doctor services — as part of its long-awaited reform of the national health care system, AP reported.新华社周五报道称，卫生部长陈竺表示，此次改革的关键环节在于改变医院的营利模式。Health Minister Chen Zhu said a key part of the reform will be aimed at changing the way hospitals make profits, Xinhua News Agency reported Friday.媒体援引周四陈竺在一次全国卫生工作会议上的发言称，“中国的目标是，向13亿百姓提供普遍的医疗服务，因此公立医院必须改革。”
“As China aims to provide universal medical service to 1.3 billion people, state-run hospitals must be overhauled,” Chen was quoted as saying at a national health meeting Thursday.报道称，20世纪90年代初，中国对医疗卫生制度进行了改革，将一项由国家报销90%医疗费用的制度改为现在只报销约17%。
China changed its health care system in the early 1990s, scrapping a system under which the government covered more than 90 percent of medical expenses to where they now only cover about 17 percent, the report said.从那之后，公立医院的运营费用主要依赖医疗卫生服务费用以及药品处方费用。
Public hospitals have since mainly relied on profits from medical services and drug prescriptions for their operating expenses.陈表示，这种以利润为导向的管理方法给病人造成了沉重的负担，也导致了医疗资源的浪费。
This profit-driven method of management has meant “heavy burdens on patients and led to a waste of medical resources,” Chen said.他说，我们的目标是通过切断医院与药品销售的关系，来降低药品价格，医疗用品价格以及体验费用。
“We aim to cut hospitals' involvement with drug sales to cut drug prices, medical supply prices and physical checkup fees,” he said.报道称，改革将首先在几个城市进行3年的试点。
The reforms will be rolled out in several cities as part of a three-year pilot program, the report said.陈并没有给出试点城市的数目和名字，但他表示，这项计划将会成为全国方案的基础。Chen did not give the number or names of the cities but said the program is expected to be the basis for the nationwide plan.该方案要求政府向公立医院的基础设施、医疗设备、学术科研、医师培训以及退休人员的医疗费用提供补贴。
The plan calls for the government to provide subsidies for public hospital infrastructure, medical equipment, academic research, physician training, and health costs for retirees.在未来3年内，中央政府还将支持兴建约2000所县级医院，实施工作今年启动。
The central government will also support construction of about 2,000 county-level hospitals over the next three years, with work scheduled to start this
year.卫生部表示，目标就是保证每个县都拥有至少一所具有全国水准的医院。
The goal is to ensure each county has at least one hospital operating at national standards, the Health Ministry said.公立医院改革方案只是中国期待了很久的医疗改革方案的一部分。
The plan for public hospitals is only one part of China's long-awaited medical reform program.其他将要改革的领域包括医疗保险，基本医疗服务以及公共卫生服务。
Other areas set to be reformed are medical insurance, basic medical services and public health services.陈表示，完整的方案将于近期发布。
The whole official plan will be issued in the near future, Chen said.自从2006年以来，中国政府一直在就医改进行讨论。
China has been debating health care reform since 2006.去年由国家发改委提出的草案被指过于宽泛。
A draft issued last year by the National Development and Reform Commission was criticized for being too general.物价文章
Growing inflationary pressure on the Chinese mainland, led by rising food prices, is driving mainland buyers to Hong Kong to fill their shopping carts.More and more residents in Guangdong province, especially Shenzhen, have in the past few weeks been queuing to cross the border into Hong Kong to buy sugar, salt, soybean sauce and even tissue paper in bulk to cushion increasing pressure from rising food prices at home.随着物价飞涨，一些大陆居民迫于通货膨胀的压力，而选择赴港购物。在过去的几周内，由于本土物价上涨幅度较大，越来越多的广东居民在通关口岸处排起长龙，前往香港大批采购白糖，食盐，酱油，甚至是餐巾纸等日用品。
While prices are rising so fast, many people are worrying out ways to cut down their expenditures.物价高涨不下，人们便开始千方百计地寻求节省开支的妙招了。
Du Zhenqi, an 80-year-old resident in Beijing`s Chaoyang district, expressed his sympathy for the people who took away his towel gourds without permission.80岁高龄的北京朝阳区居民杜振祺（音译）在说到有路人偷摘了自己种的丝瓜时，反而带有一丝同情之心。
Every year Du plants towel gourds in the community yard for ornament.But this year, before they turned ripe, they were all picked by his neighbors for food.杜大爷每年都会在社区院子里种些丝瓜，美化社区。可今年，还没等丝瓜成熟，就被邻居们摘去炒菜了。
“The prices of many kinds of vegetables, not only the towel gourds, have gone up dramatically,” said Du.“So I understand those people and it pleased me to offer my help to them.”
杜大爷说：“不仅仅是丝瓜，很多蔬菜都涨价了，价格贵的离谱。所以我也不怪他们，反而觉得这是在助人为乐。”
The food price surge in China has made residents with low incomes feel serious financial pressure and forced them to spend wisely.食品物价上涨使低收入群体感到经济压力倍增，他们不得不精打细算了。
An online collection of practical money-saving hints is thus becoming increasingly popular among Chinese netizens.If you search “money-saving strategies” in Baidu, China`s most popular search engine, you will find 4.27 million entries in 0.19 seconds.这样一来，就有越来越多的网友在网上晒各种实用的省钱妙招。如果在百度输入“省钱攻略”，不到0.19秒你便可以搜出427万个相关页面。
The collection provides tips such as choosing local and seasonal products, avoiding buying vegetables on rainy or snowy days when higher transport costs increase prices, using e-commerce websites for purchases, and planting vegetables on the balcony.省钱妙招可谓五花八门，比如够买本地出产的应季产品；尽量不在雨雪天买菜，因为天气恶劣时运输费也会增加，到时羊毛全都出在羊身上；通过网上购物；还有在阳台上做“自耕农”。
Some netizens consider buying in bulk to stay within a tight budget.为了节约开销，更多的人则会选择团购。
Fei Yuqin, who lives in Jiading district in Shanghai, frequently hurries to a farmers` market before 6 am to buy large amounts of vegetables for her family and neighbors.“Instead of buying small amounts, I buy large amounts of vegetables at the market and get a 50-percent discount.”
上海嘉定区的居民费玉琴（音译）经常是早上6点去农贸市场大量批发蔬菜，自家和邻居拼购。她表示：“去农贸市场批发比散买要便宜一半多呢。”
With these online tips, many people have become experts in cutting household expenses.However, financial pressure caused by the current round of price hikes still afflicts many Chinese people, just like the situation described in a popular song called China`s Price.有了这些网络上的省钱宝典支招，很多人已经深得节省花销、精明度日之道了。但物价上涨所带来的经济压力还是使得许多人叫苦不堪，正像那首《中国价》里唱的。
“A student surnamed Guo spent 60,000 yuan($8,996)for college education.He earned 1,000 yuan per month after graduation.No house and no car, let alone get married.”
“有个学生叫小郭，大学花了六万多；毕业了，找工作，每月工资一千多；没有房，别提车，结婚更是没着落。”
注释:
inflationary 通货膨胀的cross the border 跨境
cushion 起缓冲作用afflict 折磨，使痛苦
法制建设
大多数西方学者对中国这次新的法制化运动的成功持乐观态度，但他却持谨慎的怀疑主义。中国 50 年代中期和 60 年代初期都曾发起过法制化运动，但最后以文化革命告终。国民党人 20 年代、30 年代企图建立一个新的西方式的法律体系，也遇到相当大的困难。由于法律专业人员的缺乏，基础薄弱，厌恶法律的心理以及任务艰巨，中国新建立的法律体系不可能在短期内产生明显的、实质性的结果。他预测在几年之后，中国对法律作用的强调可能会衰退。他奉劝那些对中国文化根本不了解的西方法学家，不要用西方的法律观念看待中国的法制建设，不要使对中国法制发展的预测受到西方人对正规化法律的偏好的影响。他提出，如果中国的法律设计者采取一种更渐进的发展战略，较低的期望值，减少资源需要，在根本上遵循一条半法律的“赤脚法律工作者”的路线，中国的法制化运动就可能成功。
Most Western scholars of China's legal system in this new campaign is optimistic
about the success, but he was cautious skepticism.China's mid-50s and early 60s have been launched legal movement, but in the end to the Cultural Revolution ended.Nationalists, 20 years, 30 years trying to build a new Western-style legal system, has encountered considerable difficulties.Because of the lack of legal professionals, foundation is weak, the psychological aversion to the law and arduous task of the newly established legal system in China can not be obvious in the short term and substantial results.He predicted a few years, China stressed the role of law may be a recession.He advised those who do not understand the Chinese culture and Western jurists, do not use the legal concept of the West view China's legal system, not to predict the development of the Chinese legal system formalized the law by Westerners preferences.He suggested that if the designer of China's legal to take a more gradual development strategy, lower expectations and reduce the resources necessary to follow the fundamental law of a half of the “barefoot lawyers” line, movement of China's legal system likely to succeed.房价问题
The Housing Problem-住房问题 the housing problem-关于城市住房问题的英语作文The housing problem is one of the main problems in our life.Generally speaking, this problem is most strongly felt in Big cities.It is conlnlon knowledge that Big cities tend to grow Bigger and Bigger.Yet if a city grows without control, it will undoubtedly Become overcrowded and the city authorities will be unable to find enough funds and space to build enough houses for the residents.In order to solve the housing problem,first we have to control the rapid growth of the urban population.And in the meantime, we must try to make faster progress in our industrial production.In this way we'll be able to accumulate more funds to build a lot of new houses in a short period of time.Although the government has tried hard to solve this problem and block upon block of new apartment buildings have appeared in recent years,the housing problem will still exist for a long time。
我国房地产市场发展仍难以摆脱外界经济环境的影响。决定房市走势的另一个重要因素是国家救经济、救房市的政策措施。应当说，去年10月份以来中央和地方政府救经济、救房市的态度是鲜明的，力度还在不断增加中，那么，是否意味着2009年房地产市场因此会触底反弹，步入下一轮增长周期呢？杨红旭认为，政策利好难以在2009年迅速转化成市场回暖的实效。原因很简单，绝大部分政策其效力显现都需要一个过程，存在滞后期。任何一次调控，都需要经历几年，出台的诸多政策才会收到显著成效。
China's real estate market is still difficult to get rid of the external economic environment.Determine the trend of the housing market is another important factor is the country to save the economy, save the housing market policy measures.It should be said, since last October the central and local government to save the economy, save the housing market's attitude is clear, and efforts are constantly increasing, then, does that mean in 2009 the real estate market bottomed out therefore, into the next Round of the growth cycle it? Yang Hongxu that good policy is difficult to rapidly transformed in 2009 into the effectiveness of market recovery.The reason is simple, most policies have shown their effectiveness is a process, there is lag.Any one control, all need to experience a few years, introduced many policies will receive significant results.
第三篇：Cmakog雅思阅读中的词义猜测
生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。于是，看见的，看不见的；记住的，遗忘了。生命中，不断地有得到和失落。于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？
如果随便翻阅雅思阅读真题，我们常常会发现它涉及的词汇广度难度绝对不容小觑，甚至出现在GRE红宝书里的超强词汇也会频频亮相。于是，不少同学在初识雅思时都会产生畏难情绪，滋生出恐惧感和心理劣势。但其实，即使让英语程度已经非常不错的人去参加雅思考试，他们也一定会遇到许多的生词，却并不影响他们得到高分。也就是说，雅思对我们词汇量的要求并不高，但却需要我们具备猜测关键单词的词义的能力。
标题里的生词
标题里的生词就如战争中的敌方首都，非攻克不可。雅思阅读文章的长度可谓臭名昭著，20分钟读完1000字并且完成14道题目绝非易事，所以标题的清晰掌握有助于短时间之内对文章内容的理解。同时，如果标题中出现的单词有推断不出词义的情况的话，往往代表考生基本词汇有欠缺。
首先，全文首句是进一步理解标题最好的地方。剑桥5有篇文章‘The Impact of Wilderness Tourism’中的wilderness一词，同学总是第一反应就是野外郊外旅游，例如野炊、农家乐之类。但全文首句‘The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before’让所有同学都认识到其实remote areas是对它最好的说明，而这跟最初的猜测还是不同的。当然，也常有同学不认识remote这个单词，但是，在全文第二句，它再次给了清楚的例子：such as mountains，Arctic lands，deserts，small islands and wetlands。其实，通过这个例子也不难看出，雅思绝对不是个难为人的考试，如果遇到一个生词，一定能够通过各种方法猜测出来；而如果不能，那么就代表认识这个词的人比较变态了。
另一个雅思里常见的帮助理解标题的途径就是插图了。剑桥4里的‘Alternative Medicine in Australia’是个不容易理解的标题，但是旁边配的照片里一个中国人拿着一把小小的称，后面的柜子有无数个小抽屉，这样一来，结合alternative二选一的这个意思，几乎所有同学都能理解，题目就是说澳大利亚的中医。再例如文章‘The nature and aims of Archaeology’，正是因为旁边的图片里一个人趴在地下用小刷子挖掘恐龙化石，于是人人知道文章说的是考古学。
定义与解释
最简单的方式就是主系表结构的定义型句型。例如：Anthropology is the study of humanity。但更多的情况下，be known as / be called / be referred to as更频繁出现。例如：
A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as corpus.The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism.Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as day-neutral plants.其次，同位语也是理解词义的大帮手。可以是同位语从句也可以是同位语本身：
One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car.…plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.中华考试网
…cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises.而且，有些词组也可以提供解释信息，例如in other words，that is，that is to say等。值得提醒的是一个常出现但是绝大部分同学不知道的缩写i.e.，其实就是that is to say。例如出现在这个句子里：
These regions are fragile i.e.highly vulnerable to abnormal pressure not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.or也是个特别值得大家注意的单词。大部分时间它表示二选一，但其实也可以表示解释关系：
Dryness, or aridity as geographers call it, …
Dung is the droppings or excreta of animals.这两个句子里aridity就等于dryness，excreta就是droppings，只不过相对于后者它是更加学术化的专业词汇而已。
此外，破折号、冒号和括号这三个标点符号在雅思里几乎可以等同起来，绝大部分情况下都是表示解释说明的关系。这种情况下，符号前后看懂一个即可。
句子关系
最有效也最频繁出现的就是转折句，强转折造成的对比，让我们知其一就能猜其二。例如句子‘The Americans cannot experience reality but thrive on the pseudo-events.’中，不为多数人所知的pseudo就是根据一个but我们很容易推测出来它必然和reality是一对反义词。
另一个例子：
Dark colours give an aura of authority while lighter shades suggest approachability.这个句子里，while放在中间，我们知道前后半句造成对照关系，必然找得到反义词：authority和approachability；而dark和lighter形成对比，那么后半句shade这里就不是阴影这个我们熟悉的意思而是和前半句的colour做了替换；最后aura这个词认识的人也不多，但同处在位于的位置，于是不难推断出give an aura of与suggest意思一致。
更复杂的例子可以是这两个句子：
Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin.It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell.这篇描述火山的文章里，作者为了形象说明火山的成因把火山与煮得半熟得鸡蛋做了类比。前句说的是火山的构造，后句谈的是鸡蛋。一经对照，不难找出这么几对关系：
molten core → runny yolk
semi-molten mantle → firm but squishy white
brittle outer skin → hard shell
这样理解的话，根据core地心这个简单词，大家能够猜出yolk应该是蛋黄；而后半句里简单的runny流动的这个词可以帮助理解molten。而firm既然是硬的，but决定了squishy则必然是软的，或者根据semi－molten就是semi－runny，那么squishy还可能是半流动的。最后，hard解释了brittle也就很容易理解了。
猜 → 拆→ 拼
前缀、后缀和词根的把握对于词义猜测的作用毋庸质疑，这正如中文里可以认字认一半的道理是一样的，就算不能准确把握，八九不离十总是可以的。所以遇到生词可以首先把它拆分成认识的几个部分然后进行词义猜测。例如photoperiodism，photo词根表示光，period是周期，ism结尾表示抽象化、现象，那么这个单词就是光周期现象。
有时候拆开之后还是不认识，这时候可以尝试把它再拼成认识的单词。例如subordination，sub大家都知道表示副、亚、次、之下等，nation看起来象是名词构成而已，中间的ord很容易让大家联想到一个简单的order，那么词猜出来表示下级、附属物也就不是难事了。
具体一道题目说明的话有这么一个例子，有道true / false / not given问：Sydney is a quiet and graceful city。文章里定位到的句子谈到Sydney是个bustle and brashness的city。这是两个绝大部分同学都不认的单词，bustle大家可以拆出bus这个认识的部分，加个y变成busy也是简单的不能再简单的单词，无论公共汽车还是繁忙都不太与问题中的安静优美沾边；至于brashness这个单词，人人知道要拆成brash和ness，问题在于brash没几个人认识，于是ness这个名词的尾巴也只能惆怅的摇摇而已。但是，and对这两个词进行了并列的连接，一般情况下表示这两个词义应该为方向一致。这样一番思考的话，就不难推断出bustle、brashness与quiet、graceful相反了。
单词为阅读立身之本，有了词汇才用得上阅读技巧和略。而单词是背不完的，灵活使用各种各样的猜测词义的方法，利用有限的词汇量猜测出无限的单词含义这才是通向阅读高分的有效途径。
第四篇：英语四级听力真题中如何考场景词？
英语四级培训：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet1820/ 英语四级一对一咨询qq：1613508081
四级想要听力考好，确实需要一定技巧。不过那也是一种辅助作用。当你发现一个对话或者短文基本听懂的时候，无需技巧也可以做的不错。而应试考试特别好的是它有范围，当你范围内的主要场景词明确之后，听起来就轻松了，加上一些解题技巧，正确率一定会很高的，这就是实力。
下面大家一起来看看四级听力真题中如何考场景词吧：
<一>, 首先就拿四六级考的最多的工作场景的某些场景词举例。
例1：2005-12-10(四级小对话)
录音原文：
M：You know the electronics company is coming to our campus to recruit graduate students next week.W: Really? What day? I'd like to talk to them and hand in my resume.Q: What does the woman want to do?
正确选项：Apply for a job in the electronics company
解析：resume是工作场景当中一个非常常见的词，意思是简历，这个女士说要递交简历，简历是用来找工作的啊，所以resume推出apply for a job(申请一份工作)，那显然这个题其实就考大家对简历这个场景词的熟悉度。
例2：2006-12-19(四级长对话)
A)To make a business report to the woman.B)To be interviewed for a job in the woman's company.C)To resign from his position in the woman's company.D)To exchange stock market information with the woman.录音原文：
W: Please have a seat.Mr.Sanders.I've received your resume last week and was very impressed.M: Thank you.解析：录音原文为这篇长对话的第一轮对话，其实只要大家听到这里女士话中提到的场景词resume就足够了，两个人对话，一个人提及另外一个人的简历怎么怎么样，大家想这不就是在面试嘛。所以resume提示be interviewed for a job(B选项)为正确选项。例3：2002-6-10(四级小对话)
录音原文：
M: I spent so much time polishing my letter of application.W: It's worthwhile to make the effort.You know just how important it is to give a good impression
Q: what do we know about the man?
正确选项：He wants to get a new position
解析：这个题只要大家熟悉这个场景词组(letter of application)申请信，也就是求职信，大家就会明白一定是找工作，选项中的场景词position 意思是职位 = post = job，所以答案就出来了。
例4：2011-12-15(六级小对话)
录音原文：
W: Have you heard the news that James Meil has resigned his post as Prime minister?
M: Well, I got it from the headlines this morning.It's reported that he made public his decision at the last cabinet meeting.英语四级培训：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet1820/ 英语四级一对一咨询qq：1613508081
Q: What do we learn about James Meil?
正确选项：He has left his position in the government.解析：大家会发现这个题其实还是考察大家对场景词的熟悉度，只要大家听到resigned his post 就够了。resign辞职= left，post = position职位的意思，前面四级例题就提过，所以答案就可以直接选了。
例5：2010-12-15(六级小对话)
录音原文：
M: I think your boss would be very upset when he gets your letter of resignation.W: that may be so.But in the letter, I just told him frankly I could no longer live with his poor management and stupid decisions.Q: what do we learn about the woman?
正确选项：She has made up her mind to resign.解析：这个题考的就是场景词组 letter of resignation(辞职信)，只要大家熟悉这个词组并且听到，一定就能选对。
<二>,以上谈到工作场景大家可能还比较熟悉，下面拿一个大家可能并不重视的小单词来举例。
nuisance ['nju?s(?)ns] 讨厌的人或东西(大家可以读音联想去记：读音像牛神--牛鬼蛇神--讨厌的人或东西)
例1：2008-6-13(六级小对话)
录音原文：
M: I hear John left his cat in your care while he's on vacation abroad.How are you getting along with it?
W: Well, it never comes when I call it.It spills its food and sheds all over the place.I can't wait till John gets back.Q: How does the woman find the cat?
正确选项：A real nuisance.分析：原文划线句说，猫把食物撒的到处都是，已经等不及让John, 也就是它的主人赶紧把猫领走了。这不就说明这个女士被猫折磨的不行了，那答案就出来了。但关键大家必须先认识和熟悉nuisance这个词，对吧?
例2：08-12-24(六级长对话)
录音原文：
W: Say? Hold on.Peter.I thought you said your organization was non-violent, what do you mean by “harass”?
M: Well, we circle round and round the ships and get in the way when they try to dump the drums of nuclear waste in the sea.We talk to the men and try to change, you know, yell at them to stop.We generally make ourselves as much of a nuisance as possible.Q: How does Green Peace try to stop people from dumping nuclear waste?正确选项：By harassing them.解析：这个题大家可以通过听到女士提到的Harass(骚扰)原词做出来，如果没有听到的话，大家熟悉nuisance，原文这句话说“通常我们尽可能让我们自己变成让他们讨厌的人”，那选项提到不停骚扰他们肯定就是非常让人讨厌的啊，这样考虑也是可以做出来的。例3: 2013-12-16(六级短文听力)
录音原文：
In America, white-tailed deer are more numerous than ever before, so abundant in fact that they've become a suburban nuisance and a health hazard.Q: What do we learn about white-tailed deer in North Haven?
正确选项：They have become a headache to the community.解析：问题问通过文章对North Haven地区白尾鹿有什么了解，原文提到他们成为了郊区令人讨厌的动物，那不就是让人头疼的东西嘛，become a suburban nuisance = headache，所以做对这个题的前提还是大家熟悉nuisance这个词。
通过以上例题，希望大家能明白两件事情，首先场景词的积累是大家提高听力实力的捷径，大家需要好好对待。其次，大家要明白真题的重复特点，一定好好做真题，反复做!大家明白场景词的重要性之后，场景词从哪儿来呢，有的老师会给大家用词频统计软件，机械性的统计词频，我个人觉得用处不大。比如词频统计软件统计出来的高频词一定要背吗?可能是非常简单的词，根本不是考点，但是词频非常低的单词呢?就比如第一次出现nuisance，大家可能说不用管，但是后来这样的词还是会反复考察。
第五篇：大学英语四级翻译解题方法
大学英语四级汉译英方法总结
一、汉译英简介
在四级新题型考试中，翻译题所占分值为5%。由5个句子组成，要求考生将句子的一部分由中文翻译成英文。它考查的内容主要包括两部分，一是意群的表达，二是句法。
汉译英主要的考点有：固定结构的用法、词性的转换、语态之间的转换、长短句之间的转化和词语选择的恰当性。
二、汉译英解题步骤
知己知彼，百战不殆。若想在这一全新的题型上得高分，考生必须首先透彻地了解它的形式和要求，摸清命题人的思路，有针对性地复习、练习。大学英语四级考试的汉译英部分包含五个句子，每句话都由一部分汉语和一部分英语构成，要求考生将其中的汉语部分翻译成英语，与所给英语部分构成一个完整的句子。针对这部分题型的特点和中国学生在翻译训练中常犯的错误，我们为考生制定了做好汉译英的四步法。
（一）通读全句，确定语法成分
汉译英题型中的汉语和英语部分共同构成了一个完整的达意单位，不能将其割裂开来。同时，由于两种语言之间的语法结构相去甚远，考生不应该将汉语部分直接翻译成英语，而是要首先阅读整个句子，确定要求翻译的部分在整个英语句子中的语法成分。
例如：_____________________________________________（她目不转睛地看着窗外），she told us that our friend Tom had died in the air crash．
解析：很多学生看到给出的汉语部分是一个完整的主谓句，就想当然地将其翻译成一个英文的简单句。但仔细研究逗号以后的英文部分我们就会发现，这一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗号没有连接两个分句的功能，而本句逗号后面没有连接词，因此划线部分不是一个句子，而是一个状语成分。由此可知，我们必须使用非谓语结构或独立主格结构。可接受的答案包括：Keeping her eyes fixed out of the window；Staring out of the win-low；With her eyes fixed out the window；Her eyes fixed out of the window等。
（二）审查时态，决定表达方式
确定语法成分以后，考生要有意识地审查时态，要特别注意句中的时间状语，并对照所给英语部分的时态。此外，还应该根据汉语意思推断出题人想考查的语法或词汇项目，避免将汉语词汇逐个机械地翻译成英语的情况。
例如：Since we're here ________________________________（我们不如四处看看）．
解析：首先通读全句，我们发现Since we're here是一个条件状语从句，意思是“既然我们在这里”，因此划线部分应该是主句，有完整的主谓结构。随后我们开始分析汉语表达，“不如（做……）”的英文表达法是may/ might as well do sth.，与“四处看看”对应的英文短语是look around,而且全句使用的是一般现在时态。因此正确答案是we may as well look around。
（三）付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误
经过仔细的斟酌以后，真正的翻译工作就变得简单得多，但对很多考生来说单词的拼写是一大难题，因此考生应该在确保关键结构无误的前提下尽量选用自己有把握的单词和短语。
例如：
By contrast，American parents were more likely ________________________（把孩子的成功归因于）natural talent.解析：通过分析可知，本题考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做……”和attribute sth.to sb.／another thing“将……归因于……”的用法，对这两点很熟悉的考生可以不费吹灰之力就做出完美的答案，但正确地写出attribute和success并不是件容易的事。正确答案为to attribute their children’s success to。
（四）重新审视，确认句法合理 在检查的时候，考生应该确认自己翻译的部分与题目给出的英文部分共同构成了一个语法正确达意清晰的句子。在这一阶段，考生还应该重点检查句首字母的大写、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致的问题。
总之，做汉译英题目的时候，切忌盲目下笔，考生应该在平日的练习中严格遵循以上四个步骤，有意识地培养良好的翻译习惯。
三、实战演练
下面，我们以四级新题型样题中的翻译题为例，说明翻译题型的解题步骤与方法。
87.The substance does not dissolve in water _______________________(不管是否加热).[关键词]加热――heat；不管是否――(no matter)whether… or not [连 接]heat与其逻辑主语substance之间需采用被动连接，即heat加ed。[优 化]whether(it is)heated or not.――注意，it is可省略。[点 评]如果heated or not放在句首，whether也可以省略。88.Not only ___________________________(高), but he didn’t do a good repair job either.[关键词]收费过高――overcharge, charge too much/high [连 接]句首的Not only决定了倒装连接，下文用了过去时态，因此，这里需在he之前加did。
[优 化](Not only)did he charge me too much/high, / did he overcharge me, …。[点 评]如果未能想出用overcharge/charge too much表示“收费过高”，也可以将其含义“化解”掉，用ask for too much来表达，答案可以是did he ask me for too much。
他
向
我收
费
过
89.Your losses in trade this year are nothing ___________________________(与我的相比).[关键词]相比――compare(with), in comparison with；我的――mine, my losses [连 接]compare与其逻辑主语Your losses之间需采用被动连接。[优 化]…in comparison with mine或compared with mine。
[点 评]此处最好用介词词组，如果用compared with mine，则放在句首更合适。90.On average, it is said, visitors spend only ___________________________(一半的钱)in a day in Leeds as in London.[关键词]一半――half；钱――money
[连 接]注意后文的as，此处需用一比较连接词as，并在as后需增添一形容词或副词。
[优 化]… half as much money。
[点 评]这里因为前文有spend，这里可以省略money；此处如果先把“一半”的意思撇开，更易“化解”原文，即先译出“一天里在利兹和在伦敦花同样多的钱”，spend as much(money)in a day in Leeds as in London，然后将“(只有)一半”加进去，这样来看(only)half只能放在as much前。
91.By contrast, American mothers were more likely _______________________________(把孩子的成功归因于)natural talent.[关键词]孩子的成功――children’s success / success of the children；把……归因于――attribute… to / owe… to [连 接]上文的were more likely后需接to。
[优 化]to attribute their children’s success / success of their children to…。[点 评]“把……归因于”也可以化解为“相信……的原因是……”，即believe that their children’s success is due to…/ the main factor for their children’s success is。
四、实用汉译英技巧
四级考试对翻译的要求并不高，只是要求考生用所学过的内容，运用一定的翻译技巧，将中文含义用英文顺畅地表达出来，也就是只做到“信”、“达”、“雅”这三个翻译标准的前两项就已基本符合要求。
（一）恰当选词
在中译英题型中，考生应注意恰当词语的选择。首先要尽量避免过于笼统的词语，选用其下义词或更确切的词语。例如：He is a good man.就不如He is a kind-hearted man.确切。而“他养了一条牧羊犬”译为“He raised a dog “，就不如“He raised a shepherd dog.”准确。此外，还要注意近义词之间的选择。例如”He runs very fast.”，和“He gave us a quick answer.”。
（二）中英文句式之间的对应与转换
有些中文句子结构与含义可以对应英文中的某些句型。若考生可以恰当使用这些句型，可达到事半功倍的效果。这些句子结构通常出现在大学英语课本每一课的课后练习中，如：“只有在海洋中我们才能发现鲸鱼”译为“Only in the ocean can we find whales.”
（三）语态之间的转换
中译英经常会涉及语态之间的转换。例如：
人们让我们相信，得到心里渴望的东西是件很容易的事。
We have been assured that achieving our heart's desires would be a piece of cake．
通常中文中的主语过于宽泛的时候，如“人们”，“别人”“这”等等，都可以转化成英文的被动语态，省略原来的主语。
（四）词性的转换 词性转换指的是中英文之间词性的转换，如在中文里是名词，到了英文句子中就变成了动词。这里主要提示四种情况。
1）名词转换成动词
例如：查理的梦想是将来成为一个侦探。（“梦想”是名词）
译为：Charlie dreams of becoming a detective in the future.（“dream “是动词）
2）动词转化成名词
例如：用害怕这个词来描述可能会更准确。（“描述”是动词）
译为：Afraid would be a more accurate description.（” description“是名词）3）名词转化成形容词
例如：吉姆成功的可能性很小。（“可能性”是名词）
译为：It is almost unlikely/impossible for Jim to succeed.（“unlikely”和“impossible“都是形容词）
4）形容词转化成名词
例如：在这紧张的时刻他感到非常紧张。（“紧张的”是形容词）译为：
The intensity of the moment filled his mind with intensity.（” intensity“是名词）
此外，在翻译过程中，还需要注意的就是，中文句子通常比较短小，逗号使用较多，且逗号可连续使用。而英文中则经常出现由并列结构和主从结构所构成的长句，逗号不可以随意使用。这时需要注意所译英文句子不要因中文影响而出现残句或粘连句。例如：“我收到了。”译成“I have received.”就是残句，应为“I have received it.”。将“玛丽五年前住在旧金山，在那儿她写了三本小说。”译成”Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago，there she wrote three novels.”就是粘连句，应该是“Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago，and there she wrote three novels．”
五、考点预测
汉译英题型对考生英语语言基础的要求固然很高，但并非无规律可循。在加强记忆重点词汇和短语的基础上，考生在动笔翻译以前一定要明确该题目考查的语言点，这样才能够做出最接近标准答案的译文，避免失分。这里总结了汉译英题型中最可能出现的重点句型和语法结构，供考生参考。
（一）重点句型预测 1）It is＋形容词＋that 例如：it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。2）It is＋形容词＋to do/ doing 例如：She had said what it was necessary to say.她已经说了一切有必要说的话。
3）祈使句／名词＋and/ or 例如：Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。4）as＋many/ much＋名词＋as 例如：It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in London.据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。5）倍数词＋as＋形容词＋as 例如：The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。
6)倍数词+ more +名词／形容词十than 例如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。
7）（not）as/ so...as（和……（不）一样）例如：The environmental problems are not as serious as they suggested in their report.环境问题没有他们在报告中说得那么严重。8）no more...than（与……一样不）
例如：She is no more fit to be a manager than a schoolgirl would be.匕个女学生固然不宜当经理，她也同样不宜。
9）Nothing is more...than（没有比……更……的；……是最……的）例如：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。
10）感官动词＋of＋名词
例如：They hurriedly escaped into a cave that smelt of terror.他们仓皇地逃人一个充满恐怖气氛的山洞。
11）without/ not so much as（甚至没有）例如：Disappointed with her husband，Mary left home without so much as looking back at him．出于对丈夫的失望，玛丽离开了家，甚至都没有回头看他一眼。
12）may/ might as well（…as）（与其……还不如……）
例如：One may as well not know a thing at all as know but imperfectly.与其一知半解还不如彻底蒙在鼓里。
13）too.～to.二（太……而不能……；极其地）例如：It was not too bright of them to settle in an area where earthquakes frequently occur.他们选择在地震多发的地区定居，这可不是个明智的决定。14）only to find/ see（结果却；没想到会）例如：He spent almost all his money to buy the hen which was said to be able to lay gold eggs, only to find it could not lay eggs at all.为了买那只据说能下金蛋的母鸡，他几乎倾家荡产，没想到这只鸡根本不会下蛋。
15）It is undoubted that/ There is no doubt that（毫无疑问，……）
例如：There is no doubt that war can be avoided if we get down to peace talk.毫无疑问，如果我们肯认真和谈就能避免战争。16）rather than（而不是……）
例如：Rather than pursue money to achieve happiness，we should focus on the improvement of ourselves.我们应该集中精力改善自我，而不是追求金钱的享乐。17）not...until（直到……才）例如：We can't release the film until we have the approval from the authority concerned.直到获得有关当局的批准我们才能发行那部电影。18）so/ such（…）that（如此……以至于）例如：With the rumor spreading fast, their anxiety was such that they could not sleep/they became so anxious that they could not sleep.在谣言迅速散播的情况下，他们焦虑异常，无法人睡。
19）（The）chances are that（很可能……）例如：Chances are that she has already known it, and there is no need for us to keep the secret.她很可能已经知道了，所以我们没有必要再保守这个秘密。20）It occurred to sb.that（突然想到……）例如：It had never occurred to Cinderella she would become a princess someday.Cinderella从来没有想到她会成为一位王妃。21）not...but...（不是……而是……）
例如：To our disappointment, the plan caused not development but destruction.让我们失望的是，这个计划带来的不是进步而是破坏。22）It is taken for granted that（……被认为是理所当然的）例如：It has been taken for granted that women should take on all the housework.多年来人们一直认为女性做家务是理所当然的。23）It is/ was said that（据说）例如：it is said that man is the least biologically determined species of all because he possesses features absent in other natural species.据说人类是生物学上最难归类的物种，因为人类拥有其他天然物种所缺乏的特性。24）When it comes to...（提及，当提到……的时候）
例如：When it comes to physics，I know nothing.谈到物理学，我一无所知。25）be not much of a...（是个不太好的……）例如：Mike is not much of a teacher for he often skips from one subject to another.麦克不是个好老师，因为他总是从一个话题跳转到另一个话题。26）As far as sb.／sth.is concerned（就……而言，在……看来）
例如：As far as I am concerned, fashion.belongs to women.在我看来，时尚是属于女性的。
27）not only...but also（不但……而且……）
例如：Shakespeare is not only a great playwright but also a brilliant poet.莎士比亚不仅是一位伟大的剧作家而且是一位才华横溢的诗人。
28）（n)either...（n)or...（既不……也不……；或者……或者……）例如：Liking neither the story nor the background music，he fell asleep in the cinema.他既不喜欢故事情节也不喜欢背景音乐，所以在电影院里睡着了。
29）no sooner than/ hardly when/ scarcely when（刚……就……）
例如：I had hardly opened the door when he rushed in.我刚开门他就冲进来了。30）the more…the more（越……越……）例如：The faster a country's economy develops，the slower its population grows.一个国家的经济发展越快，它的人口增长就越慢。
（二）重点语法结构预测 1)虚拟语气
虚拟语气强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重从以下几方面进行复习和训练：一些能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词，如：lest，in case，without，otherwise等；一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语或同位语从句往往采用“（should)子动词原形”的虚拟形式，如：suggest, propose, command, order, request, require等；一些形容词后面的主语从句中往往采用“（should）＋动词原形”，如：It is necessary that，It is essential that，It is important that, It is desirable that等；省略了if的虚拟倒装句；在would rather, wish，as if，It is time that等句型中使用适当的虚拟形式表达主观愿望。
例如：It is necessary that ________________________________.（采取有效措施来防止环境污染）。
答案
：
effective actions
（should）be taken to prevent environmental pollution 2）时态转换
英语中一共有16个时态，最常用的5个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。
在以往的四级考试中考查最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。因此在翻译时，考生首先要抓住的就是已知信息中的时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间、是短暂时间还是延续性时间。
例如：__________________________________（自从她上了高中），she has worked very hard.答案：Since the time she went to senior high school 3）倒装结构
英语中的倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。哪些否定词或者短语前置能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有何区别，as和so在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。
例如：________________________________（鲇鱼walking fish不仅可以离开水存活）, but they can also travel short distances over land．
答案：Not only can walking fish live out of water（部分倒装）例如：The peace talk turned out to be a failure.Then ____________________（两国之间开始了一场恶战）． 答案：began a bitter war between the two countries（全部倒装）4）非谓语结构和独立主格结构
一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是不能连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都作状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语，而非谓语结构则需要考生判断逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间的关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态。
例如：________________________________（她一动不动地躺在床上），she fixed her eyes on the last leaf hanging against the blank wall．
答案：Lying in bed without any movement 5)主谓一致
这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判定谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词作主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people，poultry，cattle, militia等；用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数，如bread and butter，knife and fork等。此外还有就近原则，即主语中含有某些连词（如as well as，besides，in addition to等）时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
例如：It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes ___________________（是那里唯一有生命的物体）．
答案：were the only living creatures there 6）强调句型
强调句的基本结构是“It is/was...that/who...”，考生务必明确强调的部分可以是句子中除了谓语以外的任何成分，要特别注意强调句与“not until”的连用。
例如：________________________（直到失去健康）that people know the value of health.答案：It is not until they lose it 7）介词with（without）引起的状语结构
介词with与名词或名词结构搭配引起的状语可以表示对象、方式、伴随、对照、结果、让步等，正确地使用with能够让学生在汉译英的过程中化繁为简。
例如：______________________________________（有了这些措施），we can change our society into one in which natural resources will be fully cherished．
答案：With these measures 此外，代词和连接词的使用、状语从句以及名词性从句和形容词性从句的用法也是考生应该重点复习的对象。
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