精读5第二版课文翻译[推荐阅读]

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Lesson 1 Who Are you and what are you doing here Welcome and congratulations: Getting to the first day of college is a major achievement.You’re to be commended, and not just you, but the parents, grandparents, uncles, and aunts who helped get you here.It’s been said that raising a child effectively takes a village: Well, as you may have noticed, our American village is not in very good shape.We’ve got guns, drugs, two wars, fanatical religions, a slime-based popular culture, and some politicians who—a little restraint here—aren’t what they might be.To merely survive in this American village and to win a place in the entering class has taken a lot of grit on your part.So, yes, congratulations to all.You now may think that you’ve about got it made.Amidst the impressive college buildings, in company with a high-powered faculty, surrounded by the best of your generation, all you need is to keep doing what you’ve done before: Whttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlork hard, get good grades, listen to your teachers, get along with the people around you, and you’ll emerge in four years as an educated young man or woman.Ready for life.Do not believe it.It is not true.If you want to get a real education in America you’re going to have to fight—and I don’t mean just fight against the drugs and the violence and against the slime-based culture that is still going to surround you.I mean something a little more disturbing.To get an education, you’re probably going to have to fight against the institution that you find yourself in—no matter how prestigious it may be.(In fact, the more prestigious the school, the more you’ll probably have to push.)You can get a terrific education in America now—there are astonishing opportunities at almost every college—but the education will not be presented to you wrapped and bowed.To get it, you’ll need to struggle and strive, to be strong, and occahttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlsionally even to piss off some admirable people.I came to college with few resources, but one of them was an understanding, however crude, of how I might use my opportunities there.This I began to develop because of my father, who had never been to college—in fact, he’d barely gotten out of high school.One night after dinner, he and I were sitting in our kitchen at 58 Clewley Road in Medford, Massachusetts, hatching plans about the rest of my life.I

was about to go off to college, a feat no one in my family had accomplished in living memory.“I think I might want to be pre-law,” I told my father.I had no idea what being pre-law was.My father compressed his brow and blew twin streams of smoke, dragon-like, from his magnificent nose.“Do you want to be a lawyer?” he asked.My father had some experience with lawyers, and with policemen, too;he was not well-disposed toward either.“I’m not really sure,” I told hhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlim, “but lawyers make pretty good money, right?”

My father detonated.(That was not uncommon.My father detonated a lot.)He told me that I was going to go to college only once, and that while I was there I had better study what I wanted.He said that when rich kids went to school, they majored in the subjects that interested them, and that my younger brother Philip and I were as good as any rich kids.(We were rich kids minus the money.)Wasn’t I interested in literature? I confessed that I was.Then I had better study literature, unless I had inside information to the effect that reincarnation wasn’t just hype, and I’d be able to attend college thirty or forty times.If I had such info, pre-law would be fine, and maybe even a tour through invertebrate biology could also be tossed in.But until I had the reincarnation stuff from a solid source, I better get to work and pick out some English classes from the course catalog.http://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.html “How about the science requirements?”

“Take ’em later,” he said, “you never know.” My father, Wright AukenheadEdmundson, Malden High School Class of 1948(by a hair), knew the score.What he told me that evening at the Clewley Road kitchen table was true in itself, and it also contains the germ of an idea about what a university education should be.But apparently almost everyone else—students, teachers, and trustees and parents—sees the matter much differently.They have it wrong.Education has one salient enemy in present-day America, and that enemy is education—university education in particular.To almost everyone, university education is a means to an end.For students, that end is a good job.Students want the credentials that will help them get ahead.They want the certificate that will give them access to Wall Street, or entrance into law or medical or business school.And how can we blame them? http://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlAmerica values power and money, big players with big bucks.When we raise our children, we tell them in multiple ways that what we want most for

them is success—material success.To be poor in America is to be a failure—it’s to be without decent health care, without basic necessities, often without dignity.Then there are those back-breaking student loans—people leave school as servants, indentured to pay massive bills, so that first job better be a good one.Students come to college with the goal of a diploma in mind—what happens in between, especially in classrooms, is often of no deep and determining interest to them.In college, life is elsewhere.Life is at parties, at clubs, in music, with friends, in sports.Life is what celebrities have.The idea that the courses you take should be the primary objective of going to college is tacitly considered absurd.In terms of their work, students live in the future andhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.html not the present;they live with their prospects for success.If universities stopped issuing credentials, half of the clients would be gone by tomorrow morning, with the remainder following fast behind.The faculty, too, is often absent: Their real lives are also elsewhere.Like most of their students, they aim to get on.The work they are compelled to do to advance—get tenure, promotion, raises, outside offers—is, broadly speaking, scholarly work.No matter what anyone says this work has precious little to do with the fundamentals of teaching.The proof is that virtually no undergraduate students can read and understand their professors’ scholarly publications.The public senses this disparity and so thinks of the professors’ work as being silly or beside the point.Some of it is.But the public also senses that because professors don’t pay full-bore attention to teaching they don’t have to work very hard—they’ve created http://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmla massive feather bed for themselves and called it a university.This is radically false.Ambitious professors, the ones who, like their students, want to get ahead in America, work furiously.Scholarship, even if pretentious and almost unreadable, is nonetheless labor-intense.One can slave for a year or two on a single article for publication in this or that refereed journal.These essays are honest: Their footnotes reflect real reading, real assimilation, and real dedication.Shoddy work—in which the author cheats, cuts corners, copies from others—is quickly detected.The people who do this work have highly developed intellectual powers, and they push themselves hard to reach a certain standard: That the results have almost no

practical relevance to the students, the public, or even, frequently, to other scholars is a central element in the tragicomedy that is often academia.The students and the profeshttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlsors have made a deal: Neither of them has to throw himself heart and soul into what happens in the classroom.The students write their abstract, over-intellectualized essays;the professors grade the students for their capacity to be abstract and over-intellectual—and often genuinely smart.For their essays can be brilliant, in a chilly way;they can also be clipped off the Internet, and often are.Whatever the case, no one wants to invest too much in them—for life is elsewhere.The professor saves his energies for the profession, while the student saves his for friends, social life, volunteer work, making connections, and getting in position to clasp hands on the true grail, the first job.No one in this picture is evil;no one is criminally irresponsible.It’s just that smart people are prone to look into matters to see how they might go about buttering their toast.Then they butter their toast.As for the adminhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlistrators, their relation to the students often seems based not on love but fear.Administrators fear bad publicity, scandal, and dissatisfaction on the part of their customers.More than anything else, though, they fear lawsuits.Throwing a student out of college, for this or that piece of bad behavior, is very difficult, almost impossible.The student will sue your eyes out.One kid I knew(and rather liked)threatened on his blog to mince his dear and esteemed professor(me)with a samurai sword for the crime of having taught a boring class.(The class was a little boring—I had a damned cold—but the punishment seemed a bit severe.)The dean of students laughed lightly when I suggested that this behavior might be grounds for sending the student on a brief vacation.I was, you might say, discomfited, and showed up to class for a while with my cellphone jiggered to dial 911 with one touch.Still, this was small potatoes.Cohttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmllleges are even leery of disciplining guys who have committed sexual assault, or assault plain and simple.Instead of being punished, these guys frequently stay around, strolling the quad and swilling the libations, an affront(and sometimes a terror)to their victims.You’ll find that cheating is common as well.As far as I can discern, the student ethos goes like this: If the professor is so lazy that he gives the same test every year,it’s okay to go ahead and take advantage—you’ve both got better things to do.The Internet is amok with services selling term papers and those services exist, capitalism being what it is, because people purchase the papers—lots of them.Fraternity files bulge with old tests from a variety of courses.Periodically the public gets exercised about this situation, and there are articles in the national news.But then interest dwindles and matters go back to normal.Onhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmle of the reasons professors sometimes look the other way when they sense cheating is that it sends them into a world of sorrow.A friend of mine had the temerity to detect cheating on the part of a kid who was the nephew of a well-placed official in an Arab government complexly aligned with the U.S.Black limousines pulled up in front of his office and disgorged decorously suited negotiators.Did my pal fold? Nope, he’s not the type.But he did not enjoy the process.What colleges generally want are well-rounded students, civic leaders, people who know what the system demands, how to keep matters light, not push too hard for an education or anything else;people who get their credentials and leave the professors alone to do their brilliant work, so they may rise and enhance the rankings of the university.Such students leave and become donors and so, in their own turn, contribute immeasurably to the university’s standing.Thttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlhey’ve done a fine job skating on surfaces in high school—the best way to get an across-the-board outstanding record—and now they’re on campus to cut a few more figure eights.In a culture where the major and determining values are monetary, what else could you do? How else would you live if not by getting all you can, succeeding all you can, making all you can?

The idea that a university education really should have no substantial content, should not be about what John Keats was disposed to call Soul-making, is one that you might think professors and university presidents would be discreet about.Not so.This view informed an address that Richard Brodhead gave to the senior class at Yale before he departed to become president of Duke.Brodhead, an impressive, articulate man, seems to take as his educational touchstone the Duke of Wellington’s precept that the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Etohttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmln.Brodhead suggests that the content of the courses isn’t really what matters.In five years(or five months,or minutes), the student is likely to have forgotten how to do the problem sets and will only hazily recollect what happens in the ninth book of Paradise Lost.The legacy of their college years will be a legacy of difficulties overcome.When they face equally arduous tasks later in life, students will tap their old resources of determination, and they’ll win.All right, there’s nothing wrong with this as far as it goes—after all, the student who writes a brilliant forty-page thesis in a hard week has learned more than a little about her inner resources.Maybe it will give her needed confidence in the future.But doesn’t the content of the courses matter at all?

On the evidence of this talk, no.Trying to figure out whether the stuff you’re reading is true or false and being open to having your lifhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmle changed is a fraught, controversial activity.Doing so requires energy from the professor—which is better spent on other matters.This kind of perspective-altering teaching and learning can cause the things which administrators fear above all else: trouble, arguments, bad press, etc.After the kid-samurai episode, the chair of my department not unsympathetically suggested that this was the sort of incident that could happen when you brought a certain intensity to teaching.At the time I found his remark a tad detached, but maybe he was right.So, if you want an education, the odds aren’t with you: The professors are off doing what they call their own work;the other students, who’ve doped out the way the place runs, are busy leaving the professors alone and getting themselves in position for bright and shining futures;the student-services people are trying to keep everyone content, offering plenty of entertainment and buhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlilding another state-of-the-art workout facility every few months.The development office is already scanning you for future donations.The primary function of Yale University, it’s recently been said, is to create prosperous alumni so as to enrich Yale University.So why make trouble? Why not just go along? Let the profs roam free in the realms of pure thought, let yourselves party in the realms of impure pleasure, and let the student-services gang assert fewer prohibitions and newer delights for you.You’ll get a good job, you’ll have plenty of friends, you’ll have a driveway of your own.You’ll also, if my father and I are right, be truly and righteously screwed.The reason for this is simple.The quest at the center of a liberal-arts education is not a luxury quest;it’s a necessity quest.If you do not undertake it, you risk leading a life of desperation—maybe quiet, maybe, in time, very loud—and I http://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlam not exaggerating.For you risk trying to be someone other than who you are, which, in the long run, is killing.By the time you come to college, you will have been told who you are numberless times.Your parents and friends, your teachers, your counselors, your priests and rabbis and ministers and imams have all had their say.They’ve let you know how they size you up, and they’ve let you know what they think you should value.They’ve given you a sharp and protracted taste of what they feel is good and bad, right and wrong.Much is on their side.They have confronted you with scriptures—holy books that, whatever their actual provenance, have given people what they feel to be wisdom for thousands of years.They’ve given you family traditions—you’ve learned the ways of your tribe and your community.And, too, you’ve been tested, probed, looked at up and down and through.The coach knows what your athletic prospects are, thhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmle guidance office has a sheaf of test scores that relegate you to this or that ability quadrant, and your teachers have got you pegged.You are, as Foucault might say, the intersection of many evaluative and potentially determining discourses: you boy, you girl, have been made.And—contra Foucault—that’s not so bad.Embedded in all of the major religions are profound truths.Schopenhauer, who despised belief in transcendent things, nonetheless thought Christianity to be of inexpressible worth.He couldn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus, or in the afterlife, but to Schopenhauer, a deep pessimist, a religion that had as its central emblem the figure of a man being tortured on a cross couldn’t be entirely misleading.To the Christian, Schopenhauer said, pain was at the center of the understanding of life, and that was just as it should be.One does not need to be as harsh as Schopenhauer to understand the use of relhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmligion, even if one does not believe in an otherworldly god.And all of those teachers and counselors and friends—and the prognosticating uncles, the dithering aunts, the fathers and mothers with their hopes for your fulfillment—or their

fulfillment in you—should not necessarily be cast aside or ignored.Families have their wisdom.The question “Who do they think you are at home?” is never an idle one.The major conservative thinkers have always been very serious about what goes by the name of common sense.Edmund Burke saw common sense as a loosely made, but often profound, collective work, in which humanity has deposited its hard-earned wisdom—the precipitate of joy and tears—over time.You have been raised in proximity to common sense, if you’ve been raised at all, and common sense is something to respect, though not quite—peace unto the formidable Burke—to revere.You may be all that the good people whohttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.html raised you say you are;you may want all they have shown you is worth wanting;you may be someone who is truly your father’s son or your mother’s daughter.But then again, you may not be.For the power that is in you, as Emerson suggested, may be new in nature.You may not be the person that your parents take you to be.And—this thought is both more exciting and more dangerous—you may not be the person that you take yourself to be, either.You may not have read yourself aright, and college is the place where you can find out whether you have or not.The reason to read Blake and Dickinson and Freud and Dickens is not to become more cultivated, or more articulate, or to be someone who, at a cocktail party, is never embarrassed(or who can embarrass others).The best reason to read them is to see if they may know you better than you know yourself.You may find your own suppressed and rejected thoughts flowing back to you withhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.html an “alienated majesty.” Reading the great writers, you may have the experience that Longinus associated with the sublime: You feel that you have actually created the text yourself.For somehow your predecessors are more yourself than you are.This was my own experience reading the two writers who have influenced me the most, Sigmund Freud and Ralph Waldo Emerson.They gave words to thoughts and feelings that I had never been able to render myself.They shone a light onto the world and what they saw, suddenly I saw, too.From Emerson I learned to trust my own thoughts, to trust them even when every voice seems to be on the other side.I need the wherewithal, as Emerson did, to say what’s on my mind and to take the

inevitable hits.Much more I learned from the sage—about character, about loss, about joy, about writing and its secret sources, but Emerson most centrally preaches the gospel of self-reliance and that ishttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.html what I have tried most to take from him.I continue to hold in mind one of Emerson’s most memorable passages: “Society is a joint-stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater.The virtue in most request is conformity.Self-reliance is its aversion.It loves not realities and creators, but names and customs.”

Emerson’s greatness lies not only in showing you how powerful names and customs can be, but also in demonstrating how exhilarating it is to buck them.When he came to Harvard to talk about religion, he shocked the professors and students by challenging the divinity of Jesus and the truth of his miracles.He wasn’t invited back for decades.From Freud I found a great deal to ponder as well.I don’t mean Freud the aspiring scientist, but the Freud who was a speculative essayist and interpreter of the human chttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlondition like Emerson.Freud challenges nearly every significant human ideal.He goes after religion.He says that it comes down to the longing for the father.He goes after love.He calls it “the overestimation of the erotic object.” He attacks our desire for charismatic popular leaders.We’re drawn to them because we hunger for absolute authority.He declares that dreams don’t predict the future and that there’s nothing benevolent about them.They’re disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.Freud has something challenging and provoking to say about virtually every human aspiration.I learned that if I wanted to affirm any consequential ideal, I had to talk my way past Freud.He was—and is—a perpetual challenge and goad.Never has there been a more shrewd and imaginative cartographer of the psyche.His separation of the self into three parts, and his sense of the fraught, anxious, but often negotiable relationshttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.html among them(negotiable when you come to the game with a Freudian knowledge), does a great deal to help one navigate experience.(Though sometimes—and this I owe to Emerson—it seems right to let the psyche fall into civil war, accepting barrages of anxiety and grief for this or that good reason.)

The battle is to make such writers one’s own, to winnow them out and to find their essential truths.We need to see where they fall short and where they exceed the mark, and then to develop them a little, as the ideas themselves, one comes to see, actually developed others.(Both Emerson and Freud live out of Shakespeare—but only a giant can be truly influenced by Shakespeare.)In reading, I continue to look for one thing—to be influenced, to learn something new, to be thrown off my course and onto another, better way.My father knew that he was dissatisfied with life.He knew that none of the descriptions people had for hhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlim quite fit.He understood that he was always out-of-joint with life as it was.He had talent: My brother and I each got about half the raw ability he possessed and that’s taken us through life well enough.But what to do with that talent—there was the rub for my father.He used to stroll through the house intoning his favorite line from Groucho Marx’s ditty “Whatever it is, I’m against it.”(I recently asked my son, now twenty-one, if he thought I was mistaken in teaching him this particular song when he was six years old.“No!” he said, filling the air with an invisible forest of exclamation points.)But what my father never managed to get was a sense of who he might become.He never had a world of possibilities spread before him, never made sustained contact with the best that had been thought and said.He didn’t get to revise his understanding of himself, figure out what he’d do best that might give the world some profit.://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlarMy father was a gruff man, but also a generous one, so that night at the kitchen table at 58 Clewley Road he made an effort to let me have the chance that had been denied to him by both fate and character.He gave me the chance to see what I was all about, and if it proved to be different from him, proved even to be something he didn’t like or entirely comprehend, then he’d deal with it.Right now, if you’re going to get a real education, you may have to be aggressive and assertive.Your professors will give you some fine books to read, and they’ll probably help you understand them.What they won’t do, for reasons that perplex me, is to ask you if the books contain truths you could live your lives by.When you read Plato, you’ll probably learn about his metaphysics and his politics and his way of conceiving the

soul.But no one will ask you if his ideas are good enough to believe in.No one will ask yohttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmlu, in the words of Emerson’s disciple William James, what their “cash value” might be.No one will suggest that you might use Plato as your bible for a week or a year or longer.No one, in short, will ask you to use Plato to help you change your life.That will be up to you.You must put the question of Plato to yourself.You must ask whether reason should always rule the passions, philosophers should always rule the state, and poets should inevitably be banished from a just commonwealth.You have to ask yourself if wildly expressive music(rock and rap and the rest)deranges the soul in ways that are destructive to its health.You must inquire of yourself if balanced calm is the most desirable human state.Occasionally—for you will need some help in fleshing-out the answers—you may have to prod your professors to see if they take the text at hand—in this case the divine and disturbing Plato—to be true.And you wilhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmll have to be tough if the professor mocks you for uttering a sincere question instead of keeping matters easy for all concerned by staying detached and analytical.(Detached analysis has a place—but, in the end, you’ve got to speak from the heart and pose the question of truth.)You’ll be the one who pesters his teachers.You’ll ask your history teacher about whether there is a design to our history, whether we’re progressing or declining, or whether, in the words of a fine recent play, The History Boys, history’s “just one fuckin’ thing after another.” You’ll be the one who challenges your biology teacher about the intellectual conflict between evolution and creationist thinking.You’ll not only question the statistics teacher about what numbers can explain but what they can’t.Because every subject you study is a language and since you may adopt one of these languages as your own, you’ll want to know how to speak it experhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmltly and also how it fails to deal with those concerns for which it has no adequate words.You’ll be looking into the reach of every metaphor that every discipline offers, and you’ll be trying to see around their corners.The whole business is scary, of course.What if you arrive at college devoted to pre-med, sure that nothing will make you and your family happier than a life as a physician, only to discover that elementary-school teaching is where your heart is?

You might learn that you’re not meant to be a doctor at all.Of course, given your intellect and discipline, you can still probably be one.You can pound your round peg through the very square hole of medical school, then go off into the profession.And society will help you.Society has a cornucopia of resources to encourage you in doing what society needs done but that you don’t much like doing and are not cut out to do.To ease your grief, society offerhttp://doc.guandang.net/b436ae4d256db091cd1ac78ea.htmls alcohol, television, drugs, divorce, and buying, buying, buying what you don’t need.But all those too have their costs.Education is about finding out what form of work for you is close to being play—work you do so easily that it restores you as you go.Randall Jarrell once said that if he were a rich man, he would pay money to teach poetry to students.(I would, too, for what it’s worth.)In saying that, he(like my father)hinted in the direction of a profound and true theory of learning.Unit3

Good Move.People Move.Ideas Move.And Cultures Change.Good Move.People Move.Ideas Move.And Cultures Change.Today we are in the throes of a worldwide reformation of cultures, a tectonic shift of habits and dreams called, in the curious argot of social scientists, “globalization.” It's an inexact term for a wild assortment of changes in politics, business, health, entertainment.“Modern industry has established the world market.All old-established national industries are dislodged by new industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe.In place of the old wants we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes.” Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote this 150 years ago in The Communist Manifesto.Their statement now describes an ordinary fact of life.How people feel about this depends a great deal on where they live and how much money they have.Yet globalization, as one report stated, “is a reality, not a choice.” Humans have been weaving commercial and cultural connections since before the first camel caravan ventured afield.In the 19th century the postal service, newspapers, transcontinental railroads, and great steam-powered ships wrought fundamental changes.Telegraph, telephone, radio, and television tied tighter and more intricate knots between individuals and the wider world.Now computers, the Internet, cellular phones, cable TV, and cheaper jet transportation have accelerated and complicated these connections.Still, the basic dynamic remains the same: Goods move.People move.Ideas move.And cultures change.The difference now is the speed and scope of these changes.It took television 13 years to acquire 50 million users;the Internet took only five.Not everyone is happy about this.Some Western social scientists and anthropologists, and not a few foreign politicians, believe that a sort of cultural cloning will result from what they regard as the “cultural assault” of McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Disney, Nike, MTV, and the English language itself—more than a fifth of all the people in the world now speak English to some degree.Whatever their backgrounds or agendas, these critics are convinced that Western—often equated with American—influences will flatten every cultural crease, producing, as one observer terms it, one big “McWorld.” Popular factions sprout to exploit nationalist anxieties.In China, where xenophobia and economic ambition have often struggled for the upper hand, a recent book called China can say no became the best-seller by attacking what it considers the Chinese willingness to believe blindly in foreign things, advising Chinese travelers to not fly on a Boeing 777 and suggesting that Hollywood be burned.There are many Westerners among the denouncers of Western cultural influences, but James Watson, a Harvard anthropologist, isn't one of them.“The lives of Chinese villagers I know are infinitely better now than they were 30 years ago,” he says.“China has become more open partly because of the demands of ordinary people.They want to become part of the world—I would say globalism is the major force for democracy in China.People want refrigerators, stereos, CD players.I feel it's a moral obligation not to say: „Those people out there should continue to live in a museum while we will have showers that work.'” Westernization, I discovered over months of study and travel, is a phenomenon shot through with inconsistencies and populated by very strange bedfellows.Critics of Western culture blast Coke and Hollywood but not organ transplants and computers.Boosters of Western culture can point to increased efforts to preserve and protect the environment.Yet they make no mention of some less salubrious aspects of Western culture, such as cigarettes and automobiles, which, even as they are being eagerly adopted in the developing world, are having disastrous effects.Apparently westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either.But I also discovered that cultures are as resourceful, resilient, and unpredictable as the people who compose them.In Los Angeles, the ostensible fountainhead of world cultural degradation, I saw more diversity than I could ever have supposed—at Hollywood High School the student body represents 32 different languages.In Shanghai I found that the television show Sesame Street has been redesigned by Chinese educators to teach Chinese values and traditions.“We borrowed an American box,” one told me, “and put Chinese content into it.” In India, where there are more than 400 languages and several very strict religions, McDonald's serves mutton instead of beef and offers a vegetarian menu acceptable to even the most orthodox Hindu.The critical mass of teenagers—800 million in the world, the most there have ever been—with time and money to spend is one of the powerful engines of merging global cultures.Kids travel, they hang out, and above all they buy stuff.I'm sorry to say I failed to discover who was the first teenager to put his baseball cap on backward.Or the first one to copy him.But I do know that rap music, which sprang from the inner-city ghettos, began making big money only when rebellious white teenagers started buying it.But how can anyone predict what kids are going to want? Companies urgently need to know, so consultants have sprung up to forecast trends.They're called “cool hunters,” and Amanda Freeman took me in hand one morning to explain how it works.Amanda, who is 22, works for a New York-based company called Youth Intelligence and has come to Los Angeles to conduct one of three annual surveys, whose results go to such clients as Sprint and MTV.She has shoulder-length brown hair and is wearing a knee-length brocade skirt and simple black wrap top.Amanda looks very cool to me, but she says no.“The funny thing about my work is that you don't have to be cool to do it,” she says.“You just have to have the eye.” We go to a smallish „50s-style diner in Los Feliz, a slightly seedy pocket east of Hollywood that has just become trendy.Then we wander through a few of the thrift shops.“If it's not going to be affordable,” Amanda remarks, “it's never going to catch on.” What trends does she see forming now? “ the home is becoming more of a social place again.And travel's huge right now—you go to a place and bring stuff back.” Amanda, who is 22, works for a New York-based company called Youth Intelligence and has come to Los Angeles to conduct one of three annual surveys, whose results go to such clients as Sprint and MTV.She has shoulder-length brown hair and is wearing a knee-length brocade skirt and simple black wrap top.Amanda looks very cool to me, but she says no.“The funny thing about my work is that you don't have to be cool to do it,” she says.“You just have to have the eye.” We go to a smallish „50s-style diner in Los Feliz, a slightly seedy pocket east of Hollywood that has just become trendy.Then we wander through a few of the thrift shops.“If it's not going to be affordable,” Amanda remarks, “it's never going to catch on.” What trends does she see forming now? “ the home is becoming more of a social place again.And travel's huge right now—you go to a place and bring stuff back.” “It's really hard to be original these days, so the easiest way to come up with new stuff is to mix things that already exist.Fusion is going to be the huge term that everybody's going to use,” she concludes.“There's going to be more blending, like Spanish music and punk—things that are so unrelated.” Los Angeles is fusion central, where cultures mix and morph.Take Tom Sloper and mah-jongg.Tom is a computer geek who is also a mah-jongg fanatic.This being America, he has found a way to marry these two passions and sell the result.He has designed a software program, Shanghai: Dynasty, that enables you to play mah-jongg on the Internet.This ancient Chinese game involves both strategy and luck, and it is still played all over Asia in small rooms that are full of smoke and the ceaseless click of the chunky plastic tiles and the fierce concentration of the players.It is also played by rich society women at country clubs in Beverly Hills and in apartments on Manhattan's Upper West Side.But Tom, 50, was playing it at his desk in Los Angeles one evening in the silence of a nearly empty office building.Actually, he only appeared to be alone.His glowing computer screen showed a game already in progress with several habitual partners: “Blue Whale,” a man from Germany,;Russ, from Ohio;Freddyboy, a Chinese-American who lives in Edina, Minnesota.Tom played effortlessly as we talked.“I've learned about 11 different styles of mah-jongg,” he told me with that detached friendliness of those whose true connection is with machines.“There are a couple of different ways of playing it in America.We usually play Chinese mah-jongg.”

I watched the little tiles, like cards, bounce around the screen.As Tom played, he and his partners conversed by typing short comments to each other.Does he ever play with real people? “Oh yeah,” Tom replied.“ Once a week at the office in the evening, and Thursday at lunch.” A new name appeared on the screen.“There‟s Fred‟s mother.Can‟t be, they‟ re in Vegas.Oh, it must be his sister.TJ‟s online too, she‟s the one from Wales-a real night owl.She‟s getting married soon, and she lived with her fiance, and sometimes he gets up and says „ Get off that damn computer!‟”

Tom played on into the night.At least it was night where I was.He , an american playing a Chinese game with people in Germany, Wales, Ohio, and Minnesota, was up in the cybersphere far above the level of time zones.It is a realm populated by individuals he‟s never met who may be more real to him than the people who live next door.If it seems that life in the West has become a fast-forward blur, consider China.In just 20 years, since market forces were unleashed by economic reforms begun in 1978, life for many urban Chinese has changed drastically.A recent survey of 12 major cities showed that 97 percent of the respondents had televisions, and 88 percent had refrigerators and washing machines.Another study revealed that farmersare eating 48 percent more meat each year and 400 percent more fruit.Cosmopolitan magazine, plunging necklines and all, is read by 260,000 Chinese women every month.I went to Shanghai to see how the cultural trends show up in the largest city in the world's most populous nation.It is also a city that has long been open to the West.General Motors, for example, set up its first Buick sales outlet in Shanghai in 1929;today GM has invested 1.5 billion dollars in a new plant there, the biggest Sino-American venture in China.Once a city of elegant villas and imposing beaux arts office buildings facing the river with shoulders squared, Shanghai is currently ripping itself to ribbons.In a decade scores of gleaming new skyscrapers have shot up to crowd and jostle the skyline, cramp the narrow winding streets, and choke the parks and open spaces with their sheer soaring presence(most are 80 percent vacant).Traffic crawls, even on the new multilane overpasses.But on the streets the women are dressed in bright colors, and many carry several shopping bags, especially on the Nanjing Road, which is lined with boutiques and malls.In its first two weeks of business the Gucci store took in a surprising $100,000.“Maybe young women today don't know what it was like,” says Wu Ying, editor in chief of the Chinese edition of the French fashion magazine Elle.“But ten years ago I wouldn't have imagined myself wearing this blouse.” It was red, with white polka dots.“When people bought clothes, they thought „How long will it last?' A housewife knew that most of the monthly salary would be spent on food, and now it's just a small part, so she can think about what to wear or where to travel.And now with refrigerators, we don't have to buy food every day.” As for the cultural dislocation this might bring: “People in Shanghai don't see it as a problem,” said a young German businessman.“The Chinese are very good at dealing with ambiguity.It's accepted—„It's very different, but it's OK, so, so what?'” Potential: This is largely a Western concept.Set aside the makeup and skyscrapers, and it's clear that the truly great leap forward [in Shanghai] is at the level of ideas.To really grasp this, I had only to witness the local performance of Shakespeare's Macbeth by the Hiu Kok Drama Association from Macau.There we were at the Shanghai Theatre Academy, some 30 professors and students of literature and drama from all over china and I, on folding chairs around a space ont alike half of a basketball court.“ I‟m not going to be much help,” murmured Zhang Fang, my interpreter.“I don‟t understand the Cantonese language, the most of these people don't either.”

I thought I knew what to watch for, but the only characters I recognized were the three witches.Otherwise the small group spent most of an hour running in circles, leaping, and threatening to beat each other with long sticks.The lighting was heavy on shadows, with frequent strobelike flashes.Language wasn't a problem, as the actors mainly snarled and shrieked.Then they turned their backs to the audience and a few shouted something in Cantonese.The lights went out, and for a moment the only sound in the darkness was the whirring of an expensive camera on auto-rewind.This is China? It could have been a college campus anywhere in the West: the anguished students, the dubious adults, the political exploitation of the massacred classic.Until recently such a performance was unthinkable.It strained imagination that this could be the same country where a generation ago the three most desired luxury items were wristwatches, bicycles, and sewing machines.Early on I realized that I was going to need some type of compass to guide me through the wilds of global culture.So when I was in Los Angeles, I sought out Alvin Toffler, whose book Future Shock was published in 1970.In the nearly three decades since, he has developed and refined a number of interesting ideas, explained in The Third Wave, written with his wife, Heidi.What do we know about the future now, I asked, that we didn't know before? “We now know that order grows out of chaos,” he answered immediately.“You cannot have significant change, especially on the scale of Russia or China, without conflict.Not conflicts between East and West, or North and South, but „wave' conflicts between industrially dominant countries and predominantly agrarian countries, or conflicts within countries making a transition from one to the other.” Waves, he explained, are major changes in civilization.The first wave came with the development of agriculture, the second with industry.Today we are in the midst of the third, which is based on information.In 1956 something new began to happen, which amounts to the emergence of a new civilization.Toffler said.“It was in that year that U.S.service and knowledge workers outnumbered blue-collar factory workers.In 1957 Sputnik went up.Then jet aviation became commercial, television became universal, and computers began to be widely used.And with all these changes came changes in culture.”What's happening now is the trisection of world power,“ he continued.”Agrarian nations on the bottom, smokestack countries in between, and knowledge-based economies on top.“ There are a number of countries—Brazil, for example—where all three civilizations coexist and collide.”Culturally we'll see big changes,“ Toffler said.”You're going to turn on your TV and get Nigerian TV and Fijian TV in your own language.“ Also, some experts predict that the TV of the future, with 500 cable channels, may be used by smaller groups to foster their separate, distinctive cultures and languages.”People ask, „Can we become third wave and still remain Chinese?' Yes,“ Toffler says.”You can have a unique culture made of your core culture.But you'll be the Chinese of the future, not of the past.“ Linking: This is what the spread of global culture ultimately means.Goods will continue to move—from 1987 to 1995 local economies in California exported 200 percent more products, businesses in Idaho 375 percent more.People move: It is cheaper for businesses to import talented employees than to train people at home.Ideas move: In Japan a generation of children raised with interactive computer games has sensed, at least at the cyber level, new possibilities.”The implicit message in all this,” wrote in Kenichi Ohmac, “is that it is possible to actively take control of one's situation or circumstances and, thereby, to change one's fate.For the Japanese, this is an entirely new way of thinking.“ Change: It's a reality, not a choice.But what will be its true driving force? Cultures don't become more uniform;instead, both old and new tend to transform each other.The late philosopher Isaiah Berlin believed that, rather than aspire to some utopian ideal, a society should strive for something else: ”not that we agree with each other,“ his biographer explained, ”but that we can understand each other.“ In Shanghai one October evening I joined a group gathered in a small, sterile hotel meeting room.It was the eve of Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement, and there were diplomats, teachers, and businessmen from many Western countries.Elegant women with lively children, single men, young fathers.Shalom Greenberg, a young Jew from Israel married to an American, was presiding over his first High Holy Days as rabbi of the infant congregation.”It's part of the Jewish history that Jews went all over the world,“ Rabbi Greenberg reflected.”They received a lot from local cultures, but they also kept their own identity.“ The solemn liturgy proceeded, unchanged over thousands of years and hundreds of alien cultures: ”Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a right spirit within me,“ he intoned.I'm neither Jewish nor Chinese, but sitting there I didn't feel foreign—I felt at home.The penitence may have been Jewish, but the aspiration was universal.Global culture doesn't mean just more TV sets and Nike shoes.Linking is humanity's natural impulse, its common destiny.But the ties that bind people around the world are not merely technological or commercial.They are the powerful cords of the heart.第三课商品流通、人员流动、观念转变、文化变迁埃拉•兹温格尔

1.今天我们正经历着一种世界范围文化巨变的阵痛,一种习俗与追求的结构性变化,用社会学家奇特的词汇来称呼这种变化,就叫“全球化”。对于政治、商贸、保健及娱乐领域的巨大变化,这个词并不贴切。“现代工业已建立了世界市场。已建立的所有旧的国民工业被其产品不仅在国内而且在世界各地范围内销售的新兴工业所取代。人们用新的需求取代原有的需求,用外地的产品满足自己的需求。”卡尔.马克思和弗雷德里希•恩格斯早在150年前就在《共产党宣言》中写下了这些。他们那时的陈述描绘了现在生活中的普遍事实。

2.对此人们有何感受很大程度上取决于他们的生活所在地和所拥有的金钱数。然而,正如某篇报道所述,全球化“是一种事实,而不是一种选择”。早在第一批骆驼商队冒险出外经商前至今,人们一直在编织着商贸和文化相互间的交往。在19世纪,邮政服务、报纸、横跨大陆的铁路及巨大的蒸汽轮船带来了根本变化。电报、电话、收音机和电视把个人和外部世界更紧密地连在一起,这种联系更为复杂、不那么直接也不易察觉。现在,计算机、互联网、移动电话、有线电视和相对便宜的喷气式飞机空运加速了这种联系并使这种联系更加复杂。

3.然而,产生这种变化的动力是一致的:商品流通、人员流动、观念转变、文化变迁。不同的是这些变化的速度和范围。电视机拥有5,000万用户用了13年时间,互联网只用了5年时间。

4.对这种变化并不是人人满意。一些西方社会学家、人类学家和为数不少的外国政治家认为文化.克隆是他们所认为的麦当劳、可口可乐、迪斯尼、耐克和MTV“文化轰炸”的结果,也是英语语言本身的结果,因为现在全球多于五分之一人口都或多或少地讲英语。不管他们的背景和纲领如何, 这些对全球化持反对态度的人深信西方的影响„往往等同于美国的影响...会把文化上的差异—一压平。就像一位观察家所说的,最终产生一个麦当劳世界,一个充斥美国货和体现美国价值观的世界。

5.反映公众情绪(或得到公众支持)的派别不断滋生以便利用持此观点的国民的焦虑和不安。在闭关锁国和发展经济两种政策并存并争取其主控地位的中国,《中国可以说不》这本新书成为畅销书,这本书对中国人的盲目崇洋媚外心理进行了,批驳,建议中国游客不要乘坐波音777飞机,还建议烧掉进口的好莱坞大片。

6.对西方文化影响持斥责态度的人中有许多西方人.而哈佛人类学家詹姆斯•沃森并不是其中一员。他说:“我知道现在中国农村人的生活比30年前的好多了。中国越来越开放,部分原因是出于中国老百姓的要求。他们想成为世界的一部分---我要说全球观念在中国是民主的重要动力。人们需要冰箱、音响和CD机。‘远在中国的那些人应该继续过着落后的生活,而我们却可以使用淋浴器,过着舒适的现代生活’。我认为不说这种话是一种道义。”

7.经过几个多月的研究和旅行,我发现西方化是一种内部充满矛盾的现象,在特别怪异之人中占有一席之地。西方文化批评家斥责可乐和好莱坞,却不斥责器官移植和计算机。西方文化支持者指出继续努力保护环境,但他们不提西方文化中不那么健康的一面,譬如香烟和汽车,就在发展中国家急切地接纳这些东西时,它们已带来很坏的后果。显然,西方化既不会直达地狱,也不会直通天堂。

8.不过我也发现文化就如同构成文化的民族一样,善于随机应变,富有弹性而且不可预测。在洛杉矶,世界文化堕落明显的源头,我看到的差异要比我想像的多——在好莱坞高中学生说32种完全不同的语言。在上海,我发现“芝麻街”这一电视节目已被中国教育家重新改组,用以传授中国人的价值观和传统习惯。一位教育家对我说:“我们借用美国盒子,装进去的是中国内容。”在有400多种语言和几种纪律严明的宗教的印度,麦当劳供应的是羊肉汉堡而不是牛肉汉堡,还为那些最正统的印度人提供素食菜谱。

9.许多既有时间又有钱的青少年---全世界共有8亿---是融合全球文化的关键及主要力量之一。孩子们爱旅行、闲逛,重要的是他们买东西。很遗憾我没能发现哪个青少年第一个倒戴垒球帽,哪个青少年第一个模仿他,但是我确实知道最先出现在市内黑人区的说唱乐就是在有叛逆精神的白人青少年开始买票观看时才开始赚大钱的。然而,人们又会如何预测孩子们需要什么呢?许多公司迫切想要了解孩子们的需要,因此出现了顾问,他们预测将来的趋势,被称之为“猎酷者”。阿曼达•弗里德曼一天上午向我讲述了其中的奥秘。

10.阿曼达22岁,在其基地设在纽约的一家叫作“青年情报”的公司工作,她到洛杉矶进行调查,调查的结果要通报给公司很多重要的客户。她留着披肩的棕发,穿着一条长及膝盖的织锦短裙。在我看来,阿曼达打扮得很酷,但她自己并不这样认为。她说:“我的工作有趣之处就在于做此工作你不必扮酷,你得有眼光。”

11.我们去了一家小一点的、50年代式样的餐馆,这家餐馆位于好莱坞东面一个比较破落的区域,这个区域刚刚成为时尚聚集点。然后我们去逛了几家旧货店。阿曼达说:“如果人们买不起,那它就不会流行起来。”

12.现在她看到将要形成的流行趋势了吗?“家正在成为一个社交的地方,眼下旅行正热——人们到某地去,买回来许多东西。”

13.她最后说:“现今创新极为困难,因此最容易的办法就是把现存的东西捏在一起,拿出一个新玩意儿来。融合将会成为人人都要使用的大词,将来会有越来越多的毫不相关的东西融合在一起,如西班牙乐和蓬克乐。”

14.洛杉矶是融合中心,各种文化在这里交汇并有所改变。以汤姆•斯洛珀和麻将为例:汤姆是个计算机怪才,同时还是个麻将迷。由于这是美国,所以他找到了把这两种爱好结合在一起的方式并把自己的成果出售。他设计了一个人们可以在互联网上玩麻将的软件程序,这个程序叫做“上海:帝国”。玩这种老式中国麻将既需要技巧又需要运气。亚洲人仍然在小屋子里玩麻将,屋子里弥漫着烟雾,到处都能听到麻将牌相互撞击所发出的不绝于耳的喀哒声。玩家们精神高度集中。居住在比弗利山(美国加利福尼亚州西南部城市,好莱坞影星集居地)和曼哈顿上西城公寓里的有钱女人们也在俱乐部里玩麻将。然而,一天晚上,在洛杉矶,50岁的汤姆一个人坐在办公桌旁,在寂静、空旷的办公大楼里玩麻将。

15.事实上,他只是看上去是一个人。他那亮着的计算机屏幕表明麻将已经玩起来了,其他几个参与者都是老牌友。他们是德国人“蓝鲸”、俄亥俄州的拉斯和住在明尼苏达州的美籍华人弗雷迪。我们一边谈着话,汤姆一边毫不费力地在玩麻将。16.汤姆对我的态度很友好,但那是那种超然的友好,他的兴趣在连线的计算机上。他对我说:“我已掌握了11种麻将的玩法。在美国有几种不同麻将的玩法。我们常打中国式麻将。”

17.我看着小小麻将牌像纸牌一样在屏幕上弹来弹去。汤姆边玩边打字,和牌友简短交流牌局情况。

18.他和真人打过麻将吗?他回答说:“打过。一周一次,晚上在办公室,周四中午。”这时,屏幕上出现一个新名字。“是弗雷迪的母亲。不可能是,他们在维加斯。噢!一定是他姐姐。TJ也在线,她是威尔士人,一个真正的夜猫子。她快结婚了,现在与她未婚夫一起生活。有时她未婚夫起床对她说:‘离开那讨厌的电脑!’”

19.汤姆继续玩,一直到深夜。至少我所在的地方是深夜。他---一个美国人,和德国人、威尔士人、俄亥俄人还有明尼苏达人一起玩中国游戏,他在网络世界活动,这种活动超越时区。这是他从未谋面的那些人的王国,对他来说,那些人要远比他的左邻右舍更真实。

20.如果说西方的生活太超前了,已经看不清轮廓了。那么就看看中国。从1978年经济改革搞活市场至今的20年时间,许多中国城市居民的生活有了极大的改善。最近对12个主要城市进行了,调查,数据显示97%的调查对象拥有电视机,88%拥有电冰箱和洗衣机。另一项调查显示农民每年的食肉量增加了48%,水果增加了400%。26万中国妇女每个月都在阅读《时尚》杂志,那些开领袒胸的画页及其他内容。

21.我到上海去调查在世界人口最多国家的最大城市里文化趋势如何出现。上海也是对西方开放最久的城市,譬如通用汽车公司早在1929年就在上海设立。如今,通用汽车投资1.5亿美元在上海建立了中国最大的中美合资新厂。

22.上海曾是一座建有雅致的别墅和庄严的办公大楼的城市,但现在却是一座带状城市。10年中,几十座闪闪发亮的新的高层建筑拔地而起,挤压空间,使人张目不能远眺,使原本狭窄弯曲的街道更显压抑。而这些高耸大楼的存在也使公园和空地感到憋闷。即使是在多车道的高架桥上,车辆也在爬行。然而,街上的妇女着装色彩艳丽,特别是在街道两边布满精品店和时装店的南京路上,许多妇女手里拎着多个购物袋。在刚开业的两周时间里,古奇专卖店的营业额为十万美元,令人惊讶不已。23.法国时装杂志Elle中国版的总编吴颖说:“也许现在的年轻女性不了解过去。10年前我决不会想到我会穿这样的衬衫(那是一件红白相间的紧身圆点花纹衬衫)。那时人们买衣服时考虑的是它能穿多久,家庭主妇把每月的工资主要用来买食品。而现在买食品只需一小部分工资,因此她会考虑着装和旅行。现在有冰箱,我们也不必天天买食品。”

24.至于由此可能带来的文化错位问题,一位年轻的德国商人说:“上海人认为这不是问题。中国人是很善于应对多种可能性的。人们接受了它。‘很难,但还可以。那有什么?”’

25.潜力:这主要是西方概念。不谈古奇专卖店和摩天大楼,真正的巨大飞跃体现在观念上。我只有在亲眼目睹了澳门的休考克戏剧协会在当地上演的莎土比亚戏剧《麦克白》时才真正领会了这一点。

26.在上海戏剧学院,我和来自全中国文学与戏剧专业的大约30名教授和学生一起坐在折叠椅上观看演出,演出场地大约有半个垒球场那么大。翻译张芳小声对我说:“我帮不了什么忙;我不懂广东话,这里许多人都不懂。”

27.我原以为自己能看个八九不离十,结果却只能辨认出三个女巫。这几个人用了近一个小时的时间转圈、跳来跳去、用长棍子相互威胁打来打去。灯光集中在鬼影上,常常夹着闪电。语言不是问题,因为演员主要是在咆哮和尖叫。后来他们背对观众,一些人用广东话叫喊着。灯光熄灭,有一阵子,黑暗中惟一的声音就是一部价格昂贵的照相机自动倒卷时所发出的声音。28.这是中国吗?这可以是西方的任何一所大学校园。这样的表演即使是现在也难以想像。令人难以想像的是就是在这个国家,20年前人们最想要的一种奢侈品是手表、自行车和缝纫机。

29.许久以来我认识到我需要某种指南针来指引我穿越全球文化的荒原。因此在洛杉矶时,我找到阿尔文•托夫勒.1970年他的《未来的冲击》一书出版。此后近30年,他提出并完善了一些有趣的想法,他在与夫人海蒂合著的《第三次浪潮》一书中详述了这些想法。

30.我问他人们对以前并不知道的将来现在又了解多少呢?他马上就做出了回答:“人们都知道秩序产生于混乱。没有冲突就不可能有大的改变。尤其是在俄罗斯或中国这样的国家。不是东方和西方的冲突,也不是南北之间的冲突。而是以1:业为主和以农业为主的国家间的冲突,或处在转型期的国家间的冲突。”

31.他进一步解释说,浪潮就是文明的重大变化。第一次浪潮指的是农业发展,第二次指_丁业。今天我们正处在第三次浪潮之中.主要指信息业。1956年开始产生新事物,就是出现了新文明。托夫勒说:“就是在那一年美国服务业和信息业的工人超过了蓝领工人。1957年苏联人造地球卫星升空。随后航空商业化、电视普及、计算机开始被广泛应用,随之而来的就是文化变迁。”

32.他继续说到:“现在世界权利正在发生三等分变化。农业国在底层,工业国在中间,发展知识经济的国家在上面。”在有些国家,如巴西,三种文明并存,相互冲撞。

33.托大勒说:“我们会看到文化上有很大变化。你一打开电视,就能收看用母语播放的尼日利亚和斐济电视节日。”一些专家还预测未来电视有500个有线频道,少数群体可以用这种电视发展自己独立的、与众不同的文化和语言。

34.托夫勒还说:“人们要问。我们会经历第三次浪潮而继续保持中国特色吗? 会的,会有由自己核心文化构成的独特文化,但那是未来的中国文化,而不是过去的中国文化。”

35.相互联系:全球文化传播最终就意味着相互联系。商品会继续流动从1987年剑1995年,加利福尼哑州经济部¨多出口了200%的产品,爱达荷商业部多出口了375%。人员流动:从国外引进商业雇员比在国内培训工人便宜。观念转变:在日本,玩互动电子游戏长大的一代至少在网络世界体验到了新的可能性。大前研一在一本书中写道:“玩这种游戏向人们传递着一个模糊的信息,就是人们有可能主动操纵自己的处境,因此就会改变自己的命运。对日本人来说.这完全是一种新的思维方式。”

36.变化:变化是一个事实,而不是一种选择。那么真正的驱动力是什么呢?各种文化并没有更加一致;相反。新趋势和旧趋势相互转变。已故的哲学家以赛亚•柏林认为一个社会应该追求一些别的东西,而不是某种乌托邦式的理想。他在自传中写道:“不是我们持一致意见,而是我们相互理解。”

37.10月的某个晚L。在上海,我和一群人在一间又小又闷的宾馆会议室里相聚。那是犹太赎罪日前夜。参加聚会的有许多西方国家的外交官、教师和商人,还有携带可爱孩子的漂亮女士、单身男士和年轻的父亲。夏勒姆•格林伯格是位年轻的以色列犹太人,娶了个美国太太。他是第一次作为拉比(犹太教巾负责执行教规、律法并主持宗教仪式的人)主持这种刚刚开始定期举行的新年宗教集会。38.格林伯格拉比说:“犹太人遍布世界各地,这是犹太历史的一部分。他们从当地文化吸收了不少东西,但仍然保持了自己的本色。”

39.庄严的礼拜仪式在继续,经过几千年和上百种外同文化的影响都未曾改变。他吟诵:“啊,上帝啊!给我一颗纯净的心,恢复我健康的心灵!”我既不是犹太人也不是中国人,但坐在这里我一点都不觉得陌生.感觉就像在家里一样。忏悔可能具有犹太特色,但是渴望得到上帝的原谅却是普遍的。

40.全球文化并不仅仅意味着拥有更多的电视机和耐克鞋。相互联系是人类自然的欲望,是其共同的命运。但是连接全球人类的纽带并不只是技术或商业,这种连接靠的是强有力的心灵的纽带。

Unit4 Professions for Women 女人的职业

Born in England, Virginia Woolf was the daughter of Leslie Stephen, a well-known scholar.She was educated primarily at home and attributed her love of reading to the early and complete access she was given to her father’s library.With her husband, Leonard Woolf, she founded the Hogarth Press and became known as member of the Bloomsbury group of intellectuals, which included economist John Maynard Keynes, biographer Lytton Strachey, novelist E.M.Forster, and art historian Clive Bell.Although she was a central figure in London literary life, Woolf often saw herself as isolated from the mains stream because she was a woman.Woolf is best known for her experimental, modernist novels, including Mrs.Dalloway(1925)and To the Lighthouse(1927)which are widely appreciated for her breakthrough into a new mode and technique--the stream of consciousness.In her diary and critical essays she has much to say about women and fiction.Her 1929 book A Room of One’s Own documents her desire for women to take their rightful place in literary history and as an essayist she has occupied a high place in 20th century literature.The common Reader(1925 first series;1932 second series)has acquired classic status.She also wrote short stories and biographies.“Professions for Women” taken from The collected Essays Vol 2.is originally a paper Woolf read to the Women’s Service League, an organization for professional women in London.When your secretary invited me to come here, she told me that your Society is concerned with the employment of women and she suggested that I might tell you something about my own professional experiences.It is true that I am a woman;it is true I am employed;but what professional experiences have I had? It is difficult to say.My profession is literature;and in that profession there are fewer experiences for women than in any other, with the exception of the stage--fewer, I mean, that are peculiar to women.For the road was cut many years ago---by Fanny Burney, by AphraBehn, by Harriet Martineau, by Jane Austen, by George Eliot —many famous women, and many more unknown and forgotten, have been before me, making the path smooth, and regulating my steps.Thus, when I came to write, there were very few material obstacles in my way.Writing was a reputable and harmless occupation.The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen.No demand was made upon the family purse.For ten and sixpence one can buy paper enough to write all the plays of Shakespeare--if one has a mind that way.Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, masters and mistresses, are not needed by a writer.The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the reason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other professions.But to tell you my story--it is a simple one.You have only got to figure to yourselves a girl in a bedroom with a pen in her hand.She had only to move that pen from left to right--from ten o’clock to one.Then it occurred to her to do what is simple and cheap enough after all--to slip a few of those pages into an envelope, fix a penny stamp in the corner, and drop the envelope into the red box at the corner.It was thus that I became a journalist;and my effort was rewarded on the first day of the following month--a very glorious day it was for me--by a letter from an editor containing a check for one pound ten shillings and sixpence.But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman, how little I know of the struggles and difficulties of such lives, I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stockings, or butcher’s bills, I went out and bought a cat--a beautiful cat, a Persian cat, which very soon involved me in bitter disputes with my neighbors.What could be easier than to write articles and to buy Persian cats with the profits? But wait a moment.Articles have to be about something.Mine, I seem to remember, was about a novel by a famous man.And while I was writing this review, I discovered that if I were going to review books I should need to do battle with a certain phantom.And the phantom was a woman, and when I came to know her better I called her after the heroine of a famous poem, The Angel in the House.It was she who used to come between me an my paper when I was writing reviews.It was she who bothered me and wasted my time and so tormented me that at last I killed her.You who come off a younger and happier generation may not have heard of her--you may not know what I mean by The Angel in the House.I will describe her as shortly as I can.She was intensely sympathetic.She was immensely charming.She was utterly unselfish.She excelled in the difficult arts of family life.She sacrificed herself daily.If there was chicken, she took the leg;if there was a draft she sat in it--in short she was so constituted that she never had a mind or a wish of her own, but preferred to sympathize always with the minds and wishes of others.Above all--I need not say it--she was pure.Her purity was supposed to be her chief beauty--her blushes, her great grace.In those days--the last of Queen Victoria--every house had its Angel.And when I came to write I encountered her with the very first words.The shadow of her wings fell on my page;I heard the rustling of her skirts in the room.Directly, that is to say, I took my pen in my hand to review that novel by a famous man, she slipped behind me and whispered:“My dear, you are a young woman.You are writing about a book that has been written by a man.Be sympathetic;be tender;flatter;deceive;use all the art and wiles of our sex.Never let anybody guess that you have a mind of our own.Above all, be pure.” And she made as if to guide my pen.I now record the one act for which I take some credit to myself, though the credit rightly belongs to some excellent ancestors of mine who left me a certain sum of money--shall we say five hundred pounds a year?--so that it was not necessary for me to depend solely on charm for my living.I turned upon her and caught her by the throat.I did my best to kill her.My excuse, If I were to be had up in a court of law, would be that I acted in self-defense.Had I not killed her she would have killed me.She would have plucked the heart out of my writing.For, as I found, directly I put pen to paper, you cannot review even a novel without having a mind of your own, without expressing what you think to be the truth about human relations, morality, sex.And all these questions, according to the Angel of the House, cannot be dealt with freely and openly by women;they must charm, they must conciliate, they must—to put it bluntly-—tell lies if they are to succeed.Thus, whenever I felt the shadow of her wing or the radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up the inkpot and flung it at her.She died hard.Her fictitious nature was of great assistance to her.It is far harder to kill a phantom than a reality.She was always creeping back when I thought I had dispatched her.Though I flatter myself that I killed her in the end, the struggle was severe;it took much time that had better have been spent upon learning Greek grammar;or in roaming the world in search of adventures.But it was a real experience;It was an experience that was bound befall all women writers at that time.Killing the Angel in the House was part of the occupation of a woman writer.But to continue my story.The Angel was dead;what then remained? You may say that what remained was a simple and common object--a young woman in a bedroom with an inkpot.In other words, now that she had rid herself of falsehood, that young woman had only to be herself.Ah, but what is “herself”? I mean, what is a woman? I assure you, I do not know.I do not believe that you know.I do not believe that anybody can know until she has expressed herself in all the arts and professions open to human skill.That indeed is one of the reasons why I have come here--out of respect for you, who are in process of showing us by your experiments what a woman is, who are in process of providing us, by your failures and succeeded, with that extremely important piece of information.But to continue the story of my professional experiences.I made one pound ten and six by my first review;and I bought a Persian cat with the proceeds.Then I grew ambitious.A Persian cat is all very well, I said;but a Persian cat is not enough.I must have a motorcar.And it was thus that I became a novelist--for it is a very strange thing that people will give you a motorcar if you will tell them a story.It is a still stranger thing that there is nothing so delightful in the world as telling stories.It is far pleasanter than writing reviews of famous novels.And yet, if I am to obey your secretary and tell you my professional experiences as a novelist, I must tell you about a very strange experience that befell me as a novelist.And to understand it you must try first to imagine a novelist’s state of mind.I hope I am not giving away professional secrets if I say that a novelist’s chief desire is to be as unconscious as possible.He has to induce in himself a state of perpetual lethargy.He wants life to proceed with the utmost quiet and regularity.He wants to see the same faces, to read the same books, to do the same things day after day, month after month, while he is writing, so that nothing may break the illusion in which he is living--so that nothing may disturb or disquiet the mysterious nosings about, feelings round, darts, dashes, and sudden discoveries of that very shy and illusive spirit, the imagination.I suspect that this state is the same both for men and women.Be that as it may, I want you to imagine me writing a novel in a state of trance.I want you to figure to yourselves a girl sitting with a pen in her hand, which for minutes, and indeed for hours, she never dips into the inkpot.The image that comes to my mind when I think of this girl is the image of a fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water.She was letting her imagination sweep unchecked round every rock and cranny of the world that lies submerged in the depths of our unconscious being.Now came the experience that I believe to be far commoner with women writers than with men.The line raced through the girl’s fingers.Her imagination had rushed away.It had sought the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber.And then there was a smash.There was an explosion.There was foam and confusion.The imagination had dashed itself against something hard.The girl was roused from her dream.She was indeed in a state of the most acute and difficult distress.To speak without figure, she had thought of something, something about the body, about the passions which it was unfitting for her as a woman to say.Men, her reason told her, would be shocked.The consciousness of what men will say of a woman who speaks the truth about her passions had roused her from her artist’s state of unconsciousness.She could write no more.The trace was over.Her imagination could work no longer.This I believe to be a very common experience with women writers--they are impeded by the extreme conventionality of the other sex.For though men sensibly allow themselves great freedom in these respects, I doubt that they realize or can control the extreme severity with which they condemn such freedom in women.These then were two very genuine experiences of my own.These were two of the adventures of my professional life.The first--killing the Angel in the House--I think I solved.She died.But the second, telling the truth about my own experiences as a body, I do not think I solved.I doubt that any woman has solved it yet.The obstacles against her are still immensely powerful--and yet they are very difficult to define.Outwardly, what is simpler than to write books? Outwardly, what obstacles are there for a woman rather than for a man? Inwardly, I think, the case is very different;she has still many ghosts to fight, many prejudices to overcome.Indeed it will be a long time still, I think, before a woman can sit down to write a book without finding a phantom to be slain, a rock to be dashed against.And if this is so in literature, the freest of all professions for women, how is it in the new professions which you are now for the first time entering?

四、女性的职业弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫

l.你们的秘书邀请我时对我说你们妇女服务团关注的是女性就业问题,她提议我讲一讲我就业的亲身体验。我是女性,这是事实;我有工作,这也是事实。但我又有什么职业体验呢?这很难讲。我从事的是文学职业,与其他职业相比,当然不包括戏剧行业,在文学职业里几乎没有什么女性体验,我的意思是几乎没有女性特有的体验。多年前,路已开辟出来。许多知名的女性---范妮•伯尼、阿芙拉.贝恩、哈丽雅特•马蒂诺、简•奥斯汀、乔治•艾略特---和许多不知名以及已被人忘记的女性在我之前铺平了道路并指导我向前走。因此,在我从事写作时,几乎没有物质障碍。写作这个职业既受人尊敬又没有危险。写字的沙沙声不会打破家庭的和平,写作也不需要什么家庭开销。花16便士买的纸足够用来写莎士比亚的所有戏剧---要是你有那样的才智的话。作家不需要钢琴和模特,不用去巴黎、维也纳和柏林,也不需要家庭教师。当然,廉价的写作用纸是女性作为作家成功而先于其他职业的原因。

2.我讲讲我的故事,那只是个平常的故事。你们自己设想一个姑娘,手里握着一支笔坐在卧室里。从十点钟到一点钟她只是不停地由左向右写,然后她想到做一件既省钱又省力的事---把那些纸张放进信封,在信封的一角贴上一张一便士的邮票,把信封投进拐角的一个红色邮筒。我就是这样成了一名撰稿人。我的努力在下个月的第一天得到了回报---_那是我一生中非常快乐的一天。我收到了编辑寄来的一封信,里面装有一张一英镑十先令六便士的支票。为了让你们了解我不值得被称作职业女性,对人生的艰难和奋斗知之甚少,我得承认我没用那笔钱买食物、付房租、买袜子和肉,而是出去买了一只猫,一只漂亮的波斯猫,这只猫不久就引起了我和邻居间的激烈争端。

3.什么会比写文章并用赚得的钱买波斯猫来得更容易?但再想一想,文章得有内容。我好像记得我的文章是评论一部名人写的小说。在写那篇评论时,我发现要想写书评我就必须和某个鬼怪做斗争。这个鬼怪是个女子,在我逐渐对她有进一步了解后,我用一个有名的诗歌里的女主人公的名字“家里的天使”来称呼她。就是她,在我写评论时,总是在我和我的写作之间制造麻烦。就是她总是打扰我,浪费我的时间,如此地折磨我,最终我杀死了她。你们年轻快乐的这一代人可能没听说过她---你们可能不知道我说的“家里的天使”是什么意思。我要简单地讲一讲。她有极强的同情心,非常有魅力,一点都不自私,做高难度的家务非常出色,天天作自我牺牲。如果有只鸡,她就吃鸡腿,如果屋里通风,她就坐在风口。总之,她就是这样的人,没有自己的想法和期望,总是准备为他人的想法和期望作出牺牲。首要的是---我不需要这么说---她纯洁。纯洁被认为是她的最美之处---她爱脸红,典雅大方。在那时,维多利亚时代后期,每个家庭都有天使。我刚一提笔写字就会遇见她。她那翅膀的影子映在纸上,在屋子里我能听到她裙子沙沙作响。也就是说,我一拿起笔写那位名人的书评,她就会悄悄地溜到我身后悄声对我说:“亲爱的,你是个年轻姑娘,你在给男人写的书写评论。要有同情心,要温柔,要奉承,要说假话,要使用女性全部的小伎俩。不要让任何人看出你有自己的见解。首要的是要纯洁。”她就这样引导我的写作。下面我要说说多少是我自己决定做的一件事情,当然做此事的功劳主要还应归功于我那了不起的祖先,是他们给我留下了一笔财产---比如说每年500英镑吧---这样我就不必完全靠女人的魅力去谋生了。我对她发起突然进攻,扼住她的喉咙。我尽最大努力杀死她。要是因此被带上法庭的话,我的辩护词就是我是自卫,如果我不杀死她,她就会杀死我,她会拔掉我进行写作的心。因为我发现在写作时,要是没有自己的见解,不能真实表达人与人之间的关系、道德和性的话,你一本小说的评论都写不出来。依照“家里的天使”,所有这些问题女性都不能公开和自由地讨论。她们必须使用魅力,必须作出让步,更直接地说,她们想要成功就必须说假话。因此,无论何时在纸上感到有她的翅膀或光晕的影子,我就会拿起墨水瓶,向她砸去。她不容易死去,她那非真实的特性对她是极大的帮助。杀死鬼怪要比杀死真实的人艰难多了。在我认为我已杀死她时,她就会悄悄地溜回来。尽管我自己确信我最终杀死了她,但搏斗得很激烈,消耗的时间要比学希腊语语法或周游世界体验冒险经历的时间多多了。但是,这是真实的体验,这种经历在那时会降临到所有女作家的头上。杀死“家里的天使”是女作家职业中的一部分。

4.继续讲我的故事。天使死后,还有什么东西留下来了呢?你们会说留下的是一个简单又普通的物体---一个年轻姑娘坐在有墨水瓶的卧室里。换句话说,既然她已经摆脱掉说假话的错误观念,那么这个年轻姑娘可以做回自己了。噢,什么是“她自己”呢?我的意思是什么是妇女。我向你们保证我不知道,我相信你们也不知道。我相信,只有妇女在人类知识所涉及的全部文艺艺术和专业领域中用创造形式表达自己的情感后,她们才知道什么是妇女。这就是我来这里的原因之一,出于对你们的敬重。你们通过实验在向我们展示什么是妇女;你们通过自己的成功与失败在为我们提供重要的信息。

5.下面接着讲我的职业体验。我的第一篇评论赚了一英镑十先令六便土,我用那笔钱买了一只波斯猫。接下来我雄心勃勃,我说,波斯猫不错,但还不够,我一定要有一辆汽车。我就这样成为一名小说家---要是你给人们讲故事他们就会给你一辆汽车,这可是很奇怪的事情。更奇怪的事情是世界上没有比讲故事更令人快乐的事情了,讲故事远比写评论有趣。然而,如果听从秘书的建议,讲述我作为小说家的职业体验的话,我必须告诉你们我的一个很奇怪的经历。要想明白这一点,你们必须想像小说家的意识状态。如果我说小说家的重要愿望是尽量处于无意识状态,我希望我没有泄露行业秘密。他得使自己处于持久的昏睡状态,他想要过一种最安静、最有规律的生活。他希望在他写作时,每天见的人、读的书、做的事都是相同的,这样任何事物都不会打破他生活的幻想,也不会扰乱他的四处探求以及对那令人难以捉摸的东西即想像力的突然发现。我认为这种状态对于男人和女人是一样的。尽管如此,我请你们想像我在迷睡的状态中写小说。请你们想像一个女孩坐在桌旁,手里握着笔,几分钟甚至几小时都未曾动过墨水瓶。当我想到这女孩时,脑海里浮现出一个形象:一个深深的湖边有一位钓鱼者,他手握鱼竿,沉浸在梦境中。她在让想像力自由自在地在位于无意识的最深层的世界的各个角落畅游。现在这种体验来了,我认为这种体验发生在女人身上要比发生在男人身上平常得多。鱼竿在女孩的手指间快速地转动,她的想像力被冲跑了。想像力搜寻了池塘、池塘的最深处以及最大的鱼生活的暗处。就在这时传来了猛烈撞击声、爆炸声,出现了水花,一片混乱。想像力撞到了坚硬的东西。那个女孩从睡梦中惊醒,她陷入了一种最深刻、最艰难的痛苦状态。不用修辞手段、直截了当地说,她想到了一件事情,一件不适合女人讲的有关身体和激情的事情。她的理智告诉她,男人会感到震惊的。她意识到男人们会如何议论一个敢讲有关激情真话的女人,这使她从艺术家的无意识状态中惊醒了。她再也写不下去了,迷睡结束了,想像力也不再起作用。我认为这是女作家非常普遍的切身体验---另一性别非常传统的观念阻碍着她们。尽管男人们理智上在这些方面给自己极大的自由,我认为他们未必会认识或控制他们谴责女人这种自由时的猛烈程度。

6.这些就是我自己的两种真实体验,我职业生涯中的两个异乎寻常的经历。第一个---杀死“家里的天使”,我认为我已经解决了,她死了。但第二个---真实地讲述我的身体和激情,我认为还没有解决。我认为任何女性都还没有解决这个问题。不利于她的那些障碍还有很强大的力量,也很难给它们下定义。从外表看,什么比写书更容易呢?从外表看,有什么障碍会阻碍女人而不是男人呢?从内心精神方面看,情况颇为不同。妇女还要与许多鬼怪展开斗争。还有许多偏见需要克服。当然,我认为,女人不用杀死鬼怪,不用击碎岩石就能够坐下来专心写书还需要很长时间。如果在文学领域---女性最自由的职业里情况如此的话,那么在你们第一次从事的新职业里情况又会如何呢? 7.如果有时间,这些就是我要问你们的问题。当然,如果我重点强调我的职业体验的话,那是因为我相信,尽管方式不同,它们也是你们的体验。即使道路名义上是宽阔的---没有任何事情可以阻碍妇女成为医生、律师和公务员,但我相信前面仍有许多鬼怪和障碍若隐若现。讨论和界定这些障碍是十分重要的。因为只有如此我们才能共同努力克服困难。除此之外。还有必要讨论我们为之奋斗,为之与难以克服的障碍作斗争的目的。那些目的是什么,对这个问题我们不能想当然,而要不断地提出疑问和进行审视。在我看来,在这里,在这个被有史以来第一次从事这么多种不同职业的妇女所包围的大厅里,整个状况都非常耐人寻味,而且还有重要意义。在这个迄今为止专门由男人控制的房子里,你们已经赢得了自己的房间。尽管不可能不付出很大的劳动和努力,你们能够自己付房租了,能够每年挣自己的500英镑。但是,这种自由才刚刚开始,房间是你的,但里面空无一物。房间还需要置办家具,需要装饰物,需要有人与你分享。你准备置办什么样的家具,准备进行什么样的装修,准备和谁一起合用这个房间,有什么条件?我认为这些问题非常重要,非常耐人寻味,因为有史以来你们第一次提出这些问题,第一次自己能够决定这些问题的答案。我非常愿意留下来和你们一起讨论这些问题并找到答案。但今晚不行,我的时间到了,就讲到这里吧。

(国永荣译.边娜审校)

5.Love is a FallacyMax Shulman Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children.There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, ”informal“ may not be quite the right word to describe this essay;”limp“ or ” flaccid“ or possibly ”spongy“ are perhaps more appropriate.Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay.It develops an argument;it cites instances;it reaches a conclusion.Could Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin ? Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma--Author's Note Cool was I and logical.Keen, calculating, perspicacious , acute and astute--I was all of these.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.And--think of it!--I was only eighteen.It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the University of Minnesota.Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox.A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.Emotional type.Unstable.Impressionable.Worst of all, a faddist.Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason.To be swept up in every new craze that come, s along, to, surrender y, , , , , , ourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it--this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness.Not, however, to Petey.One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis.”Don't move,“ I said.”Don't take a laxative.I'll get a doctor.“ ”Raccoon,“ he mumbled thickly.”Raccoon?“ I said, pausing in my flight.”I want a raccoon coat,“ he wailed.I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental.”Why do you want a raccoon coat?“ ”I should have known it,“ he cried, pounding his temples.”I should have , , , , , known they'd come back when the Charleston came back.Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can't get a raccoon coat.“ ”Can you mean.“ I said incredulously, ”that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?“ ”All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them.Where've you been?“ ”In the library,“ I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus He leaped from the bed and paced the room, ”I've got to have a raccoon coat,“ he said passionately.”I've got to!“ ”Petey, why? Look at it rationally.Raccoon coats are unsanitary.They shed.They smell bad.They weight too much.They're unsightly.They--“ ” You don't understand,“ he interrupted impatiently.”It's the thing to do.Don't you want to be in the swim?“ ”No,“ I said truthfully.”Well, I do,“ he declared.”I'd give anything for a raccoon coat.Anything!“ My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.”Anything?“ I asked, looking at him narrowly.”Anything,“ he affirmed in ringing tones.I stroked my chin thoughtfully.It so happened that I knew where to set my hands on a raccoon coat.My father had had one in his undergraduate days;it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home.It also happened that Petey had something I wanted.He didn't have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it.I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.I had long coveted Polly Espy.Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature.She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.I was a freshman in law school.In a few years I would be out in practice.I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career.The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women.With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.Beautiful she was.She was not yet of pin-up proportions but I felt sure that time would supply the lack She already had the makings.Gracious she was.By gracious I mean full of graces.She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding, At table her manners were exquisite.I had seen her at the KozyKampusKorner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist.Intelligent she was not.in fact, she veered in the opposite direction.But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up.At any rate, it was worth a try.It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.”Petey,“ I said, ”are you in love with Polly Espy?“ ”I think she's a keen kid,“ he replied, ”but I don't know if you'd call it love.Why?“ ”Do you,“ I asked, ”have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?“

”No.We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates.Why?“

”Is there,“ I asked, ”any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?“

”Not that I know of.Why?“

I nodded with satisfaction.”In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open.Is that right?“

”I guess so.What are you getting at?“

”Nothing, nothing,“ I said innocently, and took my suitcase out of the closet.37 ”Where are you going?“ asked Petey.38 ”Home for the weekend.“ I threw a few things into the bag.39 ”Listen,“ he said, clutching my arm eagerly, ”while you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?“

”I may do better than that,“ I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.41 ”Look,“ I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning.I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.42 ” Holy Toledo!“ said Petey reverently.He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face.”Holy Toledo!“ he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43 ”Would you like it?“ I asked.44 ”Oh yes!“ he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him.Then a canny look came into his eyes.”What do you want for it?“

”Your girl,“ I said, mincing no words.46 ”Polly?“ he said in a horrified whisper.”You want Polly?“

”That's right.“

He flung the coat from him.”Never,“ he said stoutly.49 I shrugged.”Okay.If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business.“

I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey.He was a torn man.First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window.Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely.Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face.Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time.Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.Finally he didn't turn away at all;he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.51 ”It isn't as though I was in love with Polly,“ he said thickly.”Or going steady or anything like that.“

”That's right,“ I murmured.53 ”What's Polly to me, or me to Polly?“

”Not a thing,“ said I.55 ”It's just been a casual kick--just a few laughs, that's all.“

”Try on the coat,“ said I.57 He complied.The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops.He looked like a mound of dead raccoons.”Fits fine,“ he said happily.58 I rose from my chair.”Is it a deal?“ I asked, extending my hand.59 He swallowed.”It's a deal,“ he said and shook my hand.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening.This was in the nature of a survey;I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required.I took her first to dinner.”Gee, that was a delish(=delicious)dinner,“ she said as we left the restaurant.Then I took her to a movie.”Gee, that was a marvy(=marvelous)movie,“ she said as we left the theater.And then I took her home.”Gee, I had a sensaysh(=sensational)time,“ she said as she bade me good night.61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart.I had gravely underestimated the size of my task.This girl's lack of information was terrifying.Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information First she had to be taught to think.This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically.I gave her a course in logic.It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my finger tips.”Polly,“ I said to her when I picked her up on our next date, ”tonight we are going over to the Knolland talk.“

”0o, terrif(=terrific),“ she replied.One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable

“s

We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expectantly.”What are we going to talk about?“ she asked.65 ”Logic.“

She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it.”Magnif(=magnificent),“ she said.67 ”Logic,“ I said, clearing my throat, ”is the science of thinking.Before we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the common fallacies of logic.These we will take up tonight.“

” Wow-dow!“ she cried, clapping her hands delightedly.69 I winced, but went bravely on.”First let us examine the fallacy called DictoSlmpliciter.“

”By all means,“ she urged, batting her lashes eagerly.71, ”DictoSimpliciter means an argument based on an unqualifiedgeneralization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore everybody should exercise.“ 72 ”1 agree,“ said Polly earnestly.”1 mean exercise is wonderful.I mean it builds the body and everything.“

”Polly,“ I said gently, ”the argument is a fallacy.Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization.For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good.Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise.You must qualify the generalization.You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people.Otherwise you have committed a DictoSimplioiter.Do you see?“

”No, “ she confessed.”But this is marvy.Do more!Do morel“

”It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,“ I told her, and when she desisted, I continued: ”Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization.Listen carefully: You can't speak French.I can't speak French.Petey Burch can't speak French.I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French.“

”Really?“ said Polly, amazed.”Nobody?“

I hid my exasperation.”Polly, it's a fallacy.The generalization is reached too hastily.There are too few instances to support such a conclusion.“

” Know any more fallacies?“ she asked breathlessly.”This is more fun than dancing even.“

I fought off a wave of despair.I was getting nowhere with this girl absolutely nowhere.Still, I am nothing if not persistent.I continued.80 ”Next comes Post Hoc.Listen to this: Let's not take Bill on our picnic.Every time we take him out with us, it rains.“

”1 know somebody like that,“ she exclaimed.”A girl back home--Eula Becker, her name is, it never falls.Every single time we take her on a picnic--“

”Polly,“ I said sharply, ”it's a fallacy.Eula Becker doesn't cause the rain.She has no connection with the rain.You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker.“

”I'11 never do that again,“ she promised contritely.”Are you mad at me?“

I sighed deeply.”No, Polly, I'm not mad.“

”Then tell me some more fallacies.“

”All right.Let's try Contradictory Premises.“

”Yes, let's,“ she chirped, blinking” her eyes happily.88 I frowned, but plunged ahead.“Here's an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything, can He make a stone so heavy that He won't be able to lift it?”

“Of course,” she replied promptly.90 “But if He can do anything, He can lift the stone,” I pointed out.91 “Yeah,” she said thoughtfully.“Well, then I guess He can't make the stone.”

“But He can do anything,” I reminded her.93 She scratched her pretty, empty head.“I'm all cofused,” she admitted.94 “Of course you are.Because when the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument.If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object.If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force.Get it?”

“Tell me some more of this keen stuff,” she said eagerly.96 I cousulted my watch.“1 think we'd better call it a night.I'll take you home now, and you go over all the things you've learned.We'll have another session tomorrow night.”

I deposited her at the girls' dormitory, where she assured me that she had had a perfectly terrif evening, and I went glumly to my room.Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet.For a moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back.It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure.The girl simply had a logic-proof head.98 But then I reconsidered.I had wasted one evening: I might as well waste another.Who knew? Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered.Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.99 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, “Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.”

She quivered with delight.101 “Listen closely,” I said.“A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming.”

A tear rolled down each of Polly's pink cheeks.“Oh, this is awful, awful,” she sobbed.103 “Yes, it's awful,” I agreed, “but it's no argument.The man never answered the boss's questions about his qualifications.Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy.He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.Do you understand?”

“Have you got a handkerchief?” she blubbered.105 I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped her eyes.“Next,” I said in a carefully controlled tone, “we will discuss False Analogy.Here is an example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations.After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house.Why, then, shouldn't students be allowed to look at their textbooks during an examination?”

“There now,” she said enthusiastically, “is the most marvy idea I've heard in years.”

“Polly,” I said testily, “the argument is all wrong.Doctors, lawyers, and carpenters aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are.The situations are altogether different, and you can't make an analogy between them.”

“1 still think it's a good idea,” said Polly.109 “Nuts,” I muttered.Doggedly I pressed on.“Next we'll try HypothesisContrary to Fact.”

“Sounds yummy,” was Polly's reaction.111 “Listen: If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende(n.沥青油矿), the world today would not know about radium.”

“True, true,” said Polly, nodding her head.“Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me out.That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy.I mean he fractures me.”

“If you can forget Mr.Pidgeon for a moment,” I said coldly, “I would like to point out that the statement is a fallacy.Maybe Madame Curie would have discovered radium at some later date.Maybe somebody else would have discovered it.Maybe any number of things would have happened.You can't start with a hypothesis that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusions from it.”

“They ought to put Walter Pidgeon in more pictures,” said Polly.“I hardly ever see him any more.115 One more chance, I decided.But just one more.There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.”The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.“

”How cute!“ she gurgled.117 ”Two men are having a debate.The first one gets up and says, ‘My opponent is a notorious liar.You can't believe a word that he is going to say.'...Now, Polly, think.Think hard.What's wrong?“

I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow in concentration.Suddenly, a g1immer of intelligence—the first I had seen--came into her eyes.”It's not fair,“ she said with indignation.”It's not a bit fair.What chance has the second man got if the first man calls him a liar before he even begins talking?“

”Right!“ I cried exultantly.”One hundred percent right.It's not fair.The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it.He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start.„ Polly, I’m proud of you.“

” Pshaw“ she murmured, blushing with pleasure.121 ”You see, my dear, these things aren't so hard All you have to do is concentrate.Think--examine—evaluate.Come now, let's review everything we have learned.”

“Fire away,” she said with an airy wave of her hand.123 Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin , I began a long, patient review of all I had told her.Over and over and over again I cited instances pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without let-up.It was like digging a tunnel.At first everything was work, sweat, and darkness.I had no idea when I would reach the light, or even if I would.But I persisted.I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally I was rewarded.I saw a chink of light.And then the chink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright.124 Five grueling nights this took, but it was worth it.I had made a logician out of Polly;I had taught her to think.My job was done.She was worthy of me at last.She was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children.125 It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl.Quite the contrary, Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine.I determined to acquaint her with my feeling at our very next meeting.The time had come to change our relationship from academic to romantic.126 “Polly,” I said when next we sat beneath our oak, “tonight we will not discuss fallacies.”

“Aw, gee,” she said, disappointed.128 “My dear,” I said, favoring her with a smile, “we have now spent five evenings together.We have gotten along splendidly.It is clear that we are well matched.”

“Hasty Generalization,” said Polly brightly.130 “I beg your pardon,” said I.131 “Hasty Generalization,” she repeated.“How can you say that we are well matched on the basis of only five dates?”

I chuckled with amusement.The dear child had learned her lessons well.“My dear,” I Said, Patting her hand in a tolerant manner, “five dates is plenty.After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good.”

“False Analogy”, said Polly promptly.”I'm not a cake.I'm a girl.”

I chuckled with somewhat less amusement.The dear child had learned her lessons perhaps too well.I decided to change tactics.Obviously the best approach was a simple, strong, direct declaration of love.I paused for a moment while my massive brain chose the proper words.Then I began:

“Polly, I love you.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.Please, my darling, say that you will go steady with me, for if you will not, life will be meaningless.I will languish(vi.憔悴).I will refuse my meals.I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling(摇摇晃晃地走), hollow-eyed hulk.” shambling

There, I thought, folding my arms, that ought to do it.137 “Ad Misericordiam,” Said Polly.138 I ground my teeth.I was not Pygmalion;I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me.At all costs I had to keep cool.139 ”Well, Polly,“ I said, forcing a smile, ”you certainly have learned your fallacies.“

”You’re darn right,“ she said with a vigorous nod.141 ”And who taught them to you, Polly?“

”You did.“

”That's right.So you do owe me something, don't you, my dear? If I hadn't come along you never would have learned about fallacies.“

”Hypothesis Contrary to Fact,“ she said instantly.145 I dashed perspiration from my brow.”Polly,“ I croaked, ”you mustn't take all these things so literally.I mean this is just classroom stuff.You know that the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life.“

”DictoSimpliciter,“ she said, wagging her finger at me playfully.147 That did it.I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull.”Will you or will you not go steady with me?“

”I will not,“ she replied.149 ”Why not?“ I demanded.150 ”Because this afternoon I promised Petey Burch that I would go steady with him.“

151 I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it.After he promised, after he made a deal, after he shook my hand!” The rat!I shrieked, kicking up great chunks of turf.“You can't go with him, Polly.He's a liar.He's a cheat.He's a rat.”

152 “Poisoning the Well,” said Polly, “and stop shouting.I think shouting must be a fallacy too.”

153 With an immense effort of will, I modulated my voice.“All right,” I said.“You're a logician.Let's look at this thing logically.How could you choose Petey Burch over me? Look at me--a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Petey--a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who'll never know where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one logical reason why you should go stead with Petey Burch?”

154 “I certainly can,” declared Polly.“He's got a raccoon coat.”

(from Rhetoric in a Modern Modeby James K.Bell and Adrian A.Cohn)

课文5译文爱情就是谬误马克斯•舒尔曼

1.查尔斯.兰姆是个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人,他笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子》无拘无束、自由奔放,实在令人难忘。下面这篇文章比兰姆的作品更加自由奔放。事实上,用“自由奔放”的字眼来形容这篇文章并不十分贴切,或许用“柔软”、“轻松”或“轻软而富有弹性”更为恰当。

2.尽管很难说清这篇文章属于哪一类,但可以肯定它是一篇散文小品文。它提出了论点,引用了许多例证,并得出了结论。卡里尔能写得更好吗?拉斯金呢?

3.这篇文章意在论证逻辑学非但不枯燥乏味,而且活泼、清新,富于美感和激情,并给人以启迪。诸位不妨一读。

---作者注

4.我这个人头脑冷静,逻辑思维能力强。敏锐、慎重、深刻、机智----这些就是我的特点。我的大脑像发电机一样发达,像化学家的天平一样精确,像手术刀一样锋利。---你知道吗?我才18岁。

5.年纪这么轻而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有。就拿在明尼苏达大学和我同住一个房间的皮蒂.伯奇来说吧,他和我年龄相仿,经历一样,可他笨得像头驴。小伙子长得年轻漂亮,可惜脑子里却空空如也。他易于激动,情绪反复无常,容易受别人的影响。最糟糕的是他爱赶时髦。在我看来,赶时髦就是最缺乏理智的表现。见到一种新鲜的东西就跟着学,以为别人都在这么干,自己也就卷进去傻干---我认为这简直是愚蠢至极,但皮蒂却不以为然。

6.一天下午,我看见皮蒂躺在床上,脸上露出一副痛苦不堪的表情,我立刻断定他是得了阑尾炎。“别动,”我说,“别吃泻药,我就请医生来。”

7.“浣熊.”他咕哝着。

8.“浣熊?”我停下来问道。

9.“我要一件浣熊皮大衣,”他痛苦地哭叫着。

10.我明白了,他不是身体不舒服,而是精神上的问题。“你为什么要浣熊皮大衣?”

11.“我早该知道,”他哭叫着,用拳头捶打着太阳穴,“我早该知道查尔斯登舞再度流行时.浣熊皮大衣也会时兴起来的。我真傻,钱都买了课本,弄得现在不能买浣熊皮大衣了。”

12.我带着怀疑的眼神问道:“你是说人们真的又要穿浣熊皮大衣了吗?”

13.“校园里有身份的人哪个不穿?你刚从哪儿来?”

14.“图书馆,”我说了一个有身份的人不常去的地方。

15.他从床上一跃而起,在房间里踱来踱去。“我一定要弄到一件浣熊皮大衣,”他激动地说,“非弄到不可!”

16.“皮蒂,你怎么啦?冷静地想一想吧。浣熊皮大衣不卫生、掉毛、味道难闻、既笨重又不好看,而且„„”

17.“你不懂,”他不耐烦地打断我的话,“这就叫时髦。难道你不想赶时髦吗?”

18.“不想,”我坦率地回答。

19.“好啦,我可想着呢!”他肯定地说,“弄到浣熊皮大衣让我干什么都行。”

20.我的大脑---这件精密的仪器---立刻运转起来。我紧盯着他,问道:“什么都行?”

21.“什么都行!”他斩钉截铁地说。

22.我若有所思地抚着下巴。好极了,我知道哪儿能弄到浣熊皮大衣。我父亲在大学读书期间就穿过一件,现在还放在家里顶楼的箱子里。恰好皮蒂也有我需要的东两。尽管他还没有弄到手,但至少他有优先权。我说的是他的女朋友波莉.埃斯皮。

23.我早已钟情于波莉•埃斯皮了。我要特别说明的是我想得到这妙龄少女并不是由于感情的驱使。她的确是个易于使人动情的姑娘。可我不是那种让感情统治理智的人,我想得到波莉是经过慎重考虑的,完全是出于理智上的原因。

24.我是法学院一年级的学生,过不了几年就要挂牌当律师了。我很清楚,一个合适的妻子对于一个律师来说是非常重要的。我发现大凡有成就的律师几乎都是和美丽、文雅、聪明的女子结婚的。波莉只差一条就完全符合这些条件了。

25.她漂亮。尽管她的身材还没有挂在墙上的照片上的美女那么苗条,但我相信时间会弥补这个不足。她已经大致不差了。

26.她温文尔稚---我这里是指她很有风度。她亭亭玉立、落落大方、举手投足都尽显她出身高贵。她进餐时,动作是那样的优美。我曾看见过她在“舒适的校园一角”吃名点---一块夹有几片带汁的炖肉和碎核桃仁的三明治,还有一小杯泡菜---手指居然一点儿也没有沾湿。

27.她不聪明,实际上恰恰相反。但我相信在我的指导下,她会变聪明的。无论如何可以试一试,使一个漂亮的笨姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮毕竟要容易些。28.“波莉,”我说.“你在跟波莉•埃斯皮谈恋爱吧?”

29.“我觉得她是一个讨人喜欢的姑娘,”他回答说,“但我不知道这是不是就叫做爱情。你问这个干什么?” 30.“你和她有什么正式的安排吗?我是说你们是不是经常约会,或者有诸如此类的事情?,我问。31.“没有,我们常常见面。但我们俩各自有别的约会。你问这个干什么?” 32.“还有没有别人令她特别喜欢呢?”我问道。33.“那我可不知道。怎么了?”

34.我满意地点点头说:“这就是说,如果你不在,场地就是空着的。你说是吧?” 35.“我想是这样的。你这话是什么意思?”

36.“没什么,没什么,”我若无其事地说,接着把手提皮箱从壁橱里拿了出来。37.“你去哪儿?”皮蒂问。

38.“回家过周末。”我把几件衣服扔进了皮箱。

39.“听着,”他焦急地抓住我的胳膊说,“你回家后,从你父亲那儿弄点钱来借给我买一件浣熊皮大衣,好吗?” 40.“也许还不只是这样呢,”我神秘地眨着眼睛说,随后关上皮箱就走了。

41.星期一上午我回到学校时对皮蒂说:“你瞧!”我猛地打开皮箱,那件肥大、毛茸茸、散发着怪味的东西露了出来,这就是我父亲1925年在施图茨比尔凯特汽车里穿过的那一件浣熊皮大衣。

42.“太好了!”皮蒂恭敬地说。他把两只手插进那件皮大衣,然后把头也埋了进去。“太好了!”他不断地重复了一二十遍。43.“你喜欢吗?”我问道。

44.“哦,喜欢!”他高声叫着,把那满是油腻的毛皮紧紧地搂在怀里。接着他眼里露出机警的神色,说,“你要换什么?” 45.“你的女朋友,”我毫不讳言地说。

46.“波莉?”他吃惊了,结结巴巴地说,“你要波莉?” 47.“是的。”

48.他把皮大衣往旁边一扔,毫不妥协地说:“那可不行。” 49.我耸了耸肩膀说:“那好吧,如果你不想赶时髦,那就随你的便吧。,50.我在一把椅子上坐了下来,假装看书,暗暗地瞟着皮蒂。他神情不安,用面包店窗前的流浪儿那种馋涎欲滴的神情望着那件皮大衣,接着扭过头去,坚定地咬紧牙关。过了一会儿,他又回过头来把目光投向那件皮大衣,脸上露出更加渴望的神情。等他再扭过头去,已经不那么坚决了。他看了又看,越看越喜欢,慢慢决心也就减弱了。最后他再也不扭过头去,只是站在那里,贪婪地盯着那件皮大衣。

51.“我和波莉好像不是在谈恋爱,”他含含糊糊地说,“也说不上经常约会或有诸如此类的事情。” 52.“好的,”我低声说。

53.“波莉对我算得了什么?我对波莉又算得了什么?” 54.“根本算不了什么,”我说。

55.“只不过是一时高兴---不过是说说笑笑罢了,仅此而已。” 56.“试试大衣吧。”我说。

57.他照办了。衣领蒙住了他的耳朵,下摆一直拖到脚跟。他看起来活像一具浣熊尸体。他高兴地说:“挺合身的。” 58.我从椅子上站了起来。“成交了吗?”我说着,把手伸向他。59.他轻易地接受了。“算数,”他说,并跟我握了握手。

60.第二天晚上,我与波莉第一次约会了。这一次实际上是我对她的考查。我想弄清要做多大的努力才能使她的头脑达到我的要求。我首先请她去吃饭。“哈,这顿饭真够意思,”离开餐馆时她说。然后我请她去看电影。“嘿,这片子真好看。”走出电影院时她说。最后我送她回家。和我告别时她说:“嘿,今晚玩得真痛快。”

61.我怀着不大痛快的心情回到了房间。我对这任务的艰巨性估计得太低了。这姑娘的知识少得令人吃惊。光教给她知识还不够。首先得教她学会思考。这可不是一件容易的事,当时我真想把她还给皮蒂算了。但我一想到她那充满魅力的身材、她进屋时的模样、她那拿刀叉的姿势,我还是决定再做一番努力。

62.就像做其他事情一样,我开始有计划地干了起来。我开始给她上逻辑课。幸好我是一个学法律的学生,我自己也在学逻辑学,所以对要教的内容我都很熟悉。当我接她赴第二次约会的时候,我对她说:“今晚咱们去‘小山’谈谈吧。”

63.“啊,好极了,”她回答道。对这姑娘我要补充一句,像她这么好商量的人是不多见的。

64.我们去了“小山”,这是校园里人们幽会的地方。我们坐在一棵老橡树下,她用期待的目光看着我。“我们谈些什么呢?”她问。

65.“逻辑。”

66.她想了一会儿,觉得不错,便说:“好极了。”

67.“逻辑学,”我清了清嗓子,“就是思维的科学。在我们能正确地思维之前,首先必须学会判别逻辑方面的常见谬误。我们今晚就要来谈谈这些。”

68.“哇!”她叫了起来,高兴地拍着手。

69.我打了个寒噤,但还是鼓足勇气讲下去:“首先我们来考究一下被称为绝对判断的谬误。”

70.“好呀!”她眨了眨眼,催促着。

71.“绝对判断指的是根据一种无条件的前提推出的论断。比如说,运动是有益的,因此人人都要运动。”

72.“不错,”波莉认真地说,“运动是非常有益的。它能增强体质,好处太多了!”

73.“波莉,”我温和地说,“这种论点是谬误。运动有益是一种无条件的前提。比方说,假如你得了心脏病,运动不但无益,反而有害,有不少人医生就不准他们运动。你必须给这种前提加以限制。你应该说,一般来说运动是有益的。或者说,对大多数人是有益的。否则就是犯了绝对判断的错误,懂吗?”

74.“不懂,”她坦率地说,“这可太有意思了,讲吧,往下讲吧。”

75.“你最好别拉我的袖子了,”我对她说。等她松了手,我继续讲,“下面我们讲一种被称为草率结论的谬误。你仔细听:你不会讲法语,我不会讲法语,皮蒂•伯奇也不会讲法语。因此我就会断定在明尼苏达大学谁也不会讲法语。”

76.“真的?”波莉好奇地问道.“谁都不会吗?”

77.我压住火气。“波莉,这是一种谬误,这是一种草率的结论。能使这种结论成立的例证太少了。”

78.“你还知道其他的谬误吗?”她气喘吁吁地说:“这比跳舞还有意思啦!”

79.我极力地使自己不灰心。我真拿这姑娘没办法,确实是毫无办法。可是,如果我不坚持下去,我就太没用了。因此,我继续讲下去。

80.“现在听我讲讲被称为牵强附会的谬误。听着:我们不要带比尔出去野餐。每次带他一起去,天就下雨。”

81.“我就见过这样的人,”她感叹地说,“我们家乡有个女孩,名叫尤拉•蓓克尔。从没有例外,每次我们带她去野餐„„”

82.“波莉,”我严厉地说,”这是一种谬误。下雨并不是尤拉•蓓克尔造成的,下雨与她没有任何关系。如果你责怿尤拉•蓓克尔,你就是犯了牵强附会的错误。”

83.“我再也不这样了.”她懊悔地保证说,“你生我的气了吗?”

84.我深深地叹了一口气:“不,波莉,我没生气。”

85.“那么,给我再讲些谬误吧!”

86.“好,让我们来看看矛盾前提吧。”

87.“行。行,”她叽叽喳喳地叫着,两眼闪现出快乐的光芒。

88.我皱了皱眉头,但还是接着讲下去。“这里有一个矛盾前提的例子:如果上帝是万能的,他能造出一块连他自己也搬不动的大石头吗?”

89.“当然能,”她毫不犹豫地回答。

90.“但是如果他是万能的,他就能搬动那块石头呀。”我提醒她说。

91.“是嘛!”她若有所思地说,“嗯,我想他造不出那样的石头。”

92.“但他是万能的啊,”我进一步提醒她。

93.她用手抓了抓她那漂亮而义空虚的脑袋。“我全搞糊涂了,”她承认说。

94.“你确实糊涂了。因为如果一种论点的各个前提相互间是矛盾的,这种论点就不能成立,假如有一种不可抗拒的力量,就不可能有一种不可移动的物体;假如有一种不可移动的物体,就不可能有一种不可抗拒的力量。懂了吗?”

95.“再给我讲些这类新奇的玩意儿吧,”她恳切地说。

96.我看了看表,说,“我想今晚就谈到这里。现在我该送你回去了。你把所学的东西复习一遍.我们明晚再上一课吧。”

97.我把她送到了女生宿舍,在那里她向我保证说这个晚上她过得非常愉快。我闷闷不乐地回到了我的房间,皮带正鼾声如雷地睡在床上。那件浣熊皮大衣像一头多毛的野兽趴在他的脚边。当时我真想把他叫醒,告诉他可以把他的女朋友要回去。看来我的计划要落空了。这姑娘对逻辑简直是一点儿部不开窍。

98.但是我回过头一想,既然已经浪费了一个晚上,不妨还是再花一个晚上看看。天知道,说不定她头脑里的死火山口中的什么地方,还有些火星会喷射出来呢。也许我会有办法能把这些火星扇成熊熊烈焰。当然,成功的希望是不大的,但我还是决定再试一次。

99.第二天晚上我们义坐在那棵橡树下,我说,“今晚我们要谈的第一种谬误叫做文不对题。”

100.她高兴得都发抖了。

101.“注意听,”我说,“有个人申请T作,当老饭问他所具备的条件时,他回答说他家有妻子和六个孩子。妻子完全残废了,孩子们没吃的没穿的,睡觉没有床,生火没有煤,眼看冬天就要到了。”

102.两滴眼泪顺着波莉那粉红的面颊往下滚。“啊,这太可怕了!太可怕了!”她抽泣着说。

103.“是的,是太可怕了,”我赞同地说,“但这可不成其为申请工作的理由。那人根本没有回答老板提出的关于他所具备的条件的问题。反而乞求老板的同情。他犯了文不对题的错误。你懂吗?”

104.“你带手帕了没有?”她哭着说。、105.我把手帕递给她。当她擦眼泪时,我极力控制自己的火气。“下面,”我小心地压低声音说,“我们要讨论错误类比。这里有一个例子:应该允许学生考试时看课本。既然外科医生在做手术时可以看x光片,律师在审查案件时可以看案情摘要,木匠在盖房子时可以看图纸,为什么学生在考试时不能看课本呢?”

106.“这个.”她满怀激情地说,“可是我多少年来听到的最好的主意。”

107.“波莉,”我生气地说,“这个论点全错了。医生、律师和木匠并不是以参加考试的方式去测验他们所学的东西。学生们才是这样。情况完全不同,你不能在不同的情况之间进行类比。”

108.“我还是觉得这是个好主意,”波莉说。

109.“咳!”我嘀咕着,但我还是执意地往下讲,“接下去我们试试与事实相反的假设吧。”

110.波莉的反应是:“听起来不错。”

111.“你听着:如果居里夫人不是碰巧把一张照片底片放在装有一块沥青铀矿石的抽屉里,那么世人今天就不会知道镭。”

112.“对,对,”波莉点、头称是。“你看过那部影片吗?哦,真好看。沃尔特•皮金演得太好了,我是说他让我着迷了。”

113.“如果你能暂时忘记皮金先生,”我冷冷地说,“我会愿意指出这种说法是错误的。也许居里夫人以后会发现镭的,也许由别人去发现,也许还会发生其他的事情。你不能从一个不实际的假设出发,从中得出任何可以站得住脚的结论。”

114.“人们真应该让沃尔特•皮金多拍些照片,”波莉说,“我几乎再也看不到他了。”

115.我决定冉试一次,但只能一次。一个人的忍耐毕竟是有限度的。我说,“下一一个谬误叫做井里投毒。”

116.“多有趣啊!”她咯咯地笑了起来。

117.“有两个人在进行一场辩论。第一个人站起来说:‘我的论敌是个劣迹昭彰的骗子,他所说的每一句话都不可信。’„„波莉,现在你想想,好好想一想,这句话错在哪里?”

118.她眉头紧锁,我凝视着她。突然,一道智慧的光芒---这是我从未看到过的---闪现在她的眼中。“这不公平,”她气愤地说,“一点都不公平。如果第一个人不等第二个人开口就说他是骗子,那么第二个人还有什么可说的呢?”

119.“对!”我高兴地叫了起来,“百分之百对,是不公平。第一个人不等别人喝到井水,就在井里投毒了。他还不等他的对手开口就已经伤害了他。„„波莉,我真为你感到骄傲。”

120.她轻轻地“哼”了一声,高兴得脸都发红了。

121.“你看,亲爱的,这些问题并不深奥,只要精力集中,就能对付。思考分析判断。来,让我们把所学过的东西再复习一遍。”

122.“来吧,”她说着,把手往上一晃。

123.看来波莉并不很傻,我的劲头上来了。于是,我便开始把对她讲过的一切.长时间耐心地复习了一遍。我给她一个一个地举例子,指出其中的错误.不停地讲下去。就好比挖掘一条隧道,开始只有劳累、汗水和黑暗,不知道什么时候能见到光亮,甚至还不知道能否见到光亮。然而,我坚持着,凿啊,挖啊,刮啊.终于得到了回报。我见到了一线光亮,这光亮越来越大,终于阳光洒进来了,一切都豁然开朗了。

124.我辛辛苦苦地花了五个晚上,但总算还是没有白费。我使波莉变成一个逻辑学家了,我教她学会了思考。我的任务完成了,她最终还是配得上我的。她会成为我贤惠的妻子。我那些豪华公馆里出色的女主人,我那些有良好教养的孩子们的合格母亲。

125.不要以为我不爱这个姑娘了,恰恰相反。正如皮格马利翁珍爱他自己塑造的完美的少女像一样,我也非常爱我的波莉。我决定下次会面时把自己的感情向她倾吐。该是把我们师生关系转化为爱情的时候了。

126.“波莉,”当我们又坐在我们那棵橡树下时,我说,“今晚我们不再讨论渗误了。”

127.“怎么啦?”她失望地问道。

128.“亲爱的,”我友好地对她笑了笑,“我们已经一起度过了五个晚上,我们相处得很好。显然我们俩是很相配的。”

129.“草率结论,”波莉伶俐地说。

130.“你是说---?”我问道。

131.“草率结论,”她重复了一遍。“你怎么能凭我们仅有的五次约会就说我们俩很相配呢?”

132.我咯咯一笑,觉得挺有意思。这可爱的小家伙功课学得可真不错。“亲爱的,”我耐心地拍打着她的手说,“五次约会就不少了,毕竟你不必把整个蛋糕吃下去才知道蛋糕的甜味。”

133.“错误类比,”波莉敏捷地说。“我可不是蛋糕,我是个女孩子。”

134.我微微一笑,但这次不感到那么有意思了。这可爱的孩子功课或许是学得太好了。我决定改变策略。显然,最好的办法就是态度明朗,直截了当地向她示爱。我沉默了一会儿,用我特别发达的脑袋挑选着合适的词语。然后我便开始:

135.“波莉,我爱你。对我来说,你就是整个世界,是月亮,是星星,是整个宇宙。亲爱的,请说你爱我吧。如果你不这样,我的生活就失去了意义。我将会萎靡不振,茶不饮,饭不思,到处游荡,成为一个步履蹒跚、双眼凹陷的躯壳。”

136.我双手交叉站在那里,心想这下子可打动她了。

137.“文不对题,”波莉说。

138.我咬咬牙。我不是皮格马利翁,我是弗兰肯斯坦,我的喉咙似乎一下子让魔鬼卡住了。我极力控制涌上心头的阵阵痛楚。无论如何,我也要保持冷静。

139.“好了,波莉,”我强装着笑脸说,“这些谬误你的确已学到家了。”

140.“这可说得很对,”她使劲地点了点头说道。

14l_“可是波莉,这一切是谁教给你的?”

142.“你教的呀!”

143.“是的,那你得感谢我。是吧,亲爱的?要是我不和你在一起,你永远也不会学到这些谬误的。”

144.“与事实相反的假设,”波莉不假思索地说着。

145.我甩掉r前额的汗珠。“波莉,”我用嘶哑的声音说道,“你不要死板地接受这些东两。我是说那只是课堂上讲的东西。你知道学校学的东西与现实生活毫不相干。”

146.“绝对判断,”她说道,嬉戏地向我摇摇指头。

147.这一下可使我恼火了。我猛地跳了起来,向公牛似的吼叫着,“你到底想不想和我谈恋爱?”

148.“我不想,”她答道。

149.“为什么不想?”我追问着。

150.“因为今天下午我答应了皮蒂•伯奇,我愿意和他相爱。”

151.我被皮蒂这一无耻的行径气得一阵眩晕,情不自禁地向后退去。皮蒂答应了我,跟我成了交,还跟我握了手呢!“这个可耻的家伙!”我尖声大叫,把一块块草皮踢了起来。“你不能跟他在一起,波莉。他是一个说谎的人、一个骗子、一个可耻的家伙!”

152.“井里投毒,”波莉说,“别叫嚷了,我想大声地叫嚷就是一种谬误。”

153.我以极大的意志力把语气缓和下来。“好吧,”我说个反复无常的人,一个吃了上顿不知下顿的家伙。你能给我一个合乎逻辑的理由来说明你为什么要跟皮蒂好吗?”

154.“当然能,”波莉肯定地说,“他有一件浣熊皮大衣,“你是一个逻辑学家。那就让我们从逻辑上来分析这件事吧。你怎么会看得上皮蒂•伯奇,而看不起我呢?你看我---一个才华横溢的学生,一个了不起的知识分子,一个前途无量的人;而皮蒂---一个笨蛋,一。”

(崔林译,李丙奎审校)Unit9The Way to Rainy Mountain ——by N.Scott Momaday

A single knoll rises out of the plain in Oklahoma, north and west of the Wichita Range.For my people, the Kiowas, it is an old landmark, and they gave it the name Rainy Mountain.The hardest weather in the world is there.Winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summer the prairie is an anvil's edge.The grass turns brittle and brown, and it cracks beneath your feet.There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory and pecan, willow and witch hazel.At a distance in July or August the steaming foliage seems almost to writhe in fire.Great green and yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting the flesh, and tortoises crawl about on the red earth, going nowhere in the plenty of time.Loneliness is an aspect of the land.All things in the plain are isolate;there is no confusion of objects in the eye, but one hill or one tree or one man.To look upon that landscape in the early morning, with the sun at your back, is to lose the sense of proportion.Your imagination comes to life, and this, you think, is where Creation was begun.I returned to Rainy Mountain in July.My grandmother had died in the spring, and I wanted to be at her grave.She had lived to be very old and at last infirm.Her only living daughter was with her when she died, and I was told that in death her face was that of a child.I like to think of her as a child.When she was born, the Kiowas were living the last great moment of their history.For more than a hundred years they had controlled the open range from the Smoky Hill River to the Red, from the headwaters of the Canadian to the fork of the Arkansas and Cimarron.In alliance with the Comanches, they had ruled the whole of the southern Plains.War was their sacred business, and they were among the finest horsemen the world has ever known.But warfare for the Kiowas was preeminently a matter of disposition rather than of survival, and they never understood the grim, unrelenting advance of the U.S.Cavalry.When at last, divided and illprovisioned, they were driven onto the Staked Plains in the cold rains of autumn, they fell into panic.In Palo Duro Canyon they abandoned their crucial stores to pillage and had nothing then but their lives.In order to save themselves, they surrendered to the soldiers at Fort Sill and were imprisoned in the old stone corral that now stands as a military museum.My grandmother was spared the humiliation of those high gray walls by eight or ten years, but she must have known from birth the affliction of defeat, the dark brooding of old warriors.Her name was Aho, and she belonged to the last culture to evolve in North America.Her forebears came down from the high country in western Montana nearly three centuries ago.They were a mountain people, a mysterious tribe of hunters whose language has never been positively classified in any major group.In the late seventeenth century they began a long migration to the south and east.It was a journey toward the dawn, and it led to a golden age.Along the way the Kiowas were befriended by the Crows, who gave them the culture and religion of the Plains.They acquired horses, and their ancient nomadic spirit was suddenly free of the ground.They acquired Tai-me, the sacred Sun Dance doll, from that moment the object and symbol of their worship, and so shared in the divinity of the sun.Not least, they acquired the sense of destiny, therefore courage and pride.When they entered upon the southern Plains they had been transformed.No longer were they slaves to the simple necessity of survival;they were a lordly and dangerous society of fighters and thieves, hunters and priests of the sun.According to their origin myth, they entered the world through a hollow log.From one point of view, their migration was the fruit of an old prophecy, for indeed they emerged from a sunless world.Although my grandmother lived out her long life in the shadow of Rainy Mountain, the immense landscape of the continental interior lay like memory in her blood.She could tell of the Crows, whom she had never seen, and of the Black Hills, where she had never been.I wanted to see in reality what she had seen more perfectly in the mind's eye, and traveled fifteen hundred miles to begin my pilgrimage.Yellowstone, it seemed to me, was the top of the world, a region of deep lakes and dark timber, canyons and waterfalls.But, beautiful as it is, one might have the sense of confinement there.The skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods and deep cleavages of shade.There is a perfect freedom in the mountains, but it belongs to the eagle and the elk, the badger and the bear.The Kiowas reckoned their stature by the distance they could see, and they were bent and blind in the wilderness.Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain.In July the inland slope of the Rockies is luxuriant with flax and buckwheat, stonecrop and larkspur.The earth unfolds and the limit of the land recedes.Clusters of trees, and animals grazing far in the distance, cause the vision to reach away and wonder to build upon the mind.The sun follows a longer course in the day, and the sky is immense beyond all comparison.The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are shadows that move upon the grain like water, dividing light.Farther down, in the land of the Crows and Blackfeet, the plain is yellow.Sweet clover takes hold of the hills and bends upon itself to cover and seal the soil.There the Kiowas paused on their way;they had come to the place where they must change their lives.The sun is at home on the plains.Precisely there does it have the certain character of a god.When the Kiowas came to the land of the Crows, they could see the darklees of the hills at dawn across the Bighorn River, the profusion of light on the grain shelves, the oldest deity ranging after the solstices.Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below;they must wean their blood from the northern winter and hold the mountains a while longer in their view.They bore Tai-me in procession to the east.A dark mist lay over the Black Hills, and the land was like iron.At the top of a ridge I caught sight of Devil's Tower upthrust against the gray sky as if in the birth of time the core of the earth had broken through its crust and the motion of the world was begun.There are things in nature that engender an awful quiet in the heart of man;Devil's Tower is one of them.Two centuries ago, because they could not do otherwise, the Kiowas made a legend at the base of the rock.My grandmother said: Eight children were there at play, seven sisters and their brother.Suddenly the boy was struck dumb;he trembled and began to run upon his hands and feet.His fingers became claws, and his body was covered with fur.Directly there was a bear where the boy had been.The sisters were terrified;they ran, and the bear after them.They came to the stump of a great tree, and the tree spoke to them.It bade them climb upon it, and as they did so it began to rise into the air.The bear came to kill them, but they were just beyond its reach.It reared against the tree and scored the bark all around with its claws.The seven sisters were borne into the sky, and they became the stars of the Big Dipper.From that moment, and so long as the legend lives, the Kiowas have kinsmen in the night sky.Whatever they were in the mountains, they could be no more.However tenuous their well-being, however much they had suffered and would suffer again, they had found a way out of the wilderness.My grandmother had a reverence for the sun, a holy regard that now is all but gone out of mankind.There was a wariness in her, and an ancient awe.She was a Christian in her later years, but she had come a long way about, and she never forgot her birthright.As a child she had been to the Sun Dances;she had taken part in those annual rites, and by them she had learned the restoration of her people in the presence of Tai-me.She was about seven when the last Kiowa Sun Dance was held in 1887 on the Washita River above Rainy Mountain Creek.The buffalo were gone.In order to consummate the ancient sacrifice--to impale the head of a buffalo bull upon the medicine tree--a delegation of old men journeyed into Texas, there to beg and barter for an animal from the Goodnight herd.She was ten when the Kiowas came together for the last time as a living Sun Dance culture.They could find no buffalo;they had to hang an old hide from the sacred tree.Before the dance could begin, a company of soldiers rode out from Fort Sill under orders to disperse the tribe.Forbidden without cause the essential act of their faith, having seen the wild herds slaughtered and left to rot upon the ground, the Kiowas backed away forever from the medicine tree.That was July 20, 1890, at the great bend of the Washita.My grandmother was there.Without bitterness, and for as long as she lived, she bore a vision of deicide.Now that I can have her only in memory, I see my grandmother in the several postures that were peculiar to her: standing at the wood stove on a winter morning and turning meat in a great iron skillet;sitting at the south window, bent above her beadwork, and afterwards, when her vision failed, looking down for a long time into the fold of her hands;going out upon a cane, very slowly as she did when the weight of age came upon her;praying.I remember her most often at prayer.She made long, rambling prayers out of suffering and hope, having seen many things.I was never sure that I had the right to hear, so exclusive were they of all mere custom and company.The last time I saw her she prayed standing by the side of her bed at night, naked to the waist, the light of a kerosene lamp moving upon her dark skin.Her long, black hair, always drawn and braided in the day, lay upon her shoulders and against her breasts like a shawl.I do not speak Kiowa, and I never understood her prayers, but there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitation upon the syllables of sorrow.She began in a high and descending pitch, exhausting her breath to silence;then again and again--and always the same intensity of effort, of something that is, and is not, like urgency in the human voice.Transported so in the dancing light among the shadows of her room, she seemed beyond the reach of time.But that was illusion;I think I knew then that I should not see her again.Houses are like sentinels in the plain, old keepers of the weather watch.There, in a very little while, wood takes on the appearance of great age.All colors wear soon away in the wind and rain, and then the wood is burned gray and the grain appears and the nails turn red with rust.The windowpanes are black and opaque;you imagine there is nothing within, and indeed there are many ghosts, bones given up to the land.They stand here and there against the sky, and you approach them for a longer time than you expect.They belong in the distance;it is their domain.Once there was a lot of sound in my grandmother's house, a lot of coming and going, feasting and talk.The summers there were full of excitement and reunion.The Kiowas are a summer people;they abide the cold and keep to themselves, but when the season turns and the land becomes warm and vital they cannot hold still;an old love of going returns upon them.The aged visitors who came to my grandmother's house when I was a child were made of lean and leather, and they bore themselves upright.They wore great black hats and bright ample shirts that shook in the wind.They rubbed fat upon their hair and wound their braids with strips of colored cloth.Some of them painted their faces and carried the scars of old and cherished enmities.They were an old council of warlords, come to remind and be reminded of who they were.Their wives and daughters served them well.The women might indulge themselves;gossip was at once the mark and compensation of their servitude.They made loud and elaborate talk among themselves, full of jest and gesture, fright and false alarm.They went abroad in fringed and flowered shawls, bright beadwork and German silver.They were at home in the kitchen, and they prepared meals that were banquets.There were frequent prayer meetings, and great nocturnal feasts.When I was a child I played with my cousins outside, where the lamplight fell upon the ground and the singing of the old people rose up around us and carried away into the darkness.There were a lot of good things to eat, a lot of laughter and surprise.And afterwards, when the quiet returned, I lay down with my grandmother and could hear the frogs away by the river and feel the motion of the air.Now there is a funeral silence in the rooms, the endless wake of some final word.The walls have closed in upon my grandmother's house.When I returned to it in mourning, I saw for the first time in my life how small it was.It was late at night, and there was a white moon, nearly full.I sat for a long time on the stone steps by the kitchen door.From there I could see out across the land;I could see the long row of trees by the creek, the low light upon the rolling plains, and the stars of the Big Dipper.Once I looked at the moon and caught sight of a strange thing.A cricket had perched upon the handrail, only a few inches away from me.My line of vision was such that the creature filled the moon like a fossil.It had gone there, I thought, to live and die, for there, of all places, was its small definition made whole and eternal.A warm wind rose up and purled like the longing within me.The next morning I awoke at dawn and went out on the dirt road to Rainy Mountain.It was already hot, and the grasshoppers began to fill the air.Still, it was early in the morning, and the birds sang out of the shadows.The long yellow grass on the mountain shone in the bright light, and a scissortail hied above the land.There, where it ought to be, at the end of a long and legendary way, was my grandmother's grave.Here and there on the dark stones were ancestral names.Looking back once, I saw the mountain and came away.第9课通往雨山的路 N•斯科特•莫米蒂

1.一座孤零零的小山在俄克拉荷马的草原上拔地而起,它的西面和北面是维奇塔山脉。对于我们克尔瓦人来说,它是个古老的界标,我们给它取名叫雨山。这里有世界上最恶劣的天气。冬季有大暴风雪,春季就刮起了飓风,到了夏季,草原热得就像铁砧一样。草变得又脆又黄。沿着河流和小溪,是长长的绿带,有一排排的山核桃树、柳树和金缕梅。从远望去,七八月里的树叶热得冒烟,犹如在火中挣扎。高高的草地上到处都是大个儿的黄绿色的蚱蜢.像玉米花一样爆裂开,刺得人痛。乌龟在红土地上爬行,不知要去何处。寂寞荒凉是这里的一大特点。草原上的一切都是疏离开来的,所见之物不会混杂在一起让人看不清楚。要么只是一山,要么只是一树、一人。清晨,太阳在你的背后冉冉升起,此时观看大地,你会失去平时的比例感。你会张开想像的翅膀,并认定这就是上帝造设宇宙的起始点。

2.我七月回到了雨山。我祖母于春季去世,我是想去她的墓地。她活得很老,最后因虚弱而死。她死的时候,是她现在惟一活着的女儿陪伴着她。听说她死时的脸像张孩子的脸。

3.我喜欢把她看作孩子。她出生时,俄克拉荷马人正生活在其所史上鼎盛时期的最后阶段。一个多世纪以来,他们掌控着从斯莫克山河到红河那片空旷的山脉,掌控着从加拿大河流的源头到阿肯色河和西马隆河交汇处的地域。他们与科曼斯人一道,统治着整个南部平原。发动战争是他们神圣的职责.他们是世人所知的最优秀的骑手。然而,对于克尔瓦人来说,作战更多是因为这是他们的习惯,而非为了生存。他们从来都不理解美国骑兵残酷的进攻。当最后四分五裂、弹尽粮绝时,他们便冒着冰凉的秋雨来到斯代克特平原,陷入了恐慌。在帕罗多罗坎,他们的弹粮被抢劫一空,只剩下了性命。为了拯救自己,他们在福特西尔投降,被监禁在一个石头堆砌的牛马棚。现在,这里已经是个军事博物馆了。我的祖母得以豁免那高高的灰墙里的羞辱,因为她是在此事件8年或10年后出生的。但自出生起,她就已经懂得失败给人带来的苦难.这使那些老战士们百思不得其解。

4.她的名字叫阿荷,属_丁北美最后的文化。差不多一个世纪前,她的祖先从蒙大拿两部来到这里。他们是一群山民,一个神秘的猎手部落.其语言从未分明地划归任何一个主要语种。17世纪晚期,他们开始了漫长的向南和向东移民。这个通向黎明的漫长的旅行,使他们达到其黄金时期。一路上,克尔瓦人被克罗人当作朋友,并给了他们平原上的文化和宗教。他们有了马,于是他们那古老的游牧精神使他们重新脱离了地面。他们拥有了太米,那神圣的太阳舞木偶,自那时起太米就成了他们的崇拜物和象征物。太米也是所有崇拜太阳的部落的崇拜物。同样重要的是,他们有着命运感,也有着勇气和荣誉感。当他们开始享受南部大平原时,他们已经被改变了。他们不再是为了简单的生活必需品的奴隶,而是一群傲慢危险的斗士和小偷、猎人和虔诚的太阳舞宗教徒。有关他们起源的神话告诉我们,他们是通过一根空心圆木来到了世上。从某种程度上说,他们的迁移是一个古老预言的结果,因为他们的确来自于一个没有太阳的世界。

5.虽然我的祖母在漫长的生活中从未离开过雨山,但大平原那广袤的景色却留在她的记忆中,仿佛她本人曾经在那里生活过。她能谈一些关于克罗人的事情,尽管她从未见过他们;她还知道黑山,虽然她从未去过那里。我想见识她想像当中的完美世界,于是走了1500英里,开始了我的朝圣。

6.对于我来说,黄石是世界上最好的地方。一个有许多深湖、黑木材、深峡谷和瀑布的地区。虽然黄石地区很美.但人们可能有受束缚、被禁锢的感觉。放眼望去,四周天际线近在咫尺,伸手可及。这天际线是一道树的高墙和一条条幽深的裂缝。山里有完全的自由,但这只属于老鹰、美洲赤鹿、獾和熊。克尔瓦人根据他们所能看清的距离来判断他们的位置;在荒野中他们时常弯着腰或者双眼迷茫。

7.由于位居落基山脉的坡上,向东看上去高高的草地就像通往平原的台阶。七月,落基山脉面向平原的内坡上长满了亚麻、荞麦、景天和翠雀等各种植物。当大地在我们面前展开时,陆地的边缘渐渐退去。远处的树木和吃着草的动物开阔了我们的视野,使人张开想像的翅膀。白天日照时间很长,天空宽阔无比。宛如波浪的大片云彩在天空中游动,就像一片片船帆。在庄稼地里投下了影子。再往下,在科洛任何黑足印第安人的领地,平原是黄色的。苜蓿长满了山丘,她低垂的叶子盖到地上,密密地封住土壤。克罗人在这里停下了脚步,他们来到了必须改变他们生活的地方。在大平原,太阳感到很舒坦。毫无疑问.这里有上帝的灵性。克尔瓦人来到克罗人的土地上,他们在黎明时,隔着比格好恩河可以看到山的背阴处,明媚的阳光照在层层的庄稼地上。然而,他们并不情愿改变方向,向南到脚下这块大锅似的土地。因为他们必须给身体充分的时间适应大平原。他们也不愿这么快就看不见雨山。他们把太米也带到了东方。

8.一层暗淡的雾霭笼罩着黑山,这里的土地贫瘠得像铁。在一座山脊顶上,我看到魔鬼塔高高插入灰蒙蒙的天空,似乎在时间诞生之时,地核开裂,地壳破裂,宇宙的运动从此开始。实际上有一些事情能使人们叹为观止。魔鬼塔就是其中之一。两个世纪以前,由于克尔瓦人无法用科学解释魔鬼塔的形式,冈此他们惟一能做的就是根据岩石,通过自己的想像编造故事。我祖母说,“八个孩子在玩耍,七个姐姐和一个弟弟。突然间男孩子变得哑巴了。他颤抖着,并用手脚爬行。他的手脚趾变成了爪子,身体也长上了毛。他一下子就变成了一只熊。姐姐们非常害怕,于是她们就跑,熊就跟着她们跑。她们来到了一棵大树桩下,树开始跟她们说话,命令她们爬上树。当她们爬上树时,树便开始上升。熊赶过来要吃她们.但够不着。于是熊站了起来,用它那尖锐的爪子胡乱抓着树皮。七个姐姐被运上了天,变成了大熊座内的北斗七星。”从那时起,只要这一传说还存在,克尔瓦人就跟夜空有一种亲缘关系。在山里,除了山民以外,他们不会再是别的什么了。无论他们的福分有多浅,无论他们的生活有多艰难,他们已经从荒原上找到了生存之路。

9.我的祖母对太阳怀有崇敬之情。然而,现在人们的这种感情已经没有了。在她身上有一种细致和古老的敬畏。她晚年时开始信基督教,但在成为基督教徒之前她改变了许多,她从未忘记自己与生俱来的权利。孩提时,她跳过太阳舞,也参加过那些一年一度的仪式,从中她懂得了她的同胞在太米面前的复原。1887年,当最后一次克尔瓦太阳舞会召开时。她大约七岁。水牛都没有了。为了完成那古老的祭祀----把公水牛的头穿在驱魔架上----一个老人代表团旅行到了德克萨斯,去乞讨并从古德奈特牧民那里换取水牛。作为太阳舞文化,克尔瓦人最后一次聚会那年她十岁。他们没有找到水牛;于是他们就不得不挂上一张旧兽皮。在舞会开始以前,福特希尔有人命令一群战士前来驱散这群部落。毫无理由地,关于他们信仰的基本行为被禁止了。看到野蛮人杀戮他们的同胞,然后把他们的尸体扔在地上慢慢腐烂,克尔瓦人从此永远地远离了驱麾架。这事发生在1890年7月20日,维吉塔河拐弯处。我祖母在那。没有感到痛苦,因为只要她活着,她就能忍受目睹上帝惨遭杀害。

10.虽然我只能把祖母留在我的记忆中.我却能够看到她一些特有的姿势:冬季的清晨站在木炉边翻烤着铁锅里的肉片;坐在南面窗前,手里捻着念珠,随后,当她看不见的时候,她就低下头,久久地注视着自己合在一起的双手;拄着拐杖出门,随着年事增高,走得越来越慢;她时常祈祷。我记忆最深刻的当数她的祈祷了。出于痛苦、希望,再加上经历了许多事情,她总是做长时间的祷告。我从来都不能肯定我有权利听她的祷告,她的祈祷并不遵循任何祷告形式的习俗。最后一次见到她时,是在夜间她站在床边祷告,身体裸到腰部,煤油灯光在她黑黑的皮肤上移动。她那白天里总是打成辫子的又长又黑的头发,散落在肩膀上,垂在胸前,宛如披肩。我不会说克尔瓦语,而且从来都听不懂她的祈祷,那声音里充满了悲伤,她起调很高,用尽全身力气,直到再也喊不出声音来;然后反复这样----总是用同样的气力,而有时像,有时又不像人类的声音。她对房屋里的影子间跳跃的光很着迷,这让人觉得她会永远活在世上。然而,这都是幻觉。那时我已经知道,不久我就不会再见到她了。

11.平原上的房屋就像哨兵。它们是古老的天气守卫者。在那里,用不了多久,树木就会看起来很老。所有的颜色都会在风吹雨打中褪去,然后树木变灰,长出纹理,钉子生锈变红。窗户玻璃黑且透明,你可以想像里面什么都没有,然而确实有许多鬼魂和尸骨。他们站在不同的地方挡住天空,你会觉得走近他们所花费的时间比想像的还长。它们属于远方,那是它们的领地。

12.在我祖母的房间里,曾经有过许多声音,许多人来来往往,举行盛会,谈笑风生。夏日里充满了兴奋与团聚。克尔瓦人夏季很活跃,他们忍受冬日的寒冷,不与外人接触;但当季节变幻,大地变暖,充满生机时,他们就会按捺不住;对活动的那种古老的热爱又回到了他们身边。我小的时候,来我祖母家的那些年长者都精瘦,但腰板硬朗。他们头戴大黑帽子,肥大的衬衫不断被风吹起。他们头抹头油,辫子上系着彩带。一些人把脸涂上色,身上带着旧时征战时落下的伤疤。他们是一群旧军阀,来这里是为了让自己和别人都记住他们是谁。他们的妻子和女儿把他们伺候得很好。而在这种场合,那些通常在家里伺候男人的女人们,则可以做她们想做的,或者做她们通常不能做的,比如,闲聊、大声喊叫、开玩笑、讲鬼故事等等。走出家门时,她们披着印花披肩,带着鲜亮的珍珠或者镍黄铜首饰。而在家里,她们却忙着下厨房,准备着丰盛的宴席。

13.经常有祷告性的集会和大型晚餐。小时候,我经常和表兄妹们在户外玩耍,灯总是放在地上,老人们的歌声在我们的周围响起,并传到黑暗处。不但有许多好吃的东西,也有许多笑声和惊喜。后来,当寂静重新回到我们身边时,我和祖母一起躺下,听着远处河边的蛙鸣,感受着空气的流动。

14.现在,房间里有一种葬礼般的寂静,那是对克尔瓦文化永远的守灵。祖母家的墙封了。当回去奔丧时,我一生中第一次感到这房子很小。那已是深夜,皎洁的月亮,几乎是满月。我在厨房门边的石阶上坐了很久。从那儿我能看到对面的大地;我能看到溪边那长长的树排,那起伏的草原上低低的光,还有那北斗七星。我曾望着月亮,看到一个怪物。一只蟋蟀歇在栏杆上,近在咫尺。我当时的视线正好能看到那只蟋蟀像块化石镶在满月之中。我猜想,那蟋蟀到那里去生活和死亡,是因为只有在那里它小小的价值才能变得完整和永恒。一阵暖风吹起,仿佛一种渴望在我的心中涌动。

15.次日清晨,我在黎明时分醒来,踏上了那满是尘土的雨山之路。天气已经很热,蚱蜢已开始四处活动。依然是清晨,鸟儿在树荫下歌唱着。山上,那长长的黄草地在阳光中闪亮,一只叉尾霸翁鸫从田过。在那里,在那长长的充满传奇色彩的路上,有我祖母的坟墓。四周深颜色的石头上刻着祖先们的名字。在回首,望着雨山,(带着开始新生活的意念)我离开了。

(崔林译,李丙奎审校)

Unit 10 “9.11”事件前后

泰•摩西

As the ruins of the World Trade Towers smoldered at the southern end of Manhattan and the breeze stirred the ashes of thousands of human beings, a new age of anxiety was born.If someone had slept through September 11 and awakened, Rip Van Winkle-like today, he would open his eyes on an astonishing new landscape.1.世贸大厦双塔的废墟还在曼哈顿区南端闷燃,微风将几千人的身躯化成的灰烬吹起,一个新的焦虑时代由此开始。如果有人在9月11日那天像瑞普•凡•温克尔那样恰好睡去,一觉醒来,眼前的这一派景象定让他瞠日结舌。

Guardsmen toting M-16s are stationed at our airports.The president of the United States attends a World Series game and the airspace over Yankee Stadium is closed, a line of snipers positioned on the stadium rooftop.The vice-president's safekeepers whisk him from place to place, just as his arch-nemesis Osama bin Laden is presumably moved from cave to cave halfway across the world.Anthrax panic sends Congress running from its chambers.2.机场里驻进了背着V-16自动步枪的国民警卫队员。纽约扬基体育场上空的空域因美国总统亲临美国两大职业棒球联赛的决赛而关闭,禁止飞机通过。体育场的屋顶之上还部署了一排狙击手。副总统的保卫员们忙不迭地将他不断转移,正如他那难以对付的仇敌奥萨马?本?拉丹一样,据推测他此刻也在世界另一头从一个山洞转移到另一个山洞。议员们在炭疽病的恐慌中弃岗而逃。

The events of September 11 divided our world into two radically different eras.We watch wistfully as the pre-9/11 world drifts away on its raft of memory, cast in Technicolor shades of nostalgia.We will remember that assassinated world as idyllic, secure(never mind that it was neither), we will speak of it in the reverent tones reserved for the dead.3.“9?11”事件将我们的世界划为截然不同的两个时代。我们带着惆怅,目送“9?11”之前的世界在怀旧的暗淡色彩中随记忆的小筏渐渐漂走远去。在我们的记忆中,这个突遭袭击的世界永远如诗如面,牢不可破(虽然实际并非如此)。谈到它时,我们总是像在谈论亡灵,语气异常恭敬。

Meanwhile, the post 9/11 era looms like an unmapped wilderness.As with other unclaimed territories throughout history, a fierce battle is being waged for its psychic, political and material capital.Former president Bill Clinton has called this conflict “the struggle for the soul of the 21st century”, and the spoils of war include some of our most cherished values and liberties.Leading the charge are the warriors of the Bush Administration, a battalion of securitycrats and generals who are attempting to colonize the future with their own repressive agenda.4.与此同时,“9?11”之后的日子就像没有标志的荒地呈现在人们面前。与历史上前几次拓荒一样,这场激烈的精神、政治和物质的资本战正在打响。前总统比尔?克林顿称这次较量是“争夺21世纪灵魂的战争”,最后的战利品还包括我们最珍视的价值观和自由。在这场战争中,布什政府的将士们首当其冲,这些视国家安全重于民众自由的官员们准备把他们一贯实行的镇压政策带入未来。

But there is a brighter side, a growing chorus of dissenting voices who reject paranoia and hubris and question the rush toward becoming a security state.There is a dialectic afoot in the country, a stirring of peaceful purpose that has been largely ignored by the mainstream media, which assumes the public is thinking in red, white and blue, when actually the spectrum of emotions, ideas and opinions is, like America itself, multihued.5.不过,光明的一面仍旧存在:越来越多的人开始反对这种多疑和自大,并对这种视安全为国家最高目标的做法提出质疑。人们开始辩证地思考,对基本上得不到主流媒体重视的和平这一主题热烈讨论。主流媒体一直以为公众的想法只有红、白、蓝三种颜色,殊不知人们的情感、思想和观点正如美国本身,是多姿多彩的。

Just before his death in November 2001, Ken Kesey described the state of the union in succinctly Keseyian terms: “The men in suits are telling us what the men in uniforms are going to do to the men in turbans if they don't turn over the men in hiding.” With the prescience of a dying man, Kesey ventured that this was really a war between the brutal, aggressively male way things had always been and ”the timorous and fragile way things might begin to be“.Like many Americans continue to do, Kesey nurtured great hopes for a future constructed on a model of mutual cooperation, trust and rational thinking.6.在2001年11月肯•凯西去世前夕,他以独有的简洁对美国做了这样的描写:“穿西装的人(美国官员)告诉我们穿军装的人(美国军队)怎样对付一味窝藏他人(本•拉登及“基地”组织成员)的人(塔利班)。”即将离开人世的人具有的先知使凯西大胆地将这场战争称做仍是历史上一直存在的野蛮的雄性侵略性方式和“或许刚刚处于萌芽阶段的胆怯和脆弱的处理方式”的角逐。和许多仍旧持这种观点的美国人一样,凯西渴望未来的世界能够建立在互相合作、信任和理智的思考之上。

No Longer Invulnerable(不再坚不可摧)

The attacks in New York and Washington shattered the sense of invulnerability that is a hallmark of the American psyche.After 9/11, we looked at each other with new eyes, asked new questions.If you found yourself trapped in a doomed airplane with a cell phone in hand, who would you call? Pundits wrote that the country had lost its innocence, overlooking the fact that innocence is not a desirable quality in a superpower nation.7.纽约和华盛顿遭受的恐怖袭击使美国人不再相信无所不胜这一美国精神的主要特征。“9?11”事件之后,我们用新眼光对视,并提出新的问题。如果你乘坐的飞机就要失事,你会用手中的移动电话与谁通话?学者们认为这个国家已经不再纯真,却没有认识到纯真对一个超级大国并不可取。

Overnight, the United States perceived a sword of Damocles suspended over its head and the ensuing waves of paranoia initiated surreal episodes: a nationwide run on gas masks;a demand from the Postal Service that all mail be irradiated against biological threats;and, most appalling of all, Op-Eds that declared using nuclear weapons against Muslim countries would be justified if terrorists killed so much as one more American.8.一夜之间,美国感觉到达摩克利斯剑正悬挂在头上,一个接一个以多疑为主调的超现实的插曲出现了:全国抢购防毒面具,邮局辐照所有邮件,严防生物袭击,更让人感到可怕的是专栏上发表的文章,有人扬言,如果再有一名美国人因恐怖分子死亡,美国政府将有理由对穆斯林国家动用核武器。

Among the unavoidable truths to emerge from 9/11 is that being on U.S.soil does not render us immune from harm.The American people now have much more in common with millions of the planet's citizens who spend their lives in regions where armed conflict or terrorism take innocent lives daily.We too are mired near the bottom of Maslow's pyramid, struggling to regain our lost sense of safety and security.9.“9•11”事件让我们认识到许多无可争辩的事实,其中有一点就是即使在美国本土也无法保证我们免受伤害。美国人现在和世界上千百万生活在武装冲突和恐怖活动每天都夺走生命的地区的人们有了更多共同之处。我们也陷在马斯洛金字塔的底层,为重获安全感而挣扎。

The new Zeitgeist even has Ally McBeal registering concern about world events.Relationships, laments Ally McBeal, were easier ”before the world changed back in September“.On NYPD Blue, a detective rebukes another detective that he isn't ”the only one affected by what happened at the World Trade Center“.10.这种新的时代精神竟然会让艾丽?麦克比尔这位从不关心政治的人对世界大事也开始担心起来。艾丽?麦克比尔认为人与人之间的关系“在9月世界变化之前”并非如此困难,对此他感到十分痛惜。《纽约重案组》中,一个侦探指责另一侦探,说他并不是“世贸大厦事件惟一的受害者”。

The most visible symptom of our profound psychological trauma is a zealous new patriotism.Seeking solace, the country drapes itself in the American flag like a child in a superhero cape who plays at being invincible.From homes, vehicles and clothing to department store windows, billboards and television commercials, there are few places in the country where the Stars and Stripes has not found a purchase.People who never gave the flag much thought except on the Fourth of July have become suddenly, passionately, patriotic.For some of us, patriotism is a complicated matter, linked with a dedication to the Constitution.But the now inescapable presence of the flag, supposedly a symbol of American pride and unity, sometime looks: suspiciously like overcompensation for a wounded ego.The flag is an icon,a brand that offers no more protection than the Nike swoosh.11.我们这种巨大的心理创伤最明显的症状就是一种新的狂热的爱国主义。为了寻求安慰,全国上下都裹进了国旗,就像一个披着超人斗篷扮无敌英雄的小孩子。家里、各种交通工具上、衣服上、商店的橱窗里、广告牌上、电视广告里„„星条旗处处可见。以前除了在7月4日之外不会想到国旗的人现在一下子都充满激情地成了爱国者。对我们某些人来说,爱国主义是个复杂的东西,与是否忠于宪法有关。可是现在,无处不在的国旗可能象征着美国的自豪和统一,有时看上去未免像是对受伤的自我的过度补偿。国旗不过是个象征,它能够给人提供的保护不会与带有耐克品牌标志的商品有多大差异。

A Hardening of Outlook(观点的硬化)

It has not been fashionable for some time to assign oracular qualities to Orwell's novel, 1984.Yet the book has much to say to our fractured, post 9/11 era.In Orwell's dystopia, “'practices which has been long abandoned, in some cases for hundreds of years—imprisonment without trial..public executions, torture to extract confessions, not only became common again, but were tolerated and even defended by people who considered themselves enlightened and progressive.” These paroxysmal social changes, Orwell wrote, began with a ”general hardening of outlook”.12.人们曾一度不再认为奥韦尔的小说《1984》是一部预言,不过小说巾的描写与我们“9?1l”事件之后这不再完整的时代的确大有相似之处。他描写反面乌托邦时说,“一些长期以来已经放弃不用的做法,有些甚至几百年来都已废除的做法,例如未经审讯即监禁„„公开处决、严刑拷打逼供„„不仅又普遍实行起来,而且也为那些自认为开明进步的人所容忍,甚至辩护。”奥韦尔认为这种突发的社会变化起源于“普遍硬化的观点”。

In the U.S.today, this hardening of outlook is called the war against terrorism.13.如今的美国将这种观点的硬化称为反恐战。

At its forefront, the new defenders of the Homeland are defining its motives, methods and mentality, But many of us define our personal safely and our national character by the very civil liberties that are being compromised in the name of state security.What we are in the process of giving up may prove to be far more precious than what was taken from us on September 11.14.在最前线,国家的新护卫们正制定作战目标、作战方法并进行心理准备。不过,我们许多人是用公民的自由来定义个人安全和民族性的,而这些自由现在在国家安全的名义下不得不做出让步。我们现在正在放弃的可能会远远超过“9?1l”事件从我们身边带走的。In the weeks after the attacks, for example, the Justice Department arrested scores of young Arab and Muslim men and held them without charge, in undisclosed locations.Their names were not released, nor were they permuted to send word to their families , They simply vanished.Georgetown University law professor David Cole calls this” the practice of disappearance , and it is something we associate with repressive regimes, not with participatory democracies.Not only do such activities compromise the nation's integrity at home but they are sure to undermine American credibility abroad.If we cannot adhere lo our own ideals and values, to the standards we've called on other nations to adhere to in the past, then we call into question some of our fundamental assumptions about who we are.15.比如,在恐怖事件后的几周内,司法部未经审判便秘密逮捕了许多年轻的阿拉伯人和穆斯林教徒。不公布他们的名字,也不允许他们通知其家人。他们就此消失。乔治城大学法学教授戴维?科尔将其称为“失踪惯例”。我们往往认为这种惯例会出现在实行镇压政策的国家,不会出现在分享民主制的国家。这不仅会减少国人对我国的公正的信心而且一定会在国际上影响美国的可信度。如果我们无法再坚持我们的理想和价值观,无法坚持我们在过去一直号召其他国家遵守的准则,那么我们就会对自己的身份这一基本的假定产生怀疑。

Must We Shop ‘til We Drop?(我们一定要买到底?)

An Orthodox rabbi once told me that when you are in control, you prepare for those times when you are out of control.The rabbi was speaking of interpersonal relationships, but his dictum could easily be applied to the current geopolitical situation.To wit: Take an oil-dependent nation that consumes 20 million barrels of oil every day, The nation is in receasion and has just gone to war in the region that supplies most of the oil.Would it not be wise, patriotic even, for said nation to cut back on its oil consumption?

16.一位正统派犹太教教士曾经和我说过要未雨绸缪。这位教士谈的虽是人际关系,但这句名言也非常适合当今的地缘政治情况。也就是说,让我们看看这个日耗油达2000万桶的离不开石油的国家。这个国家正在走入萧条,刚刚对给他提供大部分油料的地区宣战。难道减少对石油的消耗不是明智又爱国的举动吗? Yet sales of sport utility vehicles, those infamous gas-guzzlers, are up, expected to surpass, for the first time ever, sales of passenger cars.Automakers rejoice in this as a patriotic act.“Business and consumers need to pull together to strengthen our nation's confidence and to keep the economy moving forward, ” said GM vice president Bill Lovejoy, buoyed by projected sales figures of 3.5 million SUVs.17.可是,运动型多用途车和耗油量大得惊人的油老虎的销量却一直在上升,预计将首次超过小客车的销量。汽车制造商对这一爱国行为异常兴奋。“商家和消费者应该携手为树立全国人民的信心、保持经济发展做出努力,”通用公司副总裁比尔?洛夫乔伊对运动型多用途车的预计销量将达到350万辆充满信心。

Just after the attacks, a renewed sense of community was visible across the nation as Americans saw their own grief, fear and concern reflected by friends and neighbors.There was a relaxing of the rampant materialism, along with its ugly stepsisters isolation and compulsion, that has been the undoing of community in this country.Community cannot compete with shopping malls or 200 satellite television channels, with Gameboys or the 70-hour workweek.Community requires people gathering with others and talking, singing, questioning and arguing, a rialto where ideas and creativity are the currency.18.恐怖袭击刚刚过去,美国人在朋友和邻居身上看到了他们自己的痛苦、恐惧和忧虑,人们将目光又重新投向了社区。一度泛滥的物质主义和随之而来的可怕的孤独感和强迫症曾经让社区从这个国家的人们心中消失。社区比不上大购物中心,比不上200多个卫星电视频道,比不了电子游戏,也比不了70小时的工作周。社区需要人们走出家门,欢聚畅谈,放声高歌,互问互答,辩论输赢。它是一个市场,而思想和创新就是用来完成交换的中介。

Since our economy is dependent upon mass consumerism, however, it wasn't long before government and big business invented the concept of “economic patriotism”.This Frankensteinian creation asserts that consumption is an American value, extols the nepenthean powers of the dollar and in effect, discourages national introspection at a time when it would be most valuable.Presidential exhortations to get back to normal assumed we would want to restore the world we had as quickly as possible.But not everyone is content to shut up and shop.The pre-9/11 world cannot be restored, not with a credit card, not with a new car.Many of us want to build on that nascent community.Many citizens concerned about the deteriorating economy are resisting the consumption orgy and are exploring alternatives that would make our country more self-sufficient and prepare us for the tough times that may lie ahead.19.可是,既然我们的经济的存在取决于大众消费,很快,政府和大工商企业就杜撰出了一个“经济爱国主义”的概念。这个弗兰肯斯坦式的概念主张消费是美国价值观,认为美元会让人忘掉一切忧愁。实际上,这是在阻碍人们进行理性的反思,而在此时这种反思又是十分重要的。布什总统号召人们将工作和生活恢复正常,他认为我们希望尽快地重建以前的世界。不过,不是人人都乐于保持沉默.买个不停。“9.11”之前的世界一去不复返,不管是信用卡还是新汽车都换不回。我们当中有好多人希望加入到这个刚刚显示出生命力的社区中来。许多担心经济恶化的公民都拒绝无节制的消费,而且正在寻找措施,以便使我国更加自给自足,并且随时准备应付今后会出现的艰难时刻。

History's Lessons(历史的教训)

An anonymous rescuer, digging in the rubble of WTC, spoke of his struggle to express to his family what Ground Zero was like.But every time he tried to speak he found himself mute.There exists no suitable analogy for those murdered buildings, for the thousands of lives snuffed out by suicidal terrorists armed with box cutters.September 11 is not like anything but itself.20.一个未留下姓名的救援人员,在世贸大厦的废墟中救援时,说他无法向家人描述爆炸中心地带的情况。每次要开口时,他都发现自己无话可说。一群自杀性的恐怖分子用几把开箱刀。就可以让高楼倒塌,几千人的生命一下子消失,这样的事情没有先例,无法类比。“9•11”就是“9•11”。

21.True, 9/11 is the crisis of our time, our national flashpoint, but it is only one of many such flashpoints in history.This is far from the first time that powerful external forces have impinged upon human beings in a modem society, and it is not the first time those forces have been called evil.Each time it seems the crisis must generate a new paradigm in which such an atrocity will never be allowed to happen again—and yet it does happen again.In 1941, in a span of two days, 34, 000 innocents who also happened to be Jewish were murdered at BabiYar.Hiroshima: 130, 000 dead in a single day, Nagasaki, three days later, another 75, 000.21.的确可以说,“9•11”事件是我们时代的危机,也是我们国家的爆发点,但它在历史上并非绝无仅有。这不是现代社会中强大的外部力量对人类的第一次打击,这种力量也不是第一次被定义为邪恶。每一次危机似乎都产生了一种新模式,使这种暴行不会重演----可是暴行再一次出现。1941年,两天之内共有34,000无辜的犹太人在巴比谷惨遭杀害。在广岛,仅一天就有13万人丧生。仅隔三天,在长崎.又有75,000人失去生命。

22.Let's face it, history is a gallery of unspeakable crimes.A mushroom cloud blooming over a seaport city.a human being with her shin burned off, a skeletal corpse embracing a childsize skeletal corpse.A jet slicing through a skyscraper, a skyscraper collapsing upon itself.The nameless man and woman who plummeted, hand in hand, to their deaths from an upper floor of World Trade are caught in the mind’s eye of history as eternally as the lovers solidified in ash after the eruption of Pompeii.We tend these images like poisonous flowers in a nightmare garden, we return to them obsessively, hoping to excavate their meaning.What messages do Hiroshima and BabiYar, or Dresden and Antietam, have for us? What will September 11 tell us?

22.对这一切,我们要正视。历史就像一个画廊,让人们看到了罄竹难书的各种恶行。在这里,人们看到在一座海滨城市上空升起的蘑菇云,一个皮肤被烧焦的女人,一副骨架紧紧拥抱着一个小孩子大小的骨架,一架斜插过摩天大楼的飞机以及正在倒塌的摩天大楼。不知姓名的男男女女手拉手从世贸大厦的顶层坠下,奔向死亡。历史会像记住庞贝古城废墟中的恋人一样记住他们。我们把这些看作是梦魇花园中的毒花,常着魔似的想起它们,冥思苦想其中的含义。广岛、巴比谷、德累斯顿和安提坦留给我们什么启示?“9?11”事件又告诉我们什么? 23.Perhaps just this: that our suffering is not unique;that we haven’t yet got it right;and that the pursuit of peace continues to be the noblest of vocations.23.答案可能就是:我们的痛苦不是惟一的痛苦;我们还没有完全摆脱痛苦;追求和平仍是我们最高尚的事业。

True Courage(真正的勇气)

“A country is only as strong as the people who make it up and the country turns into what the people want it lo become, ” James Baldwin wrote.“We made the world we're, living in and we have lomake it over.” 24.“组成一个国家的人民有多强大,这个国家就有多强大,人民希望周家如何发展,国家就会如何发展,”詹姆斯?鲍德温写道。“我们让我们现在居住的世界成了这个样子,我们有必要重建这个世界。”

25.How do we move from anxiety to action? From insecurity to confidence, from national paranoia to collective poise? Is our democracy so fragile that four airplane bombs can erode 225 years of liberty?' It has never been more clear that we will only have true and lasting security when the rest of the world has true and lasting security, That is the challenge of this particular conflict, the struggle for the soul of the 21st century.25.我们怎样才能不再焦虑,行动起来?怎样才能不冉恐慌,充满自信?全国上下怎样才能不再多疑.人人都安定下来?我们的民主果真如此不堪一击,225年的自由就这样被四个飞机炸弹毁掉?再明显不过.只有世界其他人民真正拥有永久和平时我们才会拥有和平。这就是这次冲突带给人们的挑战,也是一场保卫21世纪灵魂的斗争。

26.On the beautiful, glass-bright morning of September 11, a man—an ordinary, unremarkable American—called his wife on his cell phone.“We're all going lo die, ” Thomas Burnett said as United Flight 93 careened over The Pennsylvania countryside, but some of us are going to do something about it.”' All we know of the rest of Tom Burnett's narrative is that his life ended horribly.He and his fellow passengers did not let what must have been abject fear prevent them from acting----that is the true definition of courage.26.9月11日的早晨是个美丽的早晨,阳光明媚。一个人----普通的美国人----用移动电话拨通了妻子的电话。“我们都不会活下来,”当联合航空公司93号航班在宾夕法尼亚郊外上空倾斜时托马斯?伯内特说,“但是我们当中会有人还击的。”我们只知道托马斯•伯内特后来死得很恐怖。他和同机的乘客没有因绝望的恐惧止步不前----这才是真正的勇气。

27.What happened aboard Flight 93 was the country’s first real victory against terrorism, and it came out of the tradition of democracy.The passengers came up with a plan and they voted on it.Some of the men would rush the hijackers and force the airliner to crash, rather than allow it to be used in another suicide attack on Washington D.C., where it was surely headed.27.93号航班上发生的一切成为这个国家反对恐怖主义的第一个真正胜利,民主传统功不可没。机上乘客想出一个办法,并且投票决定。有的乘客要冲向劫匪,让飞机就地坠毁,使劫匪让华盛顿特区成为自杀性袭击目标的计划没有得逞。It's a terrible irony that for a short time, while the condemned jet was aloft, the ideal of American democracy also reached its apex.The rest of us can only strive to do as well.Fortunately, Tom Burnett's last communication to the world was an unintentional gift to us all, a battle cry for the age of anxiety.We are all going to die sooner or later.Let that consciousness not prevent us from acting in each other's best interests, from trying to create a better, safer world.28.这架注定要坠毁的飞机还在高空飞翔,恰恰在这短暂的时间里.美国的民主思想升华到了顶峰。两者的结合真是一种可怕的讽刺。我们其他人也会努力和他们一样。令人欣慰的是,托马斯•伯内特和这个世界最后的通话无意间成了我们共同的礼物,成了焦虑时代的战斗口号。的确,我们迟早都会死去,但这并不应该阻碍我们为彼此的最大利益挺身而出,全力建设一个更加美好、安全的世界。

第二篇:精读课文翻译(下)

Unit Seven

我对人类的了解越多,对他们的期望就越低。和以前相比,我现在常常以较宽松的标准 把一个人叫做好人。10 ——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士

论人性

弗兰克,莉迪亚·汉默尔 人性是性格、气质和性情的基础,性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的,它必须以这 种基质的形式存在,并将它保留终生,这种基质,我们称之为一个人的本性。

人类的本性不会也不能改变,只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升;我们可以 改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。一项历史研究表明,曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今 天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使,被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负,时至今日,对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。

此外,没有人希望改变自己的本性,有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位,但不会和他们交 换位置,除非那意味着他自己身份的继续。每个人都把自己看成是独特个体,而且,就他而 言,他就是宇宙的中心,有别于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生,这人 就该道歉。每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格,而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。两个人从 相同的经历中也不会得出相同的结论,但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己 丰富的生活模式中去。人性总是忠于它本身,而不受信仰或教育体制左右。一个人的个性和 他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了,而且不会改变。一个人与生俱来的品质,无论是否有 机会发展,都保持为潜力。在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下,他们会部分或全部地消失相当 一段时间,但是没有什么能永久地改变他们,也没有什么能把他们抹去。

人性的恒定性是众所周知的,因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是 为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性 格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝啬鬼也不可能变 成慈善家。而且,一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒,如果那时候他是,那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯,正如大橡树最初都是小 橡果。

尽管人类有完美的潜质,但事实上他远远没有达到完美。如果事实上他已经是完美的,那 么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做; 那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。因此虽然人性是不可能改变的,但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它。而且这应该是我们 的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。人类在胚胎期是完美的,就好比一粒种子,在幼芽期是完美的一样。精神是完美的,但它 栖居到人类肉体结构中后,便参与其中,表现出后者的不完美。在它与物质的联系过程中呈 现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。但是精神,也就是人的内在,却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——个性和躯体,由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美。外在的 人,原本也是完美的,但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用,今天,它已经与原型相去甚远。

人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的,尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。只 有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见,但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。

人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上,每天 我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹: 有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者; 有人 冲进火场将陌生人带出险境; 有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子; 许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得 以延续。数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们,不仅在战场上,而且还在战争的大后方,为了他们的同胞献出了生命。人性不会也不能改变,它只展现它固有的模式。它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的。我们只能尽力去了解人类的真实面貌。

Unit Eight 安全带可以避免乘客在车祸中受伤或死亡,这几乎是常识。但是,约翰.亚当斯最近所 做的研究得出了更加复杂的统计数据。当司机系着安全带时,他们开车无所顾忌,更多车祸 因此而发生。

座椅安全带的隐患

大卫·布杰克里 座椅安全带固然能降低我们在车祸中死亡的危险,但从统计数据看,情况并不是那么绝对。事实上,据一位研究者说,安全带可能会使人们在驾车时更加肆无忌惮。对于这个有危险的世界,如果有一件事我们还算了解,那就是座椅安全带可以救命。当然,它确实可以救命。但实际情况通常要更混乱、更复杂。伦敦大学学院的风险专家、地理学荣 誉教授约翰· 亚当斯早就质疑安全带能保证驾车安全的信条。亚当斯最早开始查看统计数字 是早在 25 年前的事了。他的发现与人们的普遍看法恰恰相反——在 18 个强制使用安全带的 国家,要么交通事故死亡率根本没有变化,要么实际上反而导致了死亡率的净增长。怎么会这样?亚当斯用风险补偿的概念来解释这些数据资料,这个概念就是:人们往往会 根据他们意识到的风险程度的改变来相应地调整自己的行为。亚当斯解释说,假设一位司机 驾车途中要过一个窄弯道,这名司机是个男青年,那么他会受到自己对以下两方面认知的影 响:驾车的风险和驾车的回报。他所考虑的东西可能包括:能够准时上班或准时赶赴朋友的 饭局、让同伴对他的驾车技术留下深刻印象、使自己作为熟练驾车手的形象更加巩固。他还 可能考虑到自身的安全问题、长命百岁的愿望、对车上年幼乘客的责任感、撞毁自己的漂亮 新车或驾驶证被没收的代价。这些可能的担心也不是孤立存在的。他还要考虑到天气和路况、交通拥挤的程度和所驾车子的性能。但亚当斯说,关键的是这个司机还将根据他对风险变化 的判断来调整自己的行为。如果他系上了安全带,而他的车子带有前、侧气囊和防滑刹车系 统,他驾起车来可能会更大胆。亚当斯强调说,问题就在于自我感觉安全的司机们实际上对其他司机、骑自行车者、行人 和自己车上的乘客来说是更大的危险(平均 80%的司机系安全带,而同车后座的乘客只有 68%系安全带)。风险补偿绝不仅限于驾车行为。亚当斯说,类似的还有表演高空秋千的艺 人、攀岩者或摩托车手。如果在他们的安全等式上增添某种安全装置——比如说分别给他们 一张救生网、一根保险绳或一个头盔——这个人可能就会试着做些平时认为很愚蠢的技巧性 表演。因此,安全带并非简单、直截了当地减少死亡人数,而是对风险和死亡事故进行了更 加复杂的再分配。为了说明其中的道理,亚当斯提出人们可以想象一下,如果在方向盘中间 安一个尖头的木桩,司机开车时会受到怎样的影响?或者在保险杠上装满炸药呢?这简直是丧 心病狂,是的,不过这确实提供了一个生动的例子,来说明人们如何根据对风险的判断来调 整行为。日常生活中,风险是不断移动的靶子,而并不像统计数据那样是个固定数字。除了外部因 素外,每个人对于冒险都有自己内在的安全尺度。有些人天生大胆而有些人天生谨慎,还有 些人是宿命论者,他们会认为,有一种更强大的力量设计了死亡时间表,预先确定了我们的 死期。因此,对驾车风险做任何单一的测算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基准数据。亚当斯引 用了这样的统计事实作例子: 青年男子发生严重撞车事故的概率比中年妇女高 100 倍。同样,在星期天凌晨 3 点钟驾车的人比同一天上午 10 点钟驾车的人死亡风险高出 100 多倍,有人格障碍的人比一般人死亡风险高 10 倍。亚当斯说,假如这个人还喝醉了,汇总所有这些因 素并分别加以考虑,就会得到一个具有统计性的预测: 一位心理失常又喝醉酒的青年男子在 午夜驾车,7 个小时后一位头脑清醒的中年妇女驾车去教堂,前者发生严重交通事故的概率 比后者高 270 万倍。

问题的要点就在于风险并不是孤立存在的,它会受到许多因素的影响,包括承担风险所带 来的种种回报——无论是财产方面的、身体方面的,还是情感方面的。这正是风险赖以存在 的真实的人类社会。亚当斯说,这才是问题的关键,正如他把近期的一篇博客题目定为《关 键的是置人于死地的东西,而不是数字》。我们对风险的反应多半取决于它在多大程度上是 自发的行为(如戴水肺潜水)、是不可避免的(如公共交通)、还是强加给我们的(如空气质量); 取决于我们认为在多大程度上是我们能控制的(如驾驶)或是由别人控制的(如乘飞机);还取 决于这种潜在危险在多大程度上是出于好意(如医生的指令)、无意的(如自然因素)或恶意的(如谋杀和恐怖活动)。我们每天要做几十遍风险计算,但是可以确信的是,多数时候人们对 风险的计算自然而然或者说是出自本能,以至于我们几乎注意不到我们在做计算。

Unit Nine 在过去的五年里,弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯县的住房价格增长速度是家庭收入增长速度的 12 倍.今天,该县中等家庭不得不将其收入的 54%用于购买位于该县的普通住房;在 2000 年,这个数字是 26%。形势如此严峻,以至于费尔法克斯县最近开始对年收入 90,000 美 元的家庭提供住房补贴;很快,这个数字可能提高到 110,000 美元。住房危机走向郊区

迈克尔·格伦沃尔德富兰克林·罗斯福总统曾经说经济大萧条造成 1/3 的美国人住房简陋、衣衫褴褛、营养 不良,然而 70 年后的今天,美国人却是穿着考究、营养日益过剩。但是,廉价房稀缺是一 场日益加深的民族危机,而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。这个问题已经波及中 产阶级,并向郊区蔓延,在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里,大学毕业生不 得不借宿在父母家,而消防队员、警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。住房拥有率接近历史最高位,但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大,有房户和房子离工 作单位 80 英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。现在,1/3 的美国人花费至少 30%的收 入用于住房,联邦政府将这种情况定义为“无力支付”的负担,而有一半的穷打工仔花费至 少 50%的收入用于租房,这种情况被称为“极其严重”的负担。在过去 10 年里,房地产迅 猛发展,这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚特赚了一把,但现在廉价房对中、低 收入的美国人来说,是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价格更严重的问题。美国曾经非常关注廉价房问题。1934 年和 1937 年,罗斯福签署了住房立法,提供抵押贷 款、政府公寓,并为那些穷困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。1949 年,国会树立了官方目标— —“让每一个美国家庭都能拥有一个体面的家和宜居环境,”而到了 1974 年,尼克松总统开 始对数以百万计的低收入租户在私有住房方面提供租金补贴凭单。半个世纪以来,在华盛顿 发生的大多数住房方面的辩论都围绕着一个主题:即应该在多大程度上扩大联邦政府的资 助。但在过去 20 年中,唯一的联邦住房新提案就是 HOPE VI,也就是克林顿政府拆毁 80,000 单位的最差公共住房,重建混合收入寓所来取而代之。该计划已经拆除了大部分高度危险的 房子,它们曾使公共住房声名狼藉,并已重建了一些城市的社区。但是它更多的是把享有补

贴的公寓房夷为平地而不是取而代之。

总的来说,自 90 年代初以来,接受联邦援助的家庭数已经降到最低,尽管人口不断增加、预算不断膨胀。美国国会已经拒绝了美国总统布什提出的大部分的削减计划,但几乎没有讨 论过增加计划;廉价房的倡导者花费的大部分时间都被用于努力争取保持现状。而现状真是很艰难。今天,有 450 万低收入家庭享受联邦住房救助,还有 3 倍于此的家庭 符合被救助资格,却拿不到救助。费尔法克斯县有 12,000 户家庭在排队轮候 4,000 套救助公 寓。“这太宝贵了,一旦拥有,没有人愿意放弃。”费尔法克斯住房委员会主席康拉德·艾根 这样说。这听起来奇怪,但如今住房危机的受害者不是那些已经享受“救助计划”的人,而 是那些没那么幸运去享受这个计划的人。一些自由派人士梦想着对所有合格的低收入家庭都给予补贴,但是这个每年要斥资上千亿 美元的解决办法很不现实,即便是在预算赤字再度膨胀之前也不现实。因此,即使一些曾经 主张住房政策的人,现在也支持对大多数联邦租房救济金实行时间限制。人们对 10 年前福 利改革中所涉及的时限问题有争议,但研究表明,这些时限有助于激励受助人摆脱对福利的 依赖。和福利不同的是,住房救济金不是联邦所赋予的权利,因此几年后对一个家庭停止供 给意味着给另一个同样需要救济的家庭一个喘息的机会。

8“这是显而易见的事,”大卫·史密斯——波士顿的一位廉价房的倡导者说,“你不能让内 在矛盾无限地延续。” 问题的根源是廉价房的供需,或者更准确地说,工作地点附近的廉价房的供需之间极不协 调。据哈佛大学住宅联合研究中心提供的数据,现在有 1,500 万个家庭至少把他们一半的收 入用于支付住房费用;许多人为了住房甚至在医疗保健、照顾儿童和食品等方面节省开支。

及健康状况不佳紧密相关;仅洛杉矶就有 62 万户家庭多人共居一室。其他工作者 居住在较为便宜的社区,忍受着越来越长距离的交通往返,这种现象被称为“驾驶以保生活 质量”。这造成各种不良结果——孩子们看不到父母;当汽油价格飙升、城市向外扩张、道路上 堵满了长途通勤的打工者、他们的汽车排放着温室气体,劳动者根本就入不敷出。费尔法克 斯县监督委员会的会长凯西·哈金斯说: “我认为如果我们迫使人们平均每天四个小时呆在 汽车里,我们就无法建立强大的社区。”廉价房也可以使社区具有竞争力;如果打工者没钱 住在那里,我们还真不知道费尔法克斯县怎能一直创造就业机会。为促进廉价房,地方官员最好不要挡在路上——不要要求一英亩最小面积和两车位的车 库、不要阻止低收入和高密度的项目。

另一方面,联邦预算由华盛顿政界人士决定。但是,美国国会自 1986 年施行低收入住房 税收抵免政策以来没有再支持过新的建设项目,该政策每年造就近100,000 套廉价住房,足 以取代被拆除或被转变为市场化招租的那些住房总数的一半。布什在 2000 年和 2004 年的竞 选中提出了房屋所有权税收抵免政策,这是一项极好的政策,但是他最终竟然没有实行。一 项等待国会投票的法案可能会把一些联邦特许机构——如房利美——的利润按照一定的百 分比转移到国家廉价房信托基金名下,但这项法案似乎停滞不前。唯一的用国家力量促进支 付能力的办法并不是有关住房的办法; 例如,有一个方法可以让劳动者更能够负担得起住房 费用,那就是提高他们的收入——通过提高最低工资、降低工资税或扩大收入税收抵免等方 式。解决廉价房危机的一个明确办法:房地产市场崩溃。这是一个能够吸引媒体关注的住房 问题——因为这会伤害有房户。但是对于使用风险贷款的低收入房屋所有人来说放松价格可 能是毁灭性的,另一方面对于无房者来说,它也不会带来居者有其屋的结果。即便价格小幅下滑都可能引发建设减速,从而使中等收入家 庭缺乏廉价房的局面变得更糟糕。最终,政治家可能重新发现住房问题不是一个城市贫困问题,而是一个中产阶级的生活 质量问题,正如燃油价格或医疗保健一样。居者有其屋通常被称为是美国梦,但如今许多劳 动者为了使他们的家人不至于破产,宁愿租一所体面的房子居住。

Unit Ten

普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到:与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。

危机时代,大学该扮演的角色

雪莉·M.泰夫曼今天,由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识,大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹 1933 年在就职演说中曾提到,“没有哪个国家像美国这样,不论 对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用 抱有一种近乎天真的信念。”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的,即美国的活 力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健 全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来: 联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和 应用研究给予大量投资,这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来; 联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助; 一些私人基金会和慈善机构给 予投资,他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径;一些个人和私人部门给予投资,他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回 报这种广泛的支持。社会期望我们产生新思想,开发新知识,以一种开放和共同协作的方式 探索复杂的问题,培养未来一代公民和领导者。当处于困境的时候,我们不辜负这些期望就 尤为重要。中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔,学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思,不关心窗外之事—— 这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的,而是高度开放的机构,允许内 外自由交流。高校是属于社会的,而不是游离于社会之外的。高校的理想,经由多少代人的 铸造,旨在渗入国民意识之中。学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为 公众服务的机会,寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作,寻觅把实验室的研究发现转 化为实际应用的途径。我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识,并且当 他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。这些都是理所当然的。探索新思想和新知识不是依靠也不应该依靠功利主义动机,而是依靠以新颖的和创造性的 方式进行思考的能力。当诺贝尔奖获得者约翰· 纳什在普林斯顿大学读研究生时推动了构成 “非合作博弈论” 基础的数学概念的发展时,他可能根本不会想到这些概念会在今天被用于 分析选举策略、战争起因及预测人的行为表现等方面。当还是一名年轻科学家的分子生物学 教授埃里克· 维绍斯着手识别决定果蝇胚胎身体结构模式的基因时,他可能不知道他会识别 出在推动对人类癌症的研究中起到关键性作用的基因。由此得知,我们无法准确地预测科学 发现及学术成就将如何影响未来一代又一代的人们。同时,我们也得知,只在可预知的领域 来挖掘知识是不明智的,因为新知识往往依赖于在未知领域准备好肥沃的土壤,在那些领域,好运气同深奥的智慧一样能开花结果。我们最珍视的组织原则之一——探索的自由,不仅仅 从道德上说是必需的,而且它也是一个实际需要。

就像我们有义务广泛寻求新知识一样,我们也有义务确保我们的学术研究能够被广泛地传 播。只有这样,别人才能对其做出必要的修正,或将其发扬光大,或依据它来作出更好的决 定,开发出更好的产品,或构建出更好的规划。在日后的岁月中,我希望我们国家的决策者 根据留存于大学的知识来做决定,咨询能通过对过去的深刻理解而洞悉现在的历史学家们; 咨询能提供明辨是非原则的哲学家们; 咨询能以其洞察力使经济回归正轨的经济学家们; 咨 询知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程师们; 咨询能分析我们容易招致未来袭击的软肋并能制订 出弥补这些弱点的战略的科学家们; 以及咨询能帮助我们弄清恐怖分子在我国及世界各地实 施恐怖行动的动机的多个领域的学者们。

现在,请允许我来阐述一下我们应对社会所尽的第三项义务: 培育下一代的公民与领导者。普林斯顿大学所提倡的对大学文科教育的见解,我校第 13 任校长伍德罗。威尔逊曾作过精 辟的表述,我在开学典礼上曾诵读过他的雄辩的语句: “在大学里我们应当努力传授的,与 其说是知识本身还不如说是做学问的精神。它包括:辨别正确推理与错误推理的能力,消化 与阐释论据的能力,广泛观察的习惯,对于持客观见解的偏好,执着于清晰有条理的思维过 程,本能地热衷于阐释内涵而不拘泥于推论的字面意思,对知识的鉴赏力,对人类健全心智 的无限尊重。”

威尔逊及其继任者们拒绝这一狭隘的观念:即大学文科教育只限于为某种职业做准备。他 们在了解职业教育重要性的同时,更清楚在普林斯顿首先应该培养学生的思考能力和洞察 力,坚信这才最有益于社会健全发展。因此我们对以下两方面做了区分:对职业素质的培养 有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。所以,当古典文学家走进 医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候,我们便感到庆幸。如果我们作 为教育家做好我们的工作,我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理 念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。在这困难重重的年代,我们将号召 我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。通过这样 做,通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气,他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们 的座右铭: “普林斯顿——为国家服务,为世界服务!”

Unit 3 Travel奥斯陆

1记得我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候,我在哥本哈根独自一人去看电影。在丹麦,电影票是对号入座的。我走进电影院,发现在我的票对应的座位旁,只有一对年轻情侣。这对情侣如胶似漆地拥抱在一起,如同一场持久战争结束后码头上亲人的重聚。我很不情愿坐在他们旁边,就如我绝不会要求加入他们的行为一样——这两者对我来说并没有什么不同——因此我谨慎地隔开几个座位坐了下来。

2人们陆续地走进影院,参照电影票找到位子,在我们周围坐了下来。电影开场时,这个宽敞空旷的观众席中间,扎堆地坐了约30人。电影开场两分钟后,一个拎着大包小包购物袋的女士艰难地挤到我这排,在我座位旁停下,并用严厉的口吻气愤地朝我用充满了喉塞音的丹麦语说道,我坐在了她的位子上。几个女引座员马上打开手电筒一阵查看,身边所有的人都不安地重新确认自己票上的座位号,直到大家都清楚了,我是—个美国游客,因此没有遵循简单的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的座位。3接下来我们坐在一起看电影,30人如同一艘超载的救生船上的难民一般挤作一团。肩膀相互摩擦着,忍受着各种细小的噪声。那时我想,有些国家在某些事情上做得比任何其他国家都好,然而在另外一些事情上,他们做的却糟糕得多。我开始思考为何会有如此反差。4有时候某个国家的小发明是如此独特和精巧,以至于我们总是由它而联想到这个国家——英国的双层巴士,荷兰的风车(给那里的低地景观增添了一款多么美妙的创意:想想这些风车会如何改观内布拉斯加大平原),还有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡馆。然而,也有一些事情,大部分国家能不费吹灰之力地办到,但某些国家却完全想不到。

5比如说,法国人无法掌握排队的窍门。他们一遍遍地尝试,但这似乎超出了他们的能力范围。无论你去巴黎的任何地方,总会看到整齐的队伍在公交车站候车。但一旦公交车靠站,队伍立刻瓦解,就像精神病院的消防演习一样,所有人都争抢着第一个上车,完全没意识到,这样一来排队的意义就荡然无存了。

6另一方面,英国人则不能领略吃的基本要领。证据就是他们本能地使用刀叉来食用汉堡。更令我惊讶的是,他们当中很多人还把叉子颠倒放置,将食物盛在叉背上保持平衡。我已经在英国居住了15年,但我仍不得不压制一种冲动,想要走向酒吧或餐馆里的陌生人说:“打扰一下,可以允许我告诉你一个小技巧吗? 那样你就不会把豆子散落在整张桌子上了。” 7德国人被幽默困扰,瑞士人对乐趣毫无概念,西班牙人丝毫不觉得在半夜吃晚饭有什么滑稽之处,而意大利人根本就不应该被告知汽车发明的奥秘。

8这次欧洲之旅带给我很多惊奇的小事,其中一个就是我发现世界竟能如此多样化,对于本质上相同的事物处理起来却方式各异,比如说吃喝或是买电影票。有趣的是,欧洲人同时既可以如此相似——他们普遍好学而理性,开着小车,住在古镇的小房子里,喜欢足球,不怎么注重物质生活,遵纪守法,而且他们住寒冷的宾馆房间,去温暖舒适的地方吃喝——然而却又拥有着如此琢磨不透、永无止尽的差异。在欧洲没有什么是百分之百肯定的,对此我十分赞同。

9我仍然享受着对事情进展的未知感。从哈默菲斯特返回后,我在奥斯陆的宾馆呆了四天,女服务员每天早上都留给我一盒叫做BioTexBiff的东西,说明上说是一种“minipakkeforferie,hybelogweekend"。我不清楚它到底是用来洗衣服的,还是漱口的,或足用来清洗抽水马桶的,我通过闻它的气味,并试验它各种可能的用法,度过了好几个快乐的小时。最后我判定它是用来洗衣服的——的确效果显著。然而我并没有搞明白:在这周剩下的时间里,在奥斯10陆无论我去哪儿,都有人在互相议论:“你知道吗? 那个人身上有马桶清洁剂的味道。” 当我告诉伦敦的朋友,我将周游欧洲各地并将其写成书时,他们说:“喔,你肯定会说很多语言吧。”

11“为什么,我不会,”我会带着一点傲气回答,“我只会英语。”然后他们就看着我,好像我疯了。但是就我而言,那正足国外旅游的美妙之处。我并不想知道人们在说些什么。置身于一个对你对一切都搞不懂的国度,能激发出如此强烈的孩子般的好奇心——我想不出比这更奇妙的感觉了。突然之间你又回到了五岁。你无法读懂任何东西,你对事物运行方式只有最基本的感知,你甚至无法安全地穿过马路。你的整个存在变成了一系列有趣的猜想。12看国外电视节目,试着想象到底发生了们?么事,这让我乐此不疲。比如说,在奥斯陆的第一个晚上,我收看一个科学节目,演播室里的两个男子站在一张实验桌旁,讨论着一种有着光滑皮毛的貌似啮齿目的动物,它们在桌面上爬行,偶尔爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在说:“那么你与所有这些动物做爱,是吗?” 13 “当然,”嘉宾回答道,“你必须对豪猪十分小心,当然,旅鼠若是感觉你不再像以前那样爱它们,会变得焦躁不安并跳下悬崖,但总的来说,这些动物是非常亲切的伴侣,并且性也是十分美妙的。” “哎呀,我觉得那很棒。下周让大家见识一下你是怎么用药柜中的简单家庭用药制造出致幻药的。但现在是该让荧幕空白几分钟,然后让灯光突然亮起,照在主持人身上,让他看起来似乎就像正要抠鼻子。下周见。”

15去过哈默菲斯特后,就觉得奥斯陆简直妙不可言。天气依然很冷,到处还撒着灰蒙蒙的雪花,但是比起哈默菲斯特来那可要暖和多了,这也让我彻底放弃了想要买毛皮帽的想法。我参观了博物馆,并花了一天时间游览巴度半岛,那里丛林茂密的山坡上矗立着该城市最美的房子,其视野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市区,十分迷人。但是大多数时间我就在市中心闲逛,在火车站和皇宫之间来回溜达,在卡尔约翰街向街旁的商店橱窗里张望。在路边明亮的灯光的照耀下,长长的卡尔约翰步行街富丽堂皇,与健康快乐、不屈不挠又充满朝气的挪威人融合在一起。我很高兴能离开哈默菲斯特并来到这个充满活力、尤如白昼的世界。当我觉得寒意逼人时,我便进入咖啡馆或酒吧坐下,偷听那些我无法明白的对话,抑或拿出我的《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》,满怀敬意地加以研究,做接下来的旅行安排。

16《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》可能足已出版的最优秀的书籍。当你迅速翻阅了其500页密密印刷的时间表后,你必然有冲动想要往旅行包内塞进两抱衣服,然后立刻出发。每一页都低声诉说着浪漫:蒙特勒——兹怀斯门——施皮茨——因特拉肯,贝尔格莱德——的里雅斯特——威尼斯——维罗纳——米兰,哥德堡——拉赫斯河——(哈尔斯贝里)——斯德哥尔摩,文堤米利亚——马赛——里昂——巴黎。无沦是谁吟诵这些地名时,都会感受到一股强烈的兴奋,想象着雾气蒙蒙的月台上,以及在400多米长的流线型车厢旁,站满了充满期待的旅客,堆满了行李,每个车厢里都放着一张写着各个外国地名的列表。当读到莫斯科——华沙——柏林——巴塞尔——日内瓦这一系列地名时,又有谁不会伤感地羡慕那些能够横跨这个历史悠久的大陆的幸运儿呢? 看过这样的旅程安排,谁不想踏上行程呢? 那么,桑尼?冯?比洛就是这样——个例子。但是对我来说,我可以花大量时间就这样凝视着这些列表,每一份都不可思议地包含了时刻、数量、距离、画着交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、矿工镐(不管作何用途)、渡轮和巴士的神奇小图,以及令人困惑的深奥脚注。

第三篇:日语精读(第二册)部分课文翻译

手机

所谓的手机,是现在世界上个人最爱用的最大的交流手段。

如此普及,无非是因为有很多有益的方面。价格便宜,手掌大小,轻巧,功能齐全,所以很方便。不光是实用性,也能响应消费者需求,考虑设计和颜色。有梦寐以求的,也有外形好的。

有时,感觉自己成为重要任务,说“抱歉”之类的,离开座位去打电话的姿态可能给人一种那样的印象。据说2002年3月在日本的调查中显示,大学生中手机持有率为百分之98,高中生的手机持有率为百分之87.如果那样的话,即使说成是生活必需品也不为过。在他们其中,有把手机当成媒介,虽然有些消极,但会有人会因为第一次就能和人交流,人际关系能良好发展而感到高兴。

现在我关心的事是买手机还是不买手机。“因为大家有所以我也要有”的这种行为模式,对于一个月前刚刚成年的我来说感到羞愧。其他人有没有无关紧要,手机对于现在的我来说是不是很重要的东西,最终还是要自己考虑。

作为交流手段,除此之外还有信、书信、快递。这些手段的短处是传达的慢。曾经有连提问的问题都忘了,回复才收到的情况。优点是便宜,从文字,插画得到温暖的感觉,也能了解书写的人的身心健康状态吧。另外,我认为人生阶段的通知之类的,不管怎么说也必须用信件,卡片才好。

那么,电报怎么样呢?比起书信,快是快,但由于被限制字数,所以也很贵。即使这样,80岁的祖父在过生日的时候收到华丽的电报,也会非常高兴的把它装饰起来。

其次,传真怎么样呢?先经过考虑之后再写比起电话来也是有用的,快且方便。和电话不同,能画啊,写啊,也能准确的表达数字和拼写。

电话最大的长处是我们能听见对方的声音。如果关系紧密,从最开始的一声就能了解到对方是否安好。但是,即使怎么注意,通话的时间长,也会花费很多。没留下其他的一些记录什么的也是缺点。最后是手机。最近,听说出现了可视频聊天的手机。另外,听说即使从没有线路的地方也能打出去。使眼看就要遇难的人得到帮助。如果使用电子邮件功能,能够保存会话记录,而且便宜,但是,父母说电子邮件对于事务联络和亲密朋友间会话是方便的,但根据对方和事情的不同,相当于失礼的情况还是存在的。

我是学生,因为不打工,所以没有收入。总是勉勉强强的维持生活。现在,应该买不起电话,即使能买的起,也担心维持通话的费用。对并不是非常有钱的父母,除此之外更不能说“拜托了”这样的话。手机是无论如何设法也得不到的东西吧,考虑了很多。

因此,现在我想还是不勉强买手机了。还是把攒下来的钱,先拿去买自己很早以前就下定决心要买的CD机吧。因为自己的思考,判断,不随波逐流,我感到很满足。关于和服

和服是与西式服装相对而言的合适服装,(它)是日本人的民族服装。不论是男性还是女性只要有机会穿,即使是现在21世纪也有人穿。但是,普通的日本人,假如不是特殊日子,在日常生活中基本上不穿。也许与其这么说,不如说是因为穿不惯,而深信其不方便而不穿的吧。但是从事日本传统艺术相关工作的人们,穿着和服就职工作的人们好像穿得挺开心。

高档的和服和衣带自然是由上等的丝绸制作。虽然和服给人以奢侈品的印象,但是棉的、羊毛的、化纤的和服也都有。此外,(和服)也有其合理性,即同一件和服可以多次重新染色来穿一辈子,而且即使体形变化了也不用另买,只需改变穿法就能长久穿着。质量特别好的和服有祖母传给母亲,再有母亲传给女儿,它与幸福回忆一起被继承(传承),其中也一定蕴含这样一种精神意义,即爱、同族意识得到深化。

和服是传统服饰,所以有一定规定。由于日本四季分明,和服与衣带的花样、质地都有季节性限制。也就是说,花鸟、风月、风景等因时而异,所以必须要选择花样与之相适配的和服与衣带,而且,不了本身也是要应季的。与西式服装不同,和服不能根据当天的气温、湿度、心情来选择。比如不论天气有多热,只要当天是五月末,就穿不了夏天穿的凉爽的和服。

除此之外,还有规定。未婚女性与已婚女性之间,和服的颜色、花样自不必说,就连衣带的系法都不同。还有根据外出目的、外出地点不同,选择方法也不同。

将和服作为正装来穿时,男性要在和复制上穿和服的裙子以及短外罩。也就是新年致辞时的总理以及神前婚礼(传统婚礼仪式)上新郎的穿着样式。基本不太有年龄差别造成的和服颜色的差别,都是穿日本式短布袜、草鞋、梧桐木屐等一些固定的着装。女性正装的代表则是新娘所穿的所谓的和式罩衫。其样式是将上了花样的质量上乘的丝绸染上典雅的色彩,织入金箔银箔,再用仅限银线施以刺绣的绚丽奢华的花鸟样式,其价格非一般市民所能承受,所以(一般)都是用出租来的衣服来解决(所以都是使用出租来的衣服)。即使这样也很贵。据说要支付大约年轻女性3个月份的月薪。

说起来,好像女性和服的穿法挺有难度。据说能自己穿和服的,1920年代出生的人是最后一批人。和服穿法培训班,学校经营的也好,个人经营的也好,从其能够成立也可以看出其难度吧。没学过穿和服的人,为了当天那一整天,会在美容院让人帮着穿。和服从哪里租,让其做与之相配的发型。即使其费用很高,但是只要年轻,正月新年、成人式、毕业联欢会、友人婚礼和喜宴等 特别的日子里,还是想穿着和服出门。而且,葬礼的时候,有不论年龄,清一色黑色的,作为丧服的和服,这种和服,内含悲伤,感觉很美。

以为摄影家曾说过:“要以京都,奈良,镰仓等古都的风景为背景拍摄的话,和服是最棒的。不论男女老少,大家都很美,很有情趣。春夏秋冬,哪个季节都可以。”

“我希望大家一个月至少穿一次和服吧。背变得笔直,姿势也变好。于是,不可思议的是心情也变得舒爽起来,举止变得端庄,谈吐变得礼貌优雅,会散发出这个人所具有的天生的优雅。”这是一位茶道大家之言。

和服似乎就是这样一种存在。姿势语言

路边有两位中年妇女站着谈话。面带微笑分为左右两边。在此之前(他们)互相鞠躬(低头行礼)至少两次,多的话有三次。啊!那两个人是日本人。据说有一位美国人分辩道——鞠躬的话,就是日本人。

两年前,在欧洲某国电视节目中进行了一个通过各国姿势猜国家的游戏。有一个人多次看表疾行。向对面而来的人鞠躬。我想起来马上就猜出了,说 :“日本人!”鞠躬也许是缺乏姿势语言的日本人唯一具有代表性的姿势。

丛仅上下活动头部的颔首到将身体弯折九十度鞠躬。礼貌的程度也各有不同。一位与日本人结婚的女性曾说过:步入日本社会后不久就腰痛了都是因为鞠躬。在场的日本人都不可不笑了,但是也知道:尽管如此,但也不可能明天就过上不鞠躬的生活。伴随着生后方式的变化,正坐的低头行礼是不是就荒废了呢?绝对不是这样。虽说榻榻米逐渐减少了,但是再有蹋蹋米的地方,男士女士都会将双手置于榻榻米之上、低下头形式来行礼。在以茶道等为兴趣爱好的人们之间,年轻人也已端坐的姿势来做点茶技法,双手触到榻榻米上深深地鞠躬行礼。此外,葬礼等情况下,在寺庙宽敞的佛堂里严肃地举行葬礼期间,大家也都必须正坐。虽然最近设置椅子的寺庙也增多了,但是如果没习惯正坐的话,烧香就会腿麻无法站立,发生一些不应有的、啼笑皆非之事。

本来大家都认为日本的精神风土就不以使用身体语言就好。也就是这种思维方式认为:在人前不表露表情为好。面部也不行该有表情,这些都是很考究的礼仪。但是到了二十一世纪,在我通过电视看到整个世界为之兴奋的世界杯足球赛时,包括日本在内,选手们喜怒哀乐的姿势语言并不能让人感觉有什么差别。

下面,除了鞠躬行礼之外,有几个日本的姿势要说一说,比如举起双手大声喊出“万岁”来表明喜悦和祝福。还有,表示“二”的时候,竖起食指和中指两根手指。有时它会被认为V字手势。还有一个,说“是我”的时候,有时候会用食指指着自己的鼻子。有一个笑话,讲的是一位新入职的日本教师习惯地做了这个动作,结果被误解为:“我”是“鼻子” 有的国家把食指放在自己的脸颊并用力拧来表达“好吃”,有的国家在远到声音都穿不到的地方仅通过身体语言就能吵架,有的国家用举向天空的拳头来表达悲伤,世界上的姿势语言数不胜数。也许这些国家的文化与历史也通过姿势得到表达了吧。人类总是需要以某种方法来表达才能生活下去。在这个意义上,不得不说人是高等动物。如今日本的房子

有一幅由篱笆墙环绕的,瓦屋檐木质建筑,(我)从远门沿着踏脚石,边欣赏着左右的树丛,边朝房门靠近,在房门处脱鞋进屋,穿过威暗走廊,使进入十张榻榻米大小的客厅。初夏的阳光透过拉门变得很柔和,让壁龛的挂轴和插花得以浮现(突出了壁龛里挂轴和插花)。壁龛旁边的墙面上有多宝格式搁架,陶器陈设品等静静地摆于其上。房间中央摆着一张相当有分量的木质大桌子,角落里叠放着五张坐垫。

打开通往下一房间的分割拉门,会有一个简单朴素的四张半榻榻米大小的茶室。

家人汇聚一堂的茶间里,除神龛、佛龛之外,还有带小抽屉的古董茶具架。这个房间摆着家人日常使用的各种物品。面向庭院(院子),(可以看到)回廊延伸着,(一双)(在院子里穿的高齿)木屐被脱下来丢在一旁。因为初夏的话,家人出门采摘八伷花,有时是花椒、茗荷等,都是从回廊开始的。这样的房子铭刻这家族的历史。家人拖着疲惫的身躯回家,首先房子本身就会(能)抚慰人心。

这样的房子是以前具有代表性的日本人的房子。虽然数量上减少了,但是如今这样的房子不论是城市还是地方都还存在。但是很多情况下,由于维护费用过高,(人们)犹豫再三,还是处理了。另外,生活方式即对整个生活的想法(看法)也变化的话,住宅观念也自然会变化。“家(房子)”不在等同于“家人”,“家人”是供人起居的“容器”。这样一来,其定义也发生了变化。

人们(一直以来)将简单便利、功能性高作为生活的第一要义,结果钢筋混凝土集体住宅在很短的时间内就普及了。人们获得了很多。从邻居的姓名、面容都不了解也能(照样)生活这种淡然无拘束的人际关系开始,到不打理庭院的树木也没事、带一个(串)钥匙就能外出的轻松感、对空间毫不浪费地得到有效设计的满足感、把防范犯罪和修缮都交给别人的舒心感(坦然),(人们)借用英语将使用钢筋的高楼称为高级公寓(真正意义上是分套出售的公寓),未使用钢筋的矮楼称为公寓。

这种住宅,人们进一步为之花费了很多心思。在其周围种树、造花坛。最近也出现了屋顶绿化制度。对植物上的昆虫也进行彻底的清除。此外,不论是民间还是公团,都为那些无论如何也要跟宠物一起生活(过)的人准备了与宠物共生的住宅。这在最近已经不是新鲜事了。

小家庭众多,一度成为人们议论的话题。城市居民如今迎来了老龄化社会,需要“三代住宅”,而且,还出现了老年公寓。它是基于老年人的身体状况规划的,带无障碍房间隔板,厕所和浴室带把手、凳子的住宅。此外,也有为了让老年人独自一人也能生活,而安装烟雾探测器,或者安装异常情况下能够简单发送紧急信息的安全系统。当然,也与警备保障公司合作,为防范犯罪、防火做准备。即使不能像过去一样家人一起生活,生活方面的安全也能够得以保障。

由于大家倡导要重视环境问题、能源问题等,从1990年前后人们也开始考虑利用太阳能,因太阳能利用住宅系统而节约的电力的家庭也在增加。

在总理府,每隔半年(就)开展一次《住宅统计调查》。用数字(数据)将日本的住宅情况进行国际比较。虽说的确是正在一点点向好的方向发展,但还远远不能说达到令人满意的数字,想拥有自己的房产(的观念)根深蒂固,而且有很多人希望能够独门独户。不过,即便是想购买独幢楼房,价格也不是立刻(立马)就能负担得起的。据说现在贷款的家庭超过一半。(据说现在半数以上的家庭都在贷款。)

我想修正一下:作为日本人所具有的多样性、讲究无界限的表现,对住宅实际上也采用了各种样式,居住方式也多种多样。可以说,现在已经是一个很难给日本固有的住宅下定义的时代了。志愿者——老年人疗养院的秋季庙会

日暮时分,突然下起了雨。风也刮起来了,但是好像现在风雨都停了。今晚是老年人疗养院的秋季庙会。我作为志愿者每周来这家疗养院一次。大学的专业是“社会福祉”,所以不用说既有实习的意味亦有获得学分的意味(兼具实习和获学分的意味)。它是身体不方便的人(残疾人)、有认知障碍的人(痴呆症的人)、长期卧床的人(瘫痪的人)的设施。(那些)老人们基本都跟我祖父祖母年龄相当。既然选择了这所设施,他们一面享受着愉快的时光,一面想要努力实现自身价值。

这里无论是医生、护士,还是温柔热情的工作人员及助手们,都按值班制24小时在岗。伙食也由营养师计算并提供适合每个人健康状况的伙食。上午十点和下午一点会上一些考虑季节的零食。室温总是保持不变(维持在一定的温度)。这里是非常安全、和睦的公立疗养院。据说要进入这里,申请之后至少须等两年。有材料审查、健康诊断以及本人和家人的面试,只有被判断为“若不代为照顾本人,则其家属生活将无以为继,不得已而为之”之时,方有可能。

设 施 长:好,让我们开始秋季庙会吧。大家已经聚齐了吧。让我们热热闹闹、乐乐呵呵地度过今天吧。(我们)也准备了好吃的。之后幼儿园的小朋友们会为我们表演舞蹈。还有精彩的和太鼓表演呢。

人:哎,好吃的是什么啊?

管理人员:有油炸豆腐寿司、小豆年糕汤、仙贝(薄饼干;米饼;雪饼)、还有米粉团、包子。饮料有果汁、茶,啊,今天还有啤酒呢!快来快来,平时很难喝到呢。

(家属)住田:设施长,从承蒙您平时照顾我父亲。谢谢您!设

长:别客气!您父亲很安静。我从他身上学到好多。他是人生(方面)的前辈吗。(家属)住田:哎呀,我都不好意思了。看到父亲住在环境如此优雅的地方,得到大家的精心照顾,我非常感激。

管 理 人 员:户田先生,啤酒您喝了吗?

(老人)户田:不,还没有。还什么都没吃呢。管 理 人 员:来,给您啤酒。这还有油炸豆腐寿司和仙贝。请!(老人)户田:哎呀,哎呀,承蒙您亲切相待,谢谢!管 理 人 员:诸位家属,请别客气,一起用餐。

(老人)松下:请问,卫生间在哪儿?我的房间在哪儿?还有浴室在哪儿?我肚子痛,头也痛,怎么(咋)办啊?我想吃点东西。

我:没事的。那先去卫生间吧。之后再吃米粉团吧。

(家属)山本:我家里的情况是全都可能倒下。丈夫又不在,我在公司上班。老大一边准备升学考试,一边照顾生病的老二。就在这种情况下,母亲得了老年痴呆症。我曾经还想过全家自杀。正因为有了这个设施,我们才能生存下去。

(家属)三木:是啊!我家呢,父母卧病在床,你看我丈夫又在公司工作,就我一个人照顾他们。可我又倒下了。但是兄弟(姐妹)们都装作不知道(都不管)。有这个地方真是太难得了。

听到这个对话,我痛切地感到:在诸种社会问题堆积如山的日本,老人问题是主要问题,是(关乎)人类生存方式的问题。我想起此前(几天前)报纸上有报道说,75岁以上的老人已突破1000万人。同时,我脑海中浮现的是少子化的快速发展。

员:诸位(大家注意一下),幼儿园孩子们的舞蹈以及和太鼓保存会的表演马上就要开始了。

老人们、家属们:啪,啪,啪(拍手)

长:舞蹈太可爱了。和太鼓雄壮激昂,我腹部都在跟着回响呢。那么,也差不多将近八点了,今年的秋季庙会到此结束。诸位,今天非常感谢大家。

我一边与工作人员及助手们收拾会场,一边开始思考各种事情。以前认为只是单纯的实习,是别人的事,现在将其安放在我的祖父、祖母、父母以及我的身上来思考的话,那就不禁变得严重了。生在这个世上(社会),要生活幸福,该如何是好?最终我意识到了“社会福祉”所解决的问题之多。我对自己专攻“社会福祉”感到满足,同时也感到需要一种心理准备。今天真是受益匪浅的一天(今天真是很好地进行了社会体验的一天)。幽灵 妖怪 妖精

让人微笑、让人愤怒、让人悲伤、让人寂寞、让人享受、让人愉悦、让人困扰等等都是我们的日常感觉。

今天我想给大家讲几个让人感觉可怕(令人恐惧的)故事。关于可怕(这一点),有的人有感觉,有的人没感觉(有的人能感到,有的人感觉不到)。也有人认为,令人感到可怕的仅限于人。比如强盗、杀人以及欺诈等。当然这类事情虽然可怕是可怕,但是未必一定只有人类是可怕的。虽然无从知晓是神是人,但是我想以它们为对象来讲几个惊悚故事。今晚,你将整夜无眠!

丑时三刻,草木业已栖息入眠(草木业已栖息入眠的丑时三刻),因夫君背叛而离世的妻子,垂下长长的头发,每日都在其枕边嗖地出现,丈夫虽然听不到声音,但是感觉面部有微热的空气,啊的一声跳起来。突然发现眼前有个飘飘忽忽的东西,(定睛一看)竟是本应离世的妻子阿岩。(还)能听到她那令人作呕、嘶哑的声音“可恨啊······”。夫君哇的一声喊,一跃而起便朝隔壁房间和其他房间乱窜,怎么逃也不可能逃得掉。逃到的房间里已经有阿岩在等候。怎么也不消失,一直在追到佛晓之时。从其长发间可以窥见腐烂的皮肤、悲伤愤恨的眼神,而长长的白色外衣之下没有脚。这便是《阿岩》。

被迫在武士府宅当佣人的阿菊(阿菊被迫在武士府宅当佣人),有一次不小心把一个传家宝盘子打碎了。发怒的主人当场将要致歉的阿菊右手中指砍掉,并扬言日后要杀阿菊。在即将被杀的前夜,阿菊出逃并投身古井。后来每天晚上从那个古井都能听到阿菊细微的声音,“一个、两个······”。这便是《番町皿屋敷》。

在歌舞伎以及电影中,这个场面不仅因为演员的演技,还因为有令人毛骨悚然的声音和苍白而透明的灯光,而令观众感到脊背发凉。在炎热的夏天,它能一时令我们魂不附体。圆山应举(1733-1795)有一副著名的无足幽灵画。能让人首肯其不愧是当时的大画家,其画面让人感觉阴森之气摄人魂魄,我希望大家一定看一看(我强烈推荐大家看一看)。此外,想来,“能”的主题也多与阴间有关。

经常听闻日本的幽灵无脚。据笔者调查,佛教经典《十王经》中有表述,“作为报应,落入地狱的亡灵必须将自己的手脚当作通行税(买路钱)交与魔鬼。”这种想法在百姓之中流传甚广,所以手足俱无、两个手腕垂于胸前的形象出现在江户时代的深夜可以理解。这样既可。它一定是地狱的痛苦形象的表现,云(气)、(雾)霭等帮助空间移动。以上两例也是其典型。可以看出留恋现世而离世之人的遗憾有多强烈。表达遗憾的对象是一定的,而且必定是在深夜出现。据说这就是幽灵的定义。幽灵为人形,原形毕露之时,即赴黄泉。

那么,幽灵与妖精有何区别?而且,也有妖怪。也就是说,幽灵与妖怪虽有区别,但好像妖精只是词语的问题,按幽灵的意思来使用和按妖怪的意思来使用因人而异。在前者的例子中,有进行要挟的妻子说,“你要不珍惜爱护我的话,我就变成幽灵折磨你!(我做鬼也不放过你!)”,在后者的例子中,估计也有母亲向不爱护东西的小孩进行呵斥说,“你要不好好爱护,将来橡皮、铅笔的妖精会跑出的哦!”

与幽灵相反,妖怪很多情况下是不以人的形象出现(不为人形),(通常)在佛晓、黄昏的暗淡光线中出现。据说并不以特定的人(某个人)为目标出现。原形毕露之时回归前身,所以会恢复日常性。

(笔者)将引用六个妖怪的例子,其名称引自民俗学家柳田国男所著《妖怪谈义》。厅堂童子——地方老宅的走廊与人擦肩而过的男孩。

(放下再走池)——当你要带回所钓之鱼时,就会有声音说“放下再走!放下再走!”一旦你忽视这个声音,不知不觉你钓的鱼就全都不见了。

独眼妖怪——身高一米的裸身男孩,仅一只大眼长在鼻子之上。

河童——有绿脸河童和红脸河童。头上有盘子。居于河中,水性好。人们若不按其要求做,便将人拽入水中。

粉刷的墙——正走着夜路,突然周遭变成墙壁。哪里都走不了。无脸妖怪——有人敲你肩膀,你回头一看,发现有张脸眉毛、眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴什么都没有。

在二十一世纪的今天,怪谈也很多,诸如在一个僻静的地方,黄昏时分,一位载着年轻漂亮的女性的出租车司机,转脸想要跟其打招呼时,发现刚才应该一直在乘车的女的不见了,或者在穿过东京附近的小隧道时,能听到很多人的交谈声、嬉笑声。

有人也很介意说,“哎呀,这不符合上面的分类啊”。也许妖怪可能会免费为这种人出现。

每个国家都有成百上千的丰富的想象力产物。将其全部进行科学地解释来理解也可以。理解之后而满足也不错。但是我们甚至是否具有对这种产物的存在进行否定的资格和权利呢?等等这些,我想,这样思考也是可以的。

神耳兜帽

1很久很久以前,在某个地方,有一位贫穷但善良的老爷爷。虽然一直想给五谷神供上生鱼什么的,但是由于贫穷连那个都无法做到,有一天,他去神社参拜时这样说道。“我由于太贫穷了,连生鱼都无法供上,请把我吃了吧,拜托了。”(「~でござりまする」是「~です」的文语)神说道,“老爷爷,老爷爷,不必那么担心。我知道你穷得连两顿饭都吃不上。今天我就赐给你一个好运(「~てやんべ」是「~てやる」的文语)。你,把这个宝贝头巾戴上。因为,一戴上这个,从小鸟到野兽,它们所说的话无论是什么都能够听懂。”于是就把一个陈旧的红色头巾赐给了老爷爷。“是吗?非常感谢。”老爷爷高兴的说道并立马收下了那个脏脏的红色帽子。于是,老爷爷慢悠悠的逛了逛街之后,在路边大树的树根上坐了下来。2这时(「そこへ」=>「その時」),一只鸟飞了过来。然后,从另一个方向又飞来了一只小鸟,停在了同一个树枝上。老爷爷看见了这番景象,想着如果要试试那顶帽子的话现在正是时候,于是他就戴上了那顶帽子(「例の」=>「その」)。于是,竟然,头上小鸟们说的话居然能够明白(「~ではありませんか」表惊讶)!“呀,好久不见了,我曾呆在海边那里,海边最近也没什么鱼,不景气啊,日子不好过呀。你从哪边来的?”“我从城镇那边来的。不景气的情况,海边也好,城镇也好,都一样啊。”它们开始了这样的谈话,然后其中一只鸟打听道,有没有什么特别的事啊?于是另一只鸟说,也没什么特别的,就是有这么一回事。“在一个富豪的宅邸中,有一个仓库已经建好有五、六年了,在那个仓库的屋顶和柱子之间不知为何夹着一条蛇,蛇以无法动弹,如今已是半死不活了。母蛇搬来食物,一直喂养着那条蛇,那两条蛇的劳苦长期积累,最终给富翁的女儿带来了灾祸。因此,女儿长期患病。如果不早点救助那条蛇的话,蛇也好,女儿也好,情况会不断恶化的。不,会死的哟。尽管我多次叫着告诉他们,可是人类那家伙一点也不明白。人类真是笨。”小鸟这样说道,然后两只小鸟就一只朝东一只朝西飞去了。于是老爷爷就听到了这番好事。想着,必须得快点去和那位富翁谈谈,救助蛇和女儿。

3老爷爷来到富翁宅邸的门前,一边走过门前一边大声喊道,“算命、算命”。富翁听到了那个声音,虽然认为会和过去的算命一样不会有效果的吧,但是如果是要治好女儿的久病,一个机会也不会放过,于是马上把老爷爷叫了进来。

4老爷爷像真的算命的那样子,又是参拜,又是诵经完之后,把从小鸟那里听来的话详细的说了出来。于是富翁马上让木匠进行调查。然后,找到了蛇并救了它,还好好的照料了它。那么女儿那边如何了呢,不可思议的一点一点好起来了,不久就完全康复了。富翁非常高兴,送出三百两礼金,于是老爷爷立刻变成了有钱人。

5回到家的老爷爷立马将神社进行豪华翻修,不仅如此,还多次举行前所未有的盛大祭祀活动。当然,每天都会供上生鱼。

6从此以后,老爷爷利用从鸟儿、野兽那里听来的话,为人类做了很多的事情,被大家所喜爱。

17大学是„„

1我是日本人的日语老师。在大学教日语。把三年级学生的期末作文的考试题目决定为“大学是„„”,从那以来的三个月,我婉转的不断给学生们有关大学的文章。有的时候作为概括练习用的文章,有的时候作为修改练习用的文章。我希望学生关于那个问题进行思考。2于是六月份举行了考试。让我来介绍一下其中的一篇优秀作品。每天,尝试着重新思考不带疑问而将就应付的事情,这是很重要的。这如果成为重新考虑日常生活之事的机会的话,就太好了。

3如果被问到“大学是什么”,我一定会这样回答的吧,大学是“充电器”、是“模拟社会”、是“第二故乡”。将大学比喻成这样奇怪的东西,可能会被认为是不可思议,但是,我那样的理解是有理由的。接下来,我想要试着阐述一下那个理由。

4一、大学是“充电器”。5(「言えよう」=>「言えましょう」)可以这么说吧,一般的,大学是为了更加提高自己的能力而设立的最高学府。确实,现在的中国社会处在激烈的生存竞争中,如果要生存下来,就必须使用所有的方法来提高自己的能力。社会所需要的是有着多方面优秀能力的大量的人才。如果要成为这样的人才,仅凭小·中·高这样的基础教育,遗憾的是,非常不够。于是,大学的存在就起到了作用。在大学里,无论是谁无论是什么时候,都可以根据需要来补充足够的知识。其意义上,大学是向社会提供精力充沛的人才的“充电器”,即使这样说也不为过吧。(「~ではなかろう」=>「~ではないだろう」)6

二、大学是“模拟社会”。

7我想要主张,大学并非只是学习学问的地方。大学是巨大的模拟社会一样的东西,在其中也有着当我们真正步入社会之后会遇到的各种各样的人际关系、利害关系。如何顺利的处理这样的人际关系,也是我们在大学里要学的一个内容。大学也是自我锻炼的地方。和初中、高中不一样,仅仅只听老师所说的话就行了吗,如果要说的话,并非如此。必须自立。要认识到,必须要以自己的责任来判断所有的事情。认识不足的人,恐怕随时都会被老师弃之不顾。这些就类似于真正的社会中的生存竞争。因此,我将大学称为“模拟社会”。8

三、大学是“第二故乡”。

9我们,在大学里学习了学问、有关人生的生存法则之后,才作为真正的人而诞生。在大学里受到的影响绝对不能无视掉,决定一个人的人生去路的场合是很多的。在人生当中,作为自立的大人而诞生,因此,我将那样的场合也就是大学叫做“第二故乡”。不过,和“第一故乡”所不同的是,大学可以由自己自由的选择。

10我想,也许,我对大学这样的比喻,有持反对意见的人。但是,只是这个可以认可吧。也就是,“大学对于个人的人生而言,起着重要的作用,是这个社会不可缺少的。”这么一回事。这正是大学所存在的理由,也是我所相信的对大学的定义。“治愈”“平静”的流行

1人类的欲望是无限的。小时候没有听过对其进行劝诫的童话、民间故事的大人是没有的吧。但是,也有人说正是有了这样的欲望才会有进步。也有这样的意见说道,那并非是“欲望”而是“希求”,不过文字上的问题到此为止,先不要去追究。

2能像小鸟一样飞翔就好了,这样希望着,就发明了飞机;不出门而想见到远方的世界,这样希望着,就发明了电视;希望便利的生活,于是就发明了洗衣机、吸尘器、洗碗机等等。发明了电风扇,发明了空调,热度、冷度变得能够得以适当的调整,不仅如此,为了把己方的消耗控制在最小范围内,希望一次性大量的屠杀对方,连核武器都发明了出来。尝试着重新审视日常生活中的物品的话,能够了解到(「~が分かる」翻译前置),过去的人们做梦都想不到的各种各样的物品如魔法般创造了出来。当然,我们有赖于这种进步。我们在机械文明中追求高效率,在日常生活中没太意识到便利性而这样生活着。

3但是,虽然人类一直在使文化文明得以进步发展,然而人类自己只不过是自身无法进步发展的生物体当中的一种而已。因此,“在人类制造的这个便利的高效率的社会中,受到打击而感到苦恼的不是别人正是人类自己”,(「泣く」也有“苦恼”的意思)如果这样说的话,似乎总觉得会感到被外星人嘲笑道,“没有比人类更滑稽的了”。

4实际上,最近,那样的人类开始强烈的最求的是,不仅是要超越如今的进步发展,还追求更加自然的事物、非机械的事物、非现代的事物。也就是,“治愈”、“平静”。埋没在非人类的事物当中,筋疲力尽的人类恳切地希望着“想被治愈”、“想要平静”,不就是这样吗? 5旅行、音乐、看戏等等,大体上,从以前就是宽慰心灵的事物,可是现如今,宽慰心灵的是香料、化妆品、沐浴露、食品、饮料、玩具、照明工具。有这样的一种倾向,把放射出红外线的矿石粉末化后的产物、负离子等等加入到衣服里、窗帘布料里、饰品里、文具里(圆珠笔呀、自动铅笔呀)等等只要是能考虑的日常用品。在那样的卖场里,无不写着这样的广告语 “治愈系产品”“温和系产品”。(「文句」在此翻译成“广告”)

6从这些广告语中可以感受到企业强盛的商业精神。在经济危机的时候,现在正是企业要创造出流行的一种倾向。可以这样认为(「~と見てよかろう」=>「~と見てよいだろう」),为了重整企业的财政,新产品的开发在一、二年前就不动声色的大力运作了起来。

7而且,也有这样的事实,最近人们都回归到了自然食品上,特别是对绿色蔬菜、海藻类的追捧,都取代了曾一时流行的美食家的嗜好。8重要的是,“回归大自然”的这么一回事吧。消费者,不要跟着企业的意图走,在机械化、自动化的社会中,只有倍加努力地治愈自己、使自己平静下来。“想要被治愈”,这是一种被动、是撒娇。

第四篇:研究生英语精读教程 课文翻译

一、你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人

如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗 ?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有 104个研究项目,涉及大约 15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱 斯大学的心理学家克雷格 · A·安德森说:“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”

[3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基 –梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔· F·沙伊尔说,“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

[4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁 · E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得 ·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销 37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了 20%。

[5]公司受到了触动,便雇用了 100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员 10%。

[6]他们是如何做到的呢?据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说:“我不善于做这种事,我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气,抱怨电话线路,甚至怪罪别人。他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说:“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说:“我需要试试另一种方法。”

[8]无论是消极还是积极,都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说: 如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”

[9]据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法,他便不去寻求指点。

[10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。

[11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生,并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者。20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。

[12]许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗 ·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动,无法避开生活中的打击,无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯。

[13]在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说,这是一种早在 “母亲膝下 ”就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,消极的或积极的话语。过多的 “不许 ”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。

[14]随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义。

[15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔 ·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从 “我准是很笨 ” 变成 “我学习还不够努力 ”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。

[16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。

[17]因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫 ·霍朗指出的方法: [18]

一、当坏事发生时,仔细留意自己的想法,把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改。

[19]

二、然后,来做一个试验。做一件同任何消极反应相反的事。比如说,你工作中出了问题。你是这么想的吗:我讨厌我的工作,可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了 ?这时你应该采取行动,就像完全不是这么回事一样:向外寄发个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路。

[20]

三、继续关注事情的发展。你最初的想法是对还是错 ?霍朗说: “如果你的想法使你裹足不前,那就改变这些想法。这是一种试错法,不能确保成功,但应给你自己一个机会。”

[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应.有证据表明,你对世界抱有什么样的希望,你就很可能得到什么样的结果。

二、癌症和化学物质——我们走得太远了吗?

[1]去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德克梅吉恩召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会,开始执行第 65号提案,即州饮水安全和有毒物执行法案。这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌或引起先天缺陷的化学物质。有些人宣称,新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。

[2]原来预计,开会那天全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却计划使会议开得更有生气。

[3] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时,他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象:金丝边双光眼镜、皱巴巴的西服、蓬乱的头发,而菜色的面庞显示,他总是在实验室 而很少享受加州的阳光。当某人振振有词地大谈致癌机理时,爱姆兹开始打断他,谈起自己的观点。

[4] “整个世界都充满了致癌物,”爱姆兹宣称。“啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇,比水中的任何物质都要危险 1 000倍。如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味,那是否意味着你必须向你周围 10英尺以内的所有人发出警告 ?”

[5] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里,爱姆兹带来了不同的信息:大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低。与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微。

[6]爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人。他 59岁,是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一。他的简历中尽是各种荣誉,包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖(这是癌症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一)。他还是国家科学院的院士。甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就。这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法,它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症。

[7]但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西。他投身于环境保护运动,有些人把这一运动称为 20世纪唯一最重要的运动。例如,1987年 4月,他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和洛伊丝·斯沃斯德·戈尔德,在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告,列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险。以将近1 000 种化学物质做的动物试验所得到的数据表明,每日所消耗的普通花生酱三明治中含有的微量黄曲霉素(花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物)比我们每日从食物中摄取 DDT的危险大 100倍。一杯硅谷最受污染的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小 1 000倍。他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒。他所说的是,大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的。现在不清楚它们中有 多少有真正的危险。这两种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨大危险的注意力。

[8] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是 25年前因为一袋炸薯条而开始的。当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作。在看到袋上列出的成分时,他觉得还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响,要了解这些是不容易的。

[9] 那时,科学家为了测试致癌性,不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验。细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质。爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验。爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果。现在在世界上已被广泛应用。

[10] 1974年的一天,当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样 家用产品进行测试。使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性。当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时,几乎一夜之间,他就成了环保界的英雄。

[11]随后 10年间,公众对致癌物越来越关注。爱姆兹说: “于是我们开始意识到有些不对头。”同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了:果汁、芥菜、芹菜、欧芹等。实际上,在爱姆兹所测试的大约一半的天然和人造化学物中,当给老鼠大剂量时,都证明有潜在的致癌作用。

[12]起初,爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题。他的试验并没有错。他的错误在于他像普通人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的。他现在要问: “为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢 ?”

[13]支持加州 65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点。“当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时,我认为那是不负责任的。”他说,“那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑。你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质。” [14]在加州参议院委员会作证时,爱姆兹举出了一个例子:由于用氯消毒,自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三。咖啡含有两种天然致癌物,每一种都是大约十亿分之四千,而由于正常的新陈代谢,人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三千。[15] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人。情况却并非如此。

他不为化学公司、药品公司、食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询。他没有接受来自 商界的任何好处。

[16]环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点。他们说,我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物。“不知为什么他认为要进行选择。”峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说:“如果我们不得不在饮用水中的 TCE(一种可疑的致癌溶剂)和 有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话,可能他是对的。但是我们不是非去选择不可。”

[17] 爱姆兹的回答是: “你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾,但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质。你能除去它,但花费巨大。如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上,你就会看不到重要的危险。”

三、鼠 与 人——“不能解决”的问题

[1] 密执安大学的 N.R.F.麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以诱导鼠产生 “神经官能症 ”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进网里;如果鼠向左跳,左门就打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物。在鼠已很熟悉这一反应时,就改变情况:把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门。)如果鼠弄不懂新规则,它每次跳时决不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻子。最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳。到这一 步,麦耶博士说:“许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再做选择。”

[2] 第二步,对鼠施加强大气流或电击,赶它,强迫它做出选择。“处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物,”麦耶博士说,“最后总是落到一个特定的反应上(比如只 向左跳),不顾结果如何都总是做出这一反应„„这种条4件下所做出的反应便固定不变了„„一旦出现了这种固态,动物就没有能力学会适应性的反应了。”一旦向左跳的反应被固定下来时,可以让右门开着,使食物 呈现在眼前。可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳,并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安。实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时,鼠开始惊厥不安,四下狂奔,弄伤爪子,撞上桌椅,然后浑身剧烈颤抖,直到昏迷不醒。处于这样的被动情况,鼠拒绝进食,对一切不感兴趣:可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它,它都无动于衷。这时的鼠已是 “神经崩溃 ”了。

[3] 鼠所面临问题的 “不可解决性 ”导致了它的神经崩溃,而麦耶博士在他对心理失常的小孩和成人的研究报告中表明,鼠和人经历的各个阶段大同小异。首先是两者受训练,在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择;然后,发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时,两者都大吃一惊;再次,不论是出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫,两者都会执著于最初的选择,不管结果,一意孤行;接着,悻悻然拒绝采取行动;而后,在被迫做出选择时,两者又总做出最初训练时所做出的选择——且再次碰壁;最后,即使目标就在眼前,只要做出不同的选择就唾手可得时,两者又都由于以前受到的挫折而发狂。他们疯狂地四处撕抓;

或是躲在角落里赌气拒食;他们变得辛酸怀恨、不信任一切、心灰意冷,无论人们怎样对待他们,他们都无动于衷。

[4] 这是否是一幅夸张的画面呢 ?似乎并非如此。这个模式反复再现于人生,小到家庭的悲剧,大到震撼世界的国家间的悲剧。为了纠正丈夫的毛病,妻子数落他。毛病越坏,就越多地挨数落。当然他的毛病变得更坏,她就更加数落。像鼠一样,妻子对丈夫的毛病受一种固定反应的摆布,她只能总以一种方式应付它。她这么做的日子越久,丈夫的毛病就越厉害,直至夫妇二人在神经上都备受折磨,疲惫不堪。

[5] 再看一个例子。北方某城市的白人因厌恶黑人高文盲率和高犯罪率的状况而隔离他们、迫害他们(众所周知,警察通常对黑人嫌疑犯比对白人嫌疑犯要粗暴得多),并且拒绝给他们受雇与提升的机会。这种机会的被剥夺使文盲率与犯罪率高的情况得以延续下去,转而又使隔离、迫害和不给黑人机会的做法得以继续存在。要找到解决这一恶性循环的方法需要致力于有序社会改革的智者殚精竭虑,包括市议员、教育家、城市规划人员、黑人组织以及州政府和联邦 政府。

[6]另一个例子是,想用写作表达自己思想的学生可能写得很差。英文老师说,我一定要教会他们语法、拼写和标点符号这些方面的基础知识,来提高他们的写作。于是由于过分强调语法与写作方面的技术性细节而忽视了学生的思想,老师很快湮灭了学生对写作的兴趣。失去了兴趣,学生写得就更差了,老师于是再给学生以加倍的语法和写作方法的练习。学生也就越来越厌倦和反感了。中学和大学的“英文补习”班里全是这样的学生。

[7] 同样,一个认为武装力量是维护和平与尊严的唯一有效途径的国家,会推行巨大的扩军计划。这种计划引起邻国的恐慌,于是后者也扩充军备,与前者抗衡。焦虑与紧张气氛升温。前者宣称,很明显,只要我们不能对所有突发事件都有充分准备,我们就会不断为国家的安危担忧;所以我们必须加倍 扩军。这自然使邻国更为恐慌,于是也把军备翻了一番。焦虑与紧张气氛更强了。前者宣称,很明显,我们犯了低估国防需要的错误。这次我们一定要保证 我们有充分 武力来保持和平。我们必须把军备再加一倍 „„

[8]当然,这些例子难免(4)过(4)于(4)简(4)单化,但是确实常常由于这种类似的恶性循环使我们无法认清或处理导致灾难的不测事件的条件。这样的模式常常很容易识别;目标就在眼前,只要在方法上做些改变就会达到。可是,由于受到固定反应的摆布,鼠“无法”吃到食物,妻子“无法”改掉丈夫的毛病,黑人还要等两三代人的时间,“直到社会改革的时机成熟”,我们“无法”停止发明并制造可摧毁人类文明的致命武器。

[9] 不过,鼠与人的难题的不可解决性之间有一个重要的区别。麦耶博士的鼠遇到的难题比它在自然状态下能遇上的复杂得多,它是被逼迫至神经崩溃的。而人类的神经崩溃一般总是由于人类自己制造的难题所造成:如宗教与道德信仰的问题,金钱、贷款、抵押、托管基金、股市涨跌的问题,人为的习惯、礼节、社会团体和法律的问题,等等。

[10]不能责怪鼠解决不了麦耶博士为它们设下的难题;因为鼠的抽象能力有限。但人类的抽象能力、组织和利用抽象的能力是无限的。因此,如果人由于固定反应而认为难题不可解决——如果人受挫折只是由于对某些以符号来界定的形势,不论其前因后果或出于环境只能采取一种反应的话——那么,人便没有充分发挥出其全部人的能力。如科尔奇布斯基所说的意味深长的话:此时,人在做出反应这一点上是在“模仿动物”。对此,温德尔·约翰逊有一贴切的归纳:“对鼠而言,奶酪就是奶酪;这就是捕鼠器能捕鼠的原因。”可这种固定反应是

如何在人类中发生的呢 ?

五、并 非 末 日 来 临------环境问题言过其实。地球生命仍将继续。

[1] 无论是谁杜撰了 “拯救地球” 这一说法,他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识,也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实,这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。

[2] 就某种程度而言,我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。我们已明智地抑制了增长中所出现的一些有害的副作用,但是环境保护论却越来越像一场沉湎于狂热的宣传与对历史一无所知的圣战。每一由环境问题引发的不幸都被描绘成一场势不可挡的灾难。这场灾难如不加以制止,正像我们所知晓的那样,就会摧毁生命。

[3] 以最近出现的恐慌——温室效应——为例。展现在我们面前的是一个自我焚毁、可怕的幽灵般的世界。即刻行动,否则世界将咝咝烧焦。食品供应即将枯竭。冰川即将溶化。沿海地区即将淹没。事实上,任何温室热效应可能造成的损失都是有限的:经济学家威廉·克莱恩估计,到 2050 年只占我们经济产出的 1% 到 2%。与预想的同期经济增长(翻一番)相比,这一损失更显得微不足道。

[4] 没有任何环境问题威胁这颗 “星球”,任何环境问题都无法用核战争所带来的危害来衡量。任何石油溢出造成的危害也无法同今日南斯拉夫内战——它不过是人类苦难中的一段小插曲——相比拟。第二次世界大战导致 3 500 多万人死亡。柬埔寨内战导致 100 万至 300 万人死亡。人类的巨大祸患一如既往:战争、自然灾害、暴虐政府、极度的贫困与仇恨。在悲剧的任何尺度上,环境问题造成的痛苦都轻如鸿毛。

[5] 这并非在为漠不关心或无动于衷进行辩解,这是在为前途和平衡而进行辩论。你可以相信(像我那样),温室热效应的可能性强化了已具说服力的征缴能源税的理由。税收会抑制通常的空气污染,限制石油进口,减少预算赤字并提高具有经济意义的能效投入。

[6] 但这并非意味着同我观点相悖的人就是居心叵测,或甚至是错误的。例如,就温室效应而言,热效应是否会发生,如果发生,其程度如何,对这类问题还存在大量的科学疑问。此外,热效应的发生需几十年的时间。人与行业可以进行调整。举一例:农民可改用更为耐热的种子。

[7] 遗憾的是,许多环境保护论者感情用事,搞中伤和将事情简单化。环境限制法的批评者被描绘为自私自利、愚昧无知的小人。有关世界末日的电影剧本被创作出来以证实环境危险的严重性。克莱恩最近对温室效应的研究展现了热效应在今后250 年间的变化。猜猜吧,结果是什么? 它在急剧增长。这就类似于一种在法印战争(1754—1763)时期预言1992 的生活的无稽之谈。

[8] 大谈特谈过多的伤亡并非过分的无知,它混淆人们的视听。对工业刚起步的国家来说,它低估了特别是工业化国家已取得的巨大成就。在美国,空气与水污染已得到显著缓解。自1960 年以来,微颗粒物排放量(煤灰、煤渣)已下降65%。自1970 年以来,铅排放量已降低97%。在大多数城市中,烟雾已减少。

[9] 同时我们也受到损失。这就是必须进行棘手的选择。你在环保方面所得到的好处也许就是我应尽的义务。并非每种利益都值得不惜任何代价而求之。经济学家估计,环境法规使经济产出下降2.6% 至5%,或1 500 亿至2 900 亿美元(注:这一数字大于全球热效应的估计影响)。我们用这一代价的确减轻了给身体所带来的危害,并且改善了我们的环境。但是,有些却得不偿失,而且由于法规的刻板僵化而使得一些代价毫无必要地上升。

[10]平衡:过分夸大环境作用的最大罪过是对经济增长所执的偏见。解决贫困国家所存在的大量问题通常与经济增长息息相关。世界银行最近的一份报告估计,10 亿多人缺少健康用水和卫生设施。其结果是每年成千百万人患痢疾,并 导致300 万儿童死亡(世界银行认为,其中200 万人可以免于死亡)。国家只有变得富裕起来才能改变这些状况。[11] 与此同理,较富庶的国家既具有愿望也具有财政收入来净化空气和用水。发达国家的城市空气污染仅为贫穷国家的六分之一。最终,经济增长将降低高的出生率,因为儿童寿命延长了,妇女也摆脱了传统的角色。

[12] 的确,我们存在环境问题。苏联的反应堆给安全造成威胁。经济增长与环境会发生矛盾。增长产生二氧化碳排放物,并且造成更多的废弃物。但是这些问题并不像环境保护论者夸夸其谈的那样,是持续发展的主要障碍。最大的障碍是无能的政府。无能的政府培育出无安全保障的反应堆。在贫穷的国家,无能的政府,比如说,通过限止农民从其作物中获得适当的利润,阻碍食品生产。

[13] 到现在为止,人人都是环境保护论者,但是这种说法越来越没有意义,因为并非一切环境问题都同样严重,甚至即使那些严重的环境问题也需要同其他利害关系来均衡考虑。环境保护论应当终止那种刺激性宣传。它应当给予我们更多一些信息,更少一些恐吓。

六、两条生活的真理-----抓紧,放松:明白了这对矛盾,你就踏进了智慧的大门

[1] 生活的秘诀在于懂得何时抓紧,何时放松。因为人生就是一对矛盾:它既令我们抓紧人生的多种赐与,同时它又要我们到头来把这些赐与放弃。老一辈犹太学者是这样说的:“ 一个人握紧拳头来到这个世界,但他却是松开手掌离开这世界的。”

[2] 毫无疑问,我们应该牢牢抓住生命,因为它奇妙,它有一种在上帝创造的世界里无孔不入、无处不在的美。我们大家都知道这一点。可我们却常常是在回首往事想起它时,才能认识这一真理。此时我们会突然发觉它已不复存在了。[3] 我们能记起已经凋谢的美、已经消逝的爱。可是,我们更痛苦的回忆是:我们没有看见顶峰时的美,没有在别人以爱对我之时也以爱回报。

[4] 最近一次经历又使我领悟到了这个真理。一场剧烈的心脏病发作后,我被送进医院,接受了几天精心护理。医院可不是一个使人愉快的地方。

[5] 一天上午,我得加做几项检查.我要用的医疗器械安装在医院另一端的大楼里.所以我只有坐轮椅穿过院子才能到达那里。

[6] 当我们走出病房时,阳光正照在我身上。就我实际的经历而言,当时也没有什么别的。只不过就是阳光。而这时的阳光是多么美丽、多么温暖、多么耀眼、多么辉煌![7] 我打量着别人是否也在欣赏着这太阳的金色光芒。可是,人人都来去匆匆,大多数人的目光只盯在地上。这时我想到自己过去又何尝不是往往对每天的壮观景象视而不见,一头埋在细小的,有时甚至是卑鄙、自私的事务中,而对日常的奇观麻木不仁呢? [8] 从这次经历所获得的顿悟确如经历本身一样的平凡。生命的赐予是宝贵的,可惜我们对它们太掉以轻心了。

[9] 这就是人生向我们提出的矛盾要求的第一个方面:不要因为太忙就忽视了生活中令人惊奇、令人敬畏的东西。每天黎明开始就要恭谨从事。抓紧每个小时,捉住宝贵的每一分钟。[10] 紧紧抓住生活——可不要紧得使你不能松手。这就是生活的另一面,矛盾的另一方:我们必须接受损失,学会放松。[11] 这并不是容易学到手的一课。特别是当我们年轻时,认为世界是由我们掌握的。只要我们自己满腔热情、全力以赴地去渴求,不管什么东西都能够——不,一定会——得到。但是,随着生活继续前进,我们不断地面临各种现实,慢慢地但也是肯定地使我们明白了第二条真理。

[12] 在生命的每个阶段上,我们都要蒙受损失——但也是在这个过程中得到成长。我们只有在脱离娘胎、失去它的庇护时,才能开始独立生活。我们要进各级学校,继而告别父母,告别童年的家。我们要结婚生育,继而送走子女。我们要经受父母、配偶丧亡的痛苦。我们要面临体力或快或慢的逐渐消退。最终正如松手与握拳的比喻那样:我们自己也得走向不可抗拒的死亡,可以说失去原有的自身,失去我们拥有的或梦想过的一切。

[13] 但是,为什么我们甘愿顺从于这些生活的矛盾需求呢? 既然美转眼就会消逝,那为什么我们还要去创造那些美的东西呢? 既然我们所爱的终归要被夺走,为什么我们还要倾心相爱呢? [14] 为了要解决这个矛盾,我们必须寻找一个较为广阔的视角,透过通向永恒的窗口来观看我们的生命。做到了这一点,我们会发觉,虽然我们的生命是有限的,但是我们在地球上的行为却在编织着一个没有时间限制的图案。

[15] 生命绝不只是存在。它是变动不止的,无情地流逝不息的。父母的生命在我们身上延续,而我们的生命又将在我们的子女身上延续。我们建立的习俗制度会持续下去,而我们的生命就活在其中。我们创造的美好的东西不会因为我们的死亡而暗淡无光。我们的肉体会消亡,我们的双手也会枯萎,但它们在真善美中所创造的一切将在日后长存![16] 不要为了积聚那些只会变成尘土、化作灰烬的东西耗尽你的精力、你的生命。与其追求物质不如追求理想,因为只有理想才能使生命有意义,才有长存的价值。

[17] 一所房屋加上爱心,你就有了一个家;一个城市加上正直守法,你就有了一个社区;在一堆红砖上加上真理,你 就有了一所学校;哪怕是最卑微简陋的建筑,只要有宗教,你就有了一所圣殿;把公正加在长期的人生努力奋斗中,你就有了文明教养。把这一切聚合起来,加以提高,使之超越于现存的缺点,还要有人类得到拯救的憧憬,永远无求无争,那么你将会有一个闪耀着希望的绚丽光彩的未来。

七、高雅,庸俗

[1] 你所拥有的东西,正像你所追赶的社会时尚一样,无疑能说明你的情趣。你买的每件物品都显示出你的某种爱好,而这种爱好是你的伴侣或最亲密的朋友在你们的亲密交往中也没有察觉到的。你每次购物都在运用你的情趣。

[2] 在大规模生产的时代以前,情趣是属于有教养的社会名流的范畴。但是,当全民都第一次成为消费者之后,情趣就走出沙龙来到了大街上。突然间,每个人都有了进行选择的机会。

[3] 不可能客观存在像“高雅” 或“ 庸俗” 这样的东西。还是小说家阿诺德·贝内特说得好:高雅的情趣也许比庸俗的好,但庸俗的情趣肯定比根本不讲情趣要强。

[4] 运用情趣并不难。你先确定你希望你所拥有的各种东西反映出何种情趣,然后再根据情况进行安排和协调。但是,请注意:并非每一个决定或选择都会令你感到高兴的。如果你要买一个玛瑙烟灰缸,那还不如租一块广告牌向世界宣布:“我上当了,让那些玩世不恭的家伙骗了,他们用华而不实的玩意儿诱我上了钩。”

[5] 自18 世纪首次讨论情趣以来,人们就认为情趣是高贵者们赏给那些希望提高修养的可怜的下层人的一种恩赐。这就向倡导时髦风尚的人(他们或是维多利亚统治时期的贵族式官僚,或是今天专门从事介绍人们花钱买老式家具的一帮圆滑的“ 室内装饰家”)打开了市场。

[6] 但是,情趣问题只是属于家庭的一个线索吗? 不。情趣是一整套价值观体系的体现。这是指你自己的价值观。[7] 要做到理解情趣就意味着你应该确信自己的选择。看看情趣的历史,你就会发现,它就像是人类文明史的梗概:200年来,洛可可式、古典式、哥特式、流线式以及后来的劳拉·阿什利式都相继成为受欢迎的情趣表现形式。虽然只有才华横溢的艺术家和设计师才能预见这种种变化,但是任何人都能理解其中的原则。尽管情趣的历史是一部变化、对抗和回潮的历史,但还是有某些模式不断反复出现。了解这些模式,你就会和倡导时髦风尚的人相处得很好。

[8] 规则很简单。没有一种情趣是默然接受和像俾格米人那样陶醉于水晶珠和魔镜。不懂情趣,人家给你什么你就接受什么,心灵不为所动。高雅的情趣就是要在意,要选择,要通过积极的鉴别行动而使你的环境甚至你个人的仪表更讨人喜爱,更惹人注目。

[9] 始终被人们认为是高雅的情趣,证实有着一些反复出现的观念,比如优雅、有节制、举止得体。这些品质都能引起愉悦;反之,过分粗俗终归不会令人满意。

[10] 因此,请将这些观念牢记在心,看看你所拥有的东西,再想想你所拥有的东西所表明的情趣。[11]你为什么要戴只金手表? 用金子做手表并不恰当。用钢或塑料会更好些。或许你是想要看起来像个发家的军火商吧。[12]你那装在仿真画框里的康斯特布尔油画的复制品向世人表明:“ 我不懂艺术,也不在乎。” 若是一幅海内肯啤酒的广告画倒是显得更与众不同。

[13]你那图案难看的地毯只是为了一个目的:乔装打扮“ 肮脏”。如果你有一块洁净而色彩朴素的地毯,你不觉得更自豪些吗? [14]· 你选择的带“ 诚实” 图案的面包片烤箱则向人们宣布你是这样一种人——这种人会愉快地承认:“ 我喜欢买那些玩世不恭的人卖的蹩脚货。不论推销部门推出任何东西,对我来说都不错„„” 如果“ 田园厨房” 是你想要的式样,那你买个烘糕饼用的烤盘会更好些。

[15] 这些产品都是骗人的。情趣真正庸俗的人也很少挑选这类东西,而情趣高雅的人则从不会挑选这类东西。只有那些根本不讲情趣的人才买它们„„而根本不讲情趣就等于说“ 我无所谓。”

[16] 将来,你会越来越多地碰到需要做出选择的情况,而不会比现在少。由于变化速度的加快,使得款式紧跟时尚,有关情趣的决定只能是越来越经常的事了。

[17] 最初这会导致更大量的选择机会,可能甚至比一百多年前消费革命时期出现的生产与消费大爆炸时还要多。但是,人们很快就会发现,当任何产品都能推出来的时候,„„并没有很多产品真正为消费者所喜爱。

[18] 当有更多的消费者运用情趣时,就需要生产厂商制造出更好的、更体面的产品。不需要很久人们就会普遍认识到,完美的比例以及含蓄的优雅要优于浮华的装饰、华而不实的外表和那些旨在炫耀社会地位非凡而引起他人看重的产品。[19] 如果你考虑一下就会发现,你更喜欢整齐和有节制。这些特点终归要比混乱和无节制更令人感到满足。还有,请记住,情趣决不是花钱多少的问题;吃一片好的切德奶酪比许多奢华的筵席还好。

[20] 有关情趣的规则就是这些:优雅、有节制、举止得体。[21] 你敢不要这些吗?

九、这 是 我 母 亲

[1] 我的母亲简·兰普顿·克莱门斯是在她 88 岁那年去世的。这对于一位 40 岁时就身体纤弱、被公认有痼疾在身、注定不久于人世的人,是难得的高龄。但是一个病弱的人,只要忘掉自己,对一切事物和所有的人感到热烈而顽强的兴趣,就像我母亲那样,一生不知愁闷为何物,对于病魔却是一个劲敌。

[2] 她的心胸开阔,无论谁的悲伤与欢乐都容纳得下。她的一个邻居永远忘不了她听到镇上出了一件事故后的反应。一个骑马的人由于一条小牛闯到面前而被摔下马来当场丧命,他讲完了这个消息后,我母亲真心关切地问道:“ 小牛怎样了呢?” 她倒不是对那个人的死无动于衷,而是对小牛也感到关切。

[3] 对于最粗暴的人或动物,她都能找到一点借口予以原谅,而且照例爱他们——哪怕她得编造一点儿借口也成。有一次我们诱骗她,使她替魔鬼也说了一些好话。我们这几个预谋者开始一个接一个地咒骂魔鬼,恶狠狠地骂个不停,直到把母亲引进了圈套。她承认我们的指控是有道理的,但是那魔鬼就受到了公平的待遇吗? [4] 母亲说话从不用大字眼儿,但是一旦激发了她的同情心和义愤,她可是我听到过的最有口才的人。那时我们家里有一个从汉尼拔镇上一个人那里雇来的小黑奴。他是被人从马里兰州他家里带走,从半个美洲大陆以外带到这里,然后卖掉的。这孩子一天到晚总是唱歌,吹口哨,又喊又笑,喧闹的声音让人心烦。有一天我发了火,怒气冲冲地找到母亲,跟她说,桑迪已经足足唱了一个钟头,我再也无法忍受了。妈你能不能让他闭上嘴呢?母亲眼里含着泪说:

[5] “ 可怜的家伙,他能唱就表明他没有想家,这就使我心情舒畅;可是如果他一声不响,我就担心他是在想心事。他永远不会再见到他的妈妈了;如果他还能唱,我觉得那是万幸的事。要是你年纪大一点,你会明白的,那孤苦伶仃的孩子的喧闹声会使你听了高兴的。”

[6] 所有不会说话的动物都有我母亲做它们的朋友。被人追赶的、狼狈的野猫一眼就认出她是它们的庇护人和保卫者。我们家一度同时养了19 只猫。这是一个沉重的负担,但是它们都是不幸的,单凭这一点就足够了。她坐下来的时候总爱在膝上抱着一只猫,但是她愤愤然矢口否认她爱猫胜过爱小孩;不过她常说,猫有一个优点,你抱腻了的时候,总是可以随时把它放下。

[7] 我小时候像任何一个小男孩一样很讨人嫌,有一次一个邻居问我母亲:“ 你也信这孩子的话么?”

[8] “他是真话的源泉,”母亲回答说,“但是你不能用一只桶一下子就把所有的泉水都打上来。我知道他的底儿,所以他也就从来骗不了我。我从他说的话中扣除90%的添枝加叶的话,剩下来的就是完美宝贵的真话,一点儿问题也没有。” [9] 母亲害怕蛇和蝙蝠,我便把它们藏在衣服口袋和针线筐里;除此之外,她是完全无所畏惧的。有一天,我看见那全镇无人不怕的科西卡恶汉手里拿着一根粗绳,追赶他那成年的女儿,扬言要在她身上把粗绳抽断。谨小慎微的男性公民们都给他让路,可是我母亲却为这位逃难者敞开了大门,等她进去,然后既不关门也不加锁,而是站在门口,拦住去路。那家伙诅咒、怒骂,还拿着绳子吓唬她;但她只是站着一动也不动,满不在乎,并且责骂他,羞辱他,奚落他,蔑视他,一直把他摆布得向她求饶,交出了绳子,同时骂了句亵渎神灵的粗话起誓,说母亲是他见过的最有胆量的女人。自那以后,他和母亲一直是好朋友。他在母亲身上发现了他长久感到缺乏的东西——一个不怕他的人。

[10] 有一天在圣路易斯城,母亲出门走到街上,她突然向一个正在用重鞭柄痛打马头的粗壮车夫冲过去,从他手里夺过了鞭子,然后好好地规劝了他一番,使他不得不结结巴巴地承认是他的过错,而且自愿提出保证以后决不再虐待马了。[11] 母亲活到偌大年纪,每逢有马戏班子进城,总要起个大早去看热闹。她最喜欢什么游行啦、演讲啦、开大会啦、营火会啦、福音布道会啦——实际上各种各样的热闹,只要是证明不违背教义的她都喜欢。而且她对每次丧礼都必参加。她为这种爱好辩解说:要是她不去参加别人的丧礼,人家也不会来参加她的。

[12] 82 岁那年,当时她住在基奥卡克镇,不知什么缘故,她执意要去参加密西西比河流域老移民的年会。一路上,虽然路途遥远,她却兴高采烈,青春焕发。她一到旅店就说要找圣路易斯城的巴雷特医生。人们告诉她,巴雷特医生已在当天早上动身回家,而且不再回来了。母亲转过脸去,满腔的热情全然消失,她要求回家去。回到家里,她静坐沉思了好多天,后来才告诉我们:她18 岁的时候,真心实意爱过一个年轻的医学院学生。两人之间发生了一点误会,那学生便离开了当地;她也就立即结了婚,想让他看看她才不在乎哩。从那以后,她一直没有见过他,后来她在报上见到一条新闻,说他要参加老移民年会。“ 咱们到达那个旅店时,他走了不过三个小时。” 她感伤地说。

[13] 这一感情重负在她自己心里压了64 年,而我们大家谁都没有察觉。那一年还没有到头,她的记忆就开始衰退了。她总是给已经死了40 年的老同学写信,还纳闷为什么他们从来不回信。四年以后她去世了。

[14] 但是直到最后她那张嘴还很厉害。我早先一直听人家说过,在我出生后的头七年里,我是个主要靠药罐子过日子的病秧子,母亲去世的那一年,我问起她这件事,我说:

[15] “ 我想您那时一定整天为我担心吧?” [16] “ 是呀,时时刻刻都在担心。”

[17] “ 是怕我活不成吗?” [18] 回忆了片刻之后——表面上是在追忆往事—— [19] “ 不是——是怕你活下来。”

[20] 简·兰普顿·克莱门斯的性格,既鲜明又可爱,在我的作品里作为汤姆·索耶的波莉姑母的形象出现。我给她添加了一点方言;本来还打算设法美化她一下,但没有想出任何办法来。

第五篇:大学英语精读第二册课文翻译(范文模版)

第一单元 晚宴

我最初听到这个故事是在印度,那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的----尽管任何一位博物学家都认为这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我,在第一次世界大战之前不久,一家杂志社曾刊登过这个故事。但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写故事的人,我却一直未能找到。

故事发生在印度。某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里,室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯;屋顶明椽裸露;宽大的玻璃门外便是走廊。跟他们一起就坐的客人有军官和他们的夫人,另外还有一位美国来访的博物学家。

席间,一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了激烈的讨论。年轻女士认为,妇女已经有所进步,不像以前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上;少校则不以为然。

他说:“一遇到危机情况,女人的反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫,但比起女人来,自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力就是真正起作用的东西。”

那个美国人没有参加这场争论,他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时,他发现女主人脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方,脸部肌肉在微微抽搐,她向站在他座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势,对他耳语了几句,男仆的眼睛睁得大大的,迅速的离开了餐室。

在座的客人中除了那位美国人谁也没注意到这一幕,也没有人看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。

那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度,碗中的牛奶只有一个意思----引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子----那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方。----但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的。而在第四个角落里,仆人们正在等着上下一道。这样,剩下就只有一个地方了----餐桌下面。

他首先想到的是往后一跳,并向其他人发出警告,但他知道这样会引起骚乱,致使眼镜蛇受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话,其语气非常的威严,竟使得所有的人都安静了下来。

“我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力,我数三百下----也就是五分钟----你们谁都不许动一动,动者罚款五十卢比,准备好!”

在他数数的过程中,那二十个人一个个都像石雕一样蹲坐在那儿,当他数到“„„二百八十„„”时,突然从眼角处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来,向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往通道的门通通关上时,室内想起了一片尖叫声。

“你刚才说的很对,少校!”男主人大声说。“一个男子刚刚为我们显示了从容不迫,镇定自若的范例。”

“且慢!”那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。“温兹太太,您是怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢?”

女主人脸上显出一丝淡淡的微笑,回答说:“因为当时它正从我的脚背上爬过去。”

第二单元 杰文逊的遗训

美国的第三任总统托马斯·杰文逊也许不像乔治·华盛顿和亚伯拉罕·林肯那样著名,但大多数人至少记得有关他的一件事实:是他写的《独立宣言》。

虽然杰文逊生活在二百多年以前,但今天我们仍能从他身上学到很多东西。他的许多思想对当代青年来说特别有意义。下面就是他讲过和写过的一些观点: 自己去看。杰文逊认为,一个自由的人除了从书本中获取知识外,还可以从许多别的来源获得知;他认为,亲自做调查时很重要的。在他很年轻的时候,他就被任命为一个委员会的成员,去调查詹姆斯河南部的水深是否足以通行大型船只。委员会的其他成员都坐在州议会大厦内研究有关这一问题的文件,而杰文逊却跳进一只独木舟去做现场观测。

你可以向任何人学习。按阶层和所受的教育,杰文逊皆属于最高的社会阶层。然而,在那个贵族们除了发号施令以外很少跟出身卑贱的人说话的年代,杰文逊却常破例跟园丁,仆人,和侍者交谈。有一次杰文逊曾这样对法国贵族拉菲特说过:“你必须像我那样到贫民百姓的家里去,看看他们的锅里煮些什么,吃吃他们的面包。只要你肯这样做,你就会发现老百姓为什么会不满意,你就会理解正在威胁着法国的革命。

自己做判断。未经过认真的思考,杰文逊绝不接受别人的意见。他在给侄子的信中写道:“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西,你就也去相信或拒绝它。上帝赐予你一个用来判断真理与谬误的头脑。那你就运用它吧。”

杰文逊觉得,人民“是完全可以信赖的,应该让他们听到一切真实和虚伪的东西,然后做出正确的判断。倘使让我来决定,我们是应该有一个政府而不要报纸呢还是应该有报纸而不要政府,我会毫不犹豫的选择后者。”

做你认为是正确的事。在一个自由的国家里总会有各种相互冲突的思想,而这正是力量的源泉。使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。虽然有好多年杰文逊一直受到激烈的批评,但他从不回应那些批评他的人。他在写给一位朋友的信中表达了这样的观点:“每个问题都有两面。如果你坚决站在一面并根据它有效的采取行动,那么,站在另一面的那些人当然会对你的行动怨恨不满。”

相信未来,相信青年。杰文逊认为,绝不可以用那些已经无用的习俗束缚住“现在”的手脚。他说:“没有哪个社会可以制定一部永远适用的宪法,甚至连一条永远适用的法律也制定不出来。地球是属于活着的一代的。”他不害怕新思想,也不惧怕未来。他评论说:“有多少痛苦是由一些没发生过的灾难引起的啊!我期待的是最好的东西,而不是最坏的东西。我满怀希望的驾驶着自己的航船,而把恐惧抛在后面。”

杰文逊的勇气和理想主义是以知识为基础的。他懂得的东西也许比同时代的任何人都要多。在农业、考古学和医学方面他都是专家。在人们普遍采用农作物轮作和土壤保持的做法之前一个世纪,他就这样做了。他还发明了一种比当时任何一种都好的耕犁。他影响了整个美国的建筑业。他还不断地制造出各种机械装置,使日常生活中需要做的许多工作都变得更加容易。

在杰文逊的众多才能中,有一种是最重要的:他首先是一位优秀的、不知疲倦的作家。目前

正在第一次出版的他的全集将超过五十卷。他作为一个作家的才能很快就被发现了,所以在1776年在费城要撰写《独立宣言》的时刻来到时,这一任务就落在了他肩上。数以百万计的人们读到他的下列词句都激动不已:“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的:一切人生来就是平等的„„”

1826年7月4日,正值美国独立五十周年纪念日之际,杰文逊与世长辞了。他给他的同胞留下了一份丰富的思想遗产和众多的榜样。托马斯·杰文逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献,他认为,只有受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。

第三单元 我的第一份工作

罗伯特·贝斯特

在我等着进大学期间,我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告,说是在离我住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区,有所学校要招聘一名教师。我因为手头很拮据,同时也想做点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但在提出申请的同时我也担心,自己一无学位,二无教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。

然而,三天之后却来了一封信,叫我到克罗伊登去面试。这一路去那还真麻烦:先乘火车到克罗一顿车站,再乘十分钟的公共汽车,然后至少还要步行四分之一英里。结果,我在六月一个炎热的上午到了那,因为心情非常沮丧,竟感觉不到紧张了。

学校是一座装着大窗户的红砖房子,前庭院是个铺着沙砾的正方形:四个角上各有一丛冬青灌木,他们经受着从繁忙大街上吹来的尘烟,挣扎着活下去。

开门的显然是校长本人。他又矮又胖,留着沙色的小胡子,前额上布满了皱纹,头发差不多已经秃光。

他带着一种吃惊的、不以为然的神态看着我,就像一位上校看着一位靴袋没系好的二等兵一样。“哦,”他咕哝着说,“你最好到里面来。”那狭窄的,不见阳光的走廊中散发出一股腐烂的卷心菜味,闻上去很不舒服;墙上墨迹斑斑,显得很脏;周围一片静寂。根据地毯上的面包屑来判断,他的书房也是他的餐室。“你最好先坐下,”接着便问了我许多问题,为了得到普通学校证书我学过哪些课程;我多大岁数了;我会玩哪些游戏;问到这里他突然用他那双充满血丝的眼睛盯着我,问我是否认为游戏是儿童教育的一个极为重要的组成部分。我含含糊糊的说了些不必太重视游戏之类的话。他咕哝了几句。我说了错话。我和校长显然没有多少共同语言。

他说,学校只有一个班,二十四名男生,年龄从7岁到13岁不等,除了美术课他亲自教以外,其余所有的课程都得有我来教。星期三和星期六下午要到一英里以外的公园去踢足球,打板球。

整个教学计划把我吓坏了。我得把全班学生分成三个组,按三个不同的程度轮流给他们上课;想到要交代数和几何这两门我读书时学的极差的科目,我感到很害怕。更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排,因为这时候我的朋友大多会在悠闲地自得其乐。

我怯生生的问:“我的薪水是多少?”“每周十二磅外加中饭”还没等我来得及提出异议,他

已经站了起来,“好了,”他说,“你最好见见我得妻子,她才是这所学校真正的主管人。”

我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻:在一个女人手下工作的前景构成了最大的侮辱。

第四单元 教授与溜溜球

我父亲是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的密友。小时候有一次我去爱因斯坦家拜访时很腼腆,他说:“我有样东西拿给你看。”于是我便感到无拘无束了。他走到书桌旁,拿回来一只溜溜球。他试图做给我看这种玩具怎么个玩法,但他没法使他顺着线再转上去。轮到我时,我露了几手,并向他指出,绕错的线圈使玩具失去了平衡。爱因斯坦点点头,我的技能和知识给他留下了深刻的印象。后来,我买了一只溜溜球,把他作为圣诞礼物送给了教授。并收到他一首表示感谢的诗。

作为一个孩子,以后又作为一个成人,我一直对爱因斯坦的个性惊叹不已。他是我认识的人中唯一能跟自己和周围世界达成妥协的人。他知道自己想要什么,而他想要的只是:在他作为一个人的能力范围之内理解宇宙的性质以及宇宙运行的逻辑和单纯。他知道很多问题的答案超出了他智力所及的范围。但这并不使他感到灰心丧气。只要在能力所及的范围取得最大的成功就使他心满意足了。

在我们二十三年的友谊中,我从未见他表现出嫉妒、虚荣、痛苦、愤怒或个人野心。他好像对这些感情有免疫能力似的。他毫无矫饰之心,虚荣之意。虽然他与世界上的许多要人通信,他用的却是W水印字母的信笺。W水印字母-----五分钱商店伍尔沃思的缩写。

为了他的工作他只需要一支笔和一本拍纸簿。物质的东西对他毫无意义。我知道他身上从不带钱,因为他从来不需要用钱。他信奉简朴,甚至于只用一把安全剃刀和清水刮胡子。当我建议他用下刮胡膏时,他说:“剃刀和水就够了。”

“但是,教授,为什么你就不能仅仅试用一次刮胡膏呢?”我争辩说。“它可以让你刮起胡子来平滑又不痛。”

他耸了耸肩,最后,我终于送给他一管刮胡膏。第二天早上,当他下楼来用早餐时,他因为有了一大新发现而满脸含笑。“你知道,那种刮胡膏还真有效,”他说,“他不扯胡子,感觉好极了。”打那以后,他每天早晨都用刮胡膏,直到那一管用完为止,然后他又回到了只用清水刮胡子了。

爱因斯坦完完全全是个理论家。他对自己的思想和理论的应用丝毫不感兴趣。他提出的E=MC2也许是有史以来最著名的公式----然而爱因斯坦却不愿费举足之劳去看反应堆产生原子能。他因其光电理论----他认为这是一些比较次要的一系列公式----而获得诺贝尔奖金,但对于观察他的理论怎样使得电视得以产生却没有一点好奇心。

我兄弟曾送给教授一个玩具,那是一只立在盛水的碗边可以保持平衡并反复把头浸入水中的鸟。爱因斯坦高兴的注视着他,试图推断出他的运动原理,但他没能推断出。

第二天早晨他宣布说:“关于那只鸟我睡觉前思索了很长时间,他一定是这样运转的„„”他开始做起了长篇的解释。后来他意识到自己推理中的一个漏洞便停了下来。“不,我想不是那

么回事。”他连续几天试着用各种理论来加以解释。后来我建议他把玩具拆开来看看他是怎样运转的,他迅速显出的不赞成的表情告诉我,他并不同意这种切实可行的做法,他一直没有研究出这个问题的答案。

爱因斯坦一直没能理解的另一个谜是他自己的名望。他提出的这些理论都是些非常深奥的、只能使很少的科学家感兴趣的理论。然而他的名字却在整个文明世界家喻户晓,尽人皆知。有一次他说:“我有一些很好的思想,别人也有一些很好的思想。只是只是由于我运气好,我的思想才被人接受了。”他的名望使他感到迷惑不解:人们都想见他;陌生的人在街上盯着他看;科学家、政治家、学生和家庭主妇都给他写信。他一直不能理解,他为什么会受到这种注意。为什么单单把他跳出来当特殊人物对待。

第五单元 大气层中的恶棍 大气层中的恶棍乃是二氧化碳。

二氧化碳看上去不像一个恶棍。他毒性不大,在大气层中的含量极小----只占0.034%----不会对我们造成任何伤害。

再者,空气中的那一点点二氧化碳对生命至关重要。植物吸收二氧化碳并将其转化成为他们自己的组织。充当所有动物(当然也包括人类)的基本食物供给。在这一过程中,植物释放氧气,而氧气是所有动物生命所不可缺少的。

然而,这一看上去无害而无疑又必不可少的气体却正在对我们产生影响。

年复一年,海平面正在上升。他很可能继续上升,而在今后数百年间,会以更快的速度上升。在那些低洼的沿海地区(在这一地区居住着世界上很大一部分人口),海水会稳步向前推进,迫使人们向内陆退居。

最后,海水将会高出目前海平面两百英尺。一阵阵海浪将会拍打曼哈顿摩天大楼二十层楼的窗户。佛罗里达将会沉没在海浪之下。英伦三岛的大部分,人口稠密的尼罗河流域,还有中国、印度和俄罗斯的低洼地区也将遭遇到同样的命运。

不仅许多城市会被淹没,而且世界上大部分盛产粮食的地区也将会失去。由于食品供应下降,到处都会出现饥荒,在这种压力下,社会结构有可能崩溃。

而这一切都是因为二氧化碳。可怎么会出现这种状况呢?两者之间又有什么联系呢? 首先是太阳光,大气层中的各种气体(包括二氧化碳)对于太阳光来说是透明的。太阳光照射大气层的顶部,径直透过数英里的大气层,温暖着地球的表面。在夜间,地球以红外线的形式放射到外层空间而冷却下来。

然而,大气层对红外线来说却不像他对可见光那样透明。二氧化碳特别会阻挡这样的热量辐射。因此,在夜间失去的热量要比大气中没有二氧化碳的情况下失去的要少。要是没有少量的二氧化碳的存在,地球就会明显要冷得多,说不定就会冷的不舒服了。

我们该感到欣慰。二氧化碳给我们温暖使我们舒舒服服,但是大气中二氧化碳的浓度正在稳

步升高,其恶迹也就由此而生。1958年,二氧化碳只占大气总量的0.0316%,此后,其浓度逐年悄悄攀升,而现在已经达到0.0340%,据估算,到2020年,二氧化碳的浓度将接近现在的两倍。

这就意味着,在未来几十年间,地球的温度将要稍许升高。极地冰盖将因此开始融化。世界上90%的冰斗聚集在巨大的南极冰盖上,另外8%在格陵兰冰盖。如果这些冰盖开始融化,海平面将会升高,其结果就是我上面描述的那个样子。

可是大气中的二氧化碳浓度为什么会在不断升高呢?

难辞其咎的有两个因素。首先,在近几个世纪中,先是煤,然后是石油和天然气,以快速增长的态势作为燃料获取能量。这些燃料中所含的碳,在过去数百万年的岁月里一直被埋在地下,而现在正在被烧成二氧化碳,并以每天数吨的速率排放到大气中。

更糟糕的是,地球上的森林在不断消失,起先是慢慢消失,但在近一两个世纪里其消失的速度相当快。现在,森林消失的速度是每分钟64英亩。

不管取代森林的是农田,草地,还是灌木丛,其生产的植物消耗二氧化碳的速率与森林是不相等的。因此,不仅是通过燃料的燃烧使二氧化碳释放到大气中,而且,随着森林的消失,植物从大气中吸收的二氧化碳也减少了。

但是这也给了我们一个新的视角来考察这个问题。大气中的二氧化碳并不是自行上升的。是人在烧煤,烧油,和烧气。是人在砍伐森林。所以,人才是真正的元凶。

怎么办呢?

首先,我们必须拯救森林,乃至重植森林。

第二,我们必须有新的不产生二氧化碳的燃料源,核能就是其中之一,如果认为核能太危险,也还有其他选择。有波浪能,风能,潮汐能,还有地球内部的热能。尤其是,还可以直接利用太阳能。

诚然,这一切将需要时间,努力,和金钱,但是,更多的国家却把更多的时间,努力和金钱花在了对抗性的军事器械上。而这些军备只能毁灭我们大家。为了拯救大家而减少在这方面时间,努力和金钱上的花费,难道我们应该反对吗?

第六单元 外科医师的成功之道

一位医生怎样辨认自己终于成为一名“外科医师”的那一时刻呢?在我任住院主任医师的那一年快要结束的时候,我曾不止一次的问过自己这个问题。

我最后决定,问题的答案在于“自信”二字。当你能够对自己说:“任何外科病人我都能胜任进行治疗,我的治疗跟其他外科医生一样高明,甚至比任何外科医生都更为高明。”—那时,而且只有到了那时,你才真正成了一名外科医师。当时 我正接近那个时刻。

就以我们每晚都会碰到的急诊情况为例吧。就在那一年的最初几个月,我一直害怕电话铃响。我知道电话铃声意味着又要做出一个生死攸关的决定。事情往往是这样:在我告诉沃尔特或拉里对于某一特殊情况应如何处理之后,我就很难再重新入睡了。我会重温那位急诊病人的整个病情,常常会怀疑自己是否做出了不妥的决定。不止一次,在我躺了一个小时还睡不着之后,我会在凌晨两三点钟从床上跳起来穿好衣服,驾车去医院亲自探视病人。唯有这样我才能找到安心休息所需要的内心平静。

然而,在我做住院医生的最后一个月,睡眠已不再是个问题了。在有些情况下我仍然不能确定自己的决定是否正确,但我已经学会把这看做一个外科医师会经常遇到的问题,一个永远也不能完全解决的问题----我已经能适应他了。所以,我一旦经过深思熟虑做出某个决定,就不再去多想他了。多想也不会有什么帮助,而且我知道,凭我的知识和经验,我做出的任何决定肯定都是稳妥的。这是一种令人愉快的感觉。

在手术室里我也同样充满信心。我知道自己的只是、技术和经验足以对付我在开业行医中将会碰到的任何病例。当我切开病人的腹部或胸腔时,我不再紧张的瑟瑟发抖了。我知道,即使碰到事先无法预见其问题所在的病例,我也能处置我发现的任何情况。我战战兢兢的处理过竟在我手上的腹部刺伤,肺部穿孔以及复合型骨折等病例。这种外科手术我已经战战兢兢的干了五年,我再也不必担惊受怕了。

而且,我也不再怕犯错误了。我知道在我出去开业行医时,说不定什么时候我就会不可避免的出差错;我会给不需要手术治疗的病人开刀,也可能会把需要动手术的病人忽略过去。五年前----甚至一年前----如果我不得不为一次判断上的失误负全部责任的话,我是没法容忍自己的。现在我能了。我仍然害怕犯错误----愿意竭尽全力避免出错----但我知道这是外科医师生活的一部分。我之所以能够平静的接受这一事实,是因为我知道:如果我不能避免出差错,那么换了任何别的外科医生很可能也不能避免。

这些话听上去很自负,而且我以为这的确是自负----但外科医师就是需要这种自负。当他收到行医中必定会遇到的重重疑虑的煎熬时,他需要“自负”来支撑自己度过这些难受的时刻。他必须觉得,他与世上任何一位外科医生比都毫不逊色,甚至还技高一筹。你管这叫自负也好,叫自信也罢;不管你叫他什么,反正我是有了。

第七单元 离开我这个街区

埃塞尔·阿姆斯特德一下子就喜欢上了那栋灰色的联房。房子里多出了一间卧室,还有一个很大的后院。可以让他的小外孙和外孙女在那里玩耍。那个大理石的门廊将是夏天夜晚坐着乘凉的理想场所。

但搬进来后的第一个晚上,当阿姆斯特德下班回到家时,她却发现有一群样子很凶的人坐在她家门前的台阶上。

她大吃一惊,说道:“请原谅,我住在这儿。”那一帮七个年轻人不情愿的站了起来,用冷酷无情的目光盯着她看。一走进去,阿姆斯特德就锁上门,从窗户往外看。她吃惊的发现那几个年轻人已经又坐在了她家台阶上。

在以后的几个星期里,阿姆斯特德了解到她那座房子过去常年空关时,曾被一些毒品贩子在前面台阶下面藏过毒品。当川流不息的车辆和行人经过时,毒品贩子就在门廊上做生意。吸毒成

瘾的人就在房子后面的小路上注射毒品,并在后院里随地撒尿。

阿姆斯特德对占用她家前门的那些人不报有任何幻想。在东那尔的摩那个充满犯罪与 暴力的奥利佛居住的十年间,几乎每个晚上,她躺在床上都能听到毒品战激流进行时的枪击声。但是在这栋房子,有毒品贩子经常出没于她的门廊是非常糟糕的。

有时候她一天要报警好几次,恳请警察把这些毒品贩子驱散。但警车一旦在街角消失,那些毒品贩子又会陆陆续续的回来。

作为一位五十多岁,子女已经长大成人的母亲,阿姆斯特德从未想象过要进行这场战斗。但这并不是他第一次奋起应付突如其来的挑战了。在二十世纪就是年代中期,当他自己的女儿染上毒瘾,她的小外孙和外孙女需要人抚养时,阿姆斯特德就把那三个男孩和一个女孩领来找管了。

2000年9月的一个晚上,在她迁入新居后大约一个月的时候,阿姆斯特德向上帝祈祷:“明天我要跟那些家伙谈一谈,请帮助我。”

第二天早上,她直接找到那帮人的头,一个身穿牛仔裤,白色体恤衫的年轻人。阿姆斯特德的五脏六腑在翻滚,但她知道她决不能露出恐惧的样子。

“这里是我的地方,”她平静而温和的说,脸上一直挂着装出来的微笑,“我本不需要在进自己家时还要说一声‘请原谅’.”

她对那个年轻人说,她不希望他和他的朋友在当着她小外孙和外孙女的面贩卖毒品。他们必须离开那个住宅,离开隔壁空关的住宅,离开那个街角。

那人一声不响,阿姆斯特德的心已跳到喉咙口。随后那人点了点头。那伙人离开了。但过了几天,他们又回来了。阿姆斯特德把他的要求又说了一遍,第二天,第三天又重说了一遍。

随后,一件有趣的事情发生了。那伙人开始听话了。他们转移到了下一个街区,冬天来了,他们把他房前的积雪扫干净。她生病的时候,他们还回来看望她。不久,他们就开始喊他“大妈”了。

她的外孙,外孙女闷可以在街上打球了。有时候,那些年轻人也会和他们一起玩。如果哪个孩子跟外婆顶嘴,某个年轻人就会说:“你不可以这样讲话,她是你外婆。”

阿姆斯特德不停地“嘀咕”,警告他们轻易得来的钱有危险。“你们会被杀头的。”她对他们说。“还是干点正经事吧!”

人们对她说,她对那帮恶棍这样讲话真实太蠢了。尤其是在仅仅五个街区外另一个表明立场的大妈被杀之后。这个大妈叫安吉拉·道森。她置身与另一伙毒品贩子进行了战斗----结果失败了。道森家的房子被人放火烧了,安吉拉、她的丈夫卡内尔和她的五个孩子都死了,这一悲剧成了震惊全国的新闻。邻近地区内的一名男子受到指控。阿姆斯特德不认识安吉拉·道森,但她认识她的孩子。在这场致死的大火后,她更加担心了,但她并没有停止。

而且她不仅仅限于谈话。她一直是社区组织巴尔的摩发展领导才能联合会的推动力。他们一起把毒品贩子从一块空地上赶走,在那里建了一个儿童游乐场。他们在学校里开办了一项放学后的校内活动,让孩子们不要到街上去。他们促使市里和当地的教堂加快了重建弃房的步伐。

前不久,阿姆斯特德偶然碰见了过去常在她前门台阶荡来荡去的那伙人中的一个。“嗨,大妈!”那人大喊了一声,一边紧紧的拥抱着她。他告诉她,他已经找到一份工作,接着又说:“我真谢谢当年你给我们嘀咕的那些话。”

阿姆斯特德对她产生的影响很是谦虚,她只是说:“知道自己的那番话至少说服了一个年轻人,这样我就很开心了。”

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