第一篇:圣诞节用英文怎么说
圣诞节用英文怎么说
MerryChristmas!MerryXmas!希望能在圣诞夜对你说,呵呵,“MerryChristmas” 圣诞快乐
MerryChristmas 例句:
谨向我们所有的读者敬祝圣诞快乐!
AmerryXmastoallourreaders!他给父母打电话祝他们“圣诞快乐”。
Heplacedacalltohisparentsandsaid“MerryChristmas”tothem.谢谢你。祝你圣诞快乐!
Thankyou.Andamerrychristmastoyou!xzhufu.com 海词广告:学外语,交外国真朋友足不出户英语学习之旅
圣诞快乐英文圣诞贺卡祝福语
MerryChristmas!圣诞快乐!
MerryChristmas!圣诞快乐!
Thankyou.Thesametoyou.谢谢。圣诞快乐!
MerryChristmastoyou!
祝你圣诞快乐!
Thankyou,Mr.Tom.Thesametoyou.谢谢,汤姆先生。也祝你圣诞快乐!献祝福网
AmerryXmastoallourreaders!
谨向我们所有的读者敬祝圣诞快乐!
MerryChristmas,CarlandDavid!
卡尔,大卫,圣诞快乐!
MerryChristmas,Mrs.Tom!
汤姆夫人,圣诞快乐!
ThechurchbellsarepealingthemessageofChristmasjoy.教堂的钟声洪亮地传颂着圣诞快乐的信息。
WewishyouamerryChristmas.WewishyouamerryChristmas.我们祝你圣诞快乐。我们祝你圣诞快乐。
本文来自:豪迈范文网 【http://www.xiexiebang.com】
第二篇:英文说传统清明
清明节及其起源英文介绍
Qing Ming Festival and Its Origin Qing Ming, which means clear and bright in Chinese, falls on April 5th this year.It is both the fifth term in the traditional lunar calendar and a festival to hold memorial ceremony for the dead.It is a time to express one's grief for his lost relatives.An ancient elegiac poem, which described a grievous woman, was read that vines tangled in vain and weeds crept in the graveyard, and her husband slept there lonely.It was so difficult to endure for her as if summer in the day and winter at night.And her only wish was to reunite with him after death.People often go to sweep and weed graves with whole family and take a walk in the countryside as well.In Tang Dynasty, the habit of taking an excursion on this day was developed.At this time, spring returns and dominates the earth again.The feel of growing life is in the air, with sap ascending in trees and buds bursting.And the willow branches inserted on each gate add vigor and vitality to the surroundings.But it actually means more than that.This custom can be traced back to over one thousand years ago.During the Period of Spring and Autumn in the Jin Kingdom, one of the King's sons was called Chong Er.Jealous of his talent, a concubine falsely accused him of rebellion to make her son the crown prince.He had no choice but to flee and with him were some officials.They hid themselves in a mountain and went hungry for quite some time.An official named Jie Zitui took great pain to cut some flesh from his thigh and cooked it for Chong Er.When the fact was known the young master was moved to tears and knelt down in gratitude.And Jie replied his best repayment should be a just king.They lived a life of hunger and cold for three years until the evil concubine died.Many soldiers were sent to look for him and to escort him back home.Going into the carriage, he saw an official packed an old mat onto a horse, he said laughingly, 'What on earth is the use of that? Throw it away!' Jie Zitui heard it and sighed, 'It is hardship that can be shared with his majesty but not prosperity.' So he went away quietly and lived in seclusion with his old mother.As Chong Er became king, he rewarded many people but he forgot Jie Zitui.He did not realize it until was reminded.However his invitation was refused and he flared up.Soldiers were ordered to burn up the mountain to force Jie to come out.Finally they found Jie and his mother scorched under a willow.He would rather die than yield to the power.Chong Er was so overwhelmed with regret that he ordered people hold memorial ceremony for Jie.So every year on that day folks mourned for him and the day before ate cold meals, which avoided making fire.Later the custom of inserting willow branches on gates was also added.清明节的由来
清 明 节(Tomb-Sweeping Day)Qing Ming Jie(All Souls' Day)
Qing Ming is a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed.More important, it is a period to honour and to pay respect to one's deceased ancestors and family members.Because it reinforces the ethic of filial piety, Qing Ming is a major Chinese festival.清明节是一个纪念祖先的节日。主要的纪念仪式是扫墓,扫墓是慎终追远、郭亲睦邻及行孝的具体表现;基于上述意义,清明节因此成为华人的重要节日。
Literally meaning “clear”(Qing)and “bright”(Ming), this Chinese festival falls in early spring, on the 106th day after the winter solstice.It is a “spring” festival, and it is an occasion for the whole family to leave the home and to sweep the graves of their forebears.Chinese being practical people this sweeping of the graves is given an extended period, that is, 10 days before and after Qing Ming day.Among some dialect groups a whole month is allocated.清明节是在仲春和暮春之交,也就是冬至后的106天。扫墓活动通常是在清明节的前十天或后十天。有些地域的人士的扫墓活动长达一个月。ORIGIN(起源)
Qing Ming is popularly associated with Jie Zi Zhui, who lived in Shanxi province in 600 B.C.Legend has it that Jie saved his starving lord's life by serving a piece of his own leg.When the lord succeeded in becoming the ruler of a small principality, he invited his faithful follower to join him.However, Jie declined his invitation, preferring to lead a hermit's life with his mother in the mountains.谈到清明节,有点历史知识的人,都会联想到历史人物介子椎。据历史记载,在两千多年以前的春秋时代,晋国公子重耳逃亡在外,生活艰苦,跟随他的介子椎不惜从自己的腿上割下一块肉让他充饥。后来,重耳回到晋国,作了国君(即晋文公,春秋五霸之一),大事封赏所有跟随他流亡在外的随从,惟独介子椎拒绝接受封赏,他带了母亲隐居绵山。
Believing that he could force Jie out by burning the mountain, the lord ordered his men to set the forest on fire.To his consternation, Jie chose to remain where he was and was burnt to death.To commemorate Jie, the lord ordered all fires in every home to be put out on the anniversary of Jie's death.Thus began the “cold food feast”, a day when no food could be cooked since no fire could be lit.晋文公无计可施,只好放火烧山,他想,介子椎孝顺母亲,一定会带着老母出来。谁知这场大火却把介子椎母子烧死了。为了纪念介子椎,晋文公下令每年的这一天,禁止生火,家家户户只能吃生冷的食物,这就是寒食节的来源。
The “cold food” festival occurs on the eve of Qing Ming and is often considered as part of the Qing Ming festival.As time passes, the Qing Ming festival replaced the “cold food” festival.Whatever practice is observed,the basic observation of Qing Ming is to remember one's elders by making a special effort to visit their graves, ashes or ancestral tablets.To make the visit even more meaningful, some time should be spent to remind the younger members of the family of the lives and contributions of their ancestors, and the story of Jie Zi Zhui who choose death over capitulation.寒食节是在清明节的前一天,古人常把寒食节的活动延续到清明,久而久之,清明取代了寒食节。拜介子椎的习俗也变成了清明扫墓的习俗了。无论以何种形式纪念,为了使纪念祖先的仪式更有意义,我们应该让年轻一代的家庭成员了解先人过去的奋斗历史,当然,还要学习介子椎宁死不屈的气节
2012各地清明节风俗习惯和来历(双语)
清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的,除了讲究禁火、扫墓,还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火,为了防止寒食冷餐伤身,所以大家来参加一些体育活动,以锻炼身体。因此,这个节日中既有祭扫新坟生别死离的悲酸泪,又有踏青游玩的欢笑声,是一个富有特色的节日。
The custom of the qingming festival is rich interesting, in addition to pay attention to the fire, the grave, and outing, swing, a game called cuju, play polo, inserted liu and so on a series of customs sports activities.This is because tomb-sweeping day to people from the fire, in order to prevent a cold buffet injury body, so everyone to take part in some of the sports activities, and to exercise.Therefore, this festival both JiSao new born from the grave don't dead BeiSuan tears, and visit outing laughter, is a rich characteristic holiday.但是,清明作为节日,与纯粹的节气又有所不同。节气是我国物候变化、时令顺序的标志,而节日则包含着一定的风俗活动和某种纪念意义。
But, as a clear festival, and pure solar term and different.Solar term is our country phenology, seasonal change of the order of symbol, and the festival is contains certain custom of commemoration.清明节是我国传统节日,也是最重要的祭祀节日,是祭祖和扫墓的日子。扫墓俗称上坟,祭祀死者的一种活动。汉族和一些少数民族大多都是在清明节扫墓。
Ching Ming festival is a traditional Chinese festival, is also the most important sacrifice holiday, is the day of worship their ancestors and the grave.The grave commonly known as ShangFen, the sacrifices of the dead an activity.The han nationality and some minority are mostly in the ching Ming festival the grave.按照旧的习俗,扫墓时,人们要携带酒食果品、纸钱等物品到墓地,将食物供祭在亲人墓前,再将纸钱焚化,为坟墓培上新土,折几枝嫩绿的新枝插在坟上,然后叩头行礼祭拜,最后吃掉酒食回家。唐代诗人杜牧的诗《清明》:“清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。”写出了清明节的特殊气氛。
According to the old tradition, the grave, people to carry goods such as especially fruit, paper money to the cemetery, will be food for offering in the tomb of loved ones, then the dead incineration, grave earthed up new soil, fold a few branches of the 60-foot green inserted in a grave, and then KouTou worship salute, finally eat especially home.The poets in tang dynasty DuMu poem “painting” : “time.though rain in succession, pedestrian rains fall heavily as qingming comes JieWen restaurant where you have.The most ambitious almond flowers? Village.” Write the tomb-sweeping day special atmosphere.荡秋千
swing
这是我国古代清明节习俗。秋千,意即揪着皮绳而迁移。它的历史很古老,最早叫千秋,后为了避忌讳,改为秋千。古时的秋千多用树桠枝为架,再栓上彩带做成。后来逐步发展为用两根绳索加上踏板的秋千。打秋千不仅可以增进健康,而且可以培养勇敢精神,至今为人们特别是儿童所喜爱。
This is our country ancient qingming festival customs.Swing, meaning clench leather string and migration.Its history is very old, and the first call century, in order to avoid after taboo, to swing.Swing of the old tree YaZhi multi-purpose for frame, then switch to make the ribbons.Then gradually developed for use two rope and pedal swing.Play not only improves the health swing, and can cultivate the brave spirit, to now is people, especially children's favorite.蹴鞠
Game called cuju
鞠是一种皮球,球皮用皮革做成,球内用毛塞紧。蹴鞠,就是用足去踢球。这是古代清明节时人们喜爱的一种游戏。相传是黄帝发明的,最初目的是用来训练武士。
A ball is bowed, ball with leather skin made, the ball inside with wool plugged.A game called cuju, which is with enough to play football.This is ancient tomb-sweeping day's favorite when a game.Legend has it that the invention of the yellow emperor, original purpose is used to train warrior.踏青
outing
又叫春游。古时叫探春、寻春等。三月清明,春回大地,自然界到处呈现一派生机勃勃的景象,正是郊游的大好时光。我国民间长期保持着清明踏青的习惯。
And that spring outing.That old TanChun, XunChun, etc.During march, spring warms the earth, nature become a vibrant picture everywhere, it is the good old days for an outing.Our country folk to keep for a long time the habit of clear outing.植树
Planting trees
清明前后,春阳照临,春阳照临,春雨飞洒,种植树苗成活率高,成长快。因此,自古以来,我国就有清明植树的习惯。有人还把清明节叫作“植树节”。植树风俗一直流传至今。1979年,人大常委会规定,每年三月十二日为我国植树节。这对动员全国各族人民积极开展绿化祖国活动,有着十分重要的意义。
Clarity around, ChunYang ZhaoLin, ChunYang ZhaoLin, spring rain FeiSa, planting trees survival rate high, grow fast.Therefore, since the ancient times, our country is clear the habit of planting trees.There are some called the qingming festival “Arbor Day”.Planting trees customs has been spread until now.In 1979, the National People's Congress standing committee regulations, 12 March each year for our country Arbor Day.The mobilization of the people of all ethnic groups in motherland green actively carry out activities, has the extremely vital significance.放风筝
Fly a kite
也是清明时节人们所喜爱的活动。每逢清明时节,人们不仅白天放,夜间也放。夜里在风筝下或风稳拉线上挂上一串串彩色的小灯笼,象闪烁的明星,被称为“神灯”。过去,有的人把风筝放上蓝天后,便剪断牵线,任凭清风把它们送往天涯海角,据说这样能除病消灾,给自己带来好运。
Qingming day is enjoyed by people of activities.Every qingming day, people not only BaiTianFang, also put on at night.The night wind or stability in kite hung a string of arrows color small lanterns, like the shining stars, called “the absolute being light”.In the past, some people put a kite the blue sky, then cut matchmaking, let the wind put them sent to the ends of the world, it is said that this can except disease disaster, bring you good luck.
第三篇:英女皇2013圣诞致辞中文
I once knew someone who spent a year in a plaster cast recovering from anoperation on his back.He read a lot, and thought a lot, and felt miserable.我曾认识那么一个人,他因为后背手术,打着石膏等待康复,这样度过了整整一年的时间。这一年的时间,他读了很多书,思考了很多,也感到很痛苦。
Later, he realised this time of forced retreat from the world had helped him to understand the world more clearly.但是后来,他意识到那段被迫从世界抽离的日子却令他能把这个世界看的更清楚。
We all need to get the balance right between action and reflection.With so many distractions, it is easy to forget to pause and take stock.我们所有人都需要在行动和反思中找到平衡,世界烦嚣,我们很容易就忘了我们需要停下脚步来反思一下自己。
Be it through contemplation, prayer, or even keeping a diary, many have found the practice of quiet personal reflection surprisingly rewarding, even discovering greater spiritual depth to their lives.通过冥想,祈祷甚至写日记,很多人发现安静的个人反 思可以有惊人的收获,甚至可以在生活中探寻到自己的心灵更深处。
Reflection can take many forms.When families and friends come together at Christmas, it's often a time for happy memories and reminiscing.Our thoughts are with those we have loved who are no longer with us.We also
remember those who through doing their duty cannot be at home for Christmas, such as workers in essential or emergency services.反思可以有很多种形式。家人和朋友在圣诞节时相 聚,往往会带来快乐美好的回忆。我们的思绪会飘向那些我们深爱却已经不在我们身边的人。我们也会想起那些因为工作和责任无法回家和家人团聚的人,比如那些 奋战在重要和紧急服务岗位上的工作人员。
And especially at this time of year we think of the men and women serving overseas in our armed forces.We are forever grateful to all those who put themselves at risk to keep us safe.今年,我们应该特别要想一想那些在海外服役的姑娘和小伙们。对于他们冒着生命危险保护我们的安全,我们要永远心存感激。
Service and duty are not just the guiding principles of yesteryear;they have an enduring value which spans the generations.服务与责任不只是昔日的一种指导原则,而是永远传承的一种永恒价值。
I myself had cause to reflect this year, at Westminster Abbey, on my own pledge of service made in that great church on Coronation Day sixty years earlier.今年,我自己也有机会在威斯敏斯特教堂反思,就在那 个神圣的教堂,60年前,我加冕并许下了服务的承诺。
The anniversary reminded me of the remarkable changes that have occurred since the Coronation, many of them for the better;and of the things that
have remained constant, such as the importance of family, friendship and good neighbourliness.60周年纪念让我意识到自加冕后一些翻天覆地的变化,有些变得更好,有些却从未改变,如家庭的重要性、友谊以及睦邻友好。
But reflection is not just about looking back.I and many others are looking forward to the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow next year.但反思也不只是回顾过去。我和许多人都还在期待着明 年在格拉斯哥的英联邦运动会。
The baton relay left London in October and is now the other side of the world, on its way across seventy nations and territories before arriving in Scotland next summer.Its journey is a reminder that the Commonwealth can offer us a fresh view of life.英联邦运动会的接力棒10月离开伦敦,现在已经到达世 界的另一边,它将跨越70个英联邦国家和地区于明年夏天到达苏格兰。这段旅程提醒我们:英联邦将带来崭新的生活。
My son Charles summed this up at the recent meeting in Sri Lanka.He spoke of the Commonwealth's “family ties” that are a source of encouragement to many.Like any family there can be differences of opinion.But however strongly they're expressed they are held within the common bond of friendship and shared experiences.我的儿子査尔斯最近在斯里兰卡的一次会议上做过一番总结。他提到英联邦国家之间有一种“家庭的纽带”。这真是莫大的鼓舞。就像所有的家庭一样,我们会有不同的想法和争议,但是至少我们之间有很牢固的友谊和共同的经历。
Here at home my own family is a little larger this Christmas.As so many of you will know, the arrival of a baby gives everyone the chance to contemplate the future with renewed happiness and hope.For the new parents, life will never be quite the same again.今年我们家也新添了家庭成员。你们知道的,新生儿的出生让我们所有人都有机会带着全新的幸福和希望思量和展望未来。对新爸爸和新妈妈来说,生活也发生了天翻地覆的改变。
As with all who are christened, George was baptised into a joyful faith of Christian duty and service.After the christening, we gathered for the traditional photograph.It was a happy occasion, bringing together four generations.跟很多人一样,小乔治已受洗成 一名基督徒。受洗之后,我们一起拍了全家福。这是特别值得高兴的时刻,我们四代同堂。
In the year ahead, I hope you will have time to pause for moments of quiet reflection.As the man in the plaster cast discovered, the results can sometimes be surprising.在未来的一年里,我希望大家都有时间驻足安静地反思 一下,就像那个打石膏的人一样,反思的结果有时可能令你惊讶。
For Christians, as for all people of faith, reflection, meditation and prayer help us to renew ourselves in God's love, as we strive daily to become better people.The Christmas message shows us that this love is for everyone.There is no one beyond its reach.对基督徒来说,所有人的信仰,反思,冥想和祈祷让我们在神 的关爱下不停的完善自我,我们每天都在努力成为一 个更棒的人。圣诞节带给我们的讯息就是:爱是给予每个人的,没有人会漏下。
On the first Christmas, in the fields above Bethlehem, as they sat in the cold of night watching their resting sheep, the local shepherds must have had no shortage of time for reflection.Suddenly all this was to change.These humble shepherds were the first to hear and ponder the wondrous news of the birth of Christthe joy of which we celebrate today.第一个圣诞节,寒冷的冬夜,牧羊人在在伯利恒(耶稣诞生地)的荒野中,看着那些休息的羊,他们一定不缺时间反思。突然一切都改变了,这群卑微的牧羊人成为了第一个听到并且思量耶稣诞生的惊天新闻的人。这第一个圣诞节,也是我们今日欢庆的来源。
I wish you all a very happy Christmas.祝大家圣诞快乐。
第四篇:2012英协圣诞晚会方案
2012年英语协会
圣诞晚会策划方案
圣诞节正值寒冬,是西方国家的一个重要节日。作为青春的代言人,大学生总是洋溢青春活力,充满着狂热的激情,在圣诞节来临之际,为了给全校学生营造一个轻松愉快的环境,丰富校园文化生活,激发全校学生的英语学习热潮,也为了体现当代大学生积极向上的品质,并让在校学生更真切的感受西方圣诞文化气息和所蕴藏的神秘,英语协会特此举办圣诞晚会活动。具体方案如下:
一、活动主题:温情暖寒冬,欢乐庆圣诞。
二、活动时间:2012年12月22日晚上7:30。
1、培训礼仪小姐和主持人。还有,主持人准备好主持内容。
2、由本协会、海燕话剧社,还有魔术协会负责排练,完成各个节目的安排工作;
3、在2012/12/19,进行第一次正式彩排,进行“圣诞晚会”汇演;
4、在2012/12/20,进行第二次正式彩排,进行“圣诞晚会”汇演。
(三)晚会基调:喜庆、祥和、热烈。
(四)赞助单位:待定。
(五)活动形式:
1、以“圣诞”为线索去贯穿整个活动。以圣诞节的标志:“圣诞老人”、“圣诞树”以及“圣诞老人的包裹“为整个Party的串联主
动方向(注:由两名干事扮演圣诞老人):
2、由英协表演人员及特邀嘉宾进行舞蹈、话剧、相声、魔术、大合唱等节目的表演,互动环节以游戏及有奖问答为主,内容积极向上。
十、活动流程:
(1)7:20 :主持人在台后宣布晚会即将开始,让大家保持安静并观看大屏幕。此时,屏幕上开始出现10秒的倒计时,即10、9、8„„3、2、1.观看协会宣传视频
(2)7:30 :晚会正式开始。
1、开场舞(爵士舞);
2、主持人(一男一女)介绍本晚会、嘉宾,并宣布晚会开始;(注:晚会开始前半小时确认到场嘉宾,并把最终到场的嘉宾名单送到主持人手上)
3、嘉宾发表讲话,赞助商鸣谢;
4.精彩话剧(圣诞老人的由来),且插入一个圣诞老人跳江南Style的舞蹈。
5、嘉宾表演;
6、互动环节:提前准备好有关圣诞节有关的问题,然后主持人提问在场的人,回答正确的可以得到小的礼品。(如圣诞帽)
7、相声;
8、神奇魔术(你猜,我猜猜猜);
9、互动游戏(男生女生向前冲)。
A、活动形式:
(1)现场举手或主持人随机抽选号数决定人员参加游戏,优胜组将获得圣诞服装一套,参与者就获得一顶圣诞帽;
(2)共玩两轮。两组进行大比拼(一组两人)。注:男女搭配。
(3)游戏分为两个环节。第一环节是两人合作把气球夹到指定处,第二环节是男生背女生到凳子上回答问题。(要以最快的速度回答出)
(4)凳子只有一张,要两组人抢位置。
(5)颁发奖品给优胜组过程中,同时会有两名圣诞老人在下面座位席左右两端散发糖果。
B、游戏规则:两组人一起游戏。每组人先用脸或背部夹气球,把气球夹到指定处(注:要夹到3个气球才能进入第二环节),接着男生背女生到另一端回答主持人一个的问题。两组人要抢位置,抢到位置的那组优先回答问题。回答正确,则这组就为优胜者,若回答错误,将由第二组人来回答,直到给出正确答案,才停止游戏。
10、迈克杰克逊Show。
11、大合唱《Merry Christma》。(嘉宾和英协所有干事);
12、主持人宣布圣诞晚会结束,感谢嘉宾的到场,鸣谢嘉宾及赞助商。祝愿所有人员圣诞快乐!
13、嘉宾、表演者和各部门部长、干事留下拍照留念,同时现场播放《铃儿响叮当》歌曲。
第五篇:墨子节用思想
简析墨子的消费伦理思想
论文摘要:作为墨家的代表人物,墨子有其独特而深刻的消费伦理思想,主要体现在“节用”的消费行为规范方面。墨子兼顾功利主义与节俭主义的经济伦理思想,对构建现代市场经济条件下的新型消费伦理,培养节俭之美德,有着重要的借鉴意义。
一、消费行为规范:“节用”
墨子主张的消费行为规范,概括地来说主要是“节用”。赵靖先生评价说:“在墨家的经济思想体系中,生产论实际上成了节用论的从属部分。在墨学十大纲领中,经济方面的纲领只有一个:„国家贫,则语之节用、节葬。‟墨翟几乎把一切经济问题都纳入节用的范畴下,把节用看做是解决一国经济问题的不二法门。”墨子主张节用,源于他对生产与消费关系的深刻认识。那种不顾生产对消费的决定和制约,盲目追求奢侈消费的行为,是治国的七大忧患之首。传统社会中,农业生产是古代经济生活中的头等大事,风调雨顺与政通人和对一个国家和人民来说相当重要。一方面,风调雨顺意味着五谷丰登,衣食有望,否则“一谷不收谓之馑,二谷不收谓之旱,三谷不收谓之凶。四谷不收谓之溃,五谷不收谓之饥”,遇到灾荒之年,民则无所仰,仕者大夫亦损禄,以致“尽无禄”,“禀食(口粮)而已矣”,国家也因此岌岌可危;另一方面,政通人和对农业生产起着非常积极的作用,政治清明的时候,人民能休养生息,“不误农时”,保障农业生产所需的人力、物力和时间,不像兵荒马乱的时候,劳役和徭役繁重,疲于奔命,民不聊生。然而,农业生产有赖于天时地利,不稳定的因素较多,自然条件又非人力所能及,要解决这个矛盾,除了加强农业生产外,在消费方面只能是尽可能地节用,“以时生财,固本而用财,则财足”作为财富的最大消耗者,统治阶层更是要注重节用,杜绝奢侈浪费,“凡足以奉给民用,则止。诸加费不加于民利者,圣王弗为”。基于上述认识,墨子倡导节用,包括人们衣食住行的节用,以及节葬短丧。
在衣食住行方面,墨子制定了详细的节用之法,其日:
衣:“为衣服之法:冬则练帛之中,足以为轻且暖,夏则缔络之中,足以为轻则清,谨此则止。故圣人之为衣服,适身体和肌肤而足矣。非荣耳目而观愚民也。当是之时,坚车良马不知贵也,刻镂文采不知喜也。何则?其所道之然。”
食:“古者圣王制为饮食之法,日:足以充虚继气,强股肱,耳目聪明,则止。不极五味之调、芬香之和,不致远国珍怪异物。”
住:“室高足以辟润湿,边足以圉风寒,上足以待雪霜雨露,宫墙之高,足以别男女之礼。谨此则止,凡费财劳力,不加利也,不为也。”
行:“车为服重致远,乘之则安,引之则利;安以不伤人,利以速至,此车之利也。古者圣王为大川广谷之不可济,于是制为舟楫,足以将之,则止。虽上者三公诸侯至,舟楫不易,津人不饰,此舟之利也。”
墨子还指出,遇到欠收灾荒之年,统治者还要相应地减免税收,压缩开支,降低生活标准,与民同甘共苦,“岁馑,则仕者大夫以下皆损禄五分之一。旱,则损五分之二。凶,则损五分之三。溃,则损五分之四。饥,则尽无禄,禀食而已矣。”
至于丧葬之礼,墨子非常反对:“又厚葬久丧,重为棺椁,多为衣衾,送死若徙。三年哭泣,扶后起,杖后行,耳无闻,目无见,此足以丧天下。”父母去世,子女要守三年之丧,对于国家和民众的财富精力是很大的损害,因此,墨子主张节葬短丧。他说:“上士之操丧也,必扶而能起,仗而能行以此共三年。若法若言,行若道,使王公大人行此,则必不能蚤朝晏退,听狱治政。使士大夫行此,必不能治五官六府,辟草木,实仓瘭。使农夫行此,则必不能蚤出夜人,耕稼树艺。使百工行此,则必不能修舟车,为器皿也。使妇人行此,则必不能夙兴夜寐,纺绩织缍。细计厚葬,为多埋赋之财者也;计久丧,为久禁从事者也。财以成者,扶而埋之;后得生者,而久禁之。以此求富,此譬犹禁耕而求获也,富之说无可得焉。‟
从这些节用思想中,我们可以发现这样一些特点:
第一,从衣食住行方面给出的详细规定来看,它们主要是一些消费行为所应遵循的道德规范。在消费问题上,墨子的观点是那些为了满足生活的基本需要的消费,是切合实用的消费,也是正当的消费,反之,则是没有实用价值的奢侈消费,是不正当的消费。“节用”的消费行为规范,正是对那些奢侈消费的道德约束和限制,这些行为规范连同与之相关的消费思想一起构成了墨子消费伦理的基本内容。
第二,墨子在注重节用的同时,也强调生产之重要性。他以为要使饥者得食,寒者得衣,劳者得息,使一切人民皆能维持一定的消费水平,就必须加强生产。故谓“凡五谷者,民之所仰也,君之所以为养也。故民无仰则君无养,民无食则不可事。故食不可不务也,地不可不力也,用不可不节也。”除了生产之外,还要注意防范不时之灾,即所谓“国备”,他说:“国无三年之食者,国非其国也。家无三年之食者,子非其子也。此之谓国备。”。墨子观察到了生产与需要之间的矛盾,一方面是要加紧发展生产,另一方面,节俭消费、抑制需要、适当积累亦是不可少的。在物质财富不丰盈的古代社会,墨子的节用不仅反映了小生产者及下层劳动人民的利益和要求,也是一种消极地适应低水平生产的有效消费方式和生活态度。第三,古代社会,广大小生产者和平民生活贫困,节用是他们本来的持家之道。墨子对衣食住行的节用规定,主要是针对当时的统治阶级而言的。墨子批评当时统治阶级不满足实用,追求享乐,形成奢侈挥霍之风,为衣服,“以为锦绣文采靡曼之衣,铸金以为钩,珠玉以为碾,女工作文采,男工作刻镂,以为衣服”;为饮食,“以为美食刍豢,蒸炙鱼鳖,大国累百器,小国累十器,前方丈,目不能遍视,手不能遍操,口不能遍味,冬则冻冰,夏则饰噎”;为宫室,“以为宫室台榭曲直之望,青黄刻镂之饰”;为舟车,“饰车以文采,饰舟以刻镂。女子废其纺织而修文采,男子离其耕稼而修刻镂,故民饥”;为丧葬,“棺椁必重,葬埋必厚,衣衾必多,文绣必繁,丘陇必巨”。为满足享乐消费,统治者“厚作敛于百姓,暴夺民衣食之财”,其必然结果是“富贵者奢侈,孤寡者冻馁”。尚俭节用,本为先秦各学派所推崇,而墨子及其弟子不但身体力行,自奉甚俭,还制定了具体的标准和内容,对消费行为予以规约,把矛头直接指向了封建统治阶级。墨子这一节用的思想已经超越了纯经济学的意义,闪烁着伦理智慧之光。
二、节用的价值指导与目的:“兴天下之利”
与儒家哲学之根本观念不同,儒家“正其谊不谋其利,明其道不计其功”,而墨家则专注重“利”,专注重“功”,”“功”和“利”是墨子思想的根本出发点。其“兴天下之利”的功利主义思想,虽然不是直接思考消费伦理问题的,但客观上还是对墨子节用、节葬等消费思想有着重要的、直接的影响。墨子言利。他说:“仁人之所以为事者,必兴天下之利,除去天下之害,以此为事者也。”
“何谓三表,子墨子言日:有本之者,有原之者。有用之者。于何本之?上本之于古者圣王之事。于何原之?下原察百姓耳目之实。于何用之?发以为刑政,观其中国家百姓人民之利。”墨子认为,一切行为,皆以“兴天下之利”为其价值目的,而“国家百姓人民之利”则为一切价值之最终标准。与墨子相反,儒家区分了义与利:君子喻于义,小人喻于利,义与利是相对立的;墨子则认为义利是一致的,义,利也。墨子认为天下奠贵于义,有义则治,无义则乱,义是利于天下的。墨子的利,指公利,也是道德的最高原则,善恶之分皆由此为标准。在墨子看来,国家百姓人民之利,即是人民之“富”与“庶”,凡能使人民富庶之事物,皆为有用,否者皆为无益或有害,“一切价值,皆依此估定。”人民的富庶既然是国家百姓人民之大利,因而,有关富民养民,丰衣足食的实现方式就显得非常重要。墨子强调,“财不足则反之时,食不足则反之用”。财利不足,就要反过来注重按农时耕种,遵循农业生产的客观规律;食不足,则要节用,反对奢侈,去除无用之费,才能“兴利多”。
以同一理由,墨子认为儒家坚持厚葬久丧,守孝三年,是对人力物力的巨大损害,使财
贫,人寡而国乱,“足以丧天下”,应该予以去除。墨子的“节用”之法之于国家百姓人民的“富”、“庶”、“兴利多”的意义十分重要,于国于民都是须臾不可少的,其经济伦理价值也因此凸显出来。
基于“兴天下之利”之价值指导,墨子倡导近于苦行主义的节用思想。当然,墨子并不是要完全的禁欲,而是节制一些人的非基本的欲望,以求天下人最基本欲望的满足。墨子反对美服、美色、甘食、安逸,是要牺牲目前的一切享受,以求人民皆能维持生活。其“不侈于后世,不靡于万物”,“以自苦为极”的消费伦理思想,皆是“兴天下之利”,为达到利民、利国、利天下之目的。
三、墨子消费伦理思想的局限与意义
中国古代经济思想史中,墨子的消费伦理思想独树一帜。墨子及其弟子以为世上人人皆须勤苦节欲,所谓“节俭则昌,淫佚则亡”。在消费问题上墨子力主节用以及自奉甚俭的生活,给人们留下了深刻的印象。墨子提倡的所谓“古者圣王制为节用之法”,是种固定的、僵化的、较低的消费标准。
墨子指望人们能遵循“节用之法”,从而抑制侈靡浪费,化解生产与需要之间的矛盾,在物质财富不充盈、饥寒交迫的古代,墨子的思想是有其积极意义的。但是,从社会发展的长远前景来看,随着生产的扩大,经济的发展,财富的增多,社会需求和社会消费也在增加,这是不可遏制的历史潮流。因而。“墨子企图极大地限制甚至取缔人们除基本生存需要之外的一切消费,实际上就违反了社会发展的客观规律,是行不通和不会有什么结果的。而这,就正是小生产劳动者的狭隘眼界的悲剧。”从现代市场经济的眼光来看,人为地限制消费,满足于仅仅食饱衣暖是不可能的。消费与生产互相影响,消费已成为社会再生产的充分必要条件,成为了国民经济运行的原动力。并且,随着大众消费时代的到来,以生产为主导的社会转向了以消费为主导的社会,消费在人们的生活中扮演着愈来愈重要的角色。其次,墨子不能理解到,在以封建地主土地所有制为基础的经济体系下,即使劳动人民加紧发展生产,厉行节约,统治阶级也会加大剥削力度满足他们穷奢极欲的生活,使得在消费问题上只能是统治阶级奢侈而劳动人民始终贫穷。这里,我们看到了墨子消费伦理思想的局限。
显然,墨子独特而深刻的消费伦理思想还具有不容忽视的积极意义。首先,墨子主张不论平民百姓还是统治阶级,人人皆要节用尚俭。儒家也尚俭,但俭的具体标准是依礼而行,以礼为度,所谓“俭不违礼”,“用不伤义”。就是说,消费要符合个体名分地位和身份,是一种名副其实的等级消费,反映了儒家仁学道德观的不平等性。而墨子相信,“官无常贵,民无终贱”,墨子希望通过推行节用的基本道德规范,限制统治阶级的奢侈消费,消除消费上的不平等现象,实现其“兼相爱,交相利”的社会政治理想。墨子的消费思想有着统治阶级所缺乏的重视生产,讲求平等互爱的伦理精神。其次,墨子的节俭以“国家百姓人们之利”为旨归,体现其无私奉献和自我牺牲的精神。墨子是典型的功利主义者,但其所求之“利”是“利天下”,为了天下百姓之富庶安康个人牺牲一切亦在所不惜,由此,《淮南子·泰族训》记载,“墨子服役者百八十人,皆可使赴汤蹈火,死不还踵”。墨子及其学派“先天下之忧而忧”,对国家社稷和人民富有强烈的责任感和道德感,把勤苦节用作为毕生的道德信念并亲身践履之。毋庸置疑,墨子这种自奉甚俭,无私奉献的思想和行为,对于现代市场经济条件下公民道德建设是大有裨益的。第三,墨子及其追随者作为同广大劳动人民有密切联系的一个学派,重视生产劳动,尊重劳动成果,其兼顾功利主义与节俭主义的经济伦理思想,对构建现代市场经济条件下的消费伦理,培养节俭之美德,有着重要的借鉴价值。