第一篇：【美联英语】高二英语语法 free用法归纳
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http://www.xiexiebang.com/test/kuaisu.aspx?tid=16-73675-0
美联英语提供：高二英语语法：free用法归纳
free adj.(1)空闲的;有空的。
Are you free tomorrow?明天你有空吗?(2)免费的;无偿的。
①Do you enjoy free medical care ?你享受免费医疗吗? ②—Why are you so happy?你怎么那么高兴? —Because I got two free ticket.我免费弄到两张票。(3)自由的。
①The birds in the cage wish to be free.笼中之鸟盼望自由。
②You are free to say anything you want to at the meeting.会上你可以畅所欲言。freeze,freezing,frozen freeze是动词“结冰,凝固”;freezing可用作名词“冰点”,用作形容词“冰冷的”,用作副词“极冷地”;frozen既是freeze的过去分词形式,也可用作形容词,表示“冷冻的”。对比: Water freezes below freezing.冰点以下时水结冰。It was freezing cold that morning.那天早晨非常地冷。The roads are frozen in places.路上多处结冰。[应用]英译汉 ①above/over freezing ②freezing weather ③be frozen to death ④give sb.a freezing cold ⑤freezing machine ⑥frozen meat ⑦I’m frozen,so I can’t write ⑧I’m freezing,so I’ve to put on a heavy coat.Key:
①零度以上 ②很冷的天气 ③被冻死 ④冷冷地看某人一眼 ⑤制冷机 ⑥冻肉
⑦我冻坏了,不能写东西了。⑧我觉得冷极了,我得穿件厚大衣 高中英语语法之人称代词的用法讲解
1、多个人称代词的排列顺序 ①you and I ②he and I ③you and he ④you，he and I ⑤you，they and we（情况多）
2、It 的用法 ① 代替this，that That’s a book，isn’t it ？ ② 做某动作的人或婴儿
---Someone is coming.Who can it be ？---It may be Jack.It’s a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl？ ③表示时间、距离、自然现象 It’s 20 miles to（from）Paris.3、简略回答中用so，not，it 的情况 ①肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so: think，hope，believe，I’m afraid，It seems（appears），---Is it true that he had a heart attack？---I’m afraid so./ I believe so./ It seems so.②否定答语中用not:---Has Anne got into university？
---I’m afraid not./ I think not./ It seems not.③协力动词中也可以用not…so: believe，think，suppose，expect，etc I don’t believe so./ I don’t think so.④do代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时，do后常用so / it:---Please lay the table.---I’ve just done so（it）。
etc.关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http://www.xiexiebang.com/test/kuaisu.aspx?tid=16-73675-0
第二篇：【美联英语】英语语法+浙江高中英语语法归纳总结
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 美联英语提供：浙江高中英语语法归纳总结
浙江高中英语语法权威解析
目录: 第01章 名词性从句
第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章 主谓一致 第05章
动词不定式 第06章
倒装结构
第07章
定语从句 第08章
被动语态 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感叹句 第11章 疑问句 第12章 名词 第一章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一． 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）
d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）
2.用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that …
事实是…
It is an honor that
…非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that
…是常识(2)It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that…
很自然…
It is strange that…
奇怪的是…(3)It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that…
似乎…
It happened that…
碰巧…
It appears that…
似乎…(4)It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that…
据报道…
It has been proved that…
已证实…
It is said that…
据说…
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
1.作动词的宾语
(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。
(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：
a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。
b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2.作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3.作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4.it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate，dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词
＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
高一英语名词性从句专项练习
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A.did the quarrel came about
B.the quarrel had come about
C.had the quarrel come about
D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything
D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there
B.in which
C.where
D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone
B.where did he go C.which place has he gone
D.where has he gone
7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that
B.which
C.of which
D.of that
8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave
B.that;should leave
C./;must leave
D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that
B.It;that
C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that
B.which
C.whether
D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?
A.that B.what C.why
D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If
D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while
B.if
C.that D.for
14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether
B.This
C.who
D.If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That
C.Whether
D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That
C.Who
D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that
C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What
B.It
C.All that
D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed
B.think
C.say
D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What
B.That
C.How
D.Where Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：
一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……
二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为
(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…
例
It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例
It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It's no good/use doing…
It's(well)worth doing…
It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…
It's(well)worth while doing/ to do
例
It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1)It is + noun +从句
例
It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause
It's surprising that…(should)………竟然……
It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然……
例
It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze
/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…
例
It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)
(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)
例
It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)
(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）
例
It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)
(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例
It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型
1.It takes sb.… to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事
例
It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)
2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格
例
It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了
例
It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)… have v-ed…第几次做某事了
例
It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了
例
It's 10 years that he lived here
6.It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例
It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun
(one's)
doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make，keep…)
例
I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…
verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例
The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…
owe it to sb.that…把…归功于…
leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做
take it for granted that …想当然
keep it in mind that…
例
Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后
例
I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）
例
I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型
It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例
When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句
例
It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例
It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(强调句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1.make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例
It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”
例
—Shall we meet next week?
—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例
We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例
Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”
例
He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例
If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it
(1).相当于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例
You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例
— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.6.catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例
We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例
Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例
I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”
例
You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”
例
My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞
12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)
13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)
14.As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”
例
As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”
例
As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例
You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry.用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”
例
Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”
例
You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”
例
Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”
例
Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例
Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放弃
例
That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例
—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb.表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”
例
—Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that
B.while
C.in which
D.then(88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this
B.that
C.it
D.he(89)
3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this
B.that
C.its
D.it(91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that
B.until , that
C.until , that
D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it(93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while
B.which
C.that
D.since(94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It(95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their
beauty.A.until
B.that
C.then
D.so(97)
10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it
B.that
C.these
D.them(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one
B.that
C.what
D.it(2000)
12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this
B.that C.it
D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)A.this B.These
C.That
D.it
14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)
A.it
B.One
C.Himself
D.another
15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)
A.This is B.There is C.That is
D.It is
16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making
progress.(2004北京)
A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea
B.It depends
C.As usual
D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)
A.make out
B.turn out
C.go on
D.come up
19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends
B.It's up to you
C.All right
D.Glad to hear that
20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went
D.until midnight when he didn't go
KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA
11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC
第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：
一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：
a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her
homework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。
d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：
1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词;(2)连词（though, whether , when）+形容词；(3)连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词；(5)连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词；(6)连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：
a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工 人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后
悔的。
c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：
1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2)当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：
Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。
2．定语从句中的省略
1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：
Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：
Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。
2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：
a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？
3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时，从句不能用 how 来引导，应该用that 或 in which，或将它们全部省略。如：
I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3．宾语从句中的省略
1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：
a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：
a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：
(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。
三、简单句中的省略
1．省略主语
1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：
(You)Open the door, please.请开一下门。
2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：
a)(I)Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b)(It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：
a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟
b)(Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？
c)(You come)This way please.请这边走。
d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？
3．省略宾语 如：
—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know(him.)我不认识他 4．省略表语 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同时省略几个成分 如：
a)—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。
b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合
1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以这么做。
2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想来，可是她父母不让。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?
— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。
4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。
五、动词不定式to 的省略
1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。
3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：
All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。
4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：
It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易，做起来难。
5．在would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：
a)I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间
b)Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？
六．其他一些省略结构
1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！
b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
第四章 主谓一致
主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.(一)语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。
2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数.如:
The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。
6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。
None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。
8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如:
His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。
9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如: the United States;报纸名如: the New Times;书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10.“a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。
(二)内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车，今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3.加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。
4.表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。
5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括 audience, committee, government, family，enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。
6.the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原则
1.由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？
2.用连词or, either....or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
主谓一致练习
1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is
B.are/are C.is/are
D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years
B.are/year old
C.is/years old
D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play
B.are playing C.plays
D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are
B.has
C.have
D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.be
6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking
B.is speaking
C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his
B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's
D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are
B.is stayed
C.is
D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left
D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands
B.standing
C.which stands
D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will
B.was
C.is
D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are
B.I am
C.as I am
D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?
--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you
B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you
D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed
B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed
D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is
B.they are
C.this
D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting
B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting
D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were
B.were eaten/was C.were eaten/were
D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her
B.is hers C.are hers
D.are her
21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have
B.are said to have
C.is said to be
D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves
B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf
D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows
B.cows cattle C.cattle cows
D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree
B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes
D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive
B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher
B.fathers are teachers
C.father are teachers
D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may
seem to be aimless.A.is occurred
B.are occurred
C.occurs
D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or
B.The offices and
C.Both the office and
D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of
B.A great many
C.A large number of
D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out
B.are sold out
C.was sold out
D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has
B.have
C.is
D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is
B.are, are
C.are is
D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying
B.have studied
C.studies
D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are
B.is
C.will
D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been
C.All has
D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are
B.is C.has
D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching
B.were searching for
C.are searching
D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it
B.are it
C.are them
D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years
B.are years
C.is year
D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are
B.have
C.has
D.is
46.______a good enough price for this book
A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are
C.Two yuans is
D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen
B.is seen
C.see
D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting
B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted
D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room
B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room
D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is
B.are
C.have
D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something
B.has something
C.had something
D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is
B.are
C.are going
D.have
53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has
B.are have
C.is have
D.is has
54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish
B.wishes
C.hope
D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work
B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles
D.Three quarter of the business 答案：
1-5 BDDDB
6-10 ABACD
11-15 ACDAB
16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA
26-30CBACA
31-35 CCADC
36-40CBCAD
41-45 BBCBD
46-50 DBDDB
51-55 BAABB
第五章
动词不定式不定式作宾语 1)动词+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3)动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2.不定式作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider,
第三篇：美联英语培训：介词 during 的用法归纳总结
在线英语培训
立刻说英语： www.xiexiebang.com
青少英语：介词 during 的用法归纳总结
各种英语语法辅导练习中，英语语法的练习技巧显得尤为重要，而且一些英语语法基础不是很牢固的同学就很容易在英语语法练习中出丑。
今天，在线英语培训机构中的翘楚，立刻说likeshuo英语金牌讲师就整理了英语用语——“during”的用法归纳总结，希望在你对英语语法练习有所犹豫的时候做出正确的选择。如果你想了解更多的英语资料，不妨也可以尝试我们的在线英语培训和在线英语阅读吧！
1.表示“在……期间”，是介词，不要将其误用作连词。如： 他在巴黎期间，与他的朋友住在一起。
误：During he was in Paris, he lived with his friends.正：While he was in Paris, he lived with his friends.正：During his stay in Paris, he lived with his friends.2.during 和 for 均可表示一段时间，但两者有差别。
(1)during 通常表示事件发生在何时（when），而for则表示事件持续了多长时间（how long）。如：
He was in hospital for six weeks during the summer.他在夏天住了 6 个星期的医院。
(2)两者之后均可接由 the whole 引起的时间短语，但通常不能接由 all 引起的时间短语。如：
他整个夏天都住在那儿。
正：He stayed there for [during] the whole summer.误：He stayed there for [during] all the summer.(3)在“数词+时间名词”之前以及在some time, a long time之类表示泛指一段时间
在线英语培训
立刻说英语： www.xiexiebang.com 的词组之前，可用介词 for，但不用 during。如：
He lived here for ten years(for some time).他在这儿住过 10 年（一段时间）。2.during与in均可表示“时间点”，有时可互换。如： I’ll be on holiday in [during] August.我将在8月度假。
He woke up three times in [during] the night.夜里他醒了 3 次。但在使用时还有以下几点要注意：
(1)比较而言，during 更强调时间的延续，in 只是指一般性的某一时间。因此若表示状态或习惯性动作，多用during，否则以用in为常见。如：
Many people suffered hardship during the war.许多人在战争期间受苦遭难。He was injured in the war.他在战争期间受了伤。
(2)在stay, visit, meal等表示行为要持续一段时间的名词之前，只能用during 而不能用in。如：
The phone rang during the meal.吃饭时电话铃响了
I went to see my aunt during my stay in Beijing.在北京逗留期间，我去看了我的姑妈。
(3)与季节名词连用，in表泛指，during表特指。如：
In summer we often camp in the forest.夏天我们常在森林里露营。（泛指）During the summer we camped in the forest.今年夏天我们在森林里露营。（特指）以上的阅读材料，正是你未来语言实用的积累基础。或许，我们今天就把它彻底巩固了吧！如果，你对学英语从现在开始有了非常浓厚的兴趣，不妨关注英语在线培训优秀品牌——美联英语立刻说！这是一个十分优秀的外教一对一在线学习的平台，课程据说是根据学员实际情况量身订造，后期基础扎实点了再选择欧美外教。很方便。不拘一格的学习方式，在线英语培训
立刻说英语： www.xiexiebang.com
还能有聊天、沟通、交友、获得信息等多重功能，是年轻人学英语的新天地。
第四篇：高二英语语法
高二英语语法——过去分词专练 一．用所给的动词的正确形式填空
1.Did you attend the meeting _______（hold)yesterday? 2.Do you know the name of the play________(put on)in the hall now? 3.I borrowed a book ______(write)by Mark Twain from the library last week.I like it very much.4.Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________(pay)by the hour.5.The rooms are _______(paint), so you can’t move in.6.What he has done is really ________(disappoint).Now his parents are ________(disappoint)with him.7.The murderer was brought in , with his hands _____(tie)behinds his back.8.I have had my bike _______(repair),and I'm going to have somebody _______(repair)my radio tomorrow.9.You must get the work _______(do)before Friday.10._______(enter)the room,the nurse found the tape-recorder _____(go).11.We are pleased to see the problem ______(settle)so quickly.12.I don't want the children ______(take)out in such weather.13.I'm afraid that I can't make myself _______(understand)because of my poor English.14.Jane got her bad tooth ______(pull)out at the dentist's.15.When ______(complete),the museum will be open to the public next year.16.With a lot of difficulties ______(settle),they went to the seashore and had a good rest.17.______(see)from space,the earth with water ______(cover)70％of its surface looks like a “blue blanket”.18.The girl wrote a composition without ______(ask)19.______(give)more attention,the trees could have grown better.20.Before he came to London,he had never heard a single English word _____(hear).21._______(hear)her friend was badly hurt,she burst into tears.22.They hurried back home only to find their house ______(break)into.23.Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty ______(express)in art and literature.24.The thief _______(question)by the police a moment ago still couldn’t tell the truth.25.I couldn’t accept the view ________(offer)to me unless it is based on facts.26.The ________(surprise)look on his face suggested that he must have heard some surprising news.27.He didn’t notice his wallet ________(steal).28.The students wouldn’t like the problem ________(discuss)at the moment.29.When we got to school,we saw the door_______(lock).30.I am very busy now.I’d like to have my little child_______(take)to school.31.Be careful,or you will have your hands _______(hurt).32.He spoke slowly to make himself _________(understand).33.When he woke up,he found himself ________(surround)by a group of children.34.The news reporters hurried to the airport,only _______(tell)the film star had left.35.After her journey from abroad,Mary returned home,________(exhaust).36.False friends are just like leaves,________(find)everywhere, but true friends are like diamonds ,precious and rare.37._________(encourage)by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.38.He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______(interest).39.While you were out,you should keep your doors and windows ________(close).40.The stone bridge _______(build)last year is very beautiful.二．短语互译
1.Take up _________
2.Lose sight of _________ 3.Speed up ________ 4.Slide into _________ 5.Speed up ___________ 6.Contribute to ______ 7.Apart from__________ 8.Make sense __________ 9.Consist of _______ 10.Divide into _________ 11.Break away from_______________ 12.To one’s credit _________ 13.Leave out_________ 14.Break down_____ 15.Take the place of __________ 16.Be delighted by/at___________ 17.be strict with_________
18.Link.....to_________ 19.be unwilling to do sth_________
20.In memory of __________ 21.提出__________
22.得出结论 _________
23.擅长__________
24.使你的皮肤暴晒于阳光下______________ 25.向某人挑战 ____________
26.对........乐观________________ 27.一.........就___________
28.在.......之前____________ 29.对......乐观_________
30.恢复，完全恢复__________ 31.朝四面八方____________
第五篇：高二英语语法
高二英语语法总结精讲
The past participle used as attribute and predicative 用作定语和表语的过去分词
1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系，且表完成的状态；如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说，所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主动，又不表完成。此外，作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。如： You can drink boiled water，not boiling water． 你可以喝白开水，但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the examination． 从他的失望表情看，我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语，过去分词作表语，多表示主语的状态。如： This machine part is broken．这个机器零件坏了。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了，常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。用作宾补的过去分词
过去分词作宾补，与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补，它们是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等 We hear the music played by the band．我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都认为这场战役输掉了。2)作使役动词的宾补，它们是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等 Please keep us informed of the latest development． 请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。I must get my bike repaired．我必须请人修自行车3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补，它们是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal． 我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
用作状语的过去分词无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等，这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。像第二句那样当强调实践概念时，过去分词之前可用连词when，while2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．那姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不 3)表让步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀请，我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．尽管一再遭受挫败，他们仍然继续战斗。4)表伴随 He stared at me(he was)astonished．他两眼瞪着我，惊恐万状Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句 that引导名词性从句时，本身没有什么意思，它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时，一般不可省略，且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面，前面用it代替that从句；当然，当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语；如主句是感叹句时，必须用it作形式主语，把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时，在不引起歧义的情况下，that可以省略；that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有：except、but、in等)，如介词引导that从句作宾语，常常在其后加it，在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句，一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句，一般不可省略。请看下列例句：That we shall be late is certain．=It is certain that we shall be late．我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。It is said that he's got married．听说他结婚了。I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all． 我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。区别 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句
1．where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如：
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远 2．where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。I found my books where I had left them．我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。有时，where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如： Where there is a will，there is a way．(谚语)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命3．在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert．(= A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．(= Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。由疑问词引导的名词性从句由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时，其句型结构应该采用以下两种： 1．疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他
2．本身是主语的疑问词 + 谓语动词 + 其他
不管采用哪种句型，其词序总是正装的，即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。1)What you need is more practice．(主语从句)2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．(主语从句)3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(动词宾语从句)4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介词宾语从句)5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans．(表语从句)6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars．(同位语从句)虚拟语气语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。1．虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下：
从
句
主
句
过去式(be用were)would + 动词原形
1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original． 要是我懂德文，我就读《资本论》的原文。
2)If he were here now，everything would be all right． 要是他现在在这儿，一切就都没问题了。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！2．虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时，其动词一律用其过去式形式，be用were；如果该从句表示一般过去时，其动词形式要用：had + 过去分词；如果该从句表示现在进行时，其动词形式要用were／was + 现在分词；如果该从句表示一般将来时，其动词形式要用：would／could + 动词原形。
1)I wish I were／was as strong as you． 2)I wish I remembered his phone number．
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day． 4)How I wish it weren't／wasn't raining now！5)I wish he would try again． 3．虚拟语气在含有as if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。1)He acts as if he were／was an expert． 2)It seems as if it were／was spring．
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years． 一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气
表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下：
从
句 主
句
had + 过去分词
would have + 过去分词
1．If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train． 2．If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake．3．You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下：
从
句
主
句
were to／should + 动词原形
would +
动词原形
1．If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology．
2．If he were to／should travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it注：在虚拟条件中，有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用，在此语境中，就把从句中的助动词had，should或were移至其主语前，如：
1．Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment． 2．Were they to act like that again，we would／should criticize them severely3．Should we fail again next time，we wouldn't lose courage． 倒装主语与谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，这和汉语是一致的，称为自然语序或正装语序。反之，如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就是倒装语序，产出倒装语序主要有两个原因：语法结构的要求；第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。1．主谓倒装 A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如： 1)There exist different opinions on this question． 关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。
2)Here comes the old lady．那位老太太来了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to． 我们期待的时刻到来了。
4)Up went the arrow into the air． 飕的一声箭射上了天空。
5)Now comes your turn．现在轮到你了。6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane．
呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。
B)否定词置于句首，引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前)，如： 1)Never before has our country been so prosperous． 我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。
2)Hardly did I think it possible．我几乎认为这是不可能的。3)On no account should we follow blindly．我们决不应盲从。
C)“only + 状语”置于句首引起部分倒装，如： 1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there． 只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装，如：
1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours' time． 万一有人给我打电话，叫他两小时以后再给我打。
2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket要是早点通知我，我就可能不买那机票了。2．表语倒装
当表语置于句首，其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装，如： 1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard． 靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China． 在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted，as are their parents．他们的祖父母是非常热心的人，他们的父母也一样。省略
在有些英语句子中，某些成分被省略掉了，这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下，可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。
一、常被省略的部分 1．省略主语
Beg your pardon？请再说一遍。(省略I)2．省略谓语或谓语的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher他是医生，他妻子是老师。(省略is)I will do the best I can．我将尽力而为。(省略do)3．省略表语
表语的省略指的是：在主系表句子中，回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式，如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry？你饿吗？ —Yes，I am．(hungry)．我饿。4．省略宾语
This is the book(that)you're looking for． 5．主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略
—What would you like to eat？—你要吃什么？ —(I would like)Rice and meat．—米饭和肉。6．在if，when，though，as if等引导的从句中，如果其谓语动词是be，可将主语一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating．吃饭时别说话7．一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词 Can you swim？Yes，I can／No，I can't8．只保留一个主要句子成分，其余全部省略。What did you get？A book．(保留宾语)Wait！(保留谓语)9．the reason
why，the time when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。This is the place(where)we came last month这就是我们上个月来过的地方That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time．这就是他没按时到达的原因。
省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。
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