高二英语语法总结

第一篇：高二英语语法总结

高二英语语法总结

魔法课

英语语法是一样繁琐的知识，对于处于懒散状态的高二学生来说，更加不想要去背和接触，下面提高了一些关于高二英语语法的总结，希望派上用场。

主谓一致

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。（最基本的）

2、由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。

3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

4、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with，as well as，together with，along with，like 等引导的介词短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

注意：主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。

5、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。

6、集体名词family, class, team, group 等看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；看作每一个成员时，谓语动词用复数。

7、当表示国家，城市，人名，书名，报纸，杂志，及组织机构等的专有名词做主语时，作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

The New York Times is reading all over the United States.《纽约时报》

8、news，maths，physics，politics等词貌似复数，实为单数，其谓语动词用单数.9、“the +形容词”(如the poor，the rich，the young，the old，the dead，the sick，the brave 等)作主语，谓语动词往往用复数

10、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。

11、由连词not……but……, or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。（这个就是就近原则）

12、There be句型、以here开头的句子谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。

13、a number of后面加复数名词或代词，其动词用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。

14、在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。

注意：在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决 于one前是否有the(only)、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有the only，就用复数形式。

省略

Ⅰ、状语从句中的省略用法

以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了it is，that is，there is/are。

Ⅱ、定语从句中的省略用法

关系词的省略 关系代词that，which，whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时，可以省略；in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。

Ⅲ、虚拟语气中if及should的省略

1、当条件状语从句中有were，had，should等时省略if，把它们提至句首，形成倒装句。

2、Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的名词性从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。

Ⅳ、不定式符号to的省略

1、感官动词see，hear，feel，watch等和使役动词have，make，let等后接不定式作宾语时，不定式省略to。

2、在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时，也保留be和have。

Ⅴ、So和not的替代性省略

用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，speak，suppose，think，I’m afraid等连用

倒装

1.在there be/live/lie句型中用全部倒装: 2.在以there, here, now, then +be/come/go+主语的句子中用全部倒装: 注：如果主语是代词则不用倒装。

3.以off, away, out, in, up, down等副词开头的句子以示强调或为了使情景更生动，句子用全部倒装:

注：如果主语是代词则不用倒装。

4.only, not until所修饰的介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时，要部分倒装:

注：①主句倒装，从句不倒装。

②Only+主语置于句首时，不倒装。

5.never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, not, few, little, often, by no means, at no time等放在句首时，要部分倒装:

6.在no sooner…than;not only…but also;hardly/scarcely …when;句型中，前面的句子要部分倒装:

注：not only…but also, neither…nor连接两个主语不倒装。

7.以so, neither, nor开头的句子，表相同概念的肯定或否定时，要全部倒装:

e.g.:

I have never been to Beijing.Nor has he.She is a teacher, so am I.8.so/such…that句型中，把so/such修饰的那部分放在句首时，主句要部分倒装:

9.as引导的让步状语从句，常把表语、状语置于主首，用倒装:

注：如果表语是单数可数名词，该词前一般不加冠词。

Child as he is, he knows a lot.10.省略if的虚拟条件句置于句首时，用倒装:

11.Such作表语放在句首时，表示强调，用倒装:

12.为了保持句子平衡，或使上下文连接更紧，可把介词短语、形容词短语、副词或分词提到主语前，用全部倒装语序:

过去分词与现在分词

一、现在分词和过去分词的构成（形式）

现在分词的构成

主动语态 被动语态

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

过去分词的构成：done

二、过去分词的用法

过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。

过去分词用法如下：

1.作定语 和现在分词作定语的用法相同。作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在名词的前面；如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面。

2.作表语

3.作宾语补足语

4.作状语

三、现在分词的用法

1.作定语 作定语用的分词如果是单词，一般放在名词的前面。如果是分词短语，一般放在名词的后面，它的功用相当于定语从句。

2.作表语

3.作宾语补足语 分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语。可带这种复合宾语的动词有：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep等。

注1：上述句子也可以变为被动式。如：Steam can be seen rising

from the wet clothes.注2：复合宾语中用现在分词和用不定式意义稍有不同。不定式表示动作发生了，指事物的全过程；分词则表示动作正在进行。

Fortune often rewards with interest those that have patience to wait for her.这是一句英文谚语意思是只要有耐心，总会走好运。

第二篇：高二英语语法

高二英语语法——过去分词专练 一．用所给的动词的正确形式填空

1.Did you attend the meeting _______（hold)yesterday? 2.Do you know the name of the play________(put on)in the hall now? 3.I borrowed a book ______(write)by Mark Twain from the library last week.I like it very much.4.Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________(pay)by the hour.5.The rooms are _______(paint), so you can’t move in.6.What he has done is really ________(disappoint).Now his parents are ________(disappoint)with him.7.The murderer was brought in , with his hands _____(tie)behinds his back.8.I have had my bike _______(repair),and I'm going to have somebody _______(repair)my radio tomorrow.9.You must get the work _______(do)before Friday.10._______(enter)the room,the nurse found the tape-recorder _____(go).11.We are pleased to see the problem ______(settle)so quickly.12.I don't want the children ______(take)out in such weather.13.I'm afraid that I can't make myself _______(understand)because of my poor English.14.Jane got her bad tooth ______(pull)out at the dentist's.15.When ______(complete),the museum will be open to the public next year.16.With a lot of difficulties ______(settle),they went to the seashore and had a good rest.17.______(see)from space,the earth with water ______(cover)70％of its surface looks like a “blue blanket”.18.The girl wrote a composition without ______(ask)19.______(give)more attention,the trees could have grown better.20.Before he came to London,he had never heard a single English word _____(hear).21._______(hear)her friend was badly hurt,she burst into tears.22.They hurried back home only to find their house ______(break)into.23.Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty ______(express)in art and literature.24.The thief _______(question)by the police a moment ago still couldn’t tell the truth.25.I couldn’t accept the view ________(offer)to me unless it is based on facts.26.The ________(surprise)look on his face suggested that he must have heard some surprising news.27.He didn’t notice his wallet ________(steal).28.The students wouldn’t like the problem ________(discuss)at the moment.29.When we got to school,we saw the door_______(lock).30.I am very busy now.I’d like to have my little child_______(take)to school.31.Be careful,or you will have your hands _______(hurt).32.He spoke slowly to make himself _________(understand).33.When he woke up,he found himself ________(surround)by a group of children.34.The news reporters hurried to the airport,only _______(tell)the film star had left.35.After her journey from abroad,Mary returned home,________(exhaust).36.False friends are just like leaves,________(find)everywhere, but true friends are like diamonds ,precious and rare.37._________(encourage)by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.38.He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______(interest).39.While you were out,you should keep your doors and windows ________(close).40.The stone bridge _______(build)last year is very beautiful.二．短语互译

1.Take up _________

2.Lose sight of _________ 3.Speed up ________ 4.Slide into _________ 5.Speed up ___________ 6.Contribute to ______ 7.Apart from__________ 8.Make sense __________ 9.Consist of _______ 10.Divide into _________ 11.Break away from_______________ 12.To one’s credit _________ 13.Leave out_________ 14.Break down_____ 15.Take the place of __________ 16.Be delighted by/at___________ 17.be strict with_________

18.Link.....to_________ 19.be unwilling to do sth_________

20.In memory of __________ 21.提出__________

22.得出结论 _________

23.擅长__________

24.使你的皮肤暴晒于阳光下______________ 25.向某人挑战 ____________

26.对........乐观________________ 27.一.........就___________

28.在.......之前____________ 29.对......乐观_________

30.恢复，完全恢复__________ 31.朝四面八方____________

第三篇：高二英语语法

高二英语语法总结精讲

The past participle used as attribute and predicative 用作定语和表语的过去分词

1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系，且表完成的状态；如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说，所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主动，又不表完成。此外，作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。如： You can drink boiled water，not boiling water． 你可以喝白开水，但不可以喝沸腾的水。

From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the examination． 从他的失望表情看，我知道他没通过考试。

2)作表语，过去分词作表语，多表示主语的状态。如： This machine part is broken．这个机器零件坏了。

有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了，常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。用作宾补的过去分词

过去分词作宾补，与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。

1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补，它们是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等 We hear the music played by the band．我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都认为这场战役输掉了。2)作使役动词的宾补，它们是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等 Please keep us informed of the latest development． 请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。I must get my bike repaired．我必须请人修自行车3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补，它们是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal． 我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。

用作状语的过去分词无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等，这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。像第二句那样当强调实践概念时，过去分词之前可用连词when，while2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．那姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不 3)表让步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀请，我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．尽管一再遭受挫败，他们仍然继续战斗。4)表伴随 He stared at me(he was)astonished．他两眼瞪着我，惊恐万状Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句 that引导名词性从句时，本身没有什么意思，它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时，一般不可省略，且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面，前面用it代替that从句；当然，当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语；如主句是感叹句时，必须用it作形式主语，把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时，在不引起歧义的情况下，that可以省略；that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有：except、but、in等)，如介词引导that从句作宾语，常常在其后加it，在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句，一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句，一般不可省略。请看下列例句：That we shall be late is certain．=It is certain that we shall be late．我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。It is said that he's got married．听说他结婚了。I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all． 我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。区别 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句

1．where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如：

The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远 2．where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。I found my books where I had left them．我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。有时，where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如： Where there is a will，there is a way．(谚语)有志者事竟成。

Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命3．在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert．(= A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．(= Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。由疑问词引导的名词性从句由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时，其句型结构应该采用以下两种： 1．疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他

2．本身是主语的疑问词 + 谓语动词 + 其他

不管采用哪种句型，其词序总是正装的，即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。1)What you need is more practice．(主语从句)2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．(主语从句)3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(动词宾语从句)4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介词宾语从句)5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans．(表语从句)6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars．(同位语从句)虚拟语气语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。1．虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下：

从

句

主

句

过去式(be用were)would + 动词原形

1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original． 要是我懂德文，我就读《资本论》的原文。

2)If he were here now，everything would be all right． 要是他现在在这儿，一切就都没问题了。

3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！2．虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时，其动词一律用其过去式形式，be用were；如果该从句表示一般过去时，其动词形式要用：had + 过去分词；如果该从句表示现在进行时，其动词形式要用were／was + 现在分词；如果该从句表示一般将来时，其动词形式要用：would／could + 动词原形。

1)I wish I were／was as strong as you． 2)I wish I remembered his phone number．

3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day． 4)How I wish it weren't／wasn't raining now！5)I wish he would try again． 3．虚拟语气在含有as if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。1)He acts as if he were／was an expert． 2)It seems as if it were／was spring．

3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years． 一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气

表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下：

从

句 主

句

had + 过去分词

would have + 过去分词

1．If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train． 2．If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake．3．You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下：

从

句

主

句

were to／should + 动词原形

would +

动词原形

1．If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology．

2．If he were to／should travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it注：在虚拟条件中，有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用，在此语境中，就把从句中的助动词had，should或were移至其主语前，如：

1．Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment． 2．Were they to act like that again，we would／should criticize them severely3．Should we fail again next time，we wouldn't lose courage． 倒装主语与谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，这和汉语是一致的，称为自然语序或正装语序。反之，如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就是倒装语序，产出倒装语序主要有两个原因：语法结构的要求；第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。1．主谓倒装 A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如： 1)There exist different opinions on this question． 关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。

2)Here comes the old lady．那位老太太来了。

3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to． 我们期待的时刻到来了。

4)Up went the arrow into the air． 飕的一声箭射上了天空。

5)Now comes your turn．现在轮到你了。6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane．

呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。

B)否定词置于句首，引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前)，如： 1)Never before has our country been so prosperous． 我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。

2)Hardly did I think it possible．我几乎认为这是不可能的。3)On no account should we follow blindly．我们决不应盲从。

C)“only + 状语”置于句首引起部分倒装，如： 1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there． 只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装，如：

1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours' time． 万一有人给我打电话，叫他两小时以后再给我打。

2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket要是早点通知我，我就可能不买那机票了。2．表语倒装

当表语置于句首，其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装，如： 1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard． 靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。

2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China． 在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。

3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted，as are their parents．他们的祖父母是非常热心的人，他们的父母也一样。省略

在有些英语句子中，某些成分被省略掉了，这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下，可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。

一、常被省略的部分 1．省略主语

Beg your pardon？请再说一遍。(省略I)2．省略谓语或谓语的一部分

He is a doctor and his wife a teacher他是医生，他妻子是老师。(省略is)I will do the best I can．我将尽力而为。(省略do)3．省略表语

表语的省略指的是：在主系表句子中，回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式，如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。

—Are you hungry？你饿吗？ —Yes，I am．(hungry)．我饿。4．省略宾语

This is the book(that)you're looking for． 5．主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略

—What would you like to eat？—你要吃什么？ —(I would like)Rice and meat．—米饭和肉。6．在if，when，though，as if等引导的从句中，如果其谓语动词是be，可将主语一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating．吃饭时别说话7．一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词 Can you swim？Yes，I can／No，I can't8．只保留一个主要句子成分，其余全部省略。What did you get？A book．(保留宾语)Wait！(保留谓语)9．the reason

why，the time when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。This is the place(where)we came last month这就是我们上个月来过的地方That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time．这就是他没按时到达的原因。

省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。

第四篇：苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结

牛津高中英语－模块五

第一单元

一 动词不定式：带to的动词不定式

带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．带to-的动词不定式可以做： 1）句子的主语

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的宾语

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1）宾语不足语

如：I asked him to come over.2）定语

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3）同位语

如：His intention was to cheer me up.4）状语

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态 如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式

1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有： 1）let make have（有时候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官动词：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom

Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官动词后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(见证谈话的整个过程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名词

1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做： 1）做主语（指一般性的动作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介词之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代词之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）组成复合名词

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下动词后面接v-ing Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用词组后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要

确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情还没做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已经做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二单元

一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词

1．v-ing可作： 1）定语

v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表语

如：This destruction is frightening.1）宾语补足语

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短语

v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短语可以表示： 1）时间

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for

things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）结果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)条件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三单元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定语

v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：

表被动：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表过去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表语

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）宾语补足语

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短语

v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示： 1）时间 如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)条件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词

1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们

被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语－模块六

第一单元

时态的概要1：现在时态

现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。

1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论： 1）现在或一直是正确的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论： 1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义 如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于： 1）重复的经历。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二单元

时态的概要2：过去和将来时态

过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进行时态，过去完成时态等。1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：

1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进行时态，过去将来时态等。1．我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构：

1）will shall（用于提供有关将来的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于谈论将来的计划和意图）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三单元

非真实条件句

非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。

1．我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真实条件句的构成：

现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

过去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 将来 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意图，计划；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性 非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：

1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should 如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在条件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四单元

非真实条件句：其它情况

非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。

1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我们用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我们也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 来引导非真实条件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表达非真实的情况。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英语－模块七

第一单元

一 介词

介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．时间介词

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用来表示时间。At后接点时间，in后接段时间，on后接具体某一天。For用来表示某事延续了多长时间，by指的是不晚于什么时间（到 为止），since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。其它表示时间的介词还有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我们经常说in the morning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上，下午和晚上时，th则要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地点介词

at，in和on是表示地点的介词。At后接小地方或一个场合，in后接大地方，on表示在某个东西的表面。其它表示地点的介词还有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行动介词

介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是“朝着方向”。其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介词短语

介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。1．介词与动词连用

许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介词与名词连用

介词可以跟名词连用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：当up to date出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介词与形容词连用

一些介词可以和形容词连用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二单元

动词短语

动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。

动词+副词：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.动词+介词：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用动词短语时有一些规则需要注意：

1．在动词短语里，副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果宾语是代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介词的动词短语里，介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1． 动词词组有特殊的含义，如：

动词词组 含义 例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the

kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．许多动词短语的意思不止一个，如，make out 就有许多不同的意思，以下列举其它三个意思：

1）能够看见或听见某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑问句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)阐述可能不是正确的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三单元

系动词

系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。最常用的系动词是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系动词。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官动词是系动词，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指变化的词是系动词：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1． 大多数情况下，系动词后面接形容词。但有时也接名词或介词短语。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四单元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。分词可以做定语修饰名词，或做时间，原因，结果和方式状语。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用

1）v-ing通常表达正在进行的动作，或某事是什么样子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表达被动的含义，或指代一个完成的动作，或告诉别人我们对某事的感觉。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分词短语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副词一样使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被动和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示进行时态的被动态。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成时态的主动形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成时态的被动形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．当v-ed和v-ing被用做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英语－模块八

第一单元

否定句

否定句用来改正一个错误的观点。如：Money does not buy happiness.在这句话里，钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。注：否定句有是表达肯定含义。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我们有几种方式来表达否定含义。最常用的否定词有：no，not，never，和neither。1．助动词+not 在最简单的否定句里，not或n’t放在助动词后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它词连用

1）当把not放在一个前面加上否定前缀（如：un-dis-in-）的单词的时候，意思就变成肯定的了。但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）当not放在表示时间，距离，数量的短语前时，则起到了强调否定含义的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-从句中额外的否定含义

有时候，我们把否定的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的怀疑。这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：当表达有关自己的事情时，用I wonder whether/if… ,当表达有关别人的事情时，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．还有许多其它的否定表达。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二单元

省略

当我们不想重复含义比较明显的单词或短语时，我们就用省略。省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主语常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助动词后面的单词。如：“Did you enjoy the opera?” “Yes, I did(enjoy it).” 3)动词不定式短语中，省略to后的内容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.4）非正式英语中，省略句中的某些单词。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介词或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一个句型和同一个动词后的两个从句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．为了节省空间和时间，一些单词被省略，包括： 1）标志和标签

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)报纸标题

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)说明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日记

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)笔记

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三单元

倒装

倒装就是改变句子中单词的顺序。当我们用倒装的时候，我们把谓语提到主语的前面，因此我们强调的是谓语而不是主语。倒装用于以下情况。1．最常见的倒装的形式出现在问句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情况下，我们把助动词放在主语的前面 1）以否定词或短语开头的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only开头的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：当only修饰主语时，不需倒装。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情况，主语放在动词的后面 1）句子是直接引语或部分是直接引语。

如： “I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”

2)主语太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等开头的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：当主语是代词时，不需要倒装。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真实条件句中，我们把should, were，had to 放在句子的开头。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四单元

强调句

当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候，我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。

1．强调句可以借助某些单词来表达，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果强调的不是动词，而是句子某一成分，我们可以用以下句型“ It + be+强调部分+that从句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.1)上述句型可以用来强调主语，宾语或状语。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.强调主语：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.强调宾语：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.强调状语：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)当强调的主语是代词时，代词通常要用宾格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：当强调的是人时，引导词用that或who。3)强调结构还可以用语问句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened?

4）我们用 “It was not until…that…”结构来强调时间短语。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我们想强调一般现在时态和一般过去时态中的肯定句中的动词，我们可以在动词前加助动词do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.

第五篇：高二英语语法

1,改变原文的语序。

例如： This substance we call water，and come next only to oxygen．这种物质称为水，其重要性仅次于氧。（＝We call this substance water，and this substance comes next only to oxygen．）

2．以“Hence ＋名词”开头的结构 

hence是表示结果意义的连接副词，hence前面的句子表示原因，hence后面则省略了类似 come的动词。它是倒装句。

例如： Hence（comes）this instruction of the experiment因此，有这本实验说明书。

3．某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句，通常不需要写出其省略部分。

例如： How（is it）about the result？结果怎么样呢？ 

4．由习语组成的省略结构 

So much is for the foundry processes．工艺过程的内容就是这些。（＝Enough has been said or done about．．．；That is all we'll say about...）

Now for the sound-wave method．现在谈谈**方法。（＝And we will now talk about．．．）The grinding machine you operate must be oiled，and that at once．油，而且要马上上油。（and that是个加强语气的省略结构。that是指示代词，代替上文的全部，与and连用表示强调，后接状语。＝andmustbeoiledat可译为“而且”。）

四、介词（短语）的“无胜于有” 

英语介词（短语）应用之频繁，简直到了“不可稍离”的地步。它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一。但有时，为了用词简洁精练，在上下文意境清楚的前提下，介词常常省略。译文中也要采取相应的简洁表达手法。

1．动名词-ing前，有时省略介词。Most people just ruin scissors by）trying to sharpen them．大多数人想把剪刀磨快，结果却磨坏了。

2．在含有way，height，length，size，shape，ckness等惯用语前，有时省略介词。Try to keep your letters on）this side of 500 words．写信请勿超过五百字。

3．在以next，this，one，every，each，some，等开头的时间状语前，有时省略介词。Nine days（from）now will be May Day．起再过九天，便是五一节。

4．在“noun ＋participle”，“noun ＋and all”结构中，有时省略介词“with”。He jumped into the water，(with his）clothes and all．他和着衣服跳进水里。

5．某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词（短语），在以what，when，how，whether，that出的从句或不定式短语之前，有时被省略。

例如： I am not informed（as to）whether he went，why from．我没听说他是否去了，为什么去，什么时候去，来自何地方。（省略与informed搭配的介词as to。）

They are tempered to be careless(of）how they spend their time，because they imagine they have so much of it．对于如何支配时间，他们总是漫不经心，因为他们认为时间多的是。（省略与形容词careless搭配的介词of。）

英语省略句用词简练，表意简练，往往收到一定的修饰效果，但省略必须根据习惯、语言内容和上下文而定。从上述各例句中可以看出，英语和汉语表达习惯不同。在很多上下文意境清楚的情况下，英语往往省略，而汉语能省略时才可省略，但往往不能省略的场合居多，需要重复。