英语语法+大学英语语法总结

第一篇：英语语法+大学英语语法总结

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 大学英语语法总结

一.四六级中虚拟语气用法的总结 虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：

a.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。

b.与客观事实相反地情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。

c.虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显得标志。

虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时：It is vital／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／ advisable／ natural／ essential＋that＋动词原形；It is time／abouttime／hightime＋that＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。

If 句型(共有三种句型)非真实条件句

1.与现在的事实相反：

从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would(could, might)＋动词原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.2.与过去的事实相反：

从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would(could, might)＋ 现在完成时

If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.3.与将来的事实相反：

从句用should(were to，did)+ 动词原形，主句的谓语用would(could, might)＋动词原形

If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.注意：

在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A.If were I

B.I were C.Were I D.Was I

答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.混合条件句

主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

If it had rained last night(过去), it would be very cold today(现在).Wish 句型 表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气

表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

真实状况 wish后

从句动作先于主句动词动作

现在时

过去时

（be的过去式为 were）

从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时

过去完成时（had + 过去分词）

将来不大可能实现的愿望

将来时 would/could +

动词原形

I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。

He wished he hadn't said that.他希望他没讲那样的话。

I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。Wish to do表达法 Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager.= I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once.(= I want the manager to be informed at once.)在强制性语气的宾语从句中的运用

即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that +(should)+ 动词原形，其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：

suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree(发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(动议，规定)，direct(命令)，maintain(坚持)，decide，ask I suggest that you(should)not be late again next time.I prefer that you(should)not do that.我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一：

以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形”(should可省略)。例：1998年6月四级第68题

We are all for your proposal that discussion _____.a.be put off

b.was put off

c.should put off

d.is to put off 全句意思是：我们都赞成你的建议，把讨论推迟。答案是A。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.His demand is that all of us(should)be present at the meeting.注意二：

以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。What he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree with us.It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that +(should)+ 动词原形

这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable(可取的，明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(义务的；强制的；强迫的), crucial(至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative(命令的，强制的，必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory(义不容辞的，必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.It is requested that a vote be taken.有人提请投票表决。

It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.注意：

表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.would rather…，would sooner…，had rather…，would just as soon…，would prefer… 意为“宁可，但愿”

从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。

I would rather that you painted the room green.I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.在lest that …，for fear that…，in case that … 表示“唯恐，以免”

引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，从句用 should +动词原形。He put his coat over the child for fear(lest)that he should catch cold.He emphasized it again and again lest she(should)forget.Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot(注意：该句陈述某一事实)含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without, but for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。

Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.We didn’t know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用

It’s(about/high/ good)time that…，表示“该是。。的时候了”，含有 “晚一点” 的意思，表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。例：1995年6月四级第43题

It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _____ ?

A.we are going home

B.if she leaves

C.we went home

D.if she had left

现在已经十六点钟了，难道你不认为该回家了吗？（答案是C）

It’s time you went to bed.It’s high time that we took action.虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用

虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）

（一）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：

① He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。

② He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事来好象是个电视专家。

（二）表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。

例：1992年四级试题

The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time.A.hasn't watered

B.didn't water

C.hadn't bee watered

D.wasn't watered 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c）

在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should)+ 动词原形。例如：

例：1998年1月四级第38题

The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.a.injure

b.injured

c.had injure

d.would injure 这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a）

在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。

例：1993年6月四级第70题

Look at the terrible situation I am in!if only I ____ your advice.A.follow

B.had followed

C.would follow

D.have followed if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是……多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。

比较if only与only if

only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。比较need “不必做”和“本不该做” didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。典型例题

There was plenty of time.She ___.A.mustn't have hurried B.couldn't have hurried C.must not hurry D.needn't have hurried 答案D。needn't have done.意为“本不必”，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, “不可能已经”。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

二．独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点

一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念

独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分

词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：

1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2.名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构的常见形式 1.名词（代词）+现在分词

The question being settled, we went home.问题解决之后，我们就回家了。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

2.名词（代词）+过去分词

The job finished, we went home.工作结束后我们就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。

More time given, we should have done the job much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。3.名词（代词）+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。

4.名词（代词）+介词短语

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand.一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back.他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5.名词（代词）+形容词或副词

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.他坐在前排，嘴半开着。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。6.There being +名词（代词）

There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

7.It being +名词（代词）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。

He stood before his teacher with his head down.他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。

He sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。

独立主格结构的构成形式的相关练习：

1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如： 1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was

2._______no bus, we had to walk home.A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was 3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been 4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is

2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如： 1._________, the train started.A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2.__________, the train started.A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given 3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words 4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words

explaining D.Being explained new words

3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）

该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如： 1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions 3.________, we’d like to go outing.A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK 4.___________, we’d like to go outing.A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C 5._________, you can wait a while.A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B 6._________, so you can wait a while A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on

4、逻辑主语+介词短语

该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。如： 1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand 2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand 3.He left the office, __________.A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes 4.He left the office __________.A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes

二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：

1、原因状语

该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如： 1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B 2._________Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B

3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D.A,B and C 4.____________, we have to work late into the night.A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D.A,B and C

2、时间状语

独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：

1.__________, the train started.A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B 2.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above

3、条件状语

独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如： 1.___________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B 2._________, the patient will recover himself soon.A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C

4、伴随状语

独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如： 1.We have lessons every day, ___________.A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2.The boy fell asleep,___________.A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D.all the above 3.Father came home,_________ A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above

with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法 Composed by Chinephone Lew “with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：

1、原因状语

1.With the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide 2.With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to rest.A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done 3.With the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working

2、时间状语

1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _____.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on 2.With our problem ________, we all felt happy.A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled 3.With his work______，the

secretary

began

to

walk

home.A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done

3、伴随状语

1.She left the offices with tears ________.A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes 2.The man found the door with both his eyes ______.A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing 3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_______.A.standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by

4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands________.A.to be tied behind B.tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind 5.You can’t see well ________.A.with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses

4、后置定语 1.Do you know

the

man

______

a

book

in

his

hand? A.with B.having C.being D.A and B 2.Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above

分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别

分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：

一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语：

1、原因状语

1._______late, we had to walk home.A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and

B 2.______ busy, they had no time to play.A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above

2、时间状语

1._______ the students' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above 2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above

3、条件状语

1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper.A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above 2._______ another chance, I'll do my job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above

4、伴随状语

1.Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder.A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above 2.Father came back, _______ by a monkey.A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above

二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词

短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如： 1.______, we’ll go fishing in the country.A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting 2._________, he finished playing the game of chess.A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes 3._________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted.A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing

三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：

1.____________ the teacher told the class to go through the text

A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above 2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above 3.As_______a little sick, he remained at the clinic.A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above

四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。

1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。

1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B 2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above

2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如： 1.The soldier fell asleep ___________.A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle 2.__________, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights 3.________ the notice, he had an idea.A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above 4.________ the notice, an idea came to his mind.A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

三． 非谓语动词

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。

1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明

作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有：

interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的

surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。

3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语

attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏

appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要

agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划

bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习vow起

contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求

assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求

authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告

compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语

acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌

advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨

finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险

involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想

例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do打算，有意要… mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）

9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。

4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语

1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。

4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光

determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一

般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语

分词作定语时有下面几个特点：

1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。

3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系

一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？

5．不定式和分词作状语的区别

（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。

1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被

动关系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别

1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。

Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)

His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：

a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义

b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。

6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构（1)疑问词+不定式结构

疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如： When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）

注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式

1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。

(注)：

①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。

（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构

1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。

2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等

It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。

间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。

It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。

7．非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型

1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。

3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。

四． 名词性从句用法

名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，多由连词that，wh-疑问词或由what，whatever等关系代词引导，其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。1.主语从句

1)主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如： Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.Whoever comes is welcome.2)主语从句前的that不能省略，仅起连接作用，有时为了保持句子平衡，that从句后置，而由it作形式主语。如：

That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s influence.It is not true that he has moved to New York.2.宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，如：

I don’t know where the sound came from.Don’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.3．当从句放在系动词 be, look, remain, seem等后即构成表语从句。The trouble is that I have lost his address.It seemed that the night would never end.4.同位语从句

1)同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，能接名词性从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.2)同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内容；that在定语从句中充当成分，为关系代词，而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连词作用。如：

The fact that we talked about is very important.(定语从句)The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(同位语从句)5.whether与if 在名词性从句中的用法区别

if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而 whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。1)连词whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能用if来替换。Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.The question is whether he will come.2)宾语从句中，whether常与or not搭配，可以说whether or not，而不说if or not。I don’t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.3)whether可用在介词后，或带to不定式前，if则不可。She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.4）某些动词后面(如discuss)只能用whether，不用if。We discussed whether we should go on climbing.另外补充

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。

一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2.用it 作形式主语的结构

(1)It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that …事实是… It is an honor that…非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that…是常识

(2)it is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是…(3)it is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧…(4)it ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that…据报道… It has been proved that…已证实… 3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2)It is said ,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)

(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)4.What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

1)What you said yesterday is right.2)That she is still alive is a consolation.关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0

第二篇：英语语法总结

小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 1

一、名词:

1、专有名词：（1）人名（2）街道和建筑（3）星期月份节日（3）国家城市（4）大洲大洋江湖

2、普通名词：（1）直接加s（2）以s x ch sh结尾的+es（3）以 y结尾的把y 改成 i+es（4）o结尾的+es特

殊的photo→photos tomato→tomatoes（5）f、fe结尾的改 f、fe为 v+es ,⑹oo 结尾+szoo-zoos⑺ woman→women，child-children⑻ 单数复数形式相同

3、可数名词：

4、不可数名词：⑴不能加s⑵前面不能用 a,an,可以用 the⑶一类事物不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数⑷两

类以上不可数名词做主语，谓语用复数⑸ a cup of tea5、名词的所有格：⑴单数名词词尾+’s⑵词尾不是s的复数名词词尾+’s⑶词尾是s的复数名词词尾+’⑷店铺教

堂某人的家时，所有格’s后面通常不出现它所修饰的名词⑸分别+’s，最后一个人名+’s⑹ of用在没有生命上，’s用在有生命上

二、冠词：

6、不定冠词 a an7、定冠词 the ⑴特定人或物⑵用于上文提到的人或事⑶世上独一无二的事物⑷形容词前⑸序数词，形容词最高级⑹由普通名词构成的专有名词前⑺乐器⑻姓氏的复数名词前：一家人⑼ only very same前

8、不用定冠词的情况：⑴国家地名人名⑵复数名词⑶季节月份星期⑷三餐球类娱乐运动

三、代词

9、人称代词

10、物主代词⑴形容性物主代词my his her our their ⑵名词性物主代词mine his ours them11、反身代词myself12、指示代词thisthesethatthose13、疑问代词whowhomwhosewhichwhat14、不定代词⑴some,any,no修饰可数名词，不可数名词。Some肯定句any否定和疑问 no 用在肯定句中表示否定⑵many,much,a few,a little,few,little ⑶-body,-one,-thing.everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,everything,something,anything,nothing.四、形容词

15形容词种类和位置

16形容词比较等级及构成：⑴以e结尾+er,+est.⑵以y结尾→ier→iest⑶重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写词尾+er,+est.⑷两个或两个以上音节的词前+more+most.17形容词比较等级的用法：⑴两者比较：s+形容词原形+as⑵两者比较：容词比较级+than⑶三个比较：the+最高级+

范围

五、副词

18副词种类和位置

19副词比较等级及构成 badly-worse-worst,much-more-must

20副词比较等级的用途

六、数词

21基数词:100,a/one handred101one handred and one,4000 four thousand1000000(一百万)one million 1000000000

(十亿)one billion

22序数词

23时刻表示法⑴5:30 five thirty或 half past five

⑵9:05 nine five或five past nine⑶6:50six fifth或ten to seven

⑷7:15 a quarter past seven或seven fifteen⑸8:45 a quarter to nine或eight forth-five 24日期表示法⑴2009年6月2日June 2nd,2009或2nd of June ,2009英语里面：月 日 年

⑵1995年 nineteenninety-five

1826年eigteen oh six

⑶5月8日写May 8th读May the eighth或May eight

小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 2

⑷9月1日写September 21(st)读September the twenty-firstSeptember 或 twenty-one

25数词其他几种用法⑴1／3 one third2/5 two fifths

⑵21.6 twenty-one point six0.008 zero point zero zero eigth

⑶5%five percent0.8%zero point eight percent

⑷一倍once两倍twice六倍six times

⑸第503房间Room 50315美元15dollors=＄1英镑1pound=￡

七、介词

26时间介词:at, on ,in, before, after, from, during

27方位介词:on ,in, over, under, behind ,infront of,near,among

28其他一些常见介词用法:by,in,for,of,about,like,with

八、连词和感叹词

29连词:and, but, or, becausealthough/though,both……and,not only……but also,neither……nor既不……也不

（并列）either……or或者．．．．．或者（选择）

30感叹词

九、动词

31动词种类⒈及物动词直接接宾语。

2不及物动词不直接接宾语。

3助动词：do , does,did.4.系动词be,（am,is,are）look(看起来)smell(闻起来)get（变得）become（成为）seem（似乎）turn

（变成）

5情态动词：can,may,must,will,shall,should,need

32动词基本形式

十、动词时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去

完成时、过去将来时共8个时态)

33一般现在时：⑴含有be动词（am is are）⑵不含有be动词动词用三单、疑问句Do、Does，否定句don’t、doesn’t 34一般过去时：⑴含有be动词(was were)⑵不含有be动词动词变为过去式，疑问句Did否定句didn’t+yesterday… 35一般将来时:⑴主语+be（am is are）going to do⑵主语+will+动词原形 ⑶主语+shall+动词原形+tomorrow过去将来时:⑴主语+(was were)+动词原形⑵主语+would+动词原形

36现在进行时:⑴主语+be（am is are）+ 动词ing

37过去进行时：⑴主语+be（werewas）+ 动词ing

38现在完成时：主语+havehas+动词过去分词 since,过去完成时:主语+had+动词过去分词

十一、陈述句

39陈述句的分类

十二、疑问句

40一般疑问句

41特殊疑问句:what,whose,who,which,when,where ,why,how(tall, old, long, many, much)

42选择疑问句，反义疑问句

十三、祈使句

十四、感叹句

1．What+a +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语

2．How+形容词+主语+谓语

3．How+ 副词+主语+谓语

十五、There be ：There is,There are

第三篇：英语语法

2010年1~12月政治时事

1月1日—中华人民共和国担任本1月联合国安全理事会轮值主席。

1月1日—本第一个天文现象，月偏食，此次称“蓝月”。(下一次将等到2028年)1月1日—西班牙接任瑞典成为新一届欧洲联盟轮值主席国。

1月1日—世界上最大的自由贸易区中国－东盟自由贸易区正式建成，总人口达十九亿。

1月4日—阿拉伯联合酋长国首都迪拜，地球地表上最高的人造建筑物，高达828米的“哈利法塔”正式开幕启用。

1月5日—台湾通过食品卫生管理法修正案，明文禁止美国牛绞肉、内脏等六项高风险部位进口。

1月5日—北半球因大气循环系统遭到破坏和太阳黑子活动减少以及北极震荡，导致暴雪不断，欧洲大陆几近冰封，温度创新低。

1月5日—沙特阿拉伯宣布拟建造高达1000米的王国塔(Kingdom Tower)，预计2020年完工启用。

1月7日—日本捕鲸船与反捕鲸抗议船只在怒涛中发生碰撞之后，澳大利亚政府今天面临派遣巡逻船到南极海域的压力。这起事件造成一名保育人士受伤。

1月9日—美国加利福尼亚州发生芮氏6.5级地震，造成市政厅损毁。

1月12日—加勒比岛国海地首都太子港发生芮氏7.0级地震，造成海地总统府、医院损坏，当地估计有高达二十万人死亡。

1月15日—日环食。21世纪持续时间最长的日环食。（下一次要等到3043年）

1月16日—立法会经过长达15轮近170多次提问，财务委员会以21比31正式通过对广深港高速铁路香港段拨款申请。这笔款项中，500多亿元为建造工程、118亿元为非建造工程，8600万元为对菜园村居民的补偿。

1月17日—第67届金球奖颁奖典礼在美国贝弗利山希尔顿酒店举行，詹姆斯·卡麦隆执导的影片《阿凡达》获得剧情类最佳影片和最佳导演奖项。

1月19日－日本最大的航空公司日本航空公司正式向东京地方法院申请破产。

足协反赌，南勇、杨一民被抓。

胡锦涛2月24-26来陕西访问。

国家能源委员会成立，温家宝任主任，李克强任副主任

2010年5月1日至10月31日（总共184天）——2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）是一个筹备中的世界博览会，2010年在中国上海市举行，也是历来首次由中国举办的世界博览会。博览会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”。主办机构预计吸引世界各地7000万人次参观者前往，总投资达300亿人民币，是世界博览会史上最大规模。

2010年5月12日——中国第二个防灾减灾日，以纪念汶川大地震2周年。

国内部分：

1：1月1日，中国—东盟自由贸易区正式启动。这是世界上人口最多的自由贸易区，是全球第三大自由贸易区，也是由发展中国家组成的最大自由贸易区。

2：1月6日，《国务院关于推进海南国际旅游岛建设发展的若干意见》日前发布，标志着海南国际旅游岛建设正式上升为国家战略。

3：1月10日晚，2010沈阳国际冰雪节暨盛京灯会、关东庙会在沈阳棋盘山开幕。

4：1月11日，2009国家科学技术奖励大会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行。

5：1月13日，沈浩先进事迹报告会在北京人民大会堂举行。6：1月21日，国家统计局局长马建堂在国务院新闻办发布会上宣布，据初步测算，2009年我国国内生产总值335353亿元，按可比价格计算，比上年增长8.7%，增速比上年回落0.9个百分点。

7：1月22日，上海世博会最大的单体工程、世博会“一轴四馆”永久场馆之

一、上海世博会地标性建筑的世博轴工程，正式竣工。

8：1月27日，中国政府网发布的《国务院办公厅关于成立国家能源委员会的通知》说，根据第十一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议审议批准的国务院机构改革方案和《国务院关于议事协调机构设置的通知》精神，为加强能源战略决策和统筹协调，国务院决定成立国家能源委员会。

9：1月28日，全国档案战线的时代楷模、解放军档案馆原馆员刘义权，19时20分在北京病逝，走完了他近60年忠诚而执着、平凡而伟大的人生。国际部分：

1：1月6日，美国宇航局公开了哈勃望远镜拍摄到的132亿年前的宇宙照片，距离宇宙大爆炸之后仅6亿年，这是迄今为止最早的宇宙照片。

2：1月8日，西班牙和欧盟领导人晚在马德里的皇家剧院举行欧盟轮值主席国交接仪式。

3：1月12日，海地当地时间下午，一场里氏7.3级地震突袭海地，首都太子港受损严重，此次地震震级太高，震中距太子港仅16公里，震源距地表不过10公里，造成重大伤亡。

4：1月14日，东南亚国家联盟（东盟）外长非正式会议、第三次东盟政治安全共同体理事会会议和东盟协调理事会会议在越南岘港举行。

5：1月18日，为期4天的第三届世界未来能源峰会在阿拉伯联合酋长国首都阿布扎比开幕。

6：1月19日，日美两国外长和防长就《日美安全保障条约》修订50周年纪念日发表联合声明说，两国将进一步深化在广泛领域的安保合作。

7：1月21日，英国著名的科学杂志《自然》发表封面文章，介绍中国科学家有关“大熊猫基因组”研究取得的成果，并配有两头嬉戏的中国大熊猫的图片。

8：1月27日晚，为期5天的2010年世界经济论坛年会在瑞士山城达沃斯开幕，全球90多个国家的2500多位来自商业、政治、教育、文化等各界人士济济一堂，着重探讨金融危机之后的全球治理问题，力求提出解决问题的行动方案。

二月

国内部分：

1：2月2日，纪念姬鹏飞同志诞辰100周年座谈会在北京人民大会堂举行。

2：根据《中华人民共和国食品安全法》规定，国务院近日决定设立国务院食品安全委员会。

3：2月12日至13日，在中华民族传统节日春节到来之际，中共中央总书记胡锦涛来到福建省漳州市，亲切看望在这里创业发展的台商，并向广大台湾同胞致以新春的祝福。

4：2月15日晚，申雪/赵宏博在温哥华冬奥会花样滑冰双人滑比赛中夺得金牌，这是中国选手第一次夺得花样滑冰项目的奥运金牌。另一对中国选手庞清/佟健获得银牌。

5：2月19日，社会各界人士怀着悲痛的心情来到北京八宝山革命公墓，送别我国当代著名教育家、首批特级教师、北京第二实验小学原副校长霍懋征。

6：2月25日，中共中央政治局常委、中央书记处书记、国家副主席习近平上午在人民大会堂出席“2010’经济全球化与工会”国际论坛开幕式并致辞。

国际部分：

1：2月7日，哥斯达黎加最高选举法院晚宣布，执政党民族解放党总统候选人劳拉•钦奇利亚在当日举行的总统大选中以46.8%的得票率获胜，击败了反对党公民行动党候选人奥顿•索利斯和自由运动党总统候选人奥托•格瓦拉，成为哥斯达黎加历史上首位女总统。

2： 2月12日，第二十一届冬季奥林匹克运动会开幕式在加拿大温哥华哥伦比亚体育馆举行。

3：2月12日上午，在国际奥委会第122届全会上，中国前短道速滑名将杨扬以89票赞成5票反对的绝对优势当选为国际奥委会委员。

4：2月27日凌晨，智利发生里氏8.8级强烈地震，已至少有122人死亡，遇难人数还在继续上升。三月

国内部分：

1：3月1日，以“展现时代巾帼风采、讴歌女性光荣使命”为主题的纪念三八国际劳动妇女节100周年专题文艺晚会在京举行。

2：3月2日，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛在解放军歌剧院观看反映解放军档案馆原馆员、全国档案战线时代楷模刘义权先进事迹的大型话剧《生命档案》。

3：3月5日上午，第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议在人民大会堂开幕。

4：3月5日，是第十一个中国青年志愿者服务日，各级共青团组织围绕迎世博、迎亚运开展青年志愿者行动。

5：3月7日上午，纪念“三八”国际劳动妇女节100周年大会在人民大会堂举行。

6：3月13日，中国人民政治协商会议第十一届全国委员会第三次会议在北京人民大会堂闭幕。

7：3月14日，“打通拦门沙，治理长江口”这个几代仁人志士的梦想今天终于实现，长江口深水航道治理三期工程顺利通过交工验收。

9：3月18日，我国首架大型民用直升机AC313，在江西景德镇首飞成功，该直升机由中航工业集团自主研制。

10：3月19日，上海城市文明志愿服务行动“集结号”全面吹响——为迎接世博会的到来，上海组建了一支由近200万名志愿者组成的城市文明志愿者队伍，人数将近上海总人口数的1/10。

11：3月22日，是第十八届世界水日，也是第二十三届中国水周的第一天。

12：3月28日晚，大型音乐舞蹈史诗《复兴之路》在国家大剧院举行闭幕演出。国际部分：

1：3月15日下午，曾担任过安倍内阁法相和麻生内阁总务相的自民党政要鸠山邦夫以希望组建新党为由，向自民党高层提出离党申请。

2：3月20日中午，尼泊尔前首相、尼泊尔大会党主席吉里贾•普拉萨德•柯伊拉腊在加德满都病逝。

3：3月21日晚，在长达近11个小时的辩论和投票之后，美国国会众议院通过了最终版本的医改法案。

4：3月30日，欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机实施总能量达7万亿电子伏特的质子束流对撞，首次对撞取得成功。四月

国内部分：

1：4月8日，股指期货启动仪式在上海举行，中共中央政治局委员、上海市委书记俞正声和中国证监会主席尚福林共同启动了股指期货。

2：4月8日，我国首辆高速磁浮国产化样车在成都实现交付。

3：4月11日傍晚，经过3天的高层对话与讨论之后，博鳌亚洲论坛2010年年会完成了全部既定议程，于在海南博鳌落下帷幕。

4：4月13日，核安全峰会在美国首都华盛顿举行，国家主席胡锦涛出席会议并发表重要讲话。

5：4月12日，国家主席胡锦涛在华盛顿会见日本首相鸠山由纪夫，就中日关系和其他共同关心的问题坦诚深入交换意见。

6：4月14日7时49分，青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县发生7．1级地震，给当地人民群众生命财产造成严重损失。

7：4月22日，国土资源部、辽宁省人民政府、中国地质调查局、中国地质学会以“珍惜地球资源 转变发展方式 倡导低碳生活”为主题在全国各地举办了丰富多彩的活动，隆重纪念第四十一个世界地球日。

8：4月24日上午，国家金融信息大厦在北京市丽泽金融商务区奠基。

9：4月26日，时速250公里的福（州）厦（门）铁路正式开通运营，两地铁路运行时间从原来中转绕行所需的11个小时缩短到目前的1.5个小时。

10：4月26日上午9时，我国内地首条海底隧道、全长8.695公里的厦门翔安隧道正式通车，标志着我国海底隧道自主设计、自行施工的能力跃入世界先进行列。

11：4月28日，国家主席胡锦涛下午在人民大会堂同法国总统萨科齐举行会谈。

12：4月28日，晚第六届中国国际动漫节在浙江杭州开幕。

13：4月30日，晚展示中国发展新貌，荟萃世界文明精华。举世瞩目的中国2010年上海世界博览会开幕式在上海世博文化中心隆重举行，国际部分：

1：4月8日，国际航空运输协会（简称国际航协）理事长乔瓦尼•比西尼亚尼在北京出席该机构北亚区办公室乔迁庆典时表示，去年底以来，全球航空业状况有所好转，不过全行业仍处于亏损状态。

2：4月15日，“金砖四国”领导人第二次正式会晤在巴西首都巴西利亚举行，中国国家主席胡锦涛、俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫、巴西总统卢拉、印度总理辛格出席。

3：4月25日，在华盛顿举行的世界银行发展委员会春季会议通过了发达国家向发展中国家转移投票权的改革方案，在提高发展中国家在世行投票权问题上“迈出历史性一步”。

4：4月29日下午，为期两天的第十六届南亚区域合作联盟（简称南盟）首脑会议在不丹首都廷布落下帷幕。五月 国内部分

1：5月1日，上午中国2010年上海世界博览会开园仪式在上海世博中心举行。

2：5月5日，国务院召开全国节能减排工作电视电话会议，动员和部署加强节能减排工作。3：5月5日，国务院总理温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议，审议并通过《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010—2020年）》。

4：5月3日至7日，应中共中央总书记、国家主席胡锦涛的邀请，朝鲜劳动党总书记、国防委员会委员长金正日对中国进行非正式访问，并在北京、天津、辽宁等省市参观考察。5：5月12日，成都至都江堰的快速铁路——成灌快铁正式开通运营。是全国首条市域城际铁路。

6：5月13日上午，河南省高级人民法院与商丘市中级人民法院联合召开新闻发布会宣布：给予因错案冤枉服刑10多年的赵作海国家赔偿金及生活困难补助费共计65万元。7：5月14日，第六届中国（深圳）国际文化产业博览交易会在深圳隆重开幕。

8：5月15日，上午以“携手建设创新型国家”为主题的第十届科技活动周开幕式在北京首都博物馆举行。

9：5月15日，中国房山世界地质公园开园，地质公园博物馆迎来首批游客。国际部分

1：5月2日，第十三届东盟与中日韩（10＋3）财长会在乌兹别克斯坦首都塔什干举行。2：5月3日，第八次《不扩散核武器条约》缔约国审议大会在纽约联合国总部开幕，来自189个缔约国的代表参加了此次会议，会议主要围绕《不扩散核武器条约》的“三大支柱”，即核不扩散、核裁军及和平利用核能等方面的议题，以大会和小组讨论的形式进行。3：5月4日，日美两国政府代表在东京首次围绕美军普天间机场搬迁问题举行正式工作磋商。

4：5月6日，第六十四届联合国大会召开特别会议，纪念第二次世界大战结束65周年。5：5月8日，应俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫邀请，国家主席胡锦涛抵达莫斯科，出席俄罗斯纪念卫国战争胜利65周年庆典。

6：5月11日晚，英国保守党和自由民主党（自民党）宣布组成最近70年来首个联合政府，保守党领袖卡梅伦成为1974年以来首个“无多数议会”下联合政府的首相。

7：5月11日晚，英国保守党和自由民主党（自民党）宣布组成最近70年来首个联合政府，保守党领袖卡梅伦成为1974年以来首个“无多数议会”下联合政府的首相。2010年7月-12月重大时政 1、7月10日是“中国2010年上海世博会志愿者主题日”，也是世博历史上首次设立的“志愿者主题日”。

2、国家统计局新闻发言人盛来运7月15日在国新办的新闻发布会上宣布，据初步测算，上半年国内生产总值172840亿元，按可比价格计算，同比增长11.1%，比上年同期加快3.7个百分点。

3、今年是深圳经济特区建立30周年。温家宝强调，改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择，是实现国家强盛、人民幸福的必由之路。过去 30多年中国的发展变化，靠的是改革开放，未来要实现中华民族的伟大复兴，仍然要靠改革开放。4、8月26日，我国第一台自行设计、自主集成研制的“蛟龙号”载人潜水器3000米级海上试验取得成功，最大下潜深度达到3759米，标志着我国继美、法、俄、日之后成为第五个掌握3500米以上大深度载人深潜技术的国家。5、9月3日是中国人民抗日战争胜利65周年纪念日 6、9月29日，总高达600米的世界第一高的电视观光塔——广州塔落成。7、2010年上海世界博览会中华人民共和国国家馆日仪式10月1日上午在上海世博中心隆重举行。8、10月31日晚，2010年上海世界博览会闭幕式在上海世博文化中心隆重举行。上海世博会是继北京奥运会后我国举办的又一国际盛会，也是第一次在发展中国家举办的注册类世界博览会。本届世博会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”。理念是“理解、沟通、欢聚、合作”。9、10月1日18时59分57秒，嫦娥二号卫星成功发射。这标志着探月工程二期任务迈出了成功的第一步。

11月8日，探月工程嫦娥二号月面虹湾局部影像图揭幕仪式上午在北京举行。影像图的传回，标志着嫦娥二号任务所确定的工程目标全部实现，科学目标也正在陆续实现，探月工程二期嫦娥二号任务取得圆满成功。

中国载人航天工程新闻发言人8月17日表示，我国载人航天工程第一个空间交会对接目标——天宫一号目标飞行器，已于近日完成总装。该飞行器将于2011年发射进入预定轨道，之后，发射神舟八号飞船与之交会对接。

10、郭明义同志先进事迹首场报告会10月11日在北京人民大会堂举行。郭明义同志是助人为乐的道德模范，是新时期学习实践雷锋精神的优秀代表。

此前，香港义工黄福荣在青海玉树地震中舍己救人的义举得到了国家的肯定和表彰。被授予 “抗震救灾舍己救人杰出义工”称号，11、10月17日是联合国确定的第十八个“国际消除贫困日”，今年的活动主题为“缩小贫穷与体面工作之间的差距”，12、第六次全国人口普查工作2010年11月1日在全国展开。我国的人口普查每10年开展一次。13、11月12，第十六届亚洲运动会在广州隆重开幕，中国体育代表团取得了199枚金牌、416枚奖牌的优异成绩，连续八届名列亚运会金牌榜首位。

14、亚太经合组织第十八次领导人非正式会议11月13日在日本横滨举行，国家主席胡锦涛出席当天举行的第一阶段会议并发表重要讲话。

15、我国超级计算机跨入世界领先行列：国家超级计算天津中心的“天河一号”以峰值速度4700万亿次、持续速度2566万亿次每秒浮点运算的优异性能位居世界第一，国家超级计算深圳中心的“曙光星云”位居第三。

16、韩国和朝鲜11月23日下午在西部海域存在争议的“北方界线”附近发生交火，半岛局势日趋紧张。

17、12月3日，京沪高铁跑出时速486.1公里，再次刷新世界铁路运营试验最高速。

7月1日上午8时，我国乃至世界上标准最高、里程最长、运营速度最快的沪宁城际高速铁路正式投入运营 18、12月24日，位于安徽合肥的我国新一代“人造太阳”、世界首个全超导托卡马克（EAST）核聚变实验装置2010实验圆满结束，目前已获得1兆安等离子体电流、100秒1500万度偏滤器长脉冲等离子体、大于30倍能量约束时间高约束模式等离子体、3兆瓦离子回旋加热等多项重要实验成果。

19、中国共产党第十七届中央委员会第五次全体会议，于2010年10月15日至18日在北京举行。全会听取和讨论了胡锦涛受中央政治局委托作的工作报告，审议通过了《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》。20、9月7日，中国渔船在钓鱼岛海域被日本海上保安厅巡逻船冲撞。而后又与追踪的另两艘日本巡逻船中的一艘发生碰撞。随后日方扣押了中国籍渔船和船员，9月25日，被日方非法抓扣的中国船长詹其雄乘中国政府包机安全返抵福州。

21、今年，国家大力推进新型农村社会养老保险。

新型农村社会养老保险，称为“新农保”，是继取消农业税、农业直补、新型农村合作医疗等政策之后的又一项重大惠农政策。采取个人缴费、集体补助和政府补贴相结合，其中中央财政将对地方进行补助，并且会直接补贴到农民头上。从2011年元月起，年满60周岁、未享受城镇职工基本养老保险待遇的农村居民，不用缴费，可以按月领取基础养老金55元。

第四篇：英语语法全集

中学英语语法网络图全集

中学英语语法网络图 一．名词 I.名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词

国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词

个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II.名词的数：

1.规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不规则名词复数：

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants

III.名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：

单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：

１ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法： 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法： 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法： 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三．代词：

I.代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II.不定代词用法注意点： 1.one, some与any: 1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3)some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today? 2.each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./ Each(of us)has a dictionary./ We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./ Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other和another: 1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way，the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another(one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5.all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English./ Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./ Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.四．形容词和副词 I.形容词： 1.形容词的位置：

1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置： 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词前的形容词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词

代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词

all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3)复合形容词的构成： 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year II.副词 副词的分类： 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why III.形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1.同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

五．介词 I.介词分类： 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite II.常用介词区别： 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides与except的区别 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音as与like的区别 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似in与into区别 in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置

六．动词 I.动词的时态：

1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask

进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked

完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking 2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式： 将来时 用法 例句 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten next year.be going to+动词原形 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事 It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight.be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.6 一般现在时表示将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II.动词的被动语态：

常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注

意

事

项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如： Trees should not be planted in summer./ The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：

The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door won’t shut./ The play won’t act.The clothes washes well./ The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious./ Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：

leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等

七．情态动词

I.情态动词基本用法：

情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答

can 能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）

可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…? Yes,…can.No,…can’t.could couldn’t do

may 可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）

祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not.must 必须，应该（表主观要求）

肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’t have to.have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don’t have to do Do…have to do…? Yes,…do.No,…don’t.ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall 将要，会

用于一三人称征求对方意见

用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall.No,…shan’t.should 应当，应该（表义务责任）

本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…? will 意愿，决心

请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will.No,…won’t.would would not/wouldn’t do

dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need 需要

必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.used to 过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’t.Did…use to do…? Yes,…did.No,…didn’t.II.情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America./ He must be talking with his friend./ He must have already arrived there.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home./ They might have finished their task.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there;it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点：

1.can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

2.used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别： 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/dare to do

八．非谓语动词

I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用

时态和语态 否定式 复合结构

不定式 to do to be doing

to have done to be done to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb.to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语

分词 现在分词 doing having done being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语

过去分词 done 动名词 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 常用动词

只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen

只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider

can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to

两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）

need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）

意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事

意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）

remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）

try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）

try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing（意识是，意味着）

can’t help to do（不能帮忙做）can’t help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：

常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句

不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词

notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例

不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?

现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves

过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成 V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例

不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)

动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分词 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。

现在分词多含有“令人…, , ”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)

九．定语从句 I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注

关系代词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy(whom)she loved died in the war..whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star(that)I want to see very much.which 物 主语，宾语 The book(which)I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做宾语一般不省略

关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born.可用in which

why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which II.that与which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 例句

只用that的情况 1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 先行词既指人又指物时

5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时

6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?

只用which, who, whom的情况 1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III.as与which的区别： 定语从句 区别 例句

限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 类别 语法意义及特征 例句

限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.十．名词性从句

种类 作用 常用关联词 例句

主语从句 在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从句 在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后 It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 He asked me which team could win the game.同位语从句 放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等)表明其具体内容 You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.十一。状语从句 种类 连接词 注意点

时间状语 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。

地点状语 where, wherever

原因状语 because, as, since, now that because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。

条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替

目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词

结果状语 so…that, such…that

比较状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more

方式状语 as if, as though, as as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。

让步状语 though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用

十二。倒装句 种类 倒装条件 例句

完全倒装 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调 Out rushed the children.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.部分倒装 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修饰的状语放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English.not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.as引导的让步状语 Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。He can play the piano.So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health!省略if的虚拟条件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way.十三。虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句

If引导的条件从句 与现在事实相反 从句动词：过去式（be用were）

主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If he were here, he would help us.与过去事实相反 从句动词：had+过去分词

主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 If I had been free, I would have visited you.与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式

主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它状语从句 as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years.in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / would等+动词原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.宾语从句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形 He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 I wish I could be a pop singer.主语从句 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends.其它句型中 It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 It’s high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 If only our dream had come true!

十四。重要句型

1.It was not until midnight that he finished his task.2.Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.3.The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.4.He walked around the house, gun in hand.5.May you be in good health!6.Wish you a pleasant journey back home!7.The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.8.What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.9.He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.10.Sitting under the tree are Mr.Green and his first teacher.11.On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.12.Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud.13.No sooner(Hardly)had he arrived at the theatre than(when)the play started.14.Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.15.How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!16.There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.17.Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.18.There goes the bell.19.Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.20.It is no use crying for help.21.If only I had been your student in the middle school!22.It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.23.Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this.24.“He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”

25.Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.26.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.十五。动词搭配 1.add to增加，增进 add … to把…加进… add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

1)I don't think these facts will ________ anything.2)Fifty new books have been ________ the library.3)The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.4)You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.(add up to, added to, add to, added…up)2.break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破

1)The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.2)When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.3)Don't break ________ while others are speaking.4)Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5)When does school break ________? 6)After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.(away from, down, in, off, up, up)3.bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下

1)The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.2)The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.3)The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.4)Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5)The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.6)We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.7)The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.8)Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book.(down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out)4.call on号召，拜访（某人）call at拜访、参观（某地）call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行

1)Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.2)Please wait for me at home.I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.3)The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.4)He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.5)The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.(in, for, at, out, off)5.come about发生，出现 come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来

come into(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是 come along一道来，赶快

come to达到(an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from来自，源自

1)I come _________ the book I lent you last month.2)How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.3)It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.4)Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.5)He came __________ me like a tiger.6)The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.7)The word came __________ use many years ago.8)When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job.9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.10)I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet.(for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up)6.cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减

cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎 through剪断，凿穿 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴

1)Don't cut ___ this tree.It will be very shady in summer.2)You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.3)We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野）to the village.4)Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.5)The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.6)We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________.（down, down, across, up, off, in）

7.die of(disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）die from死于（意外事故、情形）die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去 8.fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退

1)Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.2)Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.3)As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village.4)She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken.（down, behind, back, over）9.go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查

go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反

go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去

go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴

go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出

1)Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.2)Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.3)Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.4)Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.5)His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6)I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.7)Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.8)The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.9)The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.10)This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.11)If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.12)Many students went __________ playing basketball.(up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for)10.get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集，插（话）get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假 get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床

get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开

get close to sth.接近，几乎 get into(trouble)get to(know)get back取回，收回 get out 1)She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.2)We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.3)The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.4)When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.5)After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.6)Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.7)It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.(down, over, round, through, down, in, over)11.give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体）give in(to sb.)屈服 give up放弃，让（座位）

1)His accent at last gave him __________.2)The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.3)The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.4)The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.5)Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6)Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.7)After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.(away, off, out, up, out, away, out)12.hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 hand down流传，遗传 13.hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话

14.hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，镇压

1)I'm sure he is holding something _________.2)She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left.Then she cried.3)Tell him to hold ________ a moment.I'll come soon.4)Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.5)The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.6)These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.7)Hold ___________ your left arm, please.(back, back, on, out, up, down, up)15.keep up(courage, English, spirits)保持，keep up with跟上

keep off(grass)不接近，离开

keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的 keep out of keep to(rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来

keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止

1)The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.2)I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.3)Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.4)I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.5)“Don't touch me,” screamed the woman, “Keep __________!” 6)Keep _________ until you succeed.7)Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.8)The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.9)Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.10)I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.(away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up)16.knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把…敲出 knock over撞倒

knock off停止工作，休息

1)The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________.2)The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.3)Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.4)He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.(down, off, on, into)17.leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏 leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期

1)“Whose name has been left __________?” demanded the teacher.2)When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.3)He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.4)Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.5)Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.6)Those are questions left _________ by history.(out, to, behind, over, over, over)18.look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look on…as看作 look into调查

look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心

look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾 look ab.up and down仔细打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直视某人

1)I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.2)Look _______!There is a big hole in front.3)He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him.4)The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.5)She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.6)The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.7)He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.(through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)19.make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 make up for弥补

make into / of / from 制成

make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）make for走向，驶往，促使

1)Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit? 2)I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3)My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.4)We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for the damage he had done.5)He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.6)Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.(into, for, out, up/up, up, out)20.pass away去世 pass by经过

pass down(on)…to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视

1)The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.2)The man passed ___________ last week in peace.3)We are passing ____________ difficult times.4)The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report.(down, away, through, over)21.pay back还钱，报复

pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应 pay off还清

1)How much did you pay __________ the dictionary? 2)You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.3)I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行)against me.4)Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.5)Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?（for, back, back, for, off）

22.pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language /knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health)pick out挑选，辨认，看出

1)I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.2)My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.3)The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.4)She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.5)I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.6)Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio? 7)He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.(up, up, up, out, out, up, up)pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词

23.put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出，扑灭 put off推迟 put into放进，翻译 put away放好，存钱 put down记下，平息

put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通电话 put aside放到一边 put back放回

1)He put _________ half his wage every week.2)The government soon put __________ the revolt（**）.3)Put your watch __________.It's slow.4)He put __________ his hand for me to shake.5).Please put me __________ to Extension（分机）2.6)We put ___________ for night at the village inn.7)He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（摆架子）8)We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.9)I can't put __________ with your laziness.(away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up)24.pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 pull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边

pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pull up（使）停住

1)The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.2)All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.3)The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.4)The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.5)The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.(out, down, over, through, up)25.push over推倒，刮倒

push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去 push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过

1)We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2)Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.3)They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..4)Take care not to push the baby _________.5)They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.(on, over, through, over, through)26.run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选

run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 run out of用完

1)If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.2)I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.3)Our water has run __________.Can you fill up some more bottles? 4)Why do you always run __________ adventure? 5)He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.6)In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.(into, across/into, out, after, for, into)27.see off送行 see through看透，识破 see to照料，照管 28.send for派人去请 send off送行

send out发出（光亮）等 send up发射 29.set up建立

set off出发，触发，引起 set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 set about开始着手(doing)set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回，使推迟

1)I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.2)We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.3)We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.4)I set __________ to advise him not to drink.5)What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report? 6)The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.7)The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（抗议）(back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)30.take off脱掉，起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收，领会 take up从事，占用（时间空间）take down记录，取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out 1)I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.2)He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems.3)At first I took him _________ a doctor.4)I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.5)Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.6)My job takes __________ most of my time.7)The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.(back, down, for, in, over, up, on)take charge of负责, take sth.for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do轮流做, take office就职 31.think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb.对某人看法好 32.turn off / on打开

turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 turn out证明为，结果，制造成品 turn to转向，求助 turn down调低，拒绝 turn against变得敌视，反对 turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去 turn back返回，转回去 turn round转过身来

turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大 turn in上缴

turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟

1)The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.2)Turn ___________ and let me see your face.3)However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.4)The English evening party turned _________ a great success.5)The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.6)The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.7)The army turned him ___________ on account of(因为)his poor health.8)She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.9)Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.10)The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.11)The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.(to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)

第五篇：英语语法

Topic3 Bicycles are popular with people

一、重点词汇：

（一）词形转换：

1.death(动词)die(形容词)dead 2 slow(副词)slowly

3.crossing（动词）cross 介词）across 4.success（动词）succeed(形容词successful

5．Pain(形容词)painful 6.lead(名词)leader

7.final(副词)finally 8impossible(反义词)possiblecourage（动词）encourage

（二）重点词组:

1．Slow down 减速

2.run into 撞到

3.avoid doing sth 避免 防止做某事

4.warn sb to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事

5.ride into 进入 跻身于get used to(doing)习惯于做某事

7.a sharp turn 急转弯

8.be popular with 受……的欢迎

9.get a fine 处以罚金

10.go on doing sth 继续做某事

11.the way to success 成功之路

12.obey the traffic rules 遵守交通规则 13.break the traffic rules 违反交通规则 14.be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 15.be famous for 因……闻名

16.be in danger 处于危险中

17.after a while 一会儿

二． 重点句型及重点语言点

1．I think traffic in Beijing is crazy.我认为北京的交通很拥堵。

traffic 是不可数名词

2.If people obey the traffic rules , there will be fewer accidents.如果人们都遵守交通规则，交通事故将会减少。

If we break the traffic rules, it will be dangerous and we will get a fine.如果人们违反交通规则，将很危险，我们会受到处罚的。

这是if 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。

3．I feel a little more confident.我感到自信多了。

more confident 是比较级

4.It can help us save energy and avoid pollution.这样可以节约能源以及避免空气污染。avoid sth / doing sth 避免做某事

You should avoid making the mistake like that.He ran into the wall to avoid hitting the truck.5.Bicycles are popular with people.自行车深受人们欢迎。Be popular with 受……欢迎 6 It warns us to be more careful.Warn sb(not)to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某

事

He warned her to keep silence.Warn sb about sth 提醒某人某事

7.Most people think bicycles are much safer than any other vehicle.大部分人认为自行车比其他交通工具要安全些。

8．.However, his way to success didn’t go well.然而，他的成功之路并非一帆风顺。

The way to success 成功之路 success in doing sth 在……成功

I didn’t have much success in finding a job.我找工作没什么结果。

9．Like the other challenges in his life, Lance faced it head-on.像面对生命中其他挑战一样，兰斯迎头面对。

10．It seems impossible to beat him.打败他似乎是不可能的。

beat sb 打败某人 win a game /match/ a gold medal

It seems +adj+to do sth 做某事似乎……

She always seems to be sad.