土木英语翻译

第一篇：土木英语翻译

土 木 专 业 英 语 翻 译

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Abstract: this paper introduce the development history of steel construction,in the early stage,the Bessmer and Siemens-Martin progress,make it possible to produce steel in large for structure ,especial in bridge construction and ship fabricating ,which bring huge advance to the improvement of steel material,the Crystal Palace ,the Eads Bridge ,the EiFfel tower,which indentify the steel use widely.Secongly,with development of steel construction , the skyscrapers come up and

to be more and more higher,because of

steel rapid development ,which bring many problem.to limit the phenomenon.The steel construction toward another advance.At last the two world war interrupt steel construction ,after the war, many countries put more study on steel,and improve the steel function ,paperwork to be more quickly by the application of computer.Key word: steel construction iron beam the Bessmer and Siemens-Martin progress skyscrapers

Steel Construction

Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role.Most steel construction consists of large-scale building or engineering works,with the steel generally in the form of beams,girders,bars,plates,and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process.Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S,U.K,U.S.S.R.Japan,West Germany,France,and other steel producers in the 1970s Early history.The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessmer and Siemens-Martin progress made it possible to produce in quantities sufficient for structure use.Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction,which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge,built in cast iron over The Severn River in Englang in 1777.This and subsequent iron bridge work,in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls,spurred the development of techniques for fabricating ,designing,and joining.The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required.The truss form ,based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation,long used in timber ,was translated Effectively into iron,with cast iron being used for compression members_i.e, hose bearing the weight of direct loading __ang wrought iron being used for tension members_i.e,those bearing the pull of suspended loading The technique for passion iron ,heated to the plastic state,between rolls to form flat and rounded bars,was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled;and in1849 the first I beams,17.7feet(5.4meters)long,were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851.He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction_using Relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large,open structure,Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal Palace was provided by diagonal iron rods.Two features are particularly important in the history of metal construction:first,the use of latticed girders,which are small trusses,a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton;and second ,the joining of wrought_iron tension members and cast_iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while rails In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for Cooper Union Building in New York.In the light of the principal market demand for iron beam at the time,it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rail The development of the Bessemer and Siemens_Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose.Stronger than iron in both tension and compression,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers ,notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain,Europe,and the U.S.A notable example was the Eads Bridge,also known as the St.Louis Bridge,in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft(152.5m),In Britain,the,Firth of forth cantilever bridge(1883_90)employed tubular struts,some 12 ft(3.66m)in diameter and 350 ft(107m)long.Such bridge and other structures were important in leading to the the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses,The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge,and even me an adequate basis for theoretical studies,limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century ,as occasional failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907, revealed.But failures were rare in the metal _skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques.Throughout the first third of the century,ordinary carbon steel,without any special alloy strengthening or hardening,was universally used.The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high_rise buildings was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of 1889,for which Alexandre_Gustave EiFfel, a leading French bridge engineer,erected an openwork metal tower 300m high.Not only was the height_more than double that of the Great Pyramid _remarkable,but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so,a small crew completed the work in a few months.At the same exhibition the huge,single_story Galerie des Machines,housing some of the exhibits,also contributed significantly to the advance of metal construction.Its roof was supported by latticed steel arch ribs spanning 114.3m

The first skyscrapers.Meantime,in the United States another important development was taking place.In 1884_85 Maj.William Le Baron Jenny,a Chicago engineer,had designed the Home Insurance Building,ten stories high,with a metal skeleton.Jenny's beams were of Bessemer steel,though his columns were cast iron.Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were,in turn,supported on the cast columns.Solid masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading.Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and new York.Steel played a larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns,sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members.Light masonry curtain walls,supported at each floor level,replaced the old heavy masonry.Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decades,its impact on the steel industry was worldwide.By the last years thof the 19 century,the basic structural shapes_I beams up to 20 in.(0.508m)in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions__were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength.In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot_rolling weighed less than 100 pounds(45 kilograms)per foot;decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds(320kilograms)per foot Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the otis electric elevator in 1889.The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator,together with that of a safe economical steelconstruction method ,sent building heights soaring.In New York the 286-ft(87.2-m)Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft(115-m)Times Building(renamed the Allied Chemical Building)the 468-ft(143-m)City Inveting Company Building in Wall Street,the 612-ft(187-m)Singer Building(1908),the700-ft(214-m)Metropolitan Tower(1909)and ,in 1913 ,the 780-ft(232-m)Woolworth Building The rapid icrease in height ang the height-to _width ratio brought problems.To limit street congestion ,building setback design was prescribed.On the technicalside,the problem of lateral support was studied.A diagonal bracing system,such as that used in the Eiffel Tower,was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination.The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into skeleton frame,together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns.With today `s modern interior lighting systems,however ,diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned;one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago,where the external X-brace form a dramatic part of the structural`s façade World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers(the origin of the word is uncertain),but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race,culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931.The Empire State Building`s 102 stories(1250ft.[381m])were to keep it established as the highest building in the world for the next 40 years.Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered.A depot across the bay at Bayonne,N.J.,supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with military precision;nine derricks powered by electric hoists lifted the girders to position;an industrial_railway setup moved steel and other material on each floo.As the building rose,the hoist engines were lifted outside the building to successively higher stages.Intial connections were made by bolting,closely followed by riveting, followed by masonary and finishing.The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I,but its application to construction was limited until World War II.Since then it has gained steadily,especially in shop fabrication.Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high_strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections Since the close of World War II,research in Europe,the U.S,and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different type of structural steel undervarying stresses,including those exceeding the yield point,making possible more refined and systematic analysis.This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries,permitting freer,more imaginative design made possible by so_called plastic design and by the use of higher strength materials,with significant savings in cost。The introduction of the computer by short_cutting tedious paperwork,made further advances and savings possible

中 文 翻 译

摘要：本文介绍了钢结构的早期阶段发展历史，贝塞麦炼钢法和马丁平炉炼钢法，让大量生产为建筑使用的钢材成为可能，特别是在桥梁建造和船舶制造业上，为此给钢材料性能带来了巨大的提高。水晶宫﹑伊兹大桥﹑埃菲尔铁塔的建成，有效地证实了钢的广泛运用。其次介绍了随着钢结构的进一步发展，摩天大楼纷纷出现，并且的越来越高了。由于钢的飞速发展，带来了许多问题。为了限制这种现象，钢结构朝新的方向发展。最后介绍了两次世界大战中断了钢结构的进展，战后许多国家纷纷投更多的研究到 钢之上，提高了钢的性能，通过电脑的运用令手工计算变得便捷。

关键词：钢结构 铁 梁 贝塞麦炼钢法和马丁平炉炼钢法 摩天大楼

钢筋结构是以钢筋为主要作用组件，其涉及到房屋建筑比较大的范围。几乎所有的钢结构是由大规模的建筑或者工程建筑物组成的，通常通过热扎工序形成主梁，横梁，杆，板，和其他构件的形状，在上世纪70年代，尽管其他材料使用增加，但是美国，英国，苏联，日本，西德，法国的钢铁工业和其他钢铁生产国家依然以钢筋作为主要的出口产品。

早期的历史。钢结构起始于，采用贝塞麦法和西蒙斯-马丁（平炉炼钢法）大量生产钢筋为建筑物的使用成为可能之前的数十年。许多钢结构的问题 与1777年在英国开始使用生铁在塞文河之上建造科尔布鲁克代尔大桥的铁结构联系起来研究。从那以后的铁桥梁工程，除了蒸汽锅炉和铁船体的建造之外，刺激了铁制造技术，设计技术，和连接技术的发展。铁的的优势是比石造工程所需的材料更少。桁架的外形长期使用原木，根据三角形的抵抗力来变形，有效地被铁表达出来，把铁作为承压构件，即承受重量的直接荷载，同时铁可以用来作为抗拉构件，即承受悬载重的拉力。

通过把铁加热到塑性状态，压制形成平状和圆状的技术，早在1800 年 发展了。在1819年之前角铁被制造出来。1849年第一个工字梁，5.4米 长，被制造出来作为巴黎火车铁路的屋顶梁。两年之后，1851年英国的约瑟夫-派克斯顿为伦敦世博会建造了水晶宫。据说他构想出一个笼子建筑的概念—使用相对细长的铁制梁作为玻璃墙的构架，打开建筑物。水晶宫的风压抵抗力由铁斜杆提供的，两个特点在金属建筑物历史中是相当重要的：第一个是格子状的梁的使用，他们是很小的桁架，在木桥和其他建筑物中发展，同时也被派克斯顿用金属来表达；第二个是熟铁和铸铁的连接通过加热用铆钉嵌入。

1853年在纽约第一个金属地板梁在柯柏联盟大楼中使用。考虑到当时主要市场对铁梁的需求，所以对于柯柏联盟大楼的梁跟铁路的铁轨相似这并不惊讶。

贝塞麦法和西蒙斯-马丁制作法在19世纪50年代发展，,19世纪60开辟一条根据建筑用途使用钢铁。富有想象力的工程师们找到了最新可以利用的金属，无论压实性和拉伸性都比铁强大，尤其在英国，欧洲，美国涉及大量的铁路桥的需求

一个有名的例子就是伊兹桥，圣路易斯桥也远近有名,它是用管状钢铁形成一段跨度超过152.5米的拱。在英国，福斯湾悬臂桥（1883-1890）使用了管状支柱，有些分别长3.66米和107米。这样的桥和其他建筑物重要影响标准的发展和实施，形成允许设计压力的法则。缺少足够的理论知识，甚至理论研究的一个正确的基础，限制了在20世纪初压力分析的重要性，随着偶尔失败出现，正如1907年魁北的悬臂桥被揭露那样。但是失败很少在金属骨架办公大楼出现。他们简单明了的设计证实非常实用的，在缺少有经验分析技术的时期内。在整个世纪3分之一时期内，普通碳钢，没有加入任何特殊的合金，被普遍使用了。

金属超高的建筑的内在潜在价值在1889年的巴黎世博会上得到证实，法国首席桥梁工程师亚历山大·居斯塔夫·埃菲尔建造了有穿孔洞的高300米金属铁塔。它的杰出不仅在于高度金字塔的两倍多，而且在于建造完成时间短短几个月和成本不高，同时在展览上的巨大单层高大机器，房子，都是归功于金属建造的发展，它的顶部由横跨114.3米网格状的拱排架支撑。

第一栋摩天大楼。与此同时，在美国另外一个重要的发展出现了。在1884-1885年 威廉·勒巴隆·詹尼，一名芝加哥工程师，设计了10层高用金属作为骨架的家庭保险大楼。他用的是贝塞麦法制造的钢铁，尽管它的圆柱是生铁，生铁过梁支撑窗户洞口上面的石造工程，反过来，支撑生铁圆柱。实心的砌体庭院和共用墙体提供侧向支撑抵抗风荷载。在十年内这样类型的建造多于30栋办公大楼中使用在芝加哥和纽约。钢铁在其中扮演越来越重要角色，再用铆钉连接梁与圆柱时，有时通过在垂直方向的和水平方向的构件覆盖节点板可以加强抗风支撑。薄砌体幕墙，支撑每层楼面水平，代替过时的笨重砌体。

尽管在过去数十年里，几乎整个美国的新建筑的外形依然能保持稳定。它对钢铁工业的影响是世界性的。在19世纪最后几年，基本的建筑外形—I梁提高了0.508米深度，Z，T外形的则比例相对小点，可以准备和板的的宽度和厚度结合，让构件符合所需的尺寸和强度。1885年最重的建筑外形通过用每立方英尺不少45千克重量去热扎生产出来；十年又十年，这样情况一直发展上升，直到20世纪60年代，已经远远超过每立方英尺320千克了

与建筑的钢铁同时采用的奥的斯电梯在1889年，这证实了一个安全的乘客电梯，要配合一个安全的经济的建造方法来到达高耸的建筑。在1902年的纽约87.2米的熨斗大厦，被后来的1904年的115米高的泰晤士大厦（更名为联合化学大厦），在华尔街的143米高的城市投资公司大厦，187米高的辛格大厦（1908）,214米高的城市塔（1909）和伍尔沃思大厦等超过

大楼的高度和宽度的快速增加带来了问题。为了限制街道的拥挤，大厦的逆流设计被规定了。在技术的方面，侧向支持的问题进行了研究，一种斜的支撑体系，正如运用到埃菲尔铁塔，这并不是设计办公室的阳光的照明。原因更多取决于各自独立可靠的梁和圆柱的弯曲抵抗力，有条理设计入骨架，连同更高的坚硬度梁和圆柱的连接点。在现代户内照明系统的发展，然而，； 对角支撑对抗风荷载重新使用。一个有名的例子就是在芝加哥的约翰汉库克中心，外部的X支撑形成建筑物的正面的一部分

第一次世界大战中断了摩天大楼（这个词来源不确定）的繁荣，在上个世纪20年代，纽约恢复了建造高楼高度竞赛，在1931帝国大厦的建成达到顶峰。帝国大厦102层（381米）高，它接下来40年里保持世界最高的大厦的记录。它的安装速度证明了新的建造技术彻底地给掌握。巴约讷海岸对面的军队以驳船搬运和卡车运输提供给梁，九台电力转臂起重机把梁吊到适合的位置，一条工业轨道负责为每一层运输钢铁和其他材料。随着建筑高度的增加，在建筑外面起吊的发动机提升到更高的位置，起初的连接是先螺栓连接，然后是铆钉连接，最后是砌墙体和装修，整个工程完成花费了1年45天

上个世纪30年代全世界的经济大萧条和第二次世界大战，阻碍了钢结构的发展。但与此同时，焊接技术的采用，代替了铆钉连接是一个重要发展。

在十九世纪末，钢筋的构件通过焊接成功地连接一起。这种技术在第一次世界大战期间被运用到紧急救护船的维修，但直到第二次世界大战之后才运用到建筑中。自从在车间发展获得稳定发展，另外一个重要发展出现相同的领域，就是高强度的螺栓取替了铆钉连接。

至第二次世界大战之后，欧洲，美国，日本等国家扩大了对不同类型的建筑钢筋在不同的压力下的变化的研究，包括临界屈服点，做更加精确的系统的数据分析。这导致很多国家采用更加开明的法规，允许更自由，更富有想象力地在节约成本下条件下使用更加高强度的材料去所谓灵活设计，电脑的取代冗长乏味的手写计算，能去的更大的发展和减低成本。

第二篇：土木英语翻译实习报告

实习报告

历时一个多月的翻译实习总的来说令我受易非浅，实习目的，内容，过程及我自身的感悟概括来说，有以下几个方面。

作为学习语言的学生来说，学以致用是非常重要且决不能被忽视的一点。因此，也就是本着这样的出发点，学院领导在我们大学课程结束后专门为我们因参加研究生考试或是其他原因而没找到工作单位从而没有真正实习机会的同学安排了具有针对性的翻译实习训练，旨在检验我们对外语的掌握程度，考核我们的双语转换能力和提高我们对语言的实际运用能力。此次翻译实习的内容具有鲜明的特征。不同专业方向的学生所分配的翻译材料是各不相同的，例如，土木方向的我们所要翻译的材料均是跟土木工程相关，如国际工程合同和建筑施工过程等。这样具有针对性的练习进一步巩固了我们个专业方向在整个大学期间的理论课程学习，加深了我们对理论的理解，同时也夯实了我们进行实际操作的能力。

在本次翻译实习中，我所要进行英汉翻译的材料是关于招投标的相关材料，而要进行汉译英的则是与施工过程相关的材料。总的来说，翻译这样专业性很强的材料在我自己看来无异于一个巨大的挑战，但是，转念一想，自己大学整整四年不正是为了学到知识从而提高自己的能力吗？而能力的提高肯定少不了必要的锻炼啊。所以，也就鼓起勇气，尝试着迎着困难前行。通过一个月左右的翻译实习，我自己也从中获得了不少的感悟及体会。整理起来有一下几点：

首先，要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要动手实践。不过实践也要分为两类，即直接实践和间接实践。直接实践就是我们自己要动手翻译，一回生,二回熟,日积月累,第一手经验多了,做起来得心应手,翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”,就是这个道理。而间接实践就是我们从研究别人翻译的东西。虽说这两种实践都能在一定程度上对我们的翻译能力的提升有所帮助，但是个人认为，直接实践更具重要性。就如同本次翻译实习，在实习的最初，我对文章里的各种专业术语感到无比的头疼，甚至有抓狂的冲动。原因很简单，它们对我来说完全陌生，这就让我基本读不懂原文，这样怎能做翻译呢？所以，在我一再坚持查阅词典及其他相关资料后，我渐渐地记住了许多术语的意思，也慢慢了解了它们的用法，于是我的翻译速度也就从最开始蜗牛爬的速度变得更加娴熟，译文也不再那么干涩生硬了。这不得不让人感慨，熟能生巧啊。学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游,或只听教练讲解,是学不会的。所以，自己亲身的锻炼是绝对必不可少的。

其次，在翻译的过程中，我们必须根据翻译材料内容的不同而采取不同的翻译方法和技巧。在这次翻译实习中，我所翻译的材料是具有很强专业性的材料，而它的翻译有自身的特点，所以在翻译的时候，我也采用了相应的方法。对此类专业资料的翻译，很重要的一点就是保证原文意思的准确性及精确性。因此，在翻译时，选词是很重要的一步。正确选择词义是保证译文质量的中心问题。英汉两种语言在词义方面存在很大的差异，一般来说，英语词义比较灵活多变，词的含义范围比较宽，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大。而汉语词语的意思则更为严谨，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小。在翻译的过程中，我们首先要正确理解原文的含义，然后在译文语中选择正确的词语进行翻译。只有这样才能准确无误地传达出原文的意思，从而做到翻译的第一条标准“信”。

再次，掌握一定的翻译技巧和方法非常重要。在翻译过程中，由于两种语言存在着的差异，一种语言中有的表达方式在另一种语言中很难准确地表达出来。这时，必要的翻译技巧和方法能起到一定的帮助作用。如删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘的省译法，根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义的增译法，翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换的转译法等等。这些翻译方法及技巧的运用，将对我们在翻译中遇到的难点的翻译有相应的帮助，同时也能使译文更通顺易于理解，更符合阅读习惯。

最后，翻译是一项非常辛苦的工作，需要极大的勇气和毅力方能坚持下去。在这些天做翻译的过程中，我天天都坐在电脑面前，敲着键盘，移动着鼠标。一天下来，总是腰酸背痛，眼睛也胀痛，脖子僵硬。这份辛苦也算的上对翻译工作深切的体会。虽说也明白，各项工作必有它的难处，但亲身体验一下还是十分必要的。至少明白了有些东西，我们仅仅懂得是远远不够的，重要的是我们要身体力行并能坚持到底。说到勇气和坚持，这不仅仅是做翻译才需要的品质，今后的工作中，人生道路上都是需要它们的。人生就像马拉松，获胜的关键不在于瞬间的爆发，而在于途中的坚持。你纵有千百个理由放弃，也要给自己找一个坚持下去的理由。很多时候，成功就是多坚持一分钟，这一分钟不放弃，下一分钟就会有希望。只是我们不知道，这一分钟会在什么时候出现。再苦再累，只要坚持走下去，属于你的风景终会出现。这次英汉加起来一共翻译了四万字，对我这个翻译菜鸟级别的人来说，也算的上浩大的工程了。但是，一步一步走下来，也就做完了。坚持是很重要的，我们要时时刻刻记着它，我们当我们受到挫折遇到困难的时候，它就会鼓励我们不断向前，最终让我们获得成功。人做一件事是很容易的，但如果要坚持下去，很多人就会半途而废，这样做到一半了就放弃，最后会一事无成。很多人都渴望成功，但不知道怎样才能成功，我认为如果要成功，最重要的一点就是坚持，有些人能够成功，是他们坚持、努力，最后干出了大事情。所以，这样的翻译实习也就锻炼了以后极需的品质，这对我来说也算是额外的一大收获。

第三篇：土木英语翻译实习报告

实习报告

历时一个多月的翻译实习总的来说令我受易非浅，实习目的，内容，过程及我自身的感悟概括来说，有以下几个方面。

作为学习语言的学生来说，学以致用是非常重要且决不能被忽视的一点。因此，也就是本着这样的出发点，学院领导在我们大学课程结束后专门为我们因参加研究生考试或是其他原因而没找到工作单位从而没有真正实习机会的同学安排了具有针对性的翻译实习训练，旨在检验我们对外语的掌握程度，考核我们的双语转换能力和提高我们对语言的实际运用能力。此次翻译实习的内容具有鲜明的特征。不同专业方向的学生所分配的翻译材料是各不相同的，例如，土木方向的我们所要翻译的材料均是跟土木工程相关，如国际工程合同和建筑施工过程等。这样具有针对性的练习进一步巩固了我们个专业方向在整个大学期间的理论课程学习，加深了我们对理论的理解，同时也夯实了我们进行实际操作的能力。

在本次翻译实习中，我所要进行英汉翻译的材料是关于招投标的相关材料，而要进行汉译英的则是与施工过程相关的材料。总的来说，翻译这样专业性很强的材料在我自己看来无异于一个巨大的挑战，但是，转念一想，自己大学整整四年不正是为了学到知识从而提高自己的能力吗？而能力的提高肯定少不了必要的锻炼啊。所以，也就鼓起勇气，尝试着迎着困难前行。通过一个月左右的翻译实习，我自己也从中获得了不少的感悟及体会。整理起来有一下几点：

首先，要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要动手实践。不过实践也要分为两类，即直接实践和间接实践。直接实践就是我们自己要动手翻译，一回生,二回熟,日积月累,第一手经验多了,做起来得心应手,翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”,就是这个道理。而间接实践就是我们从研究别人翻译的东西。虽说这两种实践都能在一定程度上对我们的翻译能力的提升有所帮助，但是个人认为，直接实践更具重要性。就如同本次翻译实习，在实习的最初，我对文章里的各种专业术语感到无比的头疼，甚至有抓狂的冲动。原因很简单，它们对我来说完全陌生，这就让我基本读不懂原文，这样怎能做翻译呢？所以，在我一再坚持查阅词典及其他相关资料后，我渐渐地记住了许多术语的意思，也慢慢了解了它们的用法，于是我的翻译速度也就从最开始蜗牛爬的速度变得更加娴熟，译文也不再那么干涩生硬了。这不得不让人感慨，熟能生巧啊。学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游,或只听教练讲解,是学不会的。所以，自己亲身的锻炼是绝对必不可少的。

其次，在翻译的过程中，我们必须根据翻译材料内容的不同而采取不同的翻译方法和技巧。在这次翻译实习中，我所翻译的材料是具有很强专业性的材料，而它的翻译有自身的特点，所以在翻译的时候，我也采用了相应的方法。对此类专业资料的翻译，很重要的一点就是保证原文意思的准确性及精确性。因此，在翻译时，选词是很重要的一步。正确选择词义是保证译文质量的中心问题。英汉两种语言在词义方面存在很大的差异，一般来说，英语词义比较灵活多变，词的含义范围比较宽，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大。而汉语词语的意思则更为严谨，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小。在翻译的过程中，我们首先要正确理解原文的含义，然后在译文语中选择正确的词语进行翻译。只有这样才能准确无误地传达出原文的意思，从而做到翻译的第一条标准“信”。

再次，掌握一定的翻译技巧和方法非常重要。在翻译过程中，由于两种语言存在着的差异，一种语言中有的表达方式在另一种语言中很难准确地表达出来。这时，必要的翻译技巧和方

法能起到一定的帮助作用。如删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘的省译法，根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义的增译法，翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换的转译法等等。这些翻译方法及技巧的运用，将对我们在翻译中遇到的难点的翻译有相应的帮助，同时也能使译文更通顺易于理解，更符合阅读习惯。

最后，翻译是一项非常辛苦的工作，需要极大的勇气和毅力方能坚持下去。在这些天做翻译的过程中，我天天都坐在电脑面前，敲着键盘，移动着鼠标。一天下来，总是腰酸背痛，眼睛也胀痛，脖子僵硬。这份辛苦也算的上对翻译工作深切的体会。虽说也明白，各项工作必有它的难处，但亲身体验一下还是十分必要的。至少明白了有些东西，我们仅仅懂得是远远不够的，重要的是我们要身体力行并能坚持到底。说到勇气和坚持，这不仅仅是做翻译才需要的品质，今后的工作中，人生道路上都是需要它们的。人生就像马拉松，获胜的关键不在于瞬间的爆发，而在于途中的坚持。你纵有千百个理由放弃，也要给自己找一个坚持下去的理由。很多时候，成功就是多坚持一分钟，这一分钟不放弃，下一分钟就会有希望。只是我们不知道，这一分钟会在什么时候出现。再苦再累，只要坚持走下去，属于你的风景终会出现。这次英汉加起来一共翻译了四万字，对我这个翻译菜鸟级别的人来说，也算的上浩大的工程了。但是，一步一步走下来，也就做完了。坚持是很重要的，我们要时时刻刻记着它，我们当我们受到挫折遇到困难的时候，它就会鼓励我们不断向前，最终让我们获得成功。人做一件事是很容易的，但如果要坚持下去，很多人就会半途而废，这样做到一半了就放弃，最后会一事无成。很多人都渴望成功，但不知道怎样才能成功，我认为如果要成功，最重要的一点就是坚持，有些人能够成功，是他们坚持、努力，最后干出了大事情。所以，这样的翻译实习也就锻炼了以后极需的品质，这对我来说也算是额外的一大收获。

第四篇：英语翻译[模版]

Unit 1

1.被警察询问时，杰夫极力保持冷静，沉着地回答每个问题。

Jeff tried to keep his composure and answer every question calmly when inquired by the policeman.2.油价不断上涨，世界各国都不同程度地受到了影响。

With oil prices keeping on increasing, all the countries in the world have been affected(in)one way or another.3.他在会上提出了一系列可能避免环境污染的措施。

At the meeting he proposed a series of measures that might ward off the environmental pollution.4.迈克向他父亲保证他一定会全身心投入到即将到来的比赛上。

Mike assured his father that he would put his whole heart into the coming competition.5.一旦玛丽下定决心，就绝不会动摇。

Mary will never waver once she makes up her mind.Unit 3

1.天气骤然变坏，寻找伤员的工作要加紧进行。

Efforts to reach the injured men should be intensified because of the sudden deterioration in weather conditions.2.有些人可能沉溺于网上冲浪，这会危害他们的身心健康。

Some people may be addicted to net surfing, which impairs their physical and mental health.3.地球和它表面的一切，不管是有生命的还是没有生命的，相互作用来影响我们的生活。

The Earth and everything on it, living and nonliving, interact to exert influence on the life we have.4.穷人和残疾人依靠政府的救济维持生计。

Needy and handicapped people depend on government relief for their support.5.到目前为止，还没有迹象表明人们对此品牌感到疲倦。So far there is no sign of fatigue with the brand.Unit 4

1.在一个没有为高温炎热做好准备的国家，这是紧急事件。

In a country that is not equipped for severe heat, this is an emergency.2.房间里闹哄哄的，他不得不竖起耳朵来听电话。

It was so noisy in the room that he had to pull his ears to hear the phone.3.这是一项令人兴奋的工作，但有几分危险。This is an exciting job, but kind of dangerous.4.很难预测这些事情的结果是什么。

It is hard to predict how these things will turn out.5.谁也不知道怎么办。即使知道也将会是摸着石头过河。

Nobody knows how to figure them out.Even if somebody seems to know, it is still “crossing a river by feeling for the stones”.Unit 6

1.他用冷漠的态度面对别人的侮辱。

He reacted to the insult by acting as cold as ice.2.在生活中，有原则的人宁愿死得有尊严也不愿苟且偷生。

In life, a man of principle prefers to die with dignity instead of living in disgrace.3.几个警察不得不护送这位裁判离开足球场。

Several policemen had to escort the referee from the football field.4.她总觉得自己受制于人。

She always has the feeling that she is being manipulated.5.万一有特殊情况，学生们应该向警察求助。

In case of exceptional circumstances, students should turn to the police for help.

第五篇：英语翻译

精读Unit1 1)Mrs.Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter.史密斯太太对我抱怨说，她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。2)I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary.我坚信，阅读简写的英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。

3)I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution.我认为我们在保护环境不受污染方面还做得不够。4)Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation.除了每周写作文外，我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。

5)We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester.我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。

6)Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills.经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力，而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。

7)If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me.And I’ll explain them in greater detail.如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题，请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。8)The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese.That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years.那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。

1高栋

精读Unit4 1)To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn't mind。

接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。2)It is well known that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much.众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。3)My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood.我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。

4)I propose that we go to find Prof.Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening。

我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史密斯教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。

5)Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。

6)Educators think that the generation growing up with television spends so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study.教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。

7)I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this one.我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。

8)At first glance the picture didn't look very good, but after examining it carefully, we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。

精读Unit6 1)It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a

2高栋

flood.据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。2)The strike resulted in the management's accepting the workers' demands.罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。3)The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions.煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。

4)I'd like very much to buy the English dictionary.Unfortunately, I haven't got enough money on me.我很想买这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。

5)I'd like to talk over with you about the English translation of the article before sending it to Mr.Hobbs.我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。

6)The foreign expert hopes to achieve all his aims in three years.那位外国专家希望在三年内达到所有的目标。

7)What do you think a scientist must do in order to keep up with the latest developments in his field? 一个科学家要跟上本领域的新发展，你认为必须做些什么?

8)The author thinks that if excellent workers get frequent pay increases and promotions, they will have greater incentive to produce.作者认为，如果优秀工人经常得到加薪和提拔，他们就会有更大的生产积极性。

精读unit9 1)Gases such as carbon monoxide, emitted by factories and automobiles, have seriously polluted the atmosphere.工厂和汽车排出的一氧化碳一类气体严重污染了大气。

2)The industrial engineer's letter indicates that he doubts the feasibility of the plan.那位工业管理工程师的来信表明，他对该项计划是否可行有怀疑。3)Many parents in the United States set aside a fund for their children's

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education before they are born.在美国，许多父母在孩子出生之前就为他们的教育留出一笔专款。

4)I have made sure that her conclusion is based on facts.我已了解清楚，她的结论是以事实为根据的。

5)The medical team, composed of three doctors and two nurses, set off for the mountain area a few days ago.几天前，由三位医生和两名护士组成的医疗队出发到山区去了。

6)The village is named after the high mountain that stands in front of it.这个村庄是以矗立在它前面的那座高山命名的。

7)He was ill for about a month, which has really set him back in his studies.他病了一个月左右，这使他在学习上耽误了很多。8)The war that broke out between the North and the South in 1861 is known in history as the American Civil War.南方和北方之间于一八六一年爆发的那场战争在历史上称为“美国内战”。

泛读text1 1)Faced with a lot of evidence, the man had to admit that he was the head of the drug ring.这些人面对许多证据，不得不承认他是贩毒团伙的头目。2)Tommy offered to drive us to the seaside in his car, but insisted we should share the petrol costs.汤米主动提出开他的车送我们去海滨，但坚持要我们分担汽油费。

3)On-the-job smoking is not allowed in our company.So many employees have to give up smoking or reduce the amount they smoke.我们公司不允许上班时吸烟。于是许多雇员不得不戒烟或者减少吸烟量。

4)When you apply for a job, the first thing the employer sees is your resume.当你申请职位时，雇主首先看到你的履历。

5)When you find yourself often upset about small matters, you’d better

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cultivate a hobby.你如果发现自己常为一些小事烦恼，你最好培养一种兴趣爱好。

泛读text8 1）Those who expect to have a good command of English within a few months should bear in mind that there is no short cut in language learning.那些指望在几个月内就掌握英语的人应该记住，语言学习没有捷径可走。

2)It’s a great idea to stay overnight at your house, but I had better talk it over with my parents in case they don’t agree.在你家过夜是个好主意，但是我最好还是跟我父母商量一下，以防他们不同意。

3)He advised me to make sure that the second-hand car was in good condition before I made a decision to buy it.他忠告我在决定买那辆二手车前先弄清楚车况是否良好。

4)If you don’t cut in half the numbers of the courses you’re going to take next semester, I’m sure you will be weighed down.如果你不把下学期要选的课程门数减半，我肯定到时你会累垮。

5.As for my house in the countryside, I only live there every summer;I don’t intend to move in for good.至于我在乡下的那套房子，我只是每年夏天去住一下，并不打算永久迁人。

泛读text19

1)Employees hate seeing their boss walking in and out of their office without even giving them a glance

雇员们最讨厌看见老板进进出出办公室二不屑看他们一眼。

2)If we stay up till three in the morning, we’ll be able to hear the American election results.如果我们熬到凌晨3点，就能听到美国大选的结果。3)A policeman has to know as much law as a professional lawyer.He should know what actions are crimes and what evidence he should gather to prove the crimes in courts.一名警察必须像一位职业律师一样通晓法律。

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他应当知道什么行为是犯罪，他应当收集什么样的证据在法庭上证实这些罪行。

4)Your father is talking business with his colleagues in the study.So don’t bother him.你父亲在书房里和他的同事谈正事，请不要打捞他。5)Mary and I are good friends.We can read each other’s minds and know each other’s deepest secrets.玛丽和我是好朋友。我们能看出彼此的心事，并知道对方心中深藏的秘密。

6)We have to increase our sales one way or another.We can sell our sportswear through big department stores and supermarkets instead of the small, specialist shops.无论如何我们得扩大营销量。我们可以通过大百货商场和超市而不是小的专卖店来出售我们的运动服。

泛读text24 1)Each day there are a good number of people on their way to somewhere around the world.Some are travelling for pleasure, while others on business.每天都有很多人到世界各地旅行。有的外出游玩，有的因公出差。

2)When we were travelling in Europe, we usually rode in the train from one country to another.我们在欧洲旅行的时候，通常都是乘火车从一个国家到另一个国家。

3)He drew me a map to make sure I could easily find his apartment.为了确保我能轻松的找到他住的公寓，他给我画了张地图。

4)It’s good manners to tip a waiter or waitress for the service you have received when you dine out.在外用餐的时候，为你所得到的服务而付给服务生一些小费是一种礼貌。

5)The worst thing about working in the shop is that you’re on your feet all day.商店里工作最让人受不了的是你得整天站着。

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