第一篇：全国职称英语理工类A级B级C级考试方法专题
职称英语考试技巧有哪些？许多职称英语考生问我这个问题，掌握一定的职称英语考试技巧有助于通过2010年职称英语考试。本文就给大家介绍一下词汇选项题的职称英语考试技巧。词汇选项题它也有比较明显的送分的趋势，像15个词汇选项题，通常有4到9个的词汇选项题直接来自于教材的词汇选项的部分。当然也可能会做一些变动，因为出题者不希望我们去背答案，比如说把一些选项的位置进行改动。或者是句子结构，原来是一个比较复杂的句子，把它简化了，可能会出现这样一种情况。从历年的情况来看，词汇选项题所考察的情况都是比较基本，比较常见的词汇，即使在A级、B级别的考题中，词汇选项中及时划线部分属于B级或者是A级的难度，但是被选项通常都是属于C级的难度，也就是一些常见的单词。职称英语考试技巧一。熟记高频词汇。
所以如果我们在复习中把一些核心词、高频词都掌握住，应该说被选项对我们来说，不是问题，而且是很快就可以拿到分值的题。职称英语考试技巧二。查词典。
另外在考试中是允许带字典的，如果有的考场中可以带两本字典的话，我建议得到带这样两种字典，一本是朗文英汉双解字典。另外一本是牛津英语的词汇选项的字典。因为我们的词汇选项题就是要求你找出与划线词同义的选项。一般来说我们知道英文中都是多义词，但是我统计了一下，从历年考试来看，在词汇选项中有这种多义的词出现，但是大部分还是单一的义，也就是说你只要翻查一下同义词辞典，找出这个单词在辞典上的意思，跟它相呼应的同义词，就能够找出答案，当然这只是给大家一个提示，我还是希望大家首先凭借自己的能力来答题，这是词汇选项题。
希望这篇关于词汇选项题的职称英语考试技巧能够帮助大家顺利通过2010年职称英语考试。职称英语考试技巧一。放在最后来答题。
阅读判断题是一种新的题型，这种题型从出题难度上来，这种题型本身是从阅读理解上来的，问题难度没有阅读理解难，因为整个一篇试卷通常都是从易到难，阅读判断自己我们试卷上的第一篇与文章相关的题型，从它的难度上来说要低于阅读理解，而且分值不高。整个题型才7分，而且这部分总是从书外选题，所以我建议大家可以把这个放在最后来答，那么最后实在没有时间了，全填A或者B，全选正确或者是错误，这样至少拿到三到四分的分数。职称英语考试技巧二。注意文章细节。
阅读判断放到后面来答，也有一些解题技巧，我总结了一下历年来的考题，阅读判断一般来说针对文章细节中的一些考题，要求考生去查找，问题设置的语句就是针对某些文章中的细节信息，或者就是根据某个句子来设计的。所以我们只要运用一定的解题技巧，根据问题中的用词，或者是相对应的结构，直接找到句子当中，往往就能判断出答案来。职称英语考试技巧三。正确应对not given题型。
阅读判断题还有的难度，所以我建议大家放到后面来做，什么难度?因为阅读不断不仅要求我们判断这个句子是正确，还是错误的，还要求我们判断这句话到底有没有提到，是否提到，这个答案的选择，从一些考生的情况来看，他们会感觉比较难的，他们说怎么样去判断没有提到这个标准，其实从往年判断的标准来看，一般来说，阅读判断的题没有提到这种考题，就只有两种出题的方式，第一种这个句子，它所传送的信息根本在文中一点没有出现，这种情况下，没有被提到，这个句子当中，有些信息在文章中提到，但是剩下的信息，根本没有在文章中出现，或者说根据文章中提的这部分的信息，我们不能说明剩下的信息是否正确，所以在这种情况下也只能判断它没有被提到。
希望这篇关于阅读判断题的职称英语考试技巧能够帮助大家顺利通过2010年职称英语考试。这种题型也是职称英语考试中所特有的题型，这种题型分为两个部分，前面四道题属于概括大意，后面四个属于完成句子，概括大意题从出题者出题的目的是希望考察有一个总结归纳的能力，希望考生读懂所指定的某个段落的语义，然后再来推测出这个段落大致是在说什么，所以从出题形式上来看，这种题是比较难的，但是这种情况下，我们也有一种捷径可走。职称英语考试技巧一。
他给你指定的段落有比较明确的主题句，考生就需要找出这个主题句，根据主题句的信息来判断，那个主题句就通常在段落的开始部分，或者是结为部分，偶尔有可能出现在段落的中间部分，我们需要找出主题句，什么是主题句，一般来说，概括句、观点句、定义句就是比较典型的主题句了，这是第一种。职称英语考试技巧二。
整个段落语义显得比较松散，没有一个比较明确的主题句，需要考生进行总结，这种是比较难的。从去年的考题情况来看，都出现了指定的四个段落中，通常有三个段落，甚至是四个段落，都没有明确的主题句可找的情况。这种情况也是有捷径可走的，比如说一个段落虽然没有明确的主题句，但是有可能会有明确的主题词，所谓主题词就是在一个段落中反复出现的那种词语。通过反出现形成词语中的呼应，形成语义差，这种词语呼应也就是在段落中反复出现的这个词汇，至少出现在两次三次以上的，这种词汇，尤其在看起来贯穿了整个段落出现的词汇，可能就是文章的主题词了，当然包含了这个主题词的句子很可能就是文章的主题句了。
职称英语考试得分技巧
1、先作阅读理解，然后再从前往后按顺序答题。
这个分数很高，15道题，每题3分，一旦错一道可是很亏本的，所以，我们要尽全力保证这些题目的正确性。先做这个，多查字典，多预备一些时间在它上面，这样当你完成这些题目，自认为有40分左右在手的时候，作别的题会非常游刃有余。
职称英语考试得分技巧
2、如果你英语不好，就练习查字典的速度吧。
我英语不好，现在自认为勉强能够达到初三的水平，工作忙，也懒，学英语也不是一朝一夕之功，所以干脆放弃了，没有学习。我的主攻方向是“选择一本字典，练习查阅的速度”。我找了一本非常小的字典，在西单书店买的，4元。你能想象它的大小了，呵呵，非常小，但是查阅速度非常快，比我的牛津英汉速度快一倍多。对于我这样拥有初三水平的考生来说，查一下简单的意思后进行联想，不是难事。职称英语考试得分技巧
3、第1题是送分的题。15分，只要你的词汇量足够，这道题简直是送分。职称英语考试技巧一：把握重点题型。
距离考试不到一个月的时间，现在对于我们来说首先要把新增的文章部分重点进行复习。至于语法、词汇知识，现在就不用系统的进行复习了。在冲刺阶段，我们还是要把课上在强化班中讲到的重点文章的知识进行复习，因为考试中阅读理解中的一篇和完形填空部分都是出自于书中内容的。其他关于书外的阅读判断、补全短文及概况大意与完成句子主要以听懂课上的老师讲的技巧内容就可以了。总之，在这个阶段，主要以书上的阅读理解和完形填空两大题型为主。
职称英语考试技巧二：抓住2010职称英语考试新增文章。
1、阅读理解题型：
综合、理工、卫生三个类别的学员，要重点看本类别新增文章，如有时间，建议看一下其他两个类别同级别的新增文章，以及本类别2009年新增未考的文章。
2、完型填空题型：
(1)理工类和卫生类的学员以复习自己本类别本级别的文章为主;(2)综合类的学员来说，综合A的同学，A、B、C三个级别都要看，综合B的同学要看B和C，综合C的同学只要看C级别就可以了。(3)如果在时间允许的情况下，理工类和卫生类同学可以看下比自己报考级别低的文章也去看看。比如卫生B的同学可以有时间去看下卫生C的新增文章。职称英语考试技巧三：学习查字典
查词典的过程就是一个熟能生巧的过程，没什么绝对的技巧而言主。为了提高查阅速度，一是平时加强练习，每天坚持练习查10-12个单词;二是在考场上，为提高速度，建议大家做一些准备工作，在词典的旁边用便签纸做下字母如A、B、C„标示出来，贴在词典的(每个查找单词字母)的侧面这样可以根据单词的第一个字母来进行查找，然后再根据第二个字母来确定这个单词在所查找部分的前面还是后面。
职称英语考试技巧四：针对换题或换空的规律和应对的方法
如果大家对于文章内容记得差不多了，建议大家把文章用中文译文再记忆下来。因为在考试中大部分换空都是理解部分，词组的换空对于我们来说是没有什么难度的，那么大家要是把中文意思记忆下来，那么在考试中的换空时可以根据中文去判断换空后应该选什么，若遇到不认识的单词可以去查字典来解决。职称英语考试技巧五：阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子和补全短文
在最后这二十几天，这三个题型主要以听老师讲的技巧的复习为主，不需要做大量的练习题，因为这三个题型都是考试中的小题型，像阅读判断我们在考试中目标得到3分，概括大意与完成句子得3分和补全短文得4分就可以了。技巧方面，要学会：
1、阅读判断题型重点了解一下关键词回归定位法;
2、概括大意与完成句子，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写;
3、补全短文，应该注意利用以下前后句子存在的关系来做题，比如利用转折关系、归纳总结关系、总分关系、并列关系等。
职称英语考试技巧六：阅读理解技巧
阅读理解中的同义词改写很多都是通过文章的上下文理解来完成的，不光是靠查词典完成的，一个独立的单词是可以查到的，但是一句话是无法查到的，那么这种情况下是需要根据上下文的语境来进行猜测词语的意思。在职称英语考试考前的几天时间内，大家一定要对往年的职称英语考试真题好好研究，掌握职称英语考试技巧，只有这样才能通过2010年职称英语考试。
2010年职称英语考试备考误区1：恐惧考试
据统计，大多数考生都对考试存在恐惧心理，觉得自己英语底子薄，无论是单词还是语法，都需要从最基础的学起。
就考试本身来讲，职称英语考试并不是一项难度很大的考试，但具体到每个考生来说，根据考生的基础和复习情况，难度有所差异。考生除了平时要多向参加过考试的同事咨询，还应该在开始复习时先做一下历年考题作为测评，这样就能大致了解自己的水平，同时也能发现自己的薄弱环节，并在复习中重点加强。在复习过程中，摸清考试规律和找到适合的学习方法至关重要。
2010年职称英语考试备考误区2：明儿再看
英语学习需要一个循序渐进的过程，尤其是上班族，由于工作中很少用英语，因此尽管大学毕业，但实际英语应用能力早就下降，而日常还要顾工作和家庭，遇到时间冲突，先放弃复习时间，总抱着明天再看也成的想法，往往等到考试临近才拿起书本。
临阵磨枪的做法很不可取，最好每天都必须看点英语，再说从备考规律来看，要想通过考试，用三个多月的时间备考，较为理想。
2010年职称英语考试备考误区3：指望押题
考试前，一些考试辅导机构会对考生进行一些重点文章提醒，这些提醒通常被考生视为 “押题”，许多考生平时不注重复习，只匆匆了解老师押题的内容便参加考试。职称英语考试很多内容来自考试用书原文，所谓“押题”只是老师根据自己多年的教学经验，对考试的方向、难度等的预测，对通过考试有一定的指导意义。其实，考生复习时，还应对《考试用书》牢牢掌握，做到活学活用。
2010年职称英语考试备考误区4：就靠周末上辅导班
上班族因为工作不太接触英语，复习时难免手忙脚乱，报辅导班是很多人的选择。但在调查中，记者发现一些考生因为周末加班或是出差，报了辅导班也缺席。
其实，对于全部都是在职人员的职称英语考试考生来说，网络辅导最合算。一方面，时间、地点自己灵活把握，满足了考生的需要，帮助他们利用零散时间，见缝插针地学习。另一方面，网络课程可以反复听讲的功能则能弥补上班族考生记不全笔记等现象。
2010年职称英语词汇选项题的注意事项有哪些？这是任何一个即将参加2010年职称英语考试的考生都会问到的问题。针对近几年词汇题没有变化的情况，除了要认真学习词汇练习题上的习题外，还应注意一些事项。本文将根据以往的职称英语考试真题，来分析一下2010年职称英语词汇选项题的注意事项。
2010年职称英语词汇选项题的注意事项
1、词汇题考察的多为名词、动词和形容词，少数为副词或短语，建议对高频词汇予以重视并加强记忆;2010年职称英语词汇选项题的注意事项
2、“puzzle”一词在2008年、2009年的考题中均出现，建议复习时注重历年来的考题
(二)第二部分——阅读判断题
阅读判断题在试题中是第16-22题(每题1分、共7题、共7分)，考试内容是根据给出的一篇短文提供的信息，对7个陈述句做出判断：Right(对)，Wrong(错)，Not Mentioned(未提及)。也就是在A、对，B、错，C、未提及，三个选项中选一个正确的答案。由于不类题目本身是不完善、不严密，存在着一定的缺陷，所以，做起来很容易模棱两可，较难把握。最麻烦的是，判断对、错及不提及，仅就原文所给的信息做出，与生活常识、平时知识理论没有任何关系，所以容易误导我们做出错误判断。在没有把握读懂原文的情况下，只有抓住大多数选项的规律，并掌握做题技巧，才能争取多选择正确的选项和多拿分。由于这类题是是非题，只要确定了一个选项就行了，所以，我们只需要根据原文的信息对给出的陈述句做出是非判断就行了。
1、做题步骤技巧：
做题总思路：先看各选项给出的陈述句内容并找出其关键词，接着浏览原文找出与陈述句关键词相关的句子或陈述句的出处位置，最后根据原文文意和其规律进行对比并做出是非判断。
(1)第一步：仔细考究和确定各陈述句内容的关键词。对不认识的关键词可直接查字典。
关键词的确定可根据：一是名词(含专有名词)或名词性短语;二是形容词、副词与其短语及其比较级;三是数字和年代;四是在文章中出现较少的前三项单词;五是一目了然、容易找并有利于确定答案的单词;六是陈述句的中心词;七是短语优先于单词作为关键词;八是数字和比较级优先于其原级与其它单词;九是文章标题中的、文章出现较多的单词以及动词一般不是关键词。
(2)第二步：从头到尾快速游览原文，根据关键词找出与该陈述句关系最密切(关联)的原文句子(可能是一句或几句话)，或是句型相似、意思相同(相近、相反)。
方法是：一是将关键词与原文的每段话第一句、中间句或最后一句相对照，把陈述句定位到原文的某一段落后再确定与其关联的句子;一是直接根据陈述句的意思、句型和其所有的关键词一步到位，找出与陈述句关联的原文句子;
(3)第三步：仔细阅读与陈述句关联的句子(一句或几句话)，根据这些句子的信息及其规律与陈述句进行比较，运用下面介绍的做题技巧做出正确有判断。
2、做题步骤技巧注意事项:
(1)绝不可用先阅读原文后做题的步骤和方法;
(2)可以充分利用字典对关键词或关联句子进行翻译;
(3)注意7道陈述句的顺序，也就是说7道陈述句的出处是有顺序的，第一道题的答案应在文章的前部，第二道题的答案应在第一道题的答案之后，靠前的题应在靠前的段落寻找答案，靠后的题应在靠后的段落寻找答案。这个规律有助于我们快速确定答案的位置，切记!
3、做题技巧(做出判断的方法):
由于本类考题是是非判断题，其本身是有一定规律的，做这种题用的方法也是与其它类型的题很不一样的，为了使在做题中能做到“快又准”，在找出了与陈述句选项关联的句子后，如何根据这些句子的信息及其规律与陈述句进行比较并做出正确有判断，介绍以下几种方法，希望能在《考试用书》中加以练习，并结合“答案与题解”，对症下药、灵活运用，绝忌一知半解、刻舟求剑。
(1)选Right(对)的情况有：
1)陈述句是对原文关联句子的同义改写或相同意思的另一种表达;
常见的方式有：
A、关键词是同义词或同义结构(如词汇选项一样)，这可利用字典解决;
B、关键词是反义词(如加否定前缀un-，dis-，mis-，non-，ir-，il-等或后缀-less)，而陈述句又用了否定的形式;
C、陈述句完全是对关联句子相同意思的另一种表达，或是对关联句子的某一重要词的解释;
2)陈述句是对原文中几个关联句子意思的必然性推断或是归纳和总结;(这种情况一般是出现了相关联的几个句子，那么只有选对与错，如果关联句子之间意思是相反的，则只能是错的)，常见方式有：
A、出现与陈述句相关联的几个句子，各个句子之间是互相补充的关系;
B、出现与陈述句相关联的几个句子，各个句子之间是递进关系;
C、出现与陈述句相关联的几个句子，各个句子之间是对关键词的说明、解析。
(2)选Wrong(错)的情况有：(重点放在数词、副词、形容词和连词上)
常见方式有：
A、陈述句关键词与关联句子单词是反义词(单词加否定的前缀或后缀);
B、陈述句或关联句子用了否定或相反意思的副词(not，no)、形容词表示相反意思;
C、两者意思表达完全相反或者出入很大，要特别注意数字前后的连词、副词和形容词及短语(如nearly,neither.nor,at least等等)
2)陈述句与关联句子使用了表示大小、多少、范围、频率、可能性和可靠性等不同程度和状态的副词、形容词和连词;
常见方式有：
A、两者只有一方使用了表示不同程度和状态的副词、形容词或连词，如much,some,many,a few,little,seldom,nearly,sometimes,almost,always,usually,all,unlikely,impossible等等;
B、两者双方都使用了表示不同程度和状态和副词、形容词或连词，但它们意思出入较大，如关联句子用some,many,a few,little,seldom,nearly, unlikely等，陈述句却用sometimes，almost，always，usually，all，impossible等;
3)关联句子是并列的多个条件，但陈述句只是其中一个条件(也就是选项中出现了must，only，need，have to等);
常见方式有：
A、陈述句子中有must，only，need，have to等表示绝对肯定一种情况的单词;
B、关联句子中有both，and，or，neither，nor，also，too等表示两种或多种情况的单词;
4)原文关联句子中包含条件状语的单词(如出现if，unless，until，in，with，but for，except for，as as，whereas，whenever等)，但陈述句中却没有条件成分，反之亦然。
5)原文关联句子是人们的主观感觉，而陈述句却是客观事实或被证实的事实，反之亦然，常出现feel，think，hope，consider，theory，fact，prove等等。
6)陈述句中若出现must，need，only，all，always，almost等单词时，一般不会是对的;
7)原文关联句子有几个，但意思相反。
如果以上太难记忆，我们可以直接记住以上的单词，一有出现，就直接选错，命中率也是很高的。
(3)选Not Mentioned(不提及)的情况有：
1)陈述句中的某些内容在原文中没有提及或找不到依据，即是与原文无关;
2)陈述句中涉及的范围小于原文关联句子的范围，即是陈述句描写的内容更加具体、更加详尽;如原文关联句子：I come from China.(我来自中国)，陈述句：I come from Guangdong City of China.(我来自中国广东省);
3)原文关联句子没有比较级，而陈述句中却用比较级;
4)原文关联句子是表示目的、愿望、发誓、想法、假想等主观意愿(如出现aim，purpose，promise，swear，vow或虚拟语气would，could等)，陈述句却用实义动词。如原文关联句子：My brother promised he would never come back..(我兄弟保证将永不回来)，陈述句子My brother never came back.(我兄弟再没有回来过).当然，一般情况下，选Not Mentioned(不提及)的情况占的比例是较少的，但若的确找不到原文关联句子或且在原文中的确没有提及到陈述句的内容时，最好还是选它。
4、做题的注意事项和要求：
(1)绝对忠于原文。由于这种判断题增加了Not Mentioned(不提及)选项，所以，原文是判断答案的唯一依据，不能凭借任何自己的知识进行想当然的做题。即使陈述句说“人是猴子变的”，如果原文没有说，也只能答Not Mentioned(不提及)，而不能凭常识答选Wrong(错);
(2)三个选项只有唯一性，没有可能性，对就对，错就错，不提及就是不提及。如果有提及但又没有绝对判断是对的把握，建议选错;如果在原文中与错对都没有关系或者在原文中没有涉及的，建议选不提及;
(3)一般情况下，7道题三种答案都要出现，其中对错出现的机率大，Not Mentioned(不提及)只有在没有办法确定时才作为最后的选择，如果三种情况都有可能时，建设你选选Wrong(错);
(4)可能连续三题答案都一样，但连续四题答案都一样的情况甚少;
(5)绝对相信自己的第一感觉，只有完全肯定做错了才可以改答案;
(6)没有把握时选Wrong(错)，没有涉及时选Not Mentioned(不提及);
(7)不要想当然或钻牛角尖，考试时没有把握时，按以上的技巧和要求去做就行了 1)陈述句与关联句子词义或意思相反;
第二篇：2010年全国职称英语理工类(A级)全真模拟训练（模版）
大学生国家助学金感谢信
尊敬的各位领导、老师：
你们好!
首先，感谢市政府助学金对我们贫困大学生的关怀和关爱。我是应化071班的学生。
我是享受国家助学金的学生，今天，我怀着万分感激之情写下这封信，希望能够借着这封信感谢国家的大好政策，感谢政府对我们的帮助和扶持，感谢国家为我们发放的奖助学金，感谢在助学金评选工作中付出辛勤努力的老师和同学们。
在这里，首先，非常感谢国家和学校对我们这些贫困学生的关注，并且给予我们实际的帮助。在这深深的表示感谢，向学校及各位关心和帮助我们这些贫困学生的老师表示深深的感谢。
对于一个家庭贫困的家庭来说培养一个大学生是多么的不容易，我时时刻刻都能感受到父母心里的那份担心——大学的费用多高呀？特别对于我这样一位来自南疆农村的学生来说更不容易。如今，我们面临着物价上涨的压力。对我们这些贫困家庭来说无疑是雪上加霜。对于我们这些大学生来说面临的可能是没有学上。就在这样的情况下，国家和学校对我们伸出援助之手。给予了我们助学金，这不仅仅是金钱，这更多的是代表国家和学校没有忘记我们这些贫困的大学生，对于我们这样的大学生学校和老师也是同样的关注。学校及老师们用他们的行动证明了他们关爱。
当然好心人的钱意味着我家里可以少给我一点生活费，减轻家里沉重的负担。同时可以把以前一些挤挤的生活费中拿出一部分钱去买一些学习及相关的一些物品。助学金的给予是给我们提供了极大的帮助，给予我的是一种说不出的勇气。同时我更有自信，我减少对生活费的忧愁，我可以安心地在教室里学习了。
再次感谢国家，学校及老师对我们这些贫困的学生的关注，我不会忘了好心人的无私帮助，我会知恩图报。我感谢好心的人，感谢国家，感谢学校，感谢我的父母，感谢我的老师，感谢我的同学，感谢他们给了我绚丽多彩的人生，感谢他们让我拥有一颗热忱，感恩的心。
今天的我们接受来自社会的捐助和学校的补助，明天的我们一定会用自己的努力改变贫困，用知识改变命运。我们会一边好好学习，以优异成绩回报社会；一边勤工俭学，用自己的努力搏出属于自己的路。我们会尽学生的责任，好好学习。也要在他人需要帮助时伸出温暖的手，尽自己的微薄之力。在社会需要我们时，义不容辞！
我的梦想是学好知识，掌握必要的技能，成为一个有用之人，能为国家贡献自己的微薄之力，报答国家给我这个机会。现在我们的任务是好好学习，我认为每个学生除了有积极学习的心态，还应抱着一颗感恩的心去学好每样东西，读懂每一份情感，毕竟我们的今天来之不易啊。
请各位好心人你们相信，你们播撒的爱心种子，一定会开出灿烂的花朵。感恩的心，感谢有“你”，伴我一生，让我有；感恩的心，感谢命运，花开花落，我一样会珍惜，我不会让国家的付出徒劳的，相信我会让你们看到希望的，明天的我将永远记得这份恩情。
我知道上大学的不易。因此我勤奋努力，从不敢懈怠，也从不奢在物质上的满足，我不能跟其他同学一样，买名牌衣服和随意消费等等。我只知道我要一心学习争取在大学期间掌握扎实的理论知识。以便为今后的工作打下坚实基础，回报我在大学期间帮助我的那些好心人，报答父母的养育之恩，努力成为祖国未来合格的建设者与接班人，用自己的力量为祖国、为社会、为人民做出最大的贡献。
第三篇：2014年职称英语理工类B级考前押题(-)
2014年职称英语理工类B级考前押题(一)第一部分 词汇选项
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1、The high-speed trains can have a major impact on travel preferences.A.force
B.influence
C.surprise
D.power
2、Can you follow the plot?
A.change
B.investigate
C.write
D.understand
3、Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is still needed.A.physical
B.mental
C.natural
D.hard
4、In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.A.result
B.judgment
C.decision
D.event
5、Norman B amey,is an artist of deep convictions.A.statements
B.beliefs
C.suggestions
D.claims
6、Up to now, the work has been easy.A.So
B.So long
C.So that
D.So far
7、The report advocated setting up day training colleges.A.supposed
B.excited
C.suggested
D.discussed
8、Accordingly, a number of other methods have been employed.A.Therefore
B.Afterwards
C.However
D.Furthermore
9、The outlook from the top of the mountain is breathtaking.A.view
B.sight
C.look
D.point
10、Our lives are intimately bound up with theirs.A.tensely
B.nearly
C.carefully
D.closely
11、The union representative put across her argument very effectively.A.explained
B.invented
C.considered
D.accepted
12、He talks tough but has a tender heart.A.heavy
B.strong
C.kind
D.wild
13、It is no use debating the relative merits of this policy.A.making
B.taking
C.discussing
D.expecting
14、Our statistics show that we consume all that we are capable of producing..A.waste
B.buy
C.use
D.sell
15、The fuel tanks had a capacity of 140 liters.A.function
B.ability
C.power
D.volume 第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑;如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。
Computers
Before the widespread use of computers, managers could not make full use of large amounts of valuable information about a company's activities.The information either reached managers too late or was too expensive to be used.Today, managers are facing a wide range of data processing and information instruments.In place of a few financial controls, managers can draw on computer-based information systems to control activities in every area of their company.On any kinds of performance measures, the information provided by these systems helps managers compare standards with actual results, find out problems, and take corrective action before it is too late to make changes.The introduction of computerized information systems has sharply changed management control in many companies.Even a neighborhood shopkeeper may now use computers to control sales, billing, and other activities.In large companies, electronic data processing systems monitor entire projects and sets of operations.Now, there are about 24 million microcomputers in use in the United States —— one for every 10 citizens.It is estimated that by 1996, 61 percent of American managers will be using some sort of electronic work station.In order for managers to be sure that the computer-based information they are receiving is accurate, they need to understand how computers work.However, in most cases they do not need to learn how to program computers.Rather, managers should understand how computerized information systems work;how they are developed;their limitations and costs;and the manner in which information systems may be used.Such an understanding is not difficult to achieve.One research found that business firms were more successful in teaching basic information about computers to business graduates than they were in teaching business subjects to computer science graduates.Today, conventional financial controls are still exercised in some minor areas such as billing and vocational training.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned It is unnecessary for a neighborhood baker to use a computer in his shop
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned At present about 10% of American citizens possess a microcomputer.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned One thing that managers do not have to understand is how computers work.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned In some cases managers have to learn how to write programs so as to work out computerized information systems that suit their own companies best.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned Computerized firms would rather employ business graduates than computer science graduates because it is easier to train the former into qualified employees.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上.1.Children enjoy shouting at a high wall and hearing the sound come back to them.These sounds are called echoes(回声).Echoes have given us a number of valuable tools.2.Echo sounding devices were early used in making maps of the ocean floor.Sounds or ultrasonic(超声的)sounds make good tools for determining how deep the water is under ships.Sometimes echoes from ultrasonic distance finding devices were prevented from working by fish swimming past or by the presence of large objects.So ultrasonic devices have been replaced by other tools.3.Radar is now a familiar tool.Like many others it was an unexpected discovery.It was first observed by two researchers, who were studying sound communication.They were sending signals from a station on one side of a river in Washington，D IC.to a vehicle across the river.They discovered that their signals were stopped by passing ships.They recognized the importance of this discovery at once.4.All this was of course just a start, from which our present radar has developed.The word “radar,” in fact, gets its name from the term “radio detection(检测)and ranging.” “Ranging” is the term for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set.Today, in our scientific age, it would be difficult to manage without radar.5.One of the many uses of radar is as a speed control device on highways.When a person in an automobile is driving faster than the speed limit, radar will show this clearly and the traffic police can take measures to stop him.6.A pilot cannot fly a plane by sight alone.Many conditions such as flying at night and landing in dense fog require the pilot to use radar.Human eyes are not very good at determining speeds of approaching objects, but radar can show the pilot how fast nearby planes are moving.Paragraph 2__________.Paragraph 3__________.Paragraph 4__________.Paragraph 5__________.A Study of Sound
B Highway Police
C Working Principles
D Early Use of “Radar”
E Useful Tools
F Discovery by Chance Echo-sounding devices were early used to__________.Ultrasonic device were used to__________.Police use radar on highways to__________.Radar helps pilots to__________.A detect nearby objects
B determine the depth of the ocean water
C decide how fast you drive
D stop passing ships
E map the ocean floor
F observe water flow 第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面都有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
第一篇
Ocean Noise Pollution
Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings.The noise that affects sea creatures comes from a number of human activities.It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines.Such noises are added to natural sounds.These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves.Decibels(分贝)measured in water are different from those measured on land.A noise of one hundred-twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears.In water, a decibel level of one-hundred ninety-five would have the same effect.Some scientists have proposed setting a noise limit of one-hundred-twenty decibels in.oceans.They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales(鲸鱼).A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that louder noises can seriously injure some animals.The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing.This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way.Some of the whales even died.The explosions had caused their ears to bleed(出血)and become infected(感染).Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds object to a limit of one-hundred-twenty decibels.They say such a limit is a greater danger than they believed.They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.31 According to the passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures?
A The sound of a car.B The sound of voices.C Man-made noise pollution.D The sound of steps.32 According to the passage, natural sounds include all of the following EXCEPT__________.A sounds made by animals themselves.B ocean drilling.C underwater earthquakes.D the breaking of ice fields.，33 Which of the following is discussed in the third paragraph?
A The same noise level produces a different effect on land and in the ocean.B Different places may have different types of noises.C The decibel is not a suitable unit for measuring underwater noise.D Different ocean animals may have different reactions to noises.34 Which of the following is true of whales?
A They won't be confused by noises.B They are deaf to noises.C Their ability to reproduce will be lowered by high-level noises.D Their hearing will be damaged by high-level noises.35 According to the passage, what will scientists most probably do in the future?
A They will work hard to reduce ocean noise pollution.B They will protect animals from harmful noises.C They will try to set a limit of 120 decibels.D They will study the effect of ocean noise pollution.第二篇
Lifetime Employment in Japanese Companies
In most large Japanese companies, there is a policy of lifetime employment.What this means is that when people leave school or university to join an enterprise, they can expect to remain with that organization until they retire.In effect, the employee gets job security for life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in work.Even in times of business recession, he or she is free from the fear of being laid off.One result of this practice is that the Japanese worker identifies closely with his company and feels strong loyalty to it.By working hard for the company, he believes he is safeguarding his own future.It is not surprising that devotion to one's company is considered a great virtue in Japan.A man is often prepared to put his firm's interests before those of his immediate family.The job security guaranteed by this system influences the way employees approach their work.They tend to think in terms of what they can achieve throughout their career.This is because they are not judged on how they are performing during a short period of time.They can afford to, take a longer perspective than their Western counterparts.This marriage between the employee and the companymay explain why Japanese workers seem positively to love the products their company is producing and why they are willing to stay on after work, for little overtime pay, to participate in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products.36 Lifetime employment in the Japanese company means that the employee__________.A leaves his company only when business is bad.B gets a job soon after he leaves school or university.C can work there throughout his career，D can have his serious mistakes in work corrected.37 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
A Family and company interests are equally important
B The Japanese worker is very loyal to his company.C One's future is guaranteed through hard work.D Devotion to one's company is encouraged……
Lifetime employment influences one's__________.A achievements at work.B performance at work.C career options.D attitude toward work.39 The Japanese worker is fond of his company's products because of__________.A his marriage with the daughter of the president.B the close link between him and his company.C his willingness to work overtime.D his active participation in quality control，40 The passage mainly discusses__________.A how lifetime employment works in Japan.B what benefits lifetime employment has brought to Japanese workers.C what lifetime employment is.D how lifetime employment is viewed.第三篇
Dreams of Flight
The story of man's dream of flight, of his desire to reach the stars, is as old as mankind itself.According to Greek legend, Daedalus was the first man to fly.He and his son had been kept on an island.In order to escape, Daedalus shaped wings of wax(2)into which he stuck bird feathers.During their flight, his son flew too high and the sun melted the wax.He was drowned in the sea.The father was supposed to have continued his flight and reached Sicily, several hundred miles away.There is also an English legend of King Bladud who, during his rule in the ninth century B.C., used wings to fly.But his flight was short-lived and he fell to his death.The dream of flying continued, but in all the legends, the flier rose like a bird only to fall like a stone.It took hundreds of years that men flew up into the air and returned to earth safely.The first man to approach flying on a scientific basis was an Englishman who lived during the thirteenth century.He looked at the air about us as a sea, and he believed that a balloon could float on the air just as a boat did on water.Almost four hundred years later, an Italian priest applied his principle of air flight.He designed a boat, which would be held in the air by four hollow spheres(空心球).ach of the four balls was to be 20 feet in diameter(直径)and made of very thin copper.But his boat was never built since it was not possible to make spheres of such thin metal and such size in those days.After studying the flight of birds and the movement of the air, a great scientist of the fifteenth century concluded that birds flew because they flapped(摆动)their wings and that it was possible for man to do the same.So a kind of flapping-wing flying machine was invented.Many men tried and failed to fly with flying machines.It was not until 1890 that people discovered why this method would never succeed-man could not develop sufficient power with his arms and legs.41 How did Daedalus manage to escape to Sicily, according to the passage?
A He killed the guards and got out of the island.B A god came to rescue him and took him away.C His son came to rescue him and took him away.D He made wings of wax and flew away from the island.42 According to the English legend, King Bladud lost his life because__________.A he flew too far.B he flew too high.C he fell to the ground，D he was hit by a stone.43 The first scientific air flight was designed by__________.A a Greek.B an Englishman.C a Chinese.D an Italian.44 The priest failed to build the boat because__________.A he could not raise enough money.B his design was not scientific.C he could not find enough copper.D copper spheres could not be made as designed
According to the last paragraph, man could not fly with flapping-wing flying machines because__________.A he could not develop adequate power with his arms and legs.B he knew nothing about the movement of the air.C they were made of heavy metal.D they were made of light feathers.第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
The Building of the Pyramids
The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids.__________(46)There are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids.The most famous of these are the “Step” pyramid and the “Bent” pyramid.Some of the pyramids still look much the same as they must have done when they were built thousands of years ago.Most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, for stone to use in modern buildings.__________(47).These are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last for ever.__________(48).However, there are no writings or pictures to show us how the Egyptians planned or built the pyramids themselves.__________(49)
Nevertheless, by examining the actual pyramids and various tools Which have been found, archaeologists have formed a fairly clear picture of them.One thing is certain: there must have been months of careful planning before they could begin to build.__________(50)You may think this would have been easy with miles and miles of empty desert around, but a pyramid could not be built just anywhere.Certain rules had to be followed, and certain problems had to be overcome.A The dry climate of Egypt has helped to preserve the pyramids, and their very shape have made them less likely to fall into ruin.B It is practically certain that plans were made for the building of the pyramids because the plans of other large works have fortunately been preserved.C The first thing they had to do was to choose a suitable place.D Consequently, we are only able to guess at the methods used.E Many people were killed while building the pyramids.F They have stood for nearly 5,000 years, and it seems likely that they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet.第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Transportation
For many years in the desert, camels Used to be the only form of transportation(运输).Before the(51)of modern trains, camel trains used to carry all the goods for trading between Central Africa and Europe.Traders sometimes(52)to put together camel trains with 10,000 to 15,000 animals.Each animal often carried(53)400 pounds and could travel twenty miles a day.This form of transportation was so important that camels were called the “ships of the(54).”
Now modern trains travel across the desert in a very(55)time.One engine can pull as much weight as 135,000(56).In addition, trains use special cars for their load.Refrigerator cars carry food;boxcars carry heavy goods;stock cars carry animals;and tank cars carry oil.Air travel has changed, too.The earliest planes were biplanes(双翼飞机), with(57)sets of wings.The top speed of this plane was 60 miles per hour.The pilots used to sit or lie on the wings in the open air.The plane(58)sometimes stopped in the middle of a trip.It used to be(59)to fly in bad weather.In snow or in rain, the wings frequently became icy.Then the plane might go down.Mechanical improvements during the First World War changed airplanes.Monoplanes(单翼飞机)took the(60)of biplanes.Pilots flew inside of covered cabins.Still, even these planes were small and expensive.Only(61)people were be able to travel in airplanes.Now modern jets make air travel possible for all people.No place in the world is more than 24 hours away by jet.Further improvements have(62)the cost of flying, and they have made air travel(63)safer than it used to be.A modern 707 can carry 170 people and can fly at 600 miles per hour.People(64)used to eat, sleep, or watch movies on airplanes.(65)these things are a normal part of air travel!
A age B series C year
D period
A ought B added C used
D led
A away B as many as C out
D as much as
A desert B trains C transportation D goods
A quick B short C good
D no
A camels B ships C pounds
D cars
A one B three C two
D four
A wings B engines C pilots D speed
A probable B possible C improbable
D impossible
A seat B pace C place
D vacancy
A technical B rich C those
D professional
A got rid of B raised C avoided
D lowered
A much B so C very
D such
A sometimes B occasionally C neither
D never
A But B So C Now
D However 参考答案:
词汇选项
1-15 BDAAB DCAAD ACCCD
阅读判断
16.A
17.B
18.B
19.A
20.B 21.C
概括大意
23.D
24.F
25.C
26.B
27.E
28.B
29.C
30.A
阅读理解
参考答案：
31.C
32.B
33.A
34.D
35.B
36.C
37.A
38.D
39.B
40.A
41.D
42.C
43.D
44.D
45.A
补全短文
46.F
47.A
48.B
49.D
50.C
完形填空
46.F
47.A
51.A
52.C
56.A
57.C 48.B
49.D 53.B
54.A 58.C
59.D 50.C 55.B 60.C
第四篇：2014职称英语新增文章——理工类B级完美版
2014职称英语教材理工类B级新增文章
一、阅读判断
第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B级）
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning.Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives.In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God.It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically.In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams(1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes.He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s.Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams.Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves.On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams.For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior.A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender.His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women's dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic.The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place.It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：
psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别
注释：
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等
2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人
3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。
练习：
1.Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2.According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3.Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4.In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5.According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6.Men and women dream about different things.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4.C文中没有提及。
5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。
6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。
译文：
什么是梦？
许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。
近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。
瑞士精神病学家卡尔·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。
现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。
多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例 如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。
梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦可能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。
第10篇：The Biology of Music（B级）
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate.It may also play an important role in love.But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music.It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing.better than a lot of people).However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited.It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff.It is clearly different from language.However, people can use music to communicate things--especially their emotions.When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication.But, biologically speaking, what is music?
If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain.The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language.However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities.For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke in 1953.It injured the left side of his brain.He could no longer speak or understand speech.He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later.On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech.This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions.But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer.Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection.Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability.That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's.mate.For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control.You also need a good memory to remember the notes.And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition.Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves(or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.However ,Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply.For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.词汇：
automatically adv.自动地
note n．音符 stroke n．中风
注释：
1.It is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。
练习：
1.Humans,but not animals, can sing.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned.3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5.It's hard for humans to compose music.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2.A第三段的第三句：However，people can use music to communicate things—especially their emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3.B第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller，a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱(情感)的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5.C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6.B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7.A最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。译文：第十篇 音乐生物学
人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。
哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。
音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？
如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。
有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然)音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。
然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。
二、阅读理解
第29篇：I'll Be Bach（B级）
I'll Be Bach
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers' brains work like big databases.First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally, they make new music from what is left.According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.The software analyzed the data: it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns;Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work todo-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyze more.complex music.He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.，A few years later, Cope's computer program, called “Emmy”, was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music ,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!
词汇：
original adj．有独创性的 collaboration n．合作 review n．评论
feedback n．反馈
注释：
1.J.S.Bach：约翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫(德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日--1750年7月28日)，巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方‘现代音乐’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
练习：
l.The music composed by David cope is about
A classical music.B pop music.C drama.D country music.2.By developing a computer software, David Cope aimed A to be like Bach.B to study Bach.C to write an opera.D to create a musical database
3.What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain?
A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.B It writes a computer program.C It can recognize any music patterns.D It creates an accurate database.4.Who is Emmy?
A a database
B a computer software
C a composer who helped David D an opera
5.We can infer from the passage that
A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach's music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案与题解：
1.A第一段的第一句：David Cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。
2.c从第二段的第一句可以看出，David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。
3.D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。
4.B从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计算机软件。’
5.D从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A;B、C内容没有提及;从本文的第五段和第六段可知，Emmy大大提高了David的创作速度，最后一句，大部分困难的工作都由Emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。
译文：我也能成为巴赫
作曲家大卫·科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了30年才完成这个软件，现在科普的电脑写出的作品与德国注明作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。
这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律，于是他编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？他开始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好数据库，并能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。
科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这只是个开始。
科普知道，他要做的还有很多——他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完善他的软件，不久他就能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。
几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科普只用了两个星期就完成这部歌剧，叫做《摇篮坠落》。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。
从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，告诉她自己哪些音乐是他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的。
三、补全短文
第10篇： How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear（B级）
How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.l.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.2.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to 'hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for ali of my moods.”
How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.3.However,it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all Clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,“ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4.He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.5.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注释：
1.the triumph of will over adversity:the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力战胜不幸
2.I couldn't differentiate between what/heard and real hearing: 我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的声音。
3.cochlear implant:a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals 人工耳蜗;耳蜗植入
4.But when it came to his beloved mumble,flag, implant was of no help.但是，当听到钟爱的音乐时，人工耳蜗就毫无用处(我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来)。
5.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head:我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使我听到的声音在脑海里更加清晰
练习：
A.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B.When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano.C.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant.D.Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.E.Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F.Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.答案与题解：
1.F本段的开头讲：贝多芬的例子是一个意志力战胜失聪的极好的例子。但是，他的传记作家Maynard Solomon却持不同的意见。贝多芬的失聪不是一种灾难;相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用。后一句解释了失聪是如何使贝多芬更好地创作。
2.D该句是本段的开头，根据后一句：他描述了在3个月之内发生的奇妙的现象：我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰当的。
3.A依据前一句：只有人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联系起来(失聪的人通过人工耳蜗听到外部的声音)。人工耳蜗就是一种man-made device，后一句也是在讲人工耳蜗的功能。所以A是对的。
4.B依据后一句的play the piano呼应When he wanted to appreciate music.Eagar played the piano，可以断定答案为B。
5.C前一句讲人工耳蜗的作用：它能使失聪的人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们的生活;Still表示转折，该句承上启下，虽然人工耳蜗能帮助失聪的人，但 谈到音乐的和声时听力就无关紧要了(听力不起作用)。所以后一句讲贝多芬在他生命的最后时刻创作第九交响曲时，无论多么完美的人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。
译文：第十篇 如何让失聪的人更容易听见
大多数人把贝多芬的听力受损看作是他作曲的障碍。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里创作出来的，那时他完全失聪。
这是最值得称道的用意志战胜不幸的案例之一，但是他的传记作家梅纳德·所罗门却持不同的观点。梅纳德认为，贝多芬的失聪“促进了他作为作曲家的成就，在他完全失聪的世界里，他能摆脱外在世界声音的干扰，自由地创作新的表现形式与和声。”
听力受损似乎不会影响失聪的音乐家的音乐才能。他们能继续“听见”音乐，与他们能真正听见音乐相比，他们“听”得同样准确，甚至更准确。
2003年去世的迈克尔·伊加，在他21岁时失聪。他曾经描绘过一幅发生在三个月内的迷人的事情：“我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放，我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的东西。许多年以后，听到这些回放，“听见”对我来说是新鲜的音乐，为我所有的情绪找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”
内心的感受？把外在刺激和内在感知相结合的最好的例子就是耳蜗植入。没有任何人工的装置能代替听觉能力，但是，利用大脑非凡的能力来理解植入物产生的电信号还是有可能的。
当迈克尔·伊加最先“开启”题的人工耳蜗时，他听到的声音一点都不清楚。经过艰苦的努力，他渐渐地开始辨认出日常的声音，比如他说道“持续的电话响声几乎是立刻就变得清晰了。”
耳蜗植入最主要的目的就是能够与人交流。当人们与伊加交谈时，他能听到他们的声音“像是从接触不良的长途电话中传来的”。但是当听他钟爱的音乐时，耳蜗植入就毫无用处。每当伊加想要欣赏音乐时，他就开始弹钢琴。他说“我像往常那样弹奏钢琴，同一时间在头脑中就听见它。我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使得头脑中听到的声音更加“清晰”。
耳蜗植入让耳聪的人以一种不完美的方式再次听见声音，但是它改变了他们的生活。尽管如此，正如迈克尔·伊加发现的那样，当涉及到音乐和声时，听力就无关紧要了。甚至最完美的耳蜗植入对贝多芬在他生命的最后阶段创作第九交响曲也毫无用处。
第五篇：2014年职称英语理工类B级完形填空及翻译整理
第六篇 Car Thieves could Be Stopped Remotely
Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch.But he is in a nasty surprise.The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off , he will not be able to start it again.For now, such devicesare only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites.But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, andshould be available to ordinary cars in the UKin two months.The idea goes like this.A control box fitted to the carincorporates a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver.If the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the enginebeing restarted.There are even plans for immobilizersthat shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.In the UK.an array of technical fixes is already making life harder for car thieves.―The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,‖ says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in partby the motor insurance industry.He says it would only take him a few minutes toteach a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools.But only if the car is more than 10 years old.Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will notallow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key.In the UK, technologies like thishave helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997.But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars.Often by getting hold of the owner’s keys in a burglary.In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owner’s keys double the previous year’s figure.Remote-controlled immobilization system wouldput a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way by making such thefts pointless.A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could goon the market sooner than thecustomer expects.远程制止偷车贼
超速驾驶在偷来的汽车里，偷车贼以为自己大获全胜。但是他马上就会又惊又恼。车上已经被装了远程制动装置，一个几英里以外的控制中心发来的无线信号将确保盗贼一旦启动引擎，他就不能再次发动汽车了。
目前，这种装置只用于卡车队或者用于建筑工地的特殊车辆上。但是远程制动技术很快就会逐步应用到普通汽车上。并且应该在两个月之内用在英国的普通汽车上。
计划是这样的。把一个集合有微型无绳电话，微量处理器，存储器以及全球定位系统的卫星接收器的控制合子安装在汽车上。如果汽车被盗，一个被编码的无绳电话信号就会告诉这个装置停止车辆引擎控制系统来阻止引擎再次被启动。甚至还有一些人主张计划将制动装置装在运行着的车辆上，可是这一来人们就会担心这个系统的安全性。
在英国，一系列的技术装置已经让盗车贼步履维艰了。玛丁兰多来自位于贝克郡的一个由汽车保险工业投资成立的名为撒策姆的安全研究机构。他说：“车辆盗窃的手法已经有所改变。”他还声称只要是10年以上的汽车，他就能用几样的简单的工具有几分钟之内教会一个新手怎样的偷车。
现代车却远没有这么简单，因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个独一无二的由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密份才可以启动汽车。自1997年以来，在英国，技术人员已经利用此项技术帮助减少了31%的涉及车辆犯罪案。
但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。例如很多时候，他们在夜里盗走主人的汽车钥匙进而偷车。在2000年，英国21%的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字比前一年增长了1倍。
远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆，公安部门，保险公司以及安全技术公司的这样一个群体已经为体系开发出了一个标准，将比顾客所预期的更早地被很快推广到市场上。
第七篇 An intelligent car
Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain.Many human drivers have all these and can control a fast-moving car.But how does an intelligent car control itself?
There is a virtual driver in the smart car.This virtual driver has “eyes”“brains”，“hands” and “feet”，too.The mini-camerason each side of the car are his “eyes”, which observe the road and conditions ahead of it.They watch thetraffic to the car’s left and right.There is also a highlyautomatic driving system in the car.It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual driver’s “brain”。His “brain” calculates the speeds ofother moving cars near it and analyzes their positions.Basing on this information, it chooses the rightpath for the intelligent cars, and givesinstructions to the “hands”and “feets”to act accordingly.In this way, the virtual driver controls his car.What is the virtual driver’s best advantage? He reactsquickly.The mini-cameras aresending images continuously to the “brain”.It completes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds.However, the world’s best drier at least needs one second to react.Besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second.The virtual driver is really wonderful.He can reduce the accidentrate considerably on expressway.In this case.Can we let him have the wheel at any time and in any place? Expertswarn that we cannot do that just yet.His ability to recognize things is stilllimited.He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.智能汽车
开车需要目光锐利，耳朵灵敏，反应敏捷和手脑间的协作。许多人类司机这些条件都具备，并可控制一辆急速行驶的汽车。但一辆智能车如何进行自控?
智能车中有一位虚拟驾驶员。这位司机同样有“眼”有“脑”有“手”有“脚”。车两侧的微型摄像头就是他的眼，负责观察车前方的路况。他们注意着车两侧的交通情况。车中也有高度自动化的驾驶系统。这就是内置的电脑，也就是虚拟司机的大脑。这个大脑计算出车近旁正在运动车辆的速度，并分析它们的位置。基于这些信息，它为智能车选择最佳路径，并给出指示以让手脚做出相应运动。通过这样的方式，虚拟司机就对车辆实行了控制。
虚拟司机的最大优点是什么?他的反应速度很快。微型摄像头不断向大脑发送图像数据。他完成图像处理的时间为100毫秒。然而，世界上最优秀的人类司机也至少需要1 秒钟的反应时间。当他作出行动时，又多需一秒。
虚拟司机的确很棒。在高速公路上，他可大大减少事故发生率。鉴于此，我们是否可以让他在任何时间任何地点都驾驶汽车呢?专家们警告说我们现在还不能这样做。智能车辨别事物的能力还很有限。目前，这种车只能在高速公路上行驶。
第八篇Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures 印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰
The vultures in question1may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp 人们谈论的秃鹰可能看起来既丑又危险，但是印度三种秃鹰濒临灭亡对我们declinein three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather thancelebration, 是一种警告，而不是一件值得庆贺的事。它向世人明示了一个新的环境问题。秃and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem.The dramatic 鹰数量的急剧减少不仅是这些鸟类的灾难，对当地居民同样也是如此，它同时给Decline in vulture numbers is causing widespreaddisruption to people living in the 整个印度次大陆带来了公共卫生问题。same areas as thebirds.It is also causingserious public health problems across虽然秃鹰的名声不好，许多印度人也讨厌其长相，但是长久以来，秃鹰在维the Indian sub-continent3.While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians, vultures have longplayed a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean.It isbecausethey feed on dead cows.In India, cows are sacred animals and are traditionallyleft in the open6 when they die in their thousands upon thousands5 every year.The disappearance of the vultures hasled toan explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals.There are fears that rabies may _ 9 increaseas a result.And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers.Rabies could also spread to other animal species, causing an even greater problem in the10 future.The need for action is11 urgent, so an emergency project has been launched to12 finda solution to this serious vulture problem.Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds’ deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.Large-scale vulture13deathswere first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India.A
population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined14 byover 90 per cent.All three species are now listed as “critically endangered”8.As most vultures lay only single eggs and15 takeabout five years to reach
maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.护全印度的城镇和乡村的清洁方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因为秃鹰是以死牛为
生。在印度，每年都南成千上万的牛死去，而牛是神圣的动物，死后露尸户外，任其腐烂。秃鹰的消失使得以牛尸为生的野狗数量暴增，因此，人们担心罹患狂犬病的病人会增加。由于野狗是狂犬病的主要携带者，这种可怕的疾病最终会影响当地的居民。狂犬病也可能传播到其他生物，未来会导致更大的问题。
采取行动刻不容缓。所以，一个危机处理项目已经启动，目的是找到解决秃鹰问题的方法。科学家们正试图确认导致秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话，找到治愈该病的方法。在印度，人们注意到秃鹰的大批死亡最早是在20世纪80年代。根据当时的物种调查显示，三种秃鹰的数量减少了90%以上。目前，这三种秃鹰都被列为“极
度濒危动物”。由于大部分秃鹰每次只产一只蛋，幼鹰需要大约5年的时间才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住秃鹰数量的下降将会是一项长期的、艰巨的任务。
第九篇Wonder Webs Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps.And the world’s best web spinner may be the Golden Orb Weaver spider.The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet tough enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.The secret of the web’s strength?A type of super-resilient silk called dragline.When the female spider is ready to weave the web’s spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly.Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along it to spin the web’s trademark spiral.恒星英语论坛 Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Golden Orb Weaver reuses her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years.The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made material used in bullet-proof vests.And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original length and snap back as well as new.No human-made fiber even comes close.It is no wonder manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk.In the consumer pipeline: High-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run.Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables.A steady supply of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars – but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not work because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.Now, scientists at the biotechnology company Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Golden Orb dragline.The first step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders.Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells.The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their milk.―The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without any help from us,‖ says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner.Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers asfast as the real thing snags bugs.奇妙的网
蜘蛛网对蜘蛛来说不仅仅是家，它们还是奇妙的引虫入网的陷阱。世界最棒的织网者可能是Goldern Orb Weaver的蜘蛛。雌性的Orb Weaver可以织出很细的丝，连被捕的昆虫都看不见。但却是坚韧得可以将一只飞入网中的鸟缠住而不弄断。
那么蜘蛛网为何有如此强的力度呢？有一种网丝有超强的弹力，叫做蜘蛛的避敌丝。当雌性的蜘蛛准备编织蛛网的幅条和框架时，它就用腿从一个空的喷嘴里勾出轻飘飘的丝线，放到肚子里面。避敌丝不粘，因此蜘蛛可以沿着它来回活动编织，从而来编织网的标志性螺旋。与某些种类的蜘蛛不同，它不用每天织新网，只要网不破，就能一直用下去，有时一用就两年。柔软如丝的蛛丝的强度比相同重量的钢丝大五倍。同时可以承受的力度比一种高强度的防弹衣的人工材料大三倍多。同时由于它有很强的张力，或者说一种能够抵住被弄断的往下的拉力。一根单线可以伸长至比原始长度长40%以上，然后重新弹回至原来的长度，还像新的一样。没有一种人造纤维可以与它相媲美。因此，生产者们强烈要求蛛丝也就不足为奇了。在消费这一方面，人们强烈要求的是高质量的运动服和永不脱丝的长袜。试想一下另外如降落伞绳索和吊桥
上的绳索。如果有稳定的蛛丝的供应，它将是一个价值上亿的产业，但问题是怎么样才能生产出稳定的蛛丝呢？试图以养蛛场收获蛛丝是行不通的，因为生长在那块地方的节肢动物有可能会吞掉它们的这些“邻居”。现在，生物工艺公司“Nexifa”的科学家们正在研制一种仿制Goldorn Orb避敌丝的人工丝。第一步骤：从蜘蛛身上抽取制丝的基因，然后，将这些基因植入
山羊的卵细胞中。由这些卵细胞发育生的雌山羊会在羊奶中分泌一种带丝的蛋白质。“Nexia”公司总裁吉弗利·特纳说：“这些幼山羊不须任何我们的帮助就可以将制丝基因遗传过去。”“Nexia”继续在完善它的制丝过程。但是他们希望这种人造蜘蛛丝能尽快地吸引住顾客，就像真正的蛛丝抓住昆虫一样。
第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteriesbutaccording toa study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and emotions．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．
“For me personally ,food has always played a big role in my family,‖ says Jordan Troisi, agraduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It haslooked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with theirfavorite TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effectby making people think of their nearest and dearest.In one experiment, in order to make participants feel lonely, the researchers had them writefor six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment.Then, some people in each group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．Finally ,the researchers had participants complete questions about their levels of loneliness．
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who weregenerally secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．”We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．“says Troisi．”Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．“Intheir essays on comfort food, many people wrote about theexperience of eating food with family and friends.In another experiment,eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more aboutrelationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it.Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our connections with others,” Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．第十篇心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感
土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据《心理科学》一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。
“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，JordanTroisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与ShiraGabriel合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。
在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。
描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。
在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。
“在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi如是说。
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