外文电影标题的翻译英语专业毕业设计毕业论文

第一篇：外文电影标题的翻译英语专业毕业设计毕业论文

On the Translation of Film Titles

Abstract The translation of film titles has become a popular phrase in modern life.As is known to all, how to translate the film titles has become a controversial topic in the field of translationfor a long time.Translation of foreign movies, to which the translation of their titles is vital, is viewed as a direct and easy way of introducing the foreign.This essay, combining the characteristic of the movies’ content with several considering factors, focuses on the linguistic and cultural differences between the west and east and the effect of titles on the audience.At the same time, this essay introduces four translating methods to pilot the translation of movies’ titles, including literal translation, free translation and transliteration.Key Words:film titles, film ofcultivation, literal translation, free translation,transliteration

Contents

Abstract.........................................................................................................I 1.Introduction……………………………………………………………..1 2.Considering factors of translation film titles………………………....1 2.1.Style and characteristic of film title…………………………………….2 2.2.Film of cultivation……………………………………………………....2 2.3.Film of commerce value………………………………………………...3 2.4.Some notions on the translation of film titles……………………...........4 2.4.1.Translator as a dispenser role on the translation of film titles………...4 2.4.2.Audience as an acceptant role on the translation of film titles………..4 3.Several methods of translation of film title.............................................5 3.1.Literal translation of film title…………………………………………...5 3.2.Transliteration of film title………………………………………………6 3.3.Free translation of film title……………………………………………...6 4.Several methods of free translation 4.1.Method of add words................................................................................................4.2.Method of change film title......................................................................................4.2.4.According to standpoint of film............................................................................4.2.2.According to emotion of film...............................................................................4.2.3.According to character of film..............................................................................4.2.1.According to plot of film......................................................................................5.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….8 6.Bibliography…………………………………………………………..…………..10

Chapter 1 Introduction Film is artistic form of showing voice and picture that loved by the people.Nowadays, west films are so popular in Chinese market that translation of film become more and more important, but the first important is translation of film title.The film title just like eyes of revealing one’ personality, to make people want to see the movie.what’more, film title just like a film’ door.It contains not only film’s content but also the film title need brief, novel, and attract audience to go into the cinema.How to translate the film title is vital.When translate the film title, we go deep into understanding film’ content and style, paying attention to language, differences between west and east culture.These help to transmit information and arouse sense of beauty.In process of transmitting word, we keep exquisite words, precise and to the point, fathom to words and sentences, finally, keeping the balance of former film and free translation.In my essay, firstly I will talk about several factors of film title such as culture,style and characteristic of film title.The second part, Iwill show three methods translation of film title-literal translation free translation and transliteration.The three part, I mainly analysis free translation by change words, add words and reduce words.At last, I will sum up all the paper.Chapter 2 translation film title’ considering factors 2.1 style and characteristic of film title Different themes of film have different style.According to different style of film, the film title express film’ content, arouse people wonderful imagination and desire of seeing the film.1.Film of police and action

The style of film is thrilling and irritating to give people to be concerned about.For example: The Rock《石破惊天》，The French Connection《法国贩毒网》 2．Film of love and emotion The style of film is not only romantic and sentimental, but also sorrow and moving to make people think over.For example: A walk in the clouds《云中漫步》, Shakespeare in Love《恋爱中的莎士比亚》

3．Film of science and magic The style of film is fantastic and terrified to describe not real magic world.For example: Batman《蝙蝠侠》，E.T.《外星人》，the JurassicPark 《侏罗纪公园》

4.Film of comedy

The style of film make cheerful related and humorous atmosphere to stress comedy style.For example: Mrs.Doubt fire 《窈窕奶爸》，The Mask 《变相怪杰》 5.Film of terror The style of film plays up scare and astonished atmosphere with impact of sight.For example: The Ring 《午夜凶铃》，Scream《夺命狂呼》

2.2 film of cultivation

Translation is not only the process of transmitting the words and sentences, but also is the social phenomenon of cultural communication.As film of west often contained national literature, history, philosophy, religion and custom in cultural system and difference ideology of east and west, so film title must think about different culture.Translation of film title should also translate culture to make people understand all the film.But culture should choose, intensify and add our culture.This is a example about a film“Waterloo Bridge” literal translate《滑铁卢桥》，but the film title make people associate with 拿破仑defeat 威灵顿, it located nearby 比利时布鲁塞尔.In fact, the story in film happened in London and former told about gunfire licks the heaven in battlefield, the latter told about moving and sorrow love story.So according to all the content, the writer change the film title《滑铁卢桥》instead of 《魂断蓝桥》.Because this film title make people feel more sincere and Chinese people know about this the latter story.However, when we translate film title, we must think about culture.Sometimes, original film titles don’tcontain some cultural phenomenon that is not familiar by Chinese people.But in order to cater to their custom and taste, we often use free translation of film title.For example, The Great Walt《翠堤春晓》，The Red Shoes《红菱艳》，The Bathing Beauty《出水芙蓉》and so on.These film titles show implied beauty and taste of plain by cultural characteristic feature.There are another film contained custom and culture, such as Love with My Father《天伦乐》，The Wedding Night《洞房花烛夜》.Otherwise, idiom and quotation from classics also contain much cultural information.We don’t translate these in literal translation but we should analysis connotation, or else we often make mistakes and expose other people to ridicule.For example, the film title“One Flew over The Cuckoo’s Nest”,cuckoo not only means a bird with characteristic cry and laying eggs in nests of small birds but also means crazy.The film content tells about mental hospital to reflect social problem in 1960s.If we only translate the surface meaning《飞越杜鹃窝》,we make a mistake in idiom.The best film title is《飞越疯人院》.In the same way, different cultures make people different imagination about content, so translator should cautious attitude to analysis film.Such as “Dragon Heart”, because of dragon standard for devil in English but standard for emperor in Chinese, so we keep film title《魔龙传奇》.2.3 film of commerce value Film is a work of art which mixed with civilization and commercialization.So when we translate film title, we also think about commerce factor.If we want to come true the commerce value, the most important is that the translator should grasp audience of cultural feature and aesthetic appreciation to create the most popular film title.On one hand, film title evokes similar feeling in people mind to stir up audience have a desire of seeing the movie.On the other hand, film title should original and attractive, at the same time, making some nervous atmosphere and produce many fancies in audience minds.For example, Sister Act《修女也疯狂》 The Terminator《魔鬼终结者》The Other《小岛惊魂》，these film titles are attractive to suit both refined and popular taste and successfully realize to combine civilization with commercialization, raising box-office value.In order to these aims, realization of commerce value demand venturous creation, but not ought to keep intemperate and vulgar.If we seek wealth and effect of box-office excessively, maybe we get negative influence.2.4 Some notions on the translation of film titles

A film title is of the same importance to the film as the face to a person.If the face you see is beautiful that your impression of him or her will be good, too.So the designers of the film titles—the translators bear a load to satisfy different layers of different audiences.Good translation is a culture, which is certainly an enjoyment to people.Whereas, the audiences as the receivers of the film titles will become the right respond to the translations of the film titles.Both of them are important to the translations of the film titles.2.4.1Translator as a dispenser role on the translation of film titles

The translation isn’t come down without the translators’ hard working.For this reason, on the translation of film titles, translators simplify the translation to achieve brief and to the point.It is also a kind of creating while the translators are doing the translation works.The same film title will have different translations owing to the different translator’s.Every one has his own idea, experience and knowledge.They translate the titles according to their own understanding.So that’s the reason why we say that the translators bear a load to satisfy different layers of different audiences.Due to these reasons, it is sure that these translators have a chance to sit together and discuss the future development of the film titles.Now there aren’t people who get a whole system as the principles of the film titles’ translation.2.4.2 Audience as an acceptant role on the translation of film titles Film titles are restricted by the original titles.Since they are shot for the audiences, it is necessary to motivate the audiences’ interests.However, once the audiences do not possess any historical knowledge or literary cultivation, the translations of these film titles will lose their value of exist.The translations of the film titles are better to be both refined and popular tastes.And it’s also important that the audiences would be active to accept the foreign culture.In the views of the audiences, the translations of the film titles appear that there aren’t any principles to obey.Chapter3 several methods of translation of film title 3.1 literal translation of film title

Some film titles need not be considered and designed again by the translators, just use literal translation that can get the maximum effect transmitting the original meaning and keeping the unity of the original naming and content of the film titles.Sometimes, the orders of the translated film titles are the same as the original ones, which are seen clearly to the audiences.Literal translation can keep the form, meaning and information of the film titles to be closely to the original film titles.For examples, the translation of the western film titles “Beauty and Beast”(《美女与野兽》), “The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King”(《指环王3：王者归来》), “Snow White”(《白雪公主》), “Sleeping Beauty”(《睡美人》), “March of the Penguins”(《帝企鹅日记》), “Crocodile Dundee”(《鳄鱼邓迪》), “Madam Currie”(《居里夫人》), “Stigmata”(《圣痕》), “The Passion of the Christ”(《耶稣受难记》), “The Last Temptation of Christ”(《基督最后的诱惑》)and so forth, people can see from the examples above that it must use literal translation especially with regard to the historical figures and events or religious and ethical concerns which they are familiar with.People should notice that other film titles, which are adapted from famous books, also employ the literal translation.For example, “The Old Man and the Sea”(《老人与海》), “The Godfather”(《教父》), “Anna Karenina”(《安娜·卡列尼娜》).One reason is to avoid the misunderstanding of the audiences who may be strange to them, and the other reason is that the effect of famous books’ titles can attract the eyes of the audiences.Most film title adapt from several masterworks.After adapting film title, film becomes popular with the help of masterwork’s charm and effectiveness.So when these masterworks translate other foreign words to introduce reader, reader remember these films deeply through masterwork’s name.At the same time, it is convenient and natural by change art form of masterwork into film title that film title adapt from script of masterwork.Because writer literal translate masterwork’s name, so film title still keep original name.These film title prove the fact: 《百万英镑》A Million Pounds Note

《双城记》Tales of Two Cities 《教夫》The Godfather

《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Uncle Tom's Cabin

《战争与和平》War and Peace 《看得见风景的房间》A Room with a View《爱情故事》Love Story 《沉默的羔羊》The Silence of Lamb

《云中漫步》A Walk in the Clouds 《西线无故事》All Quiet on the Western Front《灵与肉》Blood and Soul 《与狼共舞》Dances with Wolves

《音乐之声》Sound of Music 《英国人与疯狗》Englishmen and Crazy Dogs 《真实的谎言》True Lies 《四个婚礼一个葬礼》Four Weddings and a Funeral 《阳光下的罪恶》Evil under the Sun In all words, literal translation of film title keep original name concisely and show film content obviously to attract audience’s curiosity..3.2 Transliterationof film title.Transliteration is a method that changes original language of pronunciation form into aim language of pronunciation form.For concerned name and history that audiences are familiar with people and place.Translatorsusually remain original rhythm of film title and some other country’s special features with transliteration.Moreover, film helps us to communicate culture, to expand audiences’ visual fields and to attract many audiences.For example, Casablanca《卡萨布兰卡》，Titanic《泰坦尼克号》 Harry Potter《哈里·波特》and so on.We keep original film titles to use transliteration especially many film titles adapt from famous work.As we hope that film show a typical nature in typical circumstances.Especially use the name as film title such as Eyre《简爱》Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，Nixon《尼克松》，Gandhi《甘地》, Toss《苔丝》，Oliver《奥立弗》，The Cassandra Crossing 《卡桑德拉大桥》

Of course, not of all film titles about people names and place names use transliteration.We should base on audience’s culture and customs.3.3 Free translation of film title

Translation isn’t a process to change one language to the other.But the original film titles of western countries are always concise and implied.These enhance the difficulties in translation.And people who like western films won’t understand them quickly when they see them at the first sight.Yet, if translation is good enough it can help them to master the essence and imagine the plots of the film.And it can arouse their desire to see the film.When translators set about their works, they are hesitant to translate creatively.The assumption is to play safe;one would do well to give a ‘faithful’ rendering.If there is no creativeness in the advertisements, the advertisements are doomed to die.That is also suitable to the translation of film titles.The public is becoming serious to the qualities of the films with the improvement of people’s life.The film titles are specially the heart of films.Therefore, the translations of film titles need the translators to do their best because of the different cultures of the different countries.Many people considered that the translations of film titles are complicated.The reasons are that the original titles of western countries are always literary.However, it’s cursory if we translate them word-by-word into Chinese.Let’s take some films titles as examples, like “Mr.Holland’s Opus”, “Walk the Line”, “Lila and Stitch”, “The Incredible”, “A Bug’s Life”, “Chicken Run”, “Garfield”, “Tarzan”, “The Wizard of Oz”, “Best in Show”，are translated into(《春风化雨》),(《一往无前》),(《星际宝贝》),(《超人特攻队》),(《虫虫危机》),(《小鸡快跑》),(《加菲猫》),(《人猿泰山》),(《绿野仙踪》),(《宠物狗大赛》).The Chinese audiences wouldn’t have the same feeling with the foreign audiences when they see these original film titles.They keep this doubt until the translations of the film titles are discovered.It comes the right time that they understand the naming suddenly.Precondition all the content and form of the films, it’s the key point to translate a film title.Besides, the translator himself must possess abundant cultural knowledge and steady linguistic plane.So the translators ought to elaborate a plan to change the original titles accordingly.Like “Mr.Holland’s Opus”, an American film, this narrates a story about an ordinal musical teacher: Mr.Holland.Mr.Holland contributed 30 years’ life to teach his students.Not for money and for fame.All his students are deeply affected by him.A correct comparison is for him in the film: the leader of a symphony orchestra.And every student is one of his notes, his opus.If we use literal translation, it must be(《贺兰先生的作品》).It looks so bad for the awful translation.But the translator applies all his wit to deepen its meaning and translate it into(《春风化雨》).This is plentiful to reveal us the devotion of a teacher.Because “春风化雨” is usually a parable to the good education.Thus successful example isn’t only this.Film acted by American actor JimCarrey who is good at changing his facial expression freely—“The Mask”(《变相怪杰》).Everyone guess that this born comic actor might have a colorful act in this film according to the absorbing film title.But the audiences wouldn't associate it with the humor of JimCarrey if the film title is translated into “面具”.There is no doubt that the commercial factor plays a very important role on the translation of these film titles.But once they suit the whole theme of the films, no one will accuse them.Another Cartoon film “Chicken Run”, which was known to many cartoon filmgoers.If people translate it only by the literal meaning “小鸡跑步”.Obviously, it will be less attractive than“小鸡快跑”.This translation gives people a nervous and busy atmosphere.Good work appeals to everyone.Hence, there being a scene of pouring into the cinemas aren’t odd to bystanders.Films are sometimes regarded as a kind of literary work.Isn’t it quite right? People will read the good works again and again and still treasure them.A good film arouses people’s will to see them again and again, too.Here someone might bring forward a question that why these cartoon films originally aimed at catching children’s eyes actually inclined to canvass more grown-ups.After all, the words “cartoon films” are for children from the literal meaning.We also know that children just like the colors and the figures of the cartoon films.They don’t care about the translation of the film titles.So the real purpose of the translation is to draw the grown-ups’ attention.We can say that they go cinemas or guide children to cinemas.But the fact isn’t neglected that some film titles use free translation to have the opposite effect.A film called “Moulin Rouge”, which was shown on the year 2001.It is translated in free translation(《梦断花都》)when it was introduced to China.The translation of this film title discards the meaning of the original film title that is seen to disrespect the foreign culture.At the same time, the translators who translated this film underestimate the audiences’ plane of understanding the foreign culture.We should translate it into literary(《红磨坊》)，thus suit the demands of people who want to further know about the background of this film.The free translation(《梦断花都》)make the Chinese audiences feel at sea.The last example here related to the literal translation.Can people just use free translation when translating the film titles and ignoring the literal meaning of film titles, which might transmit the information of original meaning?

Chapter4 several methods of free translation 4.1 method of add words Because of different culture, we often need change a little original film title.In fact, some modify make the film title excellent.For example,《杨家将》The Yang Saga.It is a story about all members in family Yang sacrifice to national country.Although the story is very familiar with Chinese audiences, foreign audiences know nothing at all.So translator add a word“saga”，making the film title suitable.4.2 method of change film title Changing the film content and film form into the new feature, the phenomenon is very common in translation of film title.To concrete say, film title can divide into four styles: 4.2.1 according to plot of film Fugitive《亡命天涯》 Bad Boys《绝地战警》 Uncovered《古画》

Hamlet《王者复仇记》

4.2.2according to emotion of film

Coming to America 《纽约之恋》 Tender Mercies《情暖童心》 It Happened One Night《一夜风流》 Waterloo Bridge《魂断蓝桥》 The Bridge of Madison County《廊桥遗梦》

4.2.3 according to character of film Great Expectations《远大前程》 Gone with the Wind《乱世佳人》 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》 Eraser《毁灭者》 Home Alone《小鬼当家》

4.2.4 according to standpoint of film From Here to Eternity《乱世忠魂》Mission Impossible《最高机密》The Rock《石破天惊》 Jumanji《勇敢者的游戏》

Chapter5 Conclusion The translation of the film titles is a special process of re-creation.It isn’t simple to obey the content and the forms of the original titles, but a hard exploration to the film themes, social problems, the ethnic association and national condition.So finding the balance between literal translation and free translation is rational to the translation of film titles.Owing to the diversities of the west and the east, the westerners’ opinions towards the translation are naturally different from the easterners.We wouldn’t only see a part of the film and rush into translating it into literal translation or free translation.This act is irresponsible.Translation is also a process of cultural communication owing to the differences of the principles of the translation, the linguistic customs of the foreign countries and the characteristics of the film titles.That is not only to the audiences, but also to the translators themselves.Translators should make every efforts with carefulness to benefit the entertainment culture of the public and thus to benefit the translations of film titles.After all, the purpose of the film is to satisfy the audiences, the films businessmen and to get maximum income.Different film titles require different translation methods.People should take all factors into consideration.In all, there are many challenges for us to translate the film titles, thus we should combine with the practice of the translation.If we master the trick of the translation of film titles, everything becomes easy.Bibliography 1.贺莺.电影片名的翻译理论和方法.外语教学,2001,1 2.林秋云 外国电影片名翻译简论 上海科技翻译 1996.3 3.宁之寿 谈电影片名的翻译 中国科技翻译 1997 4.周新平黄开胜 电影片名的英汉互译 黑龙江农垦师专学报2002.1 5.全春阳.论欧美影片译名的意境美[J].辽宁大学学报, 2005, 1.P103

6.张发勇.Translation of Movie Titles—from a functional perspective [J].广西 大学梧州分校学报, 2002,4.7.李颜.从文化观的角度谈影视翻译[J].湖南大学学报（社科）,2005, 3.8.郝丽萍 实用英语翻译理论与实践 机械工业出版社 2006，7

Acknowledgements

First of all, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my tutor – Mrs.Wang Ruiz, for all the help she has offered me during the preparation and writing of this paper and for all the pains she took in reading and correcting my drafts.It is obvious that without her patient instruction, helpful suggestions and constant encouragement, I could not have fulfilled this task as successfully as I wished.Secondly, I wish to express my thanks to all those who have helped me in the preparation of this thesis.In the past two months, I have received considerable help from the teachers, and the other faculty members and the other students in different departments of university, without which, the completion of this paper would have been impossible.Finally, I am also grateful to all my teachers who have taught me how to study and what to learn, which helped me a lot in the writing of the paper.And I would also like to thank all my fellow classmates, who have given me great support in the course of the paper writing and during all four college years.

第二篇：英语专业毕业论文外文翻译之二

外文资料文

Translation Equivalence

Halloween On October 31st, dozens of childrendressed in costumes knock on their neighbors' doors and yell “Trick or Treat” when the door opens.Pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or othergoodies that the neighbors drop in.As they give each child a treat the neighbors exclaim over the costumes and try to guess who is under the masks.Since the 800's November 1st is a religious holiday known as All Saints' Day The Mass that was said on this day was called Allhallowmas.The evening before became knownas All Hakkiw e'en, or Halloween.Like some otherAmerican celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs.October 31 st was the eve of the Celtic new year.The Celts were the ancestors of the present-day Irish, Welsh and Scottish people.On this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so the Celts thought.The townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell they dressed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead.Hoping that the ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the new year.Much later, when Christianity spread throughout Ireland and October 31 was no longer the last dayof the year, Halloween became a celebration mostly for children.“Ghosts” went from door to door asking for treats, or else a trick would be played on the owners of the house.When millionsof Irish people immigrated to the United States in the 1840s the tradition came with them.Today' school dances and neighborhood parties called “block parties” are popular among young and old alike.More and more adults celebrate Halloween.They dress up like historical or political figures and go to masquerade parties In larger cities, costumed children and their parents gather at shopping malls early inthe evening.Stores and businesses give parties with games and treats for the children.Teenagers enjoy costume dances at their schools and the more outrageous the costume the better!Certain pranks such as soaping car windows and tipping over garbage cans are expected.But partying and pranks are not the only things that Halloweeners enjoy doing.Some collect money to buy food and medicine for needychildren around the world.Symbols of Halloween Halloween originated as a celebration connected with evil spirits.Witches flying on broomsticks with black cats, ghosts, goblins and skeletons have all evolved as symbolsof Halloween.They are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for greeting cards and windows.Black is one of the traditional Halloween colors, probably because Halloween festivals and traditions took place at night.In the weeks before October 31, Americans decorate windows of houses and schools with silhouettes of witches and black cats.Pumpkins are also a symbol of Halloween.The pumpkin is an orange-colored squash, and orange has become the other traditional Halloween color.Carving pumpkins into jack-o'lanterns Chinese Valentine's Day Raise your head on August 19 and gaze at the stars, you will find something romantic going on in the sky.VALENTINE'S Day in China, the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, falls on August 19 this year.That is, on Sunday evening, Niu Lang and Zhi Nu will meet on a bridge of magpies across the Milky Way.Chinese grannies will remind children that they would not be able to see any magpies on that evening because all the magpies have left to form a bridge in the heavens with their wings.Hungry Ghost Festival The 14th and 15th of the seventh lunar month Unlike other celebrations of the dead in Eastern cultures that seek to honor dead ancestors, the Hungry Ghost Festival seeks to pacify the hungry ghosts, the ghosts of strangers and the un-cared-for dead.These are the ghosts of those who died by their own hands, by accidents, by drowning or hanging who have been denied entry into heaven.Angry because they are forced to dwell in hell without food or comfort, when released, they search for souls to take their place in misery.The most important days of this month are the 14th and 15th, the days of the great feasts.On the 14th, a great feast would be held to honor family ancestors.Prayers and offerings would be made at family altars.On the following night, the 15th, they would feast for the hungry ghosts.Held outside under the full moon, these feasts feed the evil spirits so that they will leave the living alone and bribe the ancestors for luck with money and the harvest.Winter solstice Winter solstice is a very important solar term in Chinese Lunar calendar.Being a traditional holiday as well, it is still now celebrated quite often in many regions.Early during the Spring and Autumn period, 2500 odd years from now, Winter solsticewas first determined as the Chinese traditional solar term among the total 24 terms.In Gregorian calendar, it is around Dec 22nd or 23rd.Ancient china did pay great attention to this holiday, regarding it as a big event.There was the saying that “Winter solstice holiday is greater than the spring festival”.Nowadays, many regions still celebrate it as a big holiday.Northerners may have dumplings and raviolis that day while southerners may have dumplings made by rice and long noodles.Some places even have the tradition to offer sacrifices to the heaven and earth.Spring Festival The New Moon on the first day of the new year--the full moon 15 days later Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon 15 days later.The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade.The Origin of Chinese New YearThe Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the Begining of Spring(the first of the twenty-four terms in coodination with the changes of Nature).Its origin is too old to be traced.Several explanations are hanging around.All agree, however, that the word Nian, which in modern Chinese solely means “year”, was originally the name of a monster beast that started to prey on people the night before the beginning of a new year.Traditional New Year Foods Probably more food is consumed during the New Year celebrations than any other time of the year.Vast amounts of traditional food is prepared for family and friends, as well as those close to us who have died.On New Year's Day, the Chinese family will eat a vegetarian dish called jai.Although the various ingredients in jai are root vegetables or fibrous vegetables, many people attribute various superstitious aspects to them.Other foods include a whole fish, to represent togetherness and abundance, and a chicken for prosperity.The chicken must be presented with a head, tail and feet to symbolize completeness.Noodles should be uncut, as they represent long life.In south China, the favorite and most typical dishes were nian gao, sweet steamed glutinous rice pudding and zong zi(glutinous rice wrapped up in reed leaves), another popular delicacy.In the north, steamed-wheat bread(man tou)and small meat dumplings were the preferred food.The tremendous amount of food prepared at this time was meant to symbolize abundance and wealth for the household.Lantern Festival The 15th day of the 1st lunar month is the Chinese Lantern Festival because the first lunar month is called yuan-month and in the ancient times people called night Xiao.The 15th day is the first night to see a full moon.So the day is also called Yuan Xiao Festival in China.According to the Chinese tradition, at the very beginning of a new year, when there is a bright full moon hanging in the sky, there should be thousands of colorful lanterns hung out for people to appreciate.At this time, people will try to solve the puzzles on the lanterns and eat yuanxiao(glutinous rice ball)and get all their families united in the joyful atmosphere.Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour.We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan.Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself.It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth centuty, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods.The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty.Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame, osmanthus flowers, rose petals, sweetened tangerine peel, bean paste, or jujube paste.A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling.The salty variety is filled with minced meat, vegetables or a mixture.The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China.The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands.In North China, sweet or nonmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient.The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour.A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour.And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size.The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains.This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products.They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers.Qing Ming（Tomb Sweeping Day）

Celebrated two weeks after the vernal equinox, Tomb Sweeping Day is one of the few traditional Chinese holidays that follows the solar calendar--typically falling on April 4, 5, or 6.Its Chinese name “Qing Ming” literally means “Clear Brightness,” hinting at its importance as a celebration of Spring.Similar to the spring festivals of other cultures, Tomb Sweeping Day celebrates the rebirth of nature, while marking the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities.Easter

Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating the resurrection of Christ.Now for most people, Easter is a good time to enjoy the festival.Time is the first full moon after the vernal equinox on Sunday, probably in the March 22-April 25 any day between.Easter gift with a typical spring and regeneration, such as eggs, Easter Bunny, etc..Easter morning, children will find the bed of the Easter basket filled with chocolate eggs, Easter bunnies, chicks and baby plush toys.It is said that the Easter Bunny will be eggs hidden in the room or the grass to get the kids to find.The Christian believers will go to church for the christening in the pre-holiday, and then put their new robes to celebrate the new life of Christ, the custom of wearing a new reservation now, people think the festival is to be out of luck do not wear new clothes, so the resurrection Day comes, people will have clean houses, put on new clothes, new life.外文资料译文

翻译对等

万圣节

在十月三十一日这天，成群的小孩穿着节日的盛装并去敲邻居的门当他们打开门时就叫喊着：“不请吃就捣乱”。孩子们装扮成的海盗，公主，鬼魂和当时流行的英雄们都手持着袋子去接邻居散发的糖果或是其他好吃的食物。当邻居分发给孩子们食物时就会试着猜猜盛装以及面具下面是谁。

万圣节最早起源于公元八百年的十一月一日，这天的聚会被称作万圣节聚餐。前一天的傍晚就是我们熟知的万圣节前夕，或是万圣节。像一些其他的美国节日一样，它也是起源于圣诞节以及圣诞的风俗。

十月三十一日是凯尔特人的新年前夕。凯尔特人是现在的爱尔兰人，威尔逊人和苏格兰人的祖先。在这天，鬼魂就会走出来并且混到活人中去，凯尔特人是这么认为的。城里的人们这天会烹制好食物，并且等候到夜幕降临时，他们就会乔装打扮成已故的灵魂。希望鬼魂能够在新年午夜前平静地离开。

过年以后，当基督教传播到爱尔兰时，十月三十一日不再是每年的最后一天了，万圣节变成了主要是孩子们庆祝的节日。“鬼魂”走家串巷叫嚷着要求请吃东西，否则就会在主人的房子上做恶作剧。当为数目众多的爱尔兰人于十九世纪四十年代移民到美国后，也将他们的文化带到了那里。

现在，像学校学校的舞会和社区的聚会之类的“群众聚会”无论是老人还是年轻人都一样很喜欢。越来越多的成年人庆祝万圣节。他们打扮成历史或是政治上的人物并参加化装舞会。在大城市里，盛装打扮的小孩和他们的父母会在傍晚时早早地就在购物广场里集合。商场和商店会举行派对并有游戏和食物提供给小孩。青少年们就正在享受着学校的盛装舞会，服装越是怪异越好。

经常能见到恶作剧，比如用肥皂涂抹车窗和弄翻垃圾箱。万圣节狂欢者不仅仅是聚聚会或是做点恶作剧。有些人会募捐善款来购买食物和药品给全世界那些需要的孩子们。万圣节的象征

万圣节的起源和邪恶的灵魂有关。万圣节的象征物包括骑在飞行扫把上的巫师，他们身边有黑猫，鬼魂，小精灵和骨架。

他们都是比较流行的孩子们用来trick or treat的服饰或是用在问候卡片或是窗户上。黑色是万圣节传统的颜色之一，很有可能是因为万圣节及其习俗活动都在晚上举行。在十月三十一号以前的几个星期里，美国人都会把家里的窗户或是学校装扮上带有巫师和黑猫轮廓的图案。

南瓜也是万圣节的象征之一。南瓜是一种橙黄色的瓜类，并且橙黄色是万圣节的象征颜色。通常是把南瓜雕刻成南瓜灯笼。七夕节

在八月十九时当你仰望星空时，你就会发现带有浪漫气息的一幕。七夕节是中国的情人节，农历七月七，也就是每年的八月十九日。在周日的晚上，牛郎和织女将会穿过银河在鹊桥相见。中国的奶奶们就会告诉他们的孙辈们在那个晚上将看不到喜鹊，因为所有的喜鹊都会离开并用翅膀在天堂建起一座鹊桥。中元节

农历七月十四或十五。不像其他的东方节日是为了祭奠过世的先辈。中元节是为了安抚恶鬼，陌生人的鬼魂和游魂。这些人是因为自杀或是车祸，或是溺死或是上吊身亡的，他们都没有来得及进入天堂。他们因为被迫逗留阻在地狱而没有食物或是慰藉。当释放的时候，他们就会去寻找哀魂来替代他们。

对于中元节来说，最重要的日子是这个月的十四号和十五号，即大摆宴席的时候。在十四号这天，举办盛大的宴席是为了能够惦念先辈们。人们会把祭奠物品摆放在家里的祭坛上，并会祈福。在第二天的晚上，即十五号，他们会为孤魂野鬼摆宴席。一般是摆设在满月下，用来喂饱恶鬼，然后他们才会离开，并且也是希望祖先能够带给他们福气，财运和丰收。冬至

冬至是中国农历里一个很重要的节气。

也同样作为一个传统的节日，现在仍然很多地方都过冬至。早在春秋时期，距今大约2500年，冬至率先被确认为中国传统的二十四节气之一。在阳历里，大约是十二月二十二或是二十三。

在古代，人们很重视这个节日，把其列为一项大事。有这样的说法“冬至贵于春节”。时至今日，很多地方仍然把冬至当做是一个重要的节日来庆祝。北方人在那天会吃饺子和小方饺，南方人会吃米饭烹制的饺子和长面条。有些地方甚至仍然保留着祭天地的习俗。春节

新月是新年的第一天，满月是在十五天之后。

中国的新年是以新月为开端即正月初一并且一满月收尾即十五天之后。新年的第十五天叫做元宵节，为了庆祝元宵人们会在晚上举办灯节，小孩排着队伍提着灯笼。

中国新年的起源：中国新年就是现在人们熟知的春节，因为它起始于立春（中国二十四节气之首）。其起源过于久远难以追溯。有很多种不同的说法，有一种普遍认可的说法是，汉语中的“年”字，在现代汉语中的英文意思是“year”。最早是一只怪兽的名字，这种怪兽在新年的前夜就会把来猎取人作为食物。传统的新年食物

通常在庆祝春节时消耗的食物比平时任何其他时候要多。丰富的食物被供给家里人和朋友们享用，和祭奠逝去的人。在新年的这一天，中国家庭通常会吃斋。尽管在斋食中都是写普通的根茎类的含有纤维的蔬菜，但是还是有很多人会加之以各式各样的迷信观念。其他的食物包括整条的鱼，代表着团聚和富余，鸡则代表着繁盛，鸡必须保留头，尾，和爪子象征者完好。面条也不能弄断，因为他们象征着长寿。

在中国南方，最受欢迎和最具典型的食物是年糕，甜美的烹制糯米布丁和粽子（用芦苇叶包裹的糯米）--另一美食。在北方，馒头和小肉饺子很受欢迎。对于家庭来说，这时准备大量的食物意味着丰富和财富。元宵

正月十五就是中国的元宵节，因为农历第一个月被称作元月并且在古时候人们将其称作宵夜。正月十五是能看到元月的第一天，所以这天在中国又被称作元宵节。

根据中国的传统，在新年伊始时，每当明亮的满月悬挂在空中，都会有成千上万的色彩各异的灯笼挂在外面供人们欣赏。在这时，人们就会解灯笼上的字谜和吃元宵（糯米团）并且一家人融入到欢乐愉快的氛围中。除了娱乐和漂亮的灯笼外，元宵节很重要的另外一部分吃元宵。我们把其称作是元宵或是汤圆。很明显，他们的名字从节日本身得来。据说这种习俗源自于公元四世纪的东晋，并在唐宋得到流行。

元宵的馅儿有甜有咸。甜馅儿通常有糖，核桃，芝麻，桂花，玫瑰花瓣，甜制的橘子皮，豆泥或是枣泥。一种简单的配料或是任何组合都能用来做馅儿。咸馅儿是用肉泥或是蔬菜或是混合物。

中国南北方元宵的做法也不相同。通常在南方的省份制作的方法是将糯米揉成球状，然后做出个孔，填入馅儿，然后双手揉搓使其成光滑球状。在中国北方，通常采用甜的或是素的原料。馅儿被挤压进坚硬的孔里，轻轻地沾点水，然后放到一个盛有干糯米面粉的篮子里。当沾上一层面粉后，就再将其占点儿水再在面粉中滚第二次。按照这样的方法继续下去，就像滚一个雪球一样，直到元宵达到理想的大小。

吃元宵的习俗依然延续着。这个传统习俗鼓励着无论新店还是老店都推出他们的元宵产品。他们都尽力提升元宵的口味和质量以便吸引更多的客户。清明节（扫墓节）

这个节日是在春分后的两周后庆祝的，清明节是依据阳历来定的少数几个节日之一，通常在四月四，五，六号。其中文名清明字面有清晰明亮之意，暗示其庆祝春天的重要性的节日特性。和其他文化中春天的节日类似，清明节是为了庆祝自然的重生，同时也标志着植树季节的到来和其他户外活动的开始。复活节

复活节是基督教的节日，是为了庆祝基督的复活。而现在对于大多数人来说，复活节更多的是享受节日带来的快乐。复活节通常是在春分后的第一场满月，在某个周日。通常是在三月二十二日到四月二十五日中的某一天。复活节的礼物，通常带有典型的春天或是新生命的气息，如鸡蛋，复活节兔子等。在复活节的早晨，孩子们会在床边的复活节篮子里发现巧克力蛋，复活节兔子，小鸡和毛茸茸的玩具小娃娃。据说人们会将复活节兔子和蛋藏在房间里或是草地里让孩子们去寻找。基督教徒们就会去做礼拜，在节前做个洗礼，然后穿上他们的新礼服庆祝耶稣的重生，现在的做法一般是来接受新的圣任，人们通常认为在这个节日不穿新衣服就会与好运擦肩而过，所以在复活日到来之时，人们都会把房子打扫的干净，穿上新衣服，迎接新生活。

第三篇：毕业设计外文翻译

外文原文

Overview of JSp Technology

Benefits of JSp

JSp pages are translated into servlets.So, fundamentally, any task JSp pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets.However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSp pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios.The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other.After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language.But it still matters which you choose.JSp provides the following benefits over servlets alone:

•It is easier to write and maintain the HTML.Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.•You can use standard Web-site development tools.Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSp can be used because they simply ignore the JSp tags.•You can divide up your development team.The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code.The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer.On large projects, this division is very important.Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSp instead.By no means.Almost all projects will use both.For some requests in your project, you will use servlets.For others, you will use JSp.For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture.You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.Advantages of JSp Over Competing Technologies

A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology.Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language.Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington.During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology.The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea.He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual “embrace and extend” strategy.At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected “You mean disgrace and distend.”

Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes.But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here.The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags.For example, ColdFusion did it years earlier.Even ASp(a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager)popularized this approach before JSp came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon.In fact, JSp not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASp did.So, the question becomes: why use JSp instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone should.Several of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some situations.In other situations, however, JSp is clearly better.Here are a few of the reasons.Versus.NET and Active Server pages(ASp)

.NET is well-designed technology from Microsoft.ASp.NET is the part that directly competes with servlets and JSp.The advantages of JSp are twofold.First, JSp is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers;you aren't locked into deploying on Windows and IIS.Although the core.NET platform runs on a few non-Windows platforms, the ASp part does not.You cannot expect to deploy serious ASp.NET applications on multiple servers and operating systems.For some applications, this difference does not matter.For others, it matters greatly.Second, for some applications the choice of the underlying language matters greatly.For example, although.NET's C# language is very well designed and is similar to Java, fewer programmers are familiar with either the core C# syntax or the many auxiliary libraries.In addition, many developers still use the original version of ASp.With this version, JSp has a clear advantage for the dynamic code.With JSp, the dynamic part is written in Java, not VBScript or another ASp-specific language, so JSp is more powerful and better suited to complex applications that require reusable components.You could make the same argument when comparing JSp to the previous version of ColdFusion;with JSp you can use Java for the “real code” and are not tied to a particular server product.However, the current release of ColdFusion is within the context of a J2EE server, allowing developers to easily mix ColdFusion and servlet/JSp code.Versus pHp

pHp(a recursive acronym for “pHp: Hypertext preprocessor”)is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that is somewhat similar to both ASp and JSp.One advantage of JSp is that the dynamic part is written in Java, which already has an extensive ApI for networking, database access, distributed objects, and the like, whereas pHp requires learning an entirely new, less widely used language.A second advantage is that JSp is much more widely supported by tool and server vendors than is pHp.Versus pure Servlets

JSp doesn't provide any capabilities that couldn't, in principle, be accomplished with servlets.In fact, JSp documents are automatically translated into servlets behind the scenes.But it is more convenient to write(and to modify!)regular HTML than to use a zillion println statements to generate the HTML.plus, by separating the presentation from the content, you can put different people on different tasks: your Web page design experts can build the HTML by using familiar tools and either leave places for your servlet programmers to insert the dynamic content or invoke the dynamic content indirectly by means of XML tags.Does this mean that you can just learn JSp and forget about servlets? Absolutely not!JSp developers need to know servlets for four reasons:

1.JSp pages get translated into servlets.You can't understand how JSp works without understanding servlets.2.JSp consists of static HTML, special-purpose JSp tags, and Java code.What kind of Java code? Servlet code!You can't write that code if you don't understand servlet programming.3.Some tasks are better accomplished by servlets than by JSp.JSp is good at generating pages that consist of large sections of fairly well structured HTML or other character data.Servlets are better for generating binary data, building pages with highly variable structure, and performing tasks(such as redirection)that involve little or no output.4.Some tasks are better accomplished by a combination of servlets and JSp than by either servlets or JSp alone.Versus JavaScript

JavaScript, which is completely distinct from the Java programming language, is normally used to dynamically generate HTML on the client, building parts of the Web page as the browser loads the document.This is a useful capability and does not normally overlap with the capabilities of JSp(which runs only on the server).JSp pages still include SCRIpT tags for JavaScript, just as normal HTML pages do.In fact, JSp can even be used to dynamically generate the JavaScript that will be sent to the client.So, JavaScript is not a competing technology;it is a complementary one.It is also possible to use JavaScript on the server, most notably on Sun ONE(formerly iplanet), IIS, and BroadVision servers.However, Java is more powerful, flexible, reliable, and portable.Versus WebMacro or Velocity

JSp is by no means perfect.Many people have pointed out features that could be improved.This is a good thing, and one of the advantages of JSp is that the specification is controlled by a community that draws from many different companies.So, the technology can incorporate improvements in successive releases.However, some groups have developed alternative Java-based technologies to try to address these deficiencies.This, in our judgment, is a mistake.Using a third-party tool like Apache Struts that augments JSp and servlet technology is a good idea when that tool adds sufficient benefit to compensate for the additional complexity.But using a nonstandard tool that tries to replace JSp is a bad idea.When choosing a technology, you need to weigh many factors: standardization, portability, integration, industry support, and technical features.The arguments for JSp alternatives have focused almost exclusively on the technical features part.But portability, standardization, and integration are also very important.For example, the servlet and JSp specifications define a standard directory structure for Web applications and provide standard files(.war files)for deploying Web applications.All JSp-compatible servers must support these standards.Filters can be set up to apply to any number of servlets or JSp pages, but not to nonstandard resources.The same goes for Web application security settings.Besides, the tremendous industry support for JSp and servlet technology results in improvements that mitigate many of the criticisms of JSp.For example, the JSp Standard Tag Library and the JSp 2.0 expression language address two of the most well-founded criticisms: the lack of good iteration constructs and the difficulty of accessing dynamic results without using either explicit Java code or verbose jsp:useBean elements.10.4 Misconceptions About JSp

Forgetting JSp Is Server-Side Technology

Here are some typical questions Marty has received(most of them repeatedly).•Our server is running JDK 1.4.So, how do I put a Swing component in a JSp page?

•How do I put an image into a JSp page? I do not know the proper Java I/O commands to read image files.•Since Tomcat does not support JavaScript, how do I make images that are highlighted when the user moves the mouse over them?

•Our clients use older browsers that do not understand JSp.What should we do?

•When our clients use “View Source” in a browser, how can I prevent them from seeing the JSp tags?

All of these questions are based upon the assumption that browsers know something about the server-side process.But they do not.Thus:

•For putting applets with Swing components into Web pages, what matters is the browser's Java version—the server's version is irrelevant.If the browser supports the Java 2 platform, you use the normal AppLET(or Java plug-in)tag and would do so even if you were using non-Java technology on the server.•You do not need Java I/O to read image files;you just put the image in the directory for Web resources(i.e., two levels up from WEB-INF/classes)and output a normal IMG tag.•You create images that change under the mouse by using client-side JavaScript, referenced with the SCRIpT tag;this does not change just because the server is using JSp.•Browsers do not “support” JSp at all—they merely see the output of the JSp page.So, make sure your JSp outputs HTML compatible with the browser, just as you would do with static HTML pages.•And, of course you need not do anything to prevent clients from seeing JSp tags;those tags are processed on the server and are not part of the output that is sent to the client.Confusing Translation Time with Request Time

A JSp page is converted into a servlet.The servlet is compiled, loaded into the server's memory, initialized, and executed.But which step happens when? To answer that question, remember two points:

•The JSp page is translated into a servlet and compiled only the first time it is accessed after having been modified.•Loading into memory, initialization, and execution follow the normal rules for servlets.Table 1 gives some common scenarios and tells whether or not each step occurs in that scenario.The most frequently misunderstood entries are highlighted.When referring to the table, note that servlets resulting from JSp pages use the _jspService method(called for both GET and pOST requests), not doGet or dopost.Also, for initialization, they use the jspInit method, not the init method.Table 1.JSp Operations in Various Scenarios

JSp page translated into servletServlet compiledServlet loaded into server's memoryjspInit called_jspService called

page first written

Request 1YesYesYesYesYes

Request 2NoNoNoNoYes

Server restarted

Request 3NoNoYesYesYes

Request 4NoNoNoNoYes

page modified

Request 5YesYesYesYesYes

Request 6NoNoNoNoYes

中文翻译

JSp技术概述

一、JSp的好处

JSp页面最终会转换成servler。因而，从根本上，JSp页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servler来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servler和JSp页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。

和单独使用servler相比，JSp提供下述好处：

JSp中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSp中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。

能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使对那些对JSp一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSp标签（JSp tags）。

可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层（presentation layer）上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离（weaker separation）和强分离（stronger separation）。

在此，这个讨论并不是让您停止使用servlets，只使用JSp。几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。针对项目中的某些请求，您可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不能填满您的工具箱。

二、JSp相对于竞争技术的优势

许多年前，Marty受到邀请,参加一个有关软件技术的小型(20个人)研讨会.做在Marty旁边的人是James Gosling---Java编程语言的发明者。隔几个位置,是来自华盛顿一家大型软件公司的高级经理。在讨论过程中,研讨会的主席提出了Jini的议题,这在当时是一项新的Java技术.主席向该经理询问他的想法.他继续说,他们会持续关注这项技术,如果这项技术变得流行起来,他们会遵循公司的“接受并扩充(embrace and extend)”的策略.此时, Gosling随意地插话说“你的意思其实就是不接受且不扩充(disgrace and distend)。”

在此, Gosling的抱怨显示出，他感到这个公司会从其他公司那里拿走技术,用于他们自己的目的.但你猜这次怎么样?这次鞋子穿在了另一只脚上。Java社团没有发明这一思想----将页面设计成由静态HTML和用特殊标签标记的动态代码混合组成.。ColdFusion多年前就已经这样做了。甚至ASp(来自于前述经理所在公司的一项产品)都在JSp出现之前推广了这种方式。实际上,JSp不只采用了这种通用概念,它甚至使用许多和ASp相同的特殊标签。

因此,问题变成:为什么使用JSp,而不使用其他技术呢?我们的第一反应是我们不是在争论所有的人应该做什么。其他这些技术中,有一些也很不错,在某些情况下也的确是合情合理的选择.然而,在其他情形中,JSp明显要更好一些。下面给出几个理由。

与.NET和Active Server pages(ASp)相比

.NET是Microsoft精心设计的一项技术。ASp.NET是与servlets和JSp直接竞争的技术。JSp的优势体现在两个方面。

首先,JSp可以移植到多种操作系统和Web服务器,您不必仅仅局限于部署在Windows 和IIS上尽管核心.NET平台可以在好几种非Windows平台上运行，但ASp这一部分不可以。您不能期望可以将重要的ASp.NET应用部署到多种服务器和操作系统。对于某些应用，这种差异没有什么影响。但有些应用，这种差异却非常重要。

其次，对于某些应用，底层语言的选择至关重要。例如，尽管.NET的C#语言设计优良，且和Java类似，但熟悉核心C#语法和众多工具库的程序员很少。此外,许多开发者依旧使用最初版本的ASp。相对于这个版本,JSp在动态代码方面拥有明显的优势。使用JSp,动态部分是用Java编写的,而非VBScript过其他ASp专有的语言,因此JSp更为强劲,更适合于要求组件重用的复杂应用。

当将JSp与之前版本的ColdFusion对比时，您可能会得到相同的结论。应用JSp，您可以使用Java编写“真正的代码”，不必依赖于特定的服务器产品。然而，当前版本的ColdFusion满足J2EE服务器的环境，允许开发者容易的混合使用ColdFusion和Servlet/JSp代码。

与pHp相比

pHp（“pHp：Hypertext preprocessor”的递归字母缩写词）是免费的、开放源代码的、HTML嵌入其中的脚本语言，与ASp和JSp都有某种程度的类似。JSp的一项优势是动态部分用Java编写，而Java已经在联网、数据库访问、分布式对象等方面拥有广泛的ApI，而pHp需要学习全新的、应用相对广泛的语言。JSp的第二项优势是，和pHp相比，JSp拥有极为广泛的工具和服务器提供商的支持。

与纯Servlet相比

原则上，JSp并没有提供Servlet不能完成的功能。实际上，JSp文档在后台被自动转换成Servlet。但是编写（和修改）常规的HTML，要比无数println语句生成HTML要方便得多。另外，通过将表示与内容分离，可以为不同的人分配不同的任务：网页设计人员使用熟悉的工具构建HTML，要么为Servlet程序员留出空间插入动态内容，要么通过XML标签间接调用动态内容。

这是否表示您只可以学习JSp，将Servlet丢到一边呢？当然不是！由于以下4种原因，JSp开发人员需要了解Servlet：

（1）JSp页面会转换成Servlet。不了解Servlet就无法知道JSp如何工作。

（2）JSp由静态HTML、专用的JSp标签和Java代码组成。哪种类型的Java代码呢？当然是Servlet代码！如果不了解Servlet编程，那么就无法编写这种代码。

（3）一些任务用Servlet完成比用JSp来完成要好。JSp擅长生成由大量组织有序的结构化HTML或其他字符数据组成的页面。Servlet擅长生成二进制数据，构建结构多样的页面，以及执行输出很少或者没有输出的任务（比如重定向）。

（4）有些任务更适合于组合使用Servlet和JSp来完成，而非单独使用Servlet或JSp。

与JavaScript相比

JavaScript和Java编程语言完全是两码事，前者一般用于在客户端动态生成HTML，在浏览器载入文档时构建网页的部分内容。这是一项有用的功能，一般与JSp的功能（只在服务器端运行）并不发生重叠。和常规HTML页面一样，JSp页面依旧可以包括用于JavaScript的SCRIpT标签。实际上，JSp甚至能够用来动态生成发送到客户端的JavaScript。因此，JavaScript不是一项竞争技术，它是一项补充技术。

JavaScript也可以用在服务器端，最因人注意的是SUN ONE（以前的iplanet）、IIS和BroadVision服务器。然而，Java更为强大灵活、可靠且可移植。

与WebMacro和Velocity相比

JSp决非完美。许多人都曾指出过JSp中能够改进的功能。这是一件好事，JSp的优势之一是该规范由许多不同公司组成的社团控制。因此，在后续版本中，这项技术能够得到协调的改进。

但是，一些组织已经开发出了基于Java的替代技术，试图弥补这些不足。据我们的判断，这样做是错误的。使用扩充JSp和Servlet技术的第三方工具，如Apache Structs，是一种很好的思路，只要该工具带来的好处能够补偿工具带来的额外复杂性。但是，试图使用非标准的工具代替JSp则不理想。在选择一项技术时，需要权衡许多方面的因素：标准化、可移植性、集成性、行业支持和技术特性。对于JSp替代技术的争论几乎只是集中在技术特性上，而可移植性、标准化和集成性也十分重要。例如，Servlet和JSp规范为Web应用定义了一个标准的目录结构，并提供用于部署Web应用的标准文件（.war文件）。所有JSp兼容的服务器必须支持这些标准。我们可以建立过滤器作用到任意树木的Servlet和JSp页面上，但不能用于非标准资源。Web应用安全设置也同样如此。

此外，业界对JSp和Servlet技术的巨大支持使得这两项技术都有了巨大的进步，从而减轻了对JSp的许多批评。例如，JSp标准标签库和JSp 2.0表达式语言解决了两种最广泛的批评：缺乏良好的迭代结构；不使用显式的Java代码或冗长的jsp:useBean元素难以访问动态结果。

三、对JSp的误解

忘记JSp技术是服务器端技术

下面是Marty收到的一些典型问题（大部分问题不止一次的出现）。

我们的服务器正在运行JDK1.4。我如何将Swing组件用到JSp页面中呢？

我如何将图像放到JSp页面中？我不知道读取图像文件应该使用哪些Java I/O命令。

Tomcat不支持JavaScript，当用户在图像上移动鼠标时，我如何使图像突出显示呢？

我们的客户使用不理解JSp的旧浏览器。我应该怎么做？

当我们的客户在浏览器中使用“View Source”（查看源代码）时，如何阻止他们看到JSp标签？

所有这些问题都基于浏览器对服务器端的过程在有所了解的假定之上。但事实上浏览器并不了解服务器端的过程。因此：

如果要将使用Swing组件的applet放到网页中，重要的是浏览器的Java版本，和服务器的Java版本无关。如果浏览器支持Java 2平台，您可以使用正常的AppLET（或Java插件）标签，即使在服务器上使用了非Java技术也须如此。

您不需要Java I/O来读取图像文件，您只需将图像放在存储Web资源的目录中（即WEB-INF/classes向上两级的目录），并输出一个正常的IMG标签。

您应该用SCRIpT标签，使用客户端JavaScript创建在鼠标下会更改的图像，这不会由于服务器使用JSp而改变。

浏览器根本不“支持”JSp----它们看到的只是JSp页面的输出。因此，如同对待静态HTML页面一样，只需确保JSp输出的HTML与浏览器兼容。

当然，您不需要采取什么措施来阻止客户看到JSp标签，这些标签在服务器上进行处理，发送给客户的输出中并不出现。

混淆转换期间和请求期间

JSp页面需要转换成servlet。Servlet在编译后，载入到服务器的内容中，初始化并执行。但是每一步发生在什么时候呢？要回答这个问题，要记住以下两点：

JSp页面仅在修改后第一次被访问时，才会被转换成servlet并进行编译；

载入到内存中、初始化和执行遵循servlet的一般规则。

表1列出一些常见的情形，讲述在该种情况下每一步是否发生。最常被误解的项已经突出标示出来。在参考该表时，要注意，由JSp页面生成的servlet使用_jspService方法（GET和pOST请求都调用该函数），不是doGet或dopost方法。同样，对于初始化，它们使用jspInit方法，而非init方法。

表1 各种情况下的JSp操作

将JSp 页面转换成servlet编译Servlet 将Servlet 载入到服务器内存中调用jspInit 调用_jspService

页面初次创建

请求 1有有有有有

请求 2无无无无有

服务器重启后

请求3无无有有有

请求 4无无无无有

页面修改后

请求 5有有有有有

请求 6无无无无有

第四篇：毕业论文外文翻译

经济增速放缓对中国银行业的影响显现 Lagging Indicators: China's Banks and the Slowdown

摘要: Chinese banks' net income surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world's second-largest economy.Is it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?Not nec...Chinese banks' net income surged to record highs last year, defying the slowing growth on the world's second-largest economy.Is it indicating that banks are resilient to the economic downturn?

Not necessarily.The banks have a tendency to be lagging indicators.Only after a certain amount of time has passed will China's macro situation show up on the bottom line.Take, for example, bad loans.They're finally growing, incrementally, after years of declining.Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd., the nation's largest bank by assets, saw its

nonperforming loans rise by 3.82 billion yuan(about $606 million)in the fourth quarter;China Construction Bank Corp., the No.2 bank on the mainland, reported a 6.27 billion yuan rise in such loans.Bank of China Ltd.'s bad loans in the fourth quarter rose 1.39 billion yuan.(In China, nonperforming loans are those that have at least a 30% chance of turning sour.)

Smaller banks also saw some increases in bad loans.China Minsheng Banking Corp., the

country's largest non-state-owned bank, posted a rise of 200 million yuan in nonperforming loans in 2011.Such loans at Industrial Bank Co.grew by 99 million yuan last year.More tellingly, data from the Chinese banking regulator showed that the nonperforming loan ratio in the nation's banking sector edged up 0.1 percentage point in the fourth quarter from the third quarter, the first rise in the past six years.The regulator didn't give a reason, but the earnings reports from Chinese banks this week offered some cues: The property market might be the culprit.China Construction Bank said among the total, its nonperforming loans related to the real estate sector surged 20% over the same period.Minsheng Bank said the nonperforming ratio of its real estate financing businesses was 1.72%, well above its overall bad loan ratio of 0.63%.Home prices have been under pressure for about two years, but it's only now do we see a sign of it in banks' statements.The question is whether investors see a few more problem numbers down the road.In three years starting 2009, banks in China issued a total of 25 trillion yuan of

renminbi-denominated loans, with roughly 40% of the lending going to government-initiated infrastructure projects and the property sector.'The second quarter of this year will be one of the peak seasons for the repayment of property loans and local government borrowings.With a slowing economy, we can expect that higher nonperforming loans are on the cards,' GF Securities analyst Mu Hua said in a recent note.According to Noah Wealth Management, a Chinese financial service company, a total of 117.25 billion yuan of property trust products will be due this year, well above the 47.05 billion yuan last year, putting huge pressure on property developers' cash flows.Besides property, analysts say local government borrowings will present a bigger challenge to banks.Banking executives have estimated that a third of China's 10.7 trillion yuan government debt will be due this year and the next.Standard & Poor's analyst Liao Qiang said he believes Beijing will likely give some regulatory forbearance to local government debt to prevent a surge in banks' bad loans.'Nevertheless, property developers and manufacturers in industries with a supply glut will continue to face policy-induced refinancing uncertainties from time to time,' he said.Monday in Hong Kong, China Construction Bank Chairman Wang Hongzhang said he's optimistic about the bank's asset quality, given China's economic growth is likely to remain solid.'Nonperforming loan levels are controllable.Even though they are higher than before, the amount is small and [the rise] is likely to be temporary,' he said.Agence France-Presse/Getty Images

中资银行净利润去年创下新高，似乎并没有受到中国这一世界第二大经济体经济增速放缓的影响。这是否意味着，银行业可以免受经济下行的影响呢？

未必。

银行业的反应往往有一定的滞后性。只有在一段时期后，中国宏观经济形势的影响才会在银行的营收中有所体现。

以不良贷款为例。在下降趋势持续了几年之后，不良贷款的比例终于开始上升，虽然涨幅不大。按资产总量计算，中国最大的银行中国工商银行(Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd.)的不良贷款去年第四季度增加了人民币38.2亿元（约合6.06亿美元），中国第二大银行中国建设银行(China Construction Bank Corp.)的不良贷款增加了人民币62.7亿元。中国银行(Bank of China Ltd.)的不良贷款在第四季度增加了13.9亿元。（在中国，不良贷款指的是变成坏账的几率在30%以上的贷款。）

规模较小银行的不良贷款水平也在增长。中国最大的非国有银行中国民生银行(China

Minsheng Banking Corp.)2011年不良贷款增加了人民币2亿元。兴业银行(Industrial Bank Co.)的不良贷款去年增加了人民币9,900万元。

更能说明这一问题的是，中国银监会的数据显示，中国银行业的不良贷款比例在第四季度较第三季度上升了0.1个百分点，这是该比例过去六年来首次上升。

银监会没有给出原因，但是中资银行本周发布的年报提供了一些线索：房地产市场可能是罪魁祸首。

中国建设银行表示，在该银行的所有不良贷款中，与房地产业有关的不良贷款同比上涨了20%。民生银行说，其房地产融资业务的不良贷款比例为1.72%，大大超过了其0.63%的总体不良贷款比例。

两年来住房价格一直在承受压力，但直到现在我们才在银行的年报中看到了相关迹象。问题是，投资者是否看到了更多问题数据出现的可能性。

从2009年到2011年这三年里，中资银行共发放了25万亿元以人民币计价的贷款，其中约有40%的贷款流向了政府主导的基建项目和楼市。

今年的第二季度将是房地产贷款和地方政府借贷的还款高峰期。广发证券(GF Securities Co.)分析师沐华在最近的一份报告中说，由于经济减速，我们预计可能出现更多的不良贷款。

中国的金融服务公司诺亚财富投资管理有限公司(Noah Private Wealth Management, 简称：诺亚财富)说，共有1,172.5亿元的房地产信托产品将会在今年到期，高于去年的470.5亿元，这给房地产开发商的现金流造成了巨大压力。

分析人士说，除了房地产，地方政府借的贷款将为银行带来更大的挑战。据一些银行高管估计，中国10.7万亿元的政府贷款中，有三分之一将在今明两年到期。

标准普尔(Standard & Poor)的分析师廖强说，中国中央政府可能会给予地方政府债务一定的宽限，以防不良贷款激增。他说，尽管如此，房地产开发商以及供应过剩行业的制造企业仍会不时地面临由政策引发的再融资不确定性。

中国建设银行董事长王洪章周一在香港说，考虑到中国经济很可能继续保持稳定增长，他对该银行的资产质量持乐观态度。他说，不良贷款的水平是可控的。即使是比以往有所增加，总量还是很小，而且增长很可能也是暂时的。

第五篇：毕业论文外文翻译

译文

组织为留住员工的激励理论以及它们的应用的研

究

为什么必须要留住关键性的雇员？

Fitz-enz（1997年）提出，公司每失去10个管理上和专业上的员工就会损失100美元。算上直接成本和间接成本，避免雇员流失的总成本，是其一年工资和福利的最小量，或两年的薪酬和福利的最大值。对于一个组织来说，失去任何一个关键的雇员都会产生严重的经济影响，特别是考虑到随雇员离去而丧失的知识。这些知识是可以用来满足顾客的需要和期望的。知识的管理是创造、捕捉的过程以及知识来提高组织绩效的进程。

此外，Toracco（2000年）指出，虽然现在知识已经被认为是一个组织最宝贵的资产，但是，大多数组织缺乏必要的保留和利用知识价值的配套制度。组织不能只站在消极的立场上去希望人们在这个组织内能够得到和利用那些已知的、可以接近的知识。相反，组织应该以寻求维持竞争优势为目的，迅速发展能充分利用知识价值的系统(Robinson & Stern, 1997;Stewart, 1997).。因此，这很容易看到失去了宝贵的员工的知识的巨大影响。

人力资本和知识管理的概念是，人们拥有的技能，经验和知识，因此对组织具有经济价值。这些技能，知识和经验代表了资本，因为它们提高了生产率(Snell and Dean, 1992)。人力资本理论假定某些劳动力更有生产力仅仅是因为越来越多的资源投资在劳动力培训上，相当于一台机器投入了更多的资源来提高生产率ller, 1982)。人力资本理论的一条基本原则是，如同任何商

业投资，“投资技能建设将更加有利可图，更有可能将要持续较长的时期，从而获得投资回报”(Mueller, 1982, p.94)。此外，留住对于实现充分的投资回报是非常重要的。人力资本理论还认为员工在一个组织的服务长度可以作为与职业相关的知识或能力的代表。一个人对与工作有关的知识或能力的了解，影响该人的工资，推销自己和工作的类型(Becker，1975； Hulin & Smith，1967； Katz，1978)。在一个组织里，关于工龄的理解可以与乌尔里希（1998）定义的智力资本承诺的组成部分联系起来。他的定义很简单“技能通过承诺而增加”(p.125)，智力资本的重要性等于知识，技能和每一个人在组织中的属性乘以他们愿意努力工作。在未来几年，个人对组织的承诺将得到更重要的承认，以及该组织需要创建一个有人会愿意留下来的环境(Harris, 2000)。组织将需要或创建一个智力资本环境下，知识的传播的发生将遍及整个组织，或继续通过工龄发展失去重要的个人知识。许多人认为这些深奥的知识将有助于满足客户的需求和期望，并在全球经济组织相互竞争的今天，创建和维持竞争优势。

作者：苏尼尔

国籍：美国

出处：《美国商业学术期刊》，2004年9月，第52-59页

原文

A Review of Employee Motivation Theories and their

Implications

for Employee Retention within Organizations

Why is it Necessary to Retain Critical Employees?

Fitz-enz(1997)stated that the average company loses approximately $1 million with every 10 managerial and professional employees who leave the organization.Combined with direct and indirect costs, the total cost of anexempt employee turnover is a minimum of one year’s pay and benefits, or a maximum of two years’ pay andbenefits.There is significant economic impact with an organization losing any of its critical employees, especially given the knowledge that is lost with the employee’s departure.This is the knowledge that is used to meet the needs knowledge to enhance organizational performance(Bassi, 1997).Furthermore, Toracco(2000)stated that although knowledge is now recognized as one of an organization’s most valuable assets most organizations lack the supportive systems required to retain and leverage the value of knowledge.Organizations cannot afford to take a passive stance toward knowledge management in the hopes that people are acquiring and using knowledge, and that sources of knowledge are known and accessed throughout the organization.Instead, organizations seeking to sustain competitive advantage have moved quickly to develop systems to leverage the value of knowledge for this purpose(Robinson & Stern, 1997;Stewart, 1997).Thus, it is easy to see the dramatic effect of losing employees who have

valuable knowledge.The concept of human capital and knowledge management is that people possess skills, experience and knowledge, and therefore have economic value to organizations.These skills, knowledge and experience represent capital because they enhance productivity(Snell and Dean, 1992).Human capital theory postulates that some labor is more productive than other labor simply because more resources have been invested into the training of that labor, in the same manner that a machine that has had more resources invested into it is apt to be more productive(Mueller, 1982).One of the basic tenets of human capital theory is that, like any business investment, an “investment in skill-building would be more profitable and more likely to be undertaken the longer the period over which returns from the investment can accrue”(Mueller, 1982, p.94).Again, employee retention is important in realizing a full return on investment.Human capital theory includes the length of service in the organization as a

proxy for job relevant knowledge or ability.A person’s job relevant knowledge or ability influences that person’s wage, promotional opportunity and/or type of job(Becker, 1975;Hulin & Smith, 1967;Katz, 1978).The understanding of length of service in an organization relates back to Ulrich’s(1998)component of commitment in his definition of intellectual capital.His definition was simply“competencemultiplied by commitment”(p.125), meaning intellectual capital equals the knowledge, skills, and attributes of each individual within an organization multiplied by their willingness to work hard.It will become significantly more important in the years ahead to recognize the commitment of individuals to an organization, as well as the organization’s need to create an environment in which one would be willing to stay(Harris,2000).Organizations will need to either create an intellectual capital environment where the transmission of knowledge takes place throughout the structure, or continue to lose important individual knowledge that has been developed through the length of service.This deep knowledge is what many believe will help to meet the needs and expectations of the customers and to create and sustain a competitive advantage within the global economy in which organizations are competing in today.Author： Sunil Ramlall

Nationnality：America

Originate from：The Journal of American Academy of Business，September 2004,P52-59