第一篇：四级段落翻译答案Key+to+Translation
1.中国面临的最严峻的挑战之一就是人口老龄化（aging population）。专家称在未来四十年内，中国老年人口将接近5亿，占据人口总数的三分之一。这无疑给中国经济增长带来了巨大的压力，但这也意味着更多的商机。人口老龄化将为养老院（nursing home）行业的发展带来良好的前景。据粗略统计，5亿老年人每月至少能为养老院行业带来5000亿元的经济效益。
Aging population is one of the most severe challenges in China.According to the experts, within four decades, China will have nearly 500 million elderly people, which accounts for one third of the total population.Such a situation will undoubtedly put huge pressure on the economic growth of China, but it also means more business opportunities.The fast-growing numbers of elderly people will bring a very good prospect for the industry of nursing homes.Based on rough statistics, half a billion elderly people can at least bring the industry an economic benefit of 500 billion every month.2.国画（Chinese painting）指中国传统绘画，历史悠久，远在2000多年前的战国时期(Warring States Period)就出现了画在丝织品上的绘画。国画的工具盒材料有毛笔(brush)、墨、纸盒丝绸等。国画从题材上主要分为三类：人物、山水、花鸟。国画起源于中国书法(calligraphy)，在本质上是一种线性艺术，试图采用绘画唤起意象和感情。国画在内容和艺术创作上，体现了古人对自然、社会、哲学、宗教和道德的认识。
Chinese painting, the traditional painting in China, has a long history.There were paintings on silks even in Warring States Period over 2,000 years ago.Tools and materials used in Chinese painting are brush, ink, paper and silk and so on.There are three main subjects of Chinese painting: human figures, landscapes, and birds and flowers.Originated from Chinese calligraphy, Chinese painting is essentially an art of line, which attempts to arouse images and emotions with paintings.The content and artistic creation of Chinese paintings reflect the ancient people’s recognition on nature, society, philosophy, religion and morality.3.中国长城是中国古代为抵御敌人的侵袭而修筑的伟大工程。它位于中国北部，全长约8851.8公里。它始建于2000多年前的春秋时期(the Spring and Autumn Period)，秦始皇统一中国之后联成万里长城。汉、明两代(the Han and Ming Dynasties)又曾大规模修筑，因此它是世界上修建时间最长的一项古代工程。长城是人类文明史上最伟大的建造工程之一，被列为世界八大奇迹之一和世界文化遗产(heritage)。
The Great Wall of China is a great project in ancient China constructed to defend against the attacks of enemies.It locates in the northern part of China and stretches for 8,851.8 kilometers.First built in the Spring and Autumn Period over 2,000 years ago, it was united to become “the Wall of 10,000 Li” after Qin Shi Huang unified China.The Han and Ming Dynasties saw extensive rebuilding and maintenance of the Great Wall.Thus it is an ancient project which consumed the longest time in the world.As one of the greatest constructions in the history of human civilization, the Great Wall has been listed as one of the Eight Wonders of the World and a world cultural heritage site.4.西部大开发(western development campaign)是中国政府的一项政策，于2000年开始运作。目的是提高西部地区的经济和社会发展水平。西部大开发的范围是中国西部的12个省和自治区(autonomous region)。西部地区自然资源丰富，市场潜力大，战略位置重要。但由于自然、历史、社会等原因，西部地区经济发展相对东部落后。这一政策的实施可以使西部地区得到更快、更深、更广的发展，实现共同富裕(common prosperity)。
Western development campaign is a policy made by Chinese government and operated from 2000.Its goal is to improve the economic and social development level of the western areas.There are twelve provinces and autonomous regions covered in this campaign.The western areas have abundant natural resources with huge potential market and important strategic location.But because of natural, historical and social factors, the economic development in those areas lags behind that of the eastern areas.The implementation of the policy can bring a faster, deeper and broader development in the western areas, which will help realize common prosperity.5.汉字源于远古时期对自然景物的简单描摹，如树木、河水、山川、人物等。这些描摹实际上就是象形文字(pictograms)的萌芽。甲骨文(Oracles)是刻在龟壳和兽骨上的古老文字，是汉字最早的形式。汉字的创造和应用对中华文明的发展起到了重要作用。汉字对世界文明的发展也产生了深远的影响。例如，日本、朝鲜等国家的文字都是在汉字的基础上创造的。Chinese characters began in ancient time as simple drawings of natural objects – trees, rivers, mountains and hills, human beings, etc.These drawings are actually the buds of “pictograms”.Oracles, the ancient characters carved onto tortoise shells and beast bones, are the earliest form of Chinese characters.The creation and use of the Chinese characters have played a significant role not only in the development of Chinese civilization, but in that of the world civilization.For example, the characters of some countries, like Japan and Korea, were created on the basis of the Chinese characters.6.孔子学院(Confucius Institute)是中国在世界各地设立的教育和文化交流机构。推广汉语、传播中国文化是设立该机构的目的。孔子学院最重要的一项工作就是给世界各地的汉语学习者提供标准的教材以及正规的汉语学习渠道。全球首家孔子学院于2004年在韩国首尔(Seoul)成立，目前已遍布100个国家。孔子学院有力地推动了中国文化与各国文化的交流与融合(integration)。
Confucius Institute is an institute of education and cultural communication established by China all over the world.Its aim is to promote Chinese language and spread Chinese culture.The most important task of Confucius Institute is to provide standard textbooks and a formal channel to learn Chinese for learners all over the world.The first Confucius Institute opened in 2004 in Seoul, South Korea.At present, it has been established in 106 countries.Confucius Institute has greatly promoted the exchange and integration of cultures between China and the rest of the world.
第二篇：四级段落翻译训练
Passage 3
中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年(the Chinese lunar New Year)，除了常见的肉类、海鲜之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如饺子。
Passage 4
端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
Passage 5
徐霞客是我国古代的地理学家、旅行家和文学家。他写了著名的《徐霞客游记》,一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。
Passage 6
经过半个多世纪的艰苦努力，特别是二十多年的改革开放，中国已迈入全面建设小康社会的发展新阶段。但中国仍然是一个发展中国家，人口多、底子薄是中国的基本国情。中国实现自身发展的道路依然艰苦而漫长。中华人民共和国是全国人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。迄今为止，中国有56个民族。与汉族相比，其他55个民族人口相对较少，因此他们在习惯上被称为“少数民族”。1990年中国进行了第四次人口普查，据统计，在全国总人口中，汉族人口约占92%，少数民族人口占8%。在长期的历史发展过程中，中华民族这个大家庭中的各族人民经过融合和迁移，形成了今天的分布格局。
第三篇：新四级段落翻译练习题
1.中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对 海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直 积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成 就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将 继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企 业与国外企业进一步开展合作。
2.狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈 之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视 为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮 子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护 人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入 了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好 运、平安和幸福。.假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费 观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中 国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需 品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日 经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相 应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质 量的要求。.端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大 臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自 尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几 千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是 在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
5.中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。“品茶”不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。饮茶要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。中国园林世界闻名，山水风景更是不可胜数。利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室，让人们小憩，意趣盎然。
6.中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和点心之功效。
China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum.Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them.Before serving tea, you may ask them for their
preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups.In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle.Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed;and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking.Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one's hunger.7.丝绸之路是历史上横贯欧亚大陆的贸易交通线，在历史上促进了欧亚非各国和中国的友好往来。中国是丝绸的故乡，在经由这条路线进行的贸易中，中国输出的商品以丝绸最具代表性。因此，当德国地理学家Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthoren最早在19世纪70年代将之命名为“丝绸之路”后，即被广泛接受。同时，它也是一条东方与西方之间经济、政治、文化进行交流的主要道路。洞庭湖是中国第二大淡水湖。洞庭湖畔的岳阳楼，是中国三大名楼中唯一保持原址原貌的国家重点保护文物。岳阳楼所处的位置极好，它屹立于岳阳古城之上，背靠岳阳城，俯瞰洞庭湖，遥对君山岛，北依长江，南通湘江。自古以来，就是人们观光旅游的好地方。
Lake Dongting is China’s second largest freshwater lake.Yueyang Tower, which is located on its shores, is a national key cultural relic for protection as the only one of China’s famous towers that is kept in its original condition at its original site.The tower is very favorably located, standing as it does on Yueyang’s ancient city wall with the city behind and overlooking Lake Dongting to the distant Junshan Isle;to its north is the Yangtze River and to the south the Xiang River.Since ancient times, the tower has been a good place for sightseeing and touring.9..目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。保护野生动物，也就是保护人娄自己。我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧!否则，地球将毁灭在人类手中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful.Protection of wild life is protection of man himself.So I appeal strongly to all to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animal.Let us human beings have more friends on the earth, and leave more wild life for future generations.Or the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.10.近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。
In recent years，urbanization in China has stepped into an accelerating phase.Amidst magnificent achievements，there have emerged some complicated problems.The crux is that the cities and the countryside are developing at such a rapid rate，on such a large scale，with such enormous capital，in such a vast extent that they have surpassed any historical period China has ever witnessed before.Virtually，building construction has today become a major economic pursuit in China.11.世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。
Throughout the world 36 million people are suffering from AIDS，which is more than the whole population of Australia.At present，AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death in the whole world，and the chief culprit in Africa.In Africa，it deprives jobs of the workers，families of incomings and children of their parents.In seven African countries，more than 20 percent of the 15-to-49-year-old population is infected with HIV.12.由于历史、政治和经济上的原因，全世界讲英语、用英语的人为数最多。但是英语之所以能在全球流行，除了上述原因之外，也和英语自身的一些特性和特点不无相关。其中最重要的一点就是英语特别容易接受和适应—英语中的词汇吸收了全世界几乎所有主要语言的材料。
The English language is spoken or read by the largest number of people in the world for historical，political，and economic reasons.But it may also be true that the popularity of English language has much to do with some qualities and characteristics in itself.First and most important is its extraordinarily receptivity and adaptability-it has taken materials into its own vocabulary from almost all major languages in the world.13.会议期间，有3个问题受到了特别重视，它们是：加强和巩固农业在国民经济中的地位和作用，提高农民收人；调整和改进产业结构，改进和加快区域性经济发展；努力工作，加快下岗工人就业和再就业步伐，改善社会保障制度。
During the meeting，three aspects have been highlighted for special attention over next.They are：consolidate and strengthen the fundamental role of agriculture in the national economy and increase farmers' income；readjust and optimize the industrial structure for the promotion of coordinated development of regional economies；work hard to boost employment and the reemployment of laid-off workers，and improve the social security network．
14.当今世界的竞争是人才的竞争。因此，党中央决定从海外我们的留学生中，从香港、澳门、台湾吸收和利用人才来加强我们在世界上的竞争能力。引进这些人才的重点是那些开放程度越来越大、竞争越来越激烈的部门，比如说银行、保险等行业，以及国有大型企业的管理层。
In today's world，competition among states is mainly a competition among talentedprofessionals.Therefore，it is a decision adopted by the CPC Central Committee to fully absorb and make use of the talented people among our overseas students and among the professionals in Hongkong，Macao and Taiwan.This will help us strengthen our competitive edge.The departments that would introduce talented people from outside are those that are exposed to increasingly fierce competition and that are open wider to the outsider world，such as banking，insurance industry，large state-owned enterprises，etc.15.我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的方便。
China is one of the largest countries in the world，her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing，mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits，many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation，and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.16.如果我们的国家有比黄金还要贵重的诚信、有比大海还要宽广的包容、有比爱自己还要宽广的博爱、有比高山还要崇高的道德，那么我们这个国家就是一个具有精神文明和道德力量的国家。
If China can have a level of credibility and integrity that is more precious than gold, if China can be more receptive and inclusive than the ocean, if China can have fraternity rather than love for oneself, and if China can have an ethical standard higher than the mountains, I believe this country will have the moral strength and also will become a country with advanced cultural development.17.为了国家的富强，为了社会的公平正义，为了让人们幸福快乐地过得更好，为了让孩子们上好学，为了使我们的民族在世界赢得应有的尊严，我愿献出我的全部心血和精力。
To ensure this country to become stronger and more prosperous, to build a society of equity and justice, to ensure the people live a happy life, our children can go to school and our nation is duly respected in the international community, I'm willing to dedicate myself wholeheartedly to this cause.
第四篇：英语四级段落翻译练习题30篇
英语四级段落翻译练习题30篇
一、目录
1、西湖，2、长城，3、论语，4、中国制造，5、传统美，6、生活的艺术，7、主动失业，8、湖泊，9、地域菜系，10、出境旅游，11、竺可桢，12、乒乓球，13、找工作，14、八大菜系，15、城市化进程，16、人类文明演变，17、大学生就业选择，18、全球变暖，19、茶马古道，20、月光族，21、出境游，22、全球变暖，23、中国经济活动放缓，24、探望父母，25、端午节，26、教育公平，27、饮酒，28、筷子，29、腊八节，30、京剧
二、段落翻译
1、西湖 西湖位于杭州市中心的西部，是江南三大名湖之一。由于西湖的缘故，杭州自古就被誉为“人间天堂”。西湖就像镶嵌(inlay)在广袤大地上的一颗璀璨的明珠，以其秀丽的风景、闻名的古迹、灿烂的文化和丰富的特产而闻名。宋代大文豪苏轼在西湖留下了“欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜”的千古绝唱;白娘子的传奇故事(The Legend ofWhite Snake)也给西湖增添了一层神秘色彩。
The West Lake
The West Lake, located in the western area of Hangzhou's center, is one of the top three lakes in the regions south of the Yangtze River.Because of it, Hangzhou has been acclaimed as“a heaven on earth” since ancient times.The West Lake is like a shining pearl inlaid on the vast land, renowned for its beautiful scenery, well-known historical sites, brilliant culture, and plentiful local specialties.The literary giant Su Shi in Song Dynasty left a poetic masterpiece through the ages there: The West Lake is like the beauty Xi Shi, who is always charming with either light or heavy make-up(rainy or shiny).The Legend of White Snake also brings the West Lake an air of mystery.2、长城 长城(the Great wall)又被称作“万里长城”，不仅是中华文明的瑰宝，也是中国古代人民智慧的结晶。长城是世界文化遗产(world cultural heritage)之一，更是中华民族的象征。其在建筑上的价值，足以与其在历史和战略上的重要性相媲美。长城现存的遗址有很多处，其中北京的八达岭长城是驰名中外的景区，也是明代长城最具代表性的一段，每年都会接待来自世界各地的许多游客。
The Great Wall The Great Wall, which is also called “wan li chang cheng" in Chinese language, is not only the treasure of Chinese civilization, but also the masterpiece made by the ancient Chinese people.The Great Wall is not only one of the world cultural heritages, but the symbol of the Chinese nation.Its architectural value is comparable to its historical and strategic importance.Among the numerous remains of the Great Wall, Badaling in Beijing is the most popular destination that has won fame both at home and abroad.It can also be regarded as the most representative section of the Wall ever constructed during the Ming Dynasty.Every year it attracts many tourists from all over the world.3、论语 《论语》(The Analects of Confucius)是儒家的经典著作之一，它是对孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和对话的记录。众所周知，孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家，他的思想被1 发展成了的儒家哲学体系。《论语》是儒家思想的代表作，数个世纪以来，《论语》一直极大地影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观，它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。
The Analects of Confucius The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples, as well as the conversations they held.It's well-known that Confucius is a great ideologist and philosopher, and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism.The Analects of Confucius is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.4、中国制造 中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。
Made in China Chinese companies want to create world brands and the foreign companies want to increase the selling in China which all change the Chinese design industry.The Chinese manufacturers realize that they have to design better products if they want to stand out in the domestic markets as well as distinguish themselves in the foreign markets.Previously, the overseas companies always took the products which were designed in somewhere to Chinese market, but now the foreign companies such as Sony begins to realize that the Chinese consumers become more and more fastidious and no longer easy to be satisfied.分析: 若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。这里的“脱颖而出”和“崭露头角意思相近”，我们尽量选择不同的译法，两个词语可以分别译为“stand out”和“distinguish themselves”。
5、传统美 对于一名女子来说，传统美是她的唯一标志。她的皮肤应该天生丽质，没有皱纹，没有疤痕，没有瑕疵。她的身材应该消瘦苗条，通常高挑个，双腿修长，其中青春年少则是首要条件。所有在电视广告中出现的“花容月貌”的靓女都符合这个标准。这种形象是认为的，是可以人工塑造的。许多妇女尽其所能来摆布和修改自己的容貌体态。
To a woman, the traditional beauty is her only mark.Her skin should be born smooth without wrinkles, scars or flaws.Her body should be slim and thin, and usually she is tall, having long legs.The youth is the primary condition.All of the beauties who have showed up in the TV commercials are fit for that criterion.This image is artificial and can be made by people.Many women do their best to decorate and modify their looks and figures.分析: 她的皮肤应该天生丽质，没有皱纹，没有疤痕，没有瑕疵。本句中的“皱纹”，“疤痕”，“瑕疵”应选意思最接近的英语词汇，可译为wrinkle,scar,flaw。
6、生活的艺术 在中国，人们对一切艺术的艺术，即生活的艺术，懂得很多。一个较为年轻的文明国家可能会致力于进步;然而一个古老的文明国度，自然在人生的历程上见多识广，她所感兴趣的自然是如何过好生活。就中国而言，由于有了中国的人文主义精神，把人当作2 一切事物的中心，把人类幸福当做知识的终结，于是，强调生活的艺术就是更为自然的事情了。但即使没有人文主义，一个古老的文明也一定会有一个不同的价值尺度，只有这样，它才会知道什么是“持久的生活乐趣”。任何一个民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我们的眼里，这个民族一定是粗野的，不文明的。
In China, people know a lot about the art of all arts, namely, the art of life.A comparatively young country will dedicate to the progress;however, an ancient civilized country is experienced and knowledgeable in the life road, and naturally she is interested in how to lead a good life.As to China, it is much more natural to emphasize the art of life because of the humanism spirit of China, taking people as the center of everything and making human being's happiness as the end of knowledge.Even if there is no humanism, an ancient civilization would also have its own value standard, and only in this way would it know what the “lasting life pleasure ”is.Any nation, if it does not know how to enjoy life, must be barbaric and uncivilized in our eyes.分析:
1.人文主义精神
基本素质采分点。可译为humanism spirit。
2.任何一个民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我们的眼里，这个民族一定是粗野的，不文明的。
中文句子结构比较松散，在翻译成英文时我们要尽量使句子间有明显的逻辑结构。这里“如果„”引导的分句可以作为条件从句前置或内嵌在主句中，“任何一个民族”就可以做主句的主语。
7、主动失业 截至2005年第三季度，全国劳动力市场供求状况显示，我国15岁至29岁的青年总体失业率达到了9%，远远高于4.5%的城镇平均登记失业率。而在此之中，选择主动失业的占到了一半以上。
“主动放弃就业机会的原因很多，但这些人都有一个共性，就是不会因为经济原因饿死。至少在短时间内。”复旦大学教授葛剑雄认为，社会发展到现在，一些青年人的确具备了可以失业的条件。他们不用像上班族那样刻板地工作，可是相比之下他们的生活却格外“富足”。
Update to the third quarter of 2005,the supply and demand of the whole nation's labor force market indicated that the overall unemployment rate of our country's youth from the age of 15 to 29 was up to 9%,which was much higher than 4.5% of the average rural area register unemployment rate.Among this group,the number of people actively choosing to be unemployed was more than a half.“There are many reasons to give up the chance of employment,but those people have a common feature that they do not starve for economic reasons at least in a short period.”The professor Ge Jianxiong of Fudan University thought that some young people indeed had the conditions to be unemployed as the society develops to nowadays.They do not need to work routinely like the office workers,but comparatively their life was extremely “well-off”.分析: 选择主动失业的占到了一半以上
“选择主动失业”翻译为:“choosing to be unemployed”。
8、湖泊 湖泊奇妙无比。苍鹭(Heron)在岸边缓缓地迈着步子，翠鸟(Kingfisher)和杜鹃换脚3 着从阳光里飞入树荫，火鸡模样的大鸟在枯枝间忙碌，鹰在头上盘旋。我们毋庸为时间担忧，可以从容地欣赏周围的一切。我乘坐的独木舟船头坐着个男孩，他用简陋的弹弓(sling)发射石弹击打飞鸟。他摆出漂亮的架势瞄准飞鸟，却一次又一次地偏离目标：鸟总是飞出他的射程。他把弹弓塞回进衬衣内。我移开目光。
湖水与河水都如热带雨林中的树叶那样乳浊：那水是面纱，是窗帘，是画屏。
This lake was amazing and wonderful.Herons plodded along the shores, Kingfishers and cuckoos clattered from sunlight to shade, great turkey like birds fussed in dead branches, and hawks hovered above us.There was all the time in the world.And we could appreciate everything surrounding by leisurely.The boy in the bow of my canoe slapped stones at birds with a simple sling, a rubber thong and leather pad.He aimed brilliantly at moving targets, missed again and again;the birds were out of his range.He stuffed his sling back in his shirt.Then I looked away.The lake and river waters were as opaque as rainforest leaves the water was veil, blind, painted screen.分析: 苍鹭(Heron)在岸边缓缓地迈着步子，翠鸟(Kingfisher)和杜鹃换脚着从阳光里飞入树荫，火鸡模样的大鸟在枯枝间忙碌，鹰在头上盘旋。
这个句子中描绘的五种动物动作的动词是翻译重点，要选择最恰当的词汇。另外杜鹃，鹰为常用鸟的名字，译为cuckoo,hawk。
9、地域菜系 中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。
China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points。
10、出境旅游 联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花在出境游上的支出膨胀至1020亿美元，同2011年相比增长了40%。联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令中国迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个国家。2012年德美两国出境旅游支出均同比增长6%，约840亿美元。
The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a 4 statement on its website。
11、竺可桢 1936年竺可桢授命出任浙江大学校长。在此之前，他已经是一位声名卓著的自然科学家了。从1936年到1949年，竺可桢当了十三年大学校长。在连绵不断的战争、学运的夹缝中，在极为恶劣的环境下，他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，居然将这所他接手时只有三个学院、十六个系的大学办成了拥有七个学院、二十七个学系全国最完整的两所大学之一。
In 1936,Zhu Kezhen was appointed as the principal of Zhejiang University.Even before then,he had been a famous natural scientist.From 1936 to 1949,Zhu Kezhen worked as the university principal for 13 years.In the extremely hostile environment filled with converging attacks by continuous wars and various university affairs,being homeless and miserable,he trudged 5,000 li and drifted from place to place through 5 provinces,with the university location being changed 5 times.He actually developed the university into one of the nation's two most integrated universities composed of 7 schools and 27 departments,compared with only 3 schools and 16 departments when he took it over.分析: 他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，颠沛流离:drifted from place to place,这个词还有另外一层意思就是“无家可归，生活痛苦”，为了意思表达的全面，将“homeless and miserable”以分词形式作伴随状语译出，可以表达这是一种持续的状态。
12、乒乓球 乒乓球在中国是一项颇受欢迎和推崇的运动。长期以来，它的确是中国唯一的运动，似乎集足球、篮球和棒球于一身，但却更受欢迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一个球、一张桌子和一张网而已，这些都易于临时拼凑(improvise)。人们可以在休息间隙或消磨时间时打兵兵球。在中国的学校、工厂甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。
Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China.For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football, basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular.Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised.People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.13、找工作 如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好工作。造成这一现象的原因如下：首先，大学生把在校的大多数 时间都用在了专业学科学习上，只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训。其次，大学生之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。因此，强烈建议大学生在课余时间做一些兼职工作，以积累相关的工作经验。
Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job.The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training.Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce.And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job.5 Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.难点精析
1.抱怨很难找到好工作：翻译为complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job。其中“抱怨做某事”用句型complain about doing sth.表示，having great difficulties in finding a good job表示“找工作有困难”，用到了句型have difficulties in doing sth.。
2.只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训：翻译为it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training。‘‘只有当 才 ’’用强调句型it is only when„that„表示。，3.导致：翻译为results in,同义短语有lead to和bring about，但是表示不好的结果时一般用短语result in。
4.强烈建议：翻译为it is highly suggested that...，其中highly suggested也可以用 strongly recommended 替换，都表示“强烈建议做某事”。
5.积累相关的工作经验：翻译为accumulate relevant working experience.14、八大菜系 中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。
China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.15、中国城市化 中国城市化(urbanization)将会充分释放潜在内需(domestic demand)。一些经济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活水平有所提高，也为人们提供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁徙，住房及城市基础设施建设(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供应将会成为城市发展的焦点问题。商品与服务的自由、快速流通是城市化社会的一项基本特征。逐渐扩张的城市需要更多的零售店来满足消费者的需求。
China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand.Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country.It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities.The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities.Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city.But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation.The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society.Ex-panding cities require more 6 retail outlets to serve customers.16、人类文明演变 现代人类约公元前50000年第一次从中亚或印度来到中国。这些石器时代(Stone Age)的人，居住在洞穴中，穿着毛皮。公元前4000年左右，这些人开始种植水稻，并饲养羊和鸡。约公元前3000年，他们开始使用陶器(pottery)并住在房子里。到公元前2000年，中国人已进入青铜时代(Bronze Age)，并开始用于写字。约公元前700年，中国的金属工人学会制作铁器工具和武器。
Modem humans first came to China from Central Asia or India about 50,000 BC.These were Stone Age people, who lived in caves and wore fur and leather.By around 4,000 BC, these people were starting to farm rice and keep sheep and chickens.By about 3,000 BC, they were using pottery and living in houses.By 2,000 BC，Chinese people had entered the Bronze Age and had begun to use writing.By about 700 BC，Chinese metal-workers learned to make iron tools and weapons.17、大学生就业选择 许多刚毕业的大学生找不到工作，在校学生则担心他们的未来。多个调查显示，三分之二的中国毕业生想在政府或者国有企业工作，而不是为中国令人瞩目的经济增长提供动力的民营企业。政府和国有企业被认为能免受经济萧条的影响。如今几乎没有大学生愿意放弃政府的铁饭碗而下海、加入初创企业或自己创业。
Many recent college graduates can’t find a job and students are fearful about their future.Two-thirds of Chinese graduates say they want to work either in the government or state-owned firms，which are seen as recession-proof, rather than at the private companies that have powered China’s remarkable economic climb, surveys indicate.Few college students today, according to the surveys, are ready to leave the safe shores of government work and jump into the sea to join startups or go into business.18、全球变暖
目前，全球变暖是一个热门话题，但是有关全球变暖的各项证据似乎还有些不同的声音。人们现在已经知道，地球的发展经历了很多周期(cycle),尽管在历史上还未出现过像今天这样的时代，即高度工业化(industrialization)产生如此多的污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体(carbon dioxide)的增多。
Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument.The earth is known to go through cycles;although the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced.A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels.19茶马古道 茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着20多个少数民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。
Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, 7 post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.20、月光族 中国经济的高速发展，带来了消费文化的日益流行，同时也催生了一批具有高学历，充分享受资本主义消费模式的年轻人，他们习惯于当月工资当月花。因而被称为“月光族”(the moonlight group)。“月光族”一词出现于20世纪90年代后期，是用来讽刺那些出身富裕、接受高等教育、充分享受快餐文化(fast food culture)的年轻人。
China’s economy is developing very quickly, and has brought with it a culture of consumption more prevalent with each passing day.At the same time, it has brought into being an educated group of young people who enjoy capitalist consumption way.They’re used to spending money as soon as they get it every month, and so are called the moon light group”.This word came into being during the 1990s, to make fun of those born into wealth，who have received a high education, and who ap?preciate fast food culture.21、出境游 联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花在出境游上的支出膨胀至1020亿美元，同2011年相比增长了40%。联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令中国迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个国家。2012年德美两国出境旅游支出均同比增长6%,约840亿美元。
The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.22、全球变暖 目前，全球变暖是一个热门话题，但是有关全球变暖的各项证据似乎还有些不同的声音。人们现在已经知道，地球的发展经历了很多周期(cycle),尽管在历史上还未出现过像今天这样的时代，即高度工业化(industrialization)产生如此多的污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体(carbon dioxide)的增多。
Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument.The earth is known to go through cycles;although the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced.A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels.23、中国经济活动放缓 就像向中国出售商品的公司会看到收益有损失一样，中国经济活动放缓有着世界性的影响。包括澳大利亚、巴西和东南亚在内的其他国家近年来都看到了巨大的利润，因为中国对自然资源有需求。中国的需求下降巳经对很多商品的价格有了影响。上周，中国财政部长楼继伟表示,今年的经济增长可能为7%,而这不一定是“底线”。
A slowdown in economic activity in China has a global impact as companies that 8 sell to China may see revenues suffer.Countries includ?ing Australia, Brazil and others in South East Asia have seen huge profits in recent years because of Chinese demand for natural resources.The fall in demand from China has already had an impact on the prices of many commodities.Last week，China’s Finance Minister Lou Jiwei indicated that economic growth could be 7% for the year, and that this may not be the “bottom line”.24、探望父母 这周颁布的一项新法律要求子女必须经常探望年龄超过60岁的父母，并确保他们经济和精神上的需求得到满足。星期二，新华社报导了_条新闻，来自江苏市无锡市的一位77岁的老太太起诉她的女儿忽略她。这是新法律生效后的第一起案件，当地法院规定她的女儿至少每月探望母亲两次，并提供财力支持。但是这项法律引发了争议。有人说这给了那些因为工作、学习或者其他原因搬离家乡的人更多压力。
A new national law introduced this week requires the offspring of parents older than 60 to visit their parents “frequently” and make sure their financial and spiritual needs are met.On Tuesday, Xinhua reported a news that a 77-year-old woman from Jiangsu city of Wuxi sued her daughter for neglecting her.In the first case after the new law came into effect, the local court ruled that her daughter must visit her at least twice a month and provide financial support.But the law’s introduction has proved controversial.Some say it puts too much pressure on those who move away from home for work, study or other opportunities.25、端午节 农历五月初五的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是个盛大的节日。它的另一名称——“重五节”就来源于这个日期。这个节日根据一个广为流传的故事，演变为纪念战国时期(the Warring States Period)楚国伟大爱国诗人屈原的日子。如果事实果真如此，那么端午节已经有大约2500年的存史了。端午节最盛行的活动是赛龙舟和吃粽子(rice dumpling)。自2008年以来，端午节在中国巳不仅仅是一个传统节日,还是公共假期。
The Dragon Boat Festival is a grand festival celebrated on the 5th day of 5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar.This is the source of the alternative name of Double Fifth Festival.According to a widely stated story, the festival developed to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan of Chu State in Warring States Period.If that is true, Dragon Boat Festival has a history of about 2,500 years.The most popular activities of Dragon Boat festival are racing dragon boats and eating rice dumplings.Since 2008，Dragon Boat Festival has been celebrated not only as a festival but also a public holiday in China.26、教育公平为了促进教育公平，中国已经投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地区农村义务教育。这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍，使16万多所中小学收益。资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。(2014年6月真题)In order to promote equity in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan for the improvement of educational facilities in rural areas and strengthening of rural compulsory education Midwest.These funds were used to improve the teaching facilities, purchase of books, so that more than 160,000 primary and secondary 9 income.Funds are also used to purchase music and painting equipment.Now children in rural and mountainous areas with children's coastal cities like music and painting lessons.Some receive a better education for the city school students now transferred back to the local rural schools now.27、饮酒 长期以来，饮酒(white spirit)在中国人的生活中一直扮演着重要的角色，无论是帝王还是百姓。饮酒是中国文化的一部分。中国人的祖先在作诗、写散文时喜欢饮酒，在宴会上还会向亲戚朋友敬酒。但饮酒不仅属于文化人，也是普通人生活中不可缺少的一部分。人们在各种场合饮酒，如生日宴会、饯行宴会、婚礼宴会(wedding banquet)等。搬进新房或生意开业时，也会邀请人们来吃饭、饮酒。
Drinking white spirit has been taking an important role in Chinese people's life from emperors to ordinary people for a long time.Drinking white spirit is a part of Chinese culture.Chinese ancestors enjoyed drinking white spirit while writing poems or proses and they also toasted their relatives and friends at the feast.But drinking white spirit is not only for scholars，it is also an indispensable part of Chinese ordinary people's life.People drink white spirit on various occasions, such as the birthday party，farewell dinner，wedding banquet, etc.When someone moves into a new house or starts doing business，he/she will invite people for dinner and drinking white spirit.28、筷子 筷子(chopstick)起源于中国古代，一直是中国饮食文化重要的一部分。我们的祖先喜欢吃蒸煮食物，但用勺子很难舀(spoon out)到汤里的蔬菜，所以发明了筷子。从此，筷子成为他们生活中最为方便的餐具(tableware),标志着饮食文明的到来。如今，筷子除了具有餐具功能外，增添了很多新功能。熟练手艺人在筷子 上描绘美丽的风景，使之变成精美的艺术品。许多人热衷于收集筷子作为藏品。
Chopsticks originated in ancient China and have been an important part of Chinese food culture.Our ancestors liked to have steamed or boiled food，but it was difficult for them to spoon out vegetables from the soup, so they invented chopsticks.Thus chopsticks have become the most convenient tableware in their life and marked the coming of food civilization.Nowadays，chopsticks are added many new functions besides being used as one kind of tableware.Skillful craftsmen paint beautiful sceneries on them to make them look like fine artworks.Many people are keen to gather them as their collections.29、腊八节 腊八节(the Laba Festival)在农历最后一个月的第八天庆祝，标志着春节庆祝 活动的开始。“腊”指“腊月(the 12th lunar month)”，是农历第十二个月，“八”指的 是数字8。腊八节通常在1月中旬。大多数汉族人遵循腊八节喝腊八粥(Laba rice porridge)的习俗。腊八粥最早在宋朝传入中国。据史料记载，一些大型寺庙会为穷人提供腊八粥来表达对佛祖(Buddha)的虔诚。明朝时，腊八粥成为皇帝在此节日赏赐群臣的神圣食物。
Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of the last lunar month, marking the beginning of celebrating the Chinese Spring Festival.La means the 12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January.The majority of people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on the Laba Festival.Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song 10 Dynasty.According to historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show their faith to Buddha.In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to award their officials on the festival.30、京剧 京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国的国粹。作为一门古老的艺术，京剧的服装(costume)、脸谱(facial mask)更易被人喜爱。不同的服装 类型反映不同的人物身份特征。富贵者的服装缀满精美的刺绣;穷困 者的服装则简单朴素，少有装饰(elemental)。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物 形象的重要手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜 色让人一看便知角色(portray)的善恶。比如白色代表奸诈(treachery)，黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇，蓝、绿色多用于绿林好汉(rebellious fighters)，金、银色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。
Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture.As a tradi?tional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people.Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters.There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental.Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters.Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.11
第五篇：英语四级段落翻译练习(一)
段落翻译
一、对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
四、饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
五、针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。
六、中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中华民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
七、汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
八、中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
九、印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色
钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十、天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。C
十一、京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。
十二、道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。
十三、中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
十四、中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。
十五、中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。
十六、笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
十七、中国书法（calligraphy），像中国汉字一样，最初见于殷商时期（Yin or Shang Dynasty）。书法不是像写字那样仅仅是为了达到社会交流的目的，而是一种用来表达作者思想，抱负以及自身感情的艺术。作为中国上乘艺术世界特有的一个构件，书法也是外国友人津津乐道或者掌握的最富挑战性的艺术形式之一。学习中国书法，必须对中国文字的起源有所了解。书法这门艺术包含了很多理论，也需要很多技巧，能够达到书法艺术最高境界的书法家并无几人。十八、十二生肖（animal sign）在中国非常流行。十二属相是一个用来纪年的十二年的循环（cycle）。长期以来，人们与十二生肖之间有着特别的关系。许多艺术形式都取材于十二生肖。属相有其特别的文化内涵，如属鼠的人往往聪明，懂得积累财富。属相还有助于在社交活动中得知别人的年龄。为了避免直接问及一个人的年龄，人们通常问他的属相，这就可以确定他在十二生肖的排位。然而通常问属相只是在朋友和熟人之间弄明白谁的年龄更大。
十九、农历正月十五日的元宵节（Lantern Festival）是中国的传统节日。自汉代（Han Dynasty）起中国人就开始庆祝元宵节了。如今元宵节已经成为一个人们娱乐消遣的节日。节日期间，各地举行各式各样的灯节，街上会挂起形状不同、大小各异的灯笼，引得无数游人驻足。另外还举行猜灯谜、敲年鼓、耍龙灯、赶庙会等其他娱乐活动。元宵节另一个重要组成部分是吃元宵（也称汤圆），很显然它们是因为元宵节而得名的。
二十、师父/师傅是用来指大师或老师。通常用于武术（martial arts）的语境，表示一种教导关系。在中国大陆，师父/师傅是用来对需要知识或技术的各行各业的一种常见的尊称，例如教师、司机、厨师、家庭装饰人员以及某些行业和艺术中的一些长者，而且他们都有丰富的经验，例如绘画与书法（calligraphy）。在现代俚语（slang）中，人们用这个词来加强与其他人的关系，尤其是不太熟悉的人。
二十一、舞龙（dragon dance）是中国文化中一种传统的舞蹈与表演形式。舞龙最多出现于节日庆祝中，这与舞狮相似。在舞龙中，一队人用竿举着龙。传统的龙在表演中的动作象征着它的历史角色，即对力量和威严的表现。龙深深地扎根于中国文化之中，中国人经常认为自己是“龙的传人”并将其作为民族身份的象征。东方和西方都存在着龙的文化。在西方的许多文学作品中都可以找到龙，而且这些龙与中国龙存在着巨大的差异。
二十二、放鞭炮（firecrackers）是春节庆祝时最盛行的习俗之一。在宋朝，人们用火药制作鞭炮，代替以前的爆竹。最初，放鞭炮是为了驱赶邪恶，寻求幸福。现在放鞭炮驱赶邪恶的用意逐渐淡化，更多的是为了增加节日的气氛。由于燃放烟花爆竹会引起火灾和造成人身伤害，所以近来各地方市区都有规定禁止燃放烟花爆竹。尽管有禁止燃放烟花爆竹的规定，但很多市民还是会到乡村、郊区放烟花来庆祝新年。
一、Chinese Dragon
Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings
Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture
Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”
六、Chinese Kung Fu
Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese Characters
Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks
The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal
A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era
The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Beijing Opera
Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism
Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms
Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk
China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden
The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study
The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Chinese Calligraphy Chinese Calligraphy, like character, first appeared during the Yin or Shang Dynasty.Calligraphy, unlike writing for the sole purpose of social communication, is an art used to express the ideas, accomplishments, and feelings of the calligrapher.Calligraphy is a special category in China’s world of fine arts and one of the most challenging Chinese art forms for a foreigner to appreciate or master.Studying Chinese calligraphy one must learn something about the origins of Chinese characters.Calligraphy is an art of form that involves a great deal of theory and requires many skills;consequently there are few calligraphers that have reached the highest realm of calligraphy.十八、Animal Sign The 12 animal signs are very popular in China.The Chinese animal signs are a 12-year cycle used for dating the years.For a long time there has been a special relationship between humans and the 12 animal signs.The 12 animal signs are widely used in many art forms.These animal signs have specific cultural connotations.For example, people under the rat sign are usually smart and willing to accumulate wealth.The animal signs also serve a useful social function for finding out people’s ages.Instead of asking directly how old a person is, people often ask what his or her animal sign is.This would place that person’s age within a cycle of 12 years.More often, asking for animal signs is simply to know who is older among friends and acquaintances.十九、The Lantern Festival The Lantern Festival is a traditional festival celebrated by Chinese on the 15th of the 1st lunar month.Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival since the Han Dynasty.Nowadays the Lantern Festival has become an occasion for people to entertain themselves and have fun.During the Lantern Festival, different lantern appreciation activities are held, lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors.Other entertainments such as guessing riddles on lanterns, beating drums, playing dragon lanterns and going to fairs are also held.Another important part of the Lantern Festival is eating small dumpling balls, yuanxiao or tangyuan.Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself.
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