第一篇：法律资料关于刑法修正
一是累犯成立条件的修订，主要体现在修正案第6、7条的规定
第6条(一般累犯)将刑法第六十五条第一款修改为：“被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子，刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的，是累犯，应当从重处罚，但是过失犯罪和不满十八周岁的人犯罪的除外。”
第7 条(特殊累犯)将刑法第六十六条修改为：“危害国家安全犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪的犯罪分子，在刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在任何时候再犯上述任一类罪的，都以累犯论处。”
二是死缓法律后果的规定，神农百草膏价格主要体现在修正案第4条。其中限制减刑的规定要注意和修正案第15条结合起来复习。
第4条(死缓的法律后果)将刑法第五十条修改为：“判处死刑缓期执行的，在死刑缓期执行期间，如果没有故意犯罪，二年期满以后，减为无期徒刑；如果确有重大立功表现，二年期满以后，减为二十五年有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查证属实的，由最高人民法院核准，执行死刑。
“对被判处死刑缓期执行的累犯以及因故意杀人、强奸、抢劫、绑架、放火、爆炸、投放危险物质或者有组织的暴力性犯罪被判处死刑缓期执行的犯罪分子，人民法院根据犯罪情节等情况可以同时决定对其限制减刑。”
附修正案第15条的规定
第15条“减刑以后实际执行的刑期不能少于下列期限：
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（一）判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；
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（二）判处无期徒刑的，不能少于十三年；
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（三）人民法院依照本法第五十条第二款规定限制减刑的死刑缓期执行的犯罪分子，缓期执行期满后依法减为无期徒刑的，不能少于二十五年，缓期执行期满后依法减为二十五年有期徒刑的，不能少于二十年。”
三数罪并罚的规定，主要体现在修正案第10条的规定。
第10条 将刑法第六十九条修改为：“判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的，除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外，应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上，酌情决定执行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超过三年，拘役最高不能超过一年，有期徒刑总和刑期不满三十五年的，最高不能超过二十年，总和刑期在三十五年以上的，最高不能超过二十五年。
“数罪中有判处附加刑的，附加刑仍须执行，其中附加刑种类相同的，合并执行，种类不同的，分别执行。四是缓刑的有关规定，主要体现在修正案第11、12、13、14条。其中第12条主要对缓刑的实质性条件：适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会进行了明确，即“没有再犯罪的危险”，增加了一个限制条件：“宣告缓刑对所居住社区没有重大影响”，实际变化不大。估计第11、13、14条的可考性不大，大家重点关注一下修正案第12条：缓刑的禁止条件。
第12条(缓刑的禁止条件)将刑法第七十四条修改为：“对于累犯和犯罪集团的首要分子，不适用缓刑。”
五是数罪并罚的规定，有期徒刑的最高刑期发生了重大变化，大家一定注意。主要体现在修正案第10条。
第10条(数罪并罚的规定)将刑法第六十九条修改为：“判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的，除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外，应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上，酌情决定执行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超过三年，拘役最高不能超过一年，有期徒刑总和刑期不满三十五年的，最高不能超过二十年，总和刑期在三十五年以上的，最高不能超过二十五年。
“数罪中有判处附加刑的，附加刑仍须执行，其中附加刑种类相同的，合并执行，种类不同的，分别执行。”
六是老年人犯罪的规定，主要体现在修正案第1、3条。
第1条(刑事责任)在刑法第十七条后增加一条，作为第十七条之一：“已满七十五周岁的人故意犯罪的，可以从轻或者减轻处罚；过失犯罪的，应当从轻或者减轻处罚。”
第3条(不适用死刑对象的增加)在刑法第四十九条中增加一款作为第二款：“审判的时候已满七十五周岁的人，不适用死刑，但以特别残忍手段致人死亡的除外。”
七是假释的规定，主要体现在修正案第16、17、18条，大家重点应关注其对原有禁止性条件的修订，即修正案第16条的规定。
第16条(假释的条件)将刑法第八十一条修改为：“被判处有期徒刑的犯罪分子，执行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判处无期徒刑的犯罪分子，实际执行十三年以上，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现，没有再犯罪的危险的，可以假释。如果有特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，可以不受上述执行刑期的限制。
“对累犯以及因故意杀人、强奸、抢劫、绑架、放火、爆炸、投放危险物质或者有组织的暴力性犯罪被判处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假释。
“对犯罪分子决定假释时，应当考虑其假释后对所居住社区的影响。” 关于管制、前科报告、减轻处罚的考察可能性不大。
最后大家要注意两点：一是坦白已经成了一个法定裁量情节(修正案第8条)，自首后又有重大立功的应当减、免刑罚的规定已经被删除了。这主要是在一些集团犯罪里，老大们作为领导，知道得多。只要心一狠出卖自己一点，再出卖兄弟们一点，就无论如何判不了死刑了，所以当政者把这条给废了，废得好!二是减轻处罚一定是在法定刑里弄幅度的下一个量刑幅度内判处刑罚，而不能减轻得没边。
第二篇：刑法分则期末资料
名词解释
1.罪状：指刑法分则条文对具体犯罪的基本构成特征的描述。
2.罪名：有广义和狭义之分。广义的罪名包括类罪名，狭义的罪名仅指具体罪名。狭义的罪名，是犯罪的名称或者称谓，是对犯罪本质特征或者主要特征的高度概括。3.叙明罪状：指条文对具体犯罪的基本构成特征作了详细的描述。4.选择罪名：指因罪状所包含的犯罪构成的具体内容比较复杂，罪名刑事上表现为并列特点的罪名。选择罪名可以统一使用，也可以根据具体的犯罪行为分解使用。5.法定刑：指刑法分则条文对具体犯罪所确定的适用刑法的种类和刑法幅度。
6.背叛国家罪：指勾结外国或者境外机构、组织、个人，危害国家主权、领土完整和安全的行为。
7.分裂国家罪：指组织、策划、实施分裂国家、破坏国家统一的行为。
8.颠覆国家政权罪：指组织、策划、实施颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度的行为。
9.投敌叛变罪：指中国公民投奔敌人营垒，或者被捕、被俘后投降敌人，危害国家安全的行为。
10.资敌罪：指战时供给敌人武器装备、军用物资资敌的行为。
11.叛逃罪：指国家机关工作人员和掌握国家秘密的国家机关工作人员以外的国家工作人员在履行公务期间，擅离岗位，叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃，危害中华人民共和国国家安全的行为。
12.间谍罪：指参加间谍组织，接受间谍组织及其代理人的任务，或者为敌人指示轰击目标，危害国家安全的行为。
13.投放危险物质罪：指故意投放毒害性、放射性、传染病病原体等物质，危害公共安全的行为。
14.以危险方法危害公共安全罪：指使用与放火、决水、爆炸投放危险物质等危险性相当的其他危险方法，危害公共安全的行为。
15.破坏交通工具罪：是破坏火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器，足以使火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器发生倾覆、毁坏危险，尚未造成严重后果或者已经造成严重后果的行为。16.暴力危及飞行安全罪：指对飞行中的航空器上的人员使用暴力，危及飞行安全，尚未造成严重后果或者已经造成严重后果的行为。
17.非法制造、买卖、运输、储存危险物质罪：指非法制造、买卖、运输、储存毒害性、放射性、传染病病原体等物质，危害公共安全的行为。
18.非法持有、私藏枪支、弹药罪：指违法枪支管理规定，非法持有、私藏枪支、弹药的行为。
21.丢失枪支不报罪：指依法配备公务用枪的人员，丢失枪支不及时报告，造成严重后果的行为。
22.重大飞行事故罪：指航空人员违反规章制度，致使发生重大飞行事故，造成严重后果的行为。
23.交通肇事罪：指违反交通运输管理法规，因而发生重大事故，致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的行为。
24.重大责任事故罪：指在生产、作业中违反有关安全管理的规定，因而发生重大伤亡事故或者造成其他严重后果的行为。
25.生产、销售伪劣产品罪：指生产者、销售者在产品中掺杂、掺假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格产品冒充合格产品，销售金额5万元以上的行为。
26.生产、销售假药罪：指违法国家药品管理法规，生产、销售假药，足以严重危害人体健康的行为。27.生产、销售有毒、有害食品罪：指违反国家食品卫生管理法规，在生产、销售的食品中掺入有毒、有害的非食品原料的，或者销售明知掺有有毒、有害的非食品原料的食品的行为。
28.走私普通货物、物品罪：指违反海关法规，逃避海关监管，运输、携带、邮寄普通货物、物品进出国（边）境，偷逃应缴税额较大的行为。
29.虚假注册资本罪：指申请公司登记时适用虚假证明文件或者采取其他欺诈手段虚报注册资本，欺骗公司登记主观部门，取得公司登记，虚报注册资本数额巨大，后果严重或者其他有严重情节的行为。
30.虚假出资、抽逃出资罪：指公司发起人、股东违反公司法的规定，未交付货币、实物或者未转移财产权、虚假出资，或者在公司成立后又抽逃其出资，数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的行为。
31．非国家工作人员受贿罪：指公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员利用职务上的便利，索取他人财物或者非法收受他人财物，为他人牟取利益，数额较大的行为。
32.对国家工作人员行贿罪：指为谋取不正当利益，给与公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员以财物、数额较大的行为。
33.签订、履行合同失职被骗罪：指国有公司、企业、事业单位直接负责的主管人员，在签订、履行合同过程中，因严重不负责任被诈骗，致使国家利益遭受重大损失的行为。
34.伪造货币罪：指伪造货币的式样、票面、图案、颜色、质地和防伪标记等特征，使用描绘、复印、影印、制版印刷和计算机扫描打印等方法，非法制造假货币、冒充真货币的行为。
35.高利转贷罪：指以转贷为目的，套取金融机构信贷资金高利转贷他人，违法所得数额较大的行为。
36.逃汇罪：指公司、企业或者其他单位，违反国家规定，擅自将外汇存放境外或者将境内的外汇非法转移到境外，数额较大的行为。
37.洗钱罪：指明知是毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪和走私犯罪、贪污贿赂犯罪、破坏金融管理秩序犯罪、金融诈骗犯罪的所得及其产生的收益，为掩饰、隐瞒其来源和性质，而以存入金融机构、转移资金等方式使其在市场上合法化的行为。38.集资诈骗罪：指以非法占有为目的，使用诈骗方法非法集资，数额较大的行为。
39.贷款诈骗罪：指以非法占有为目的，诈骗银行或者其他金融机构的贷款，数额较大的行为。
40.票据诈骗罪：指以非法占有为目的，利用金融票据进行诈骗的活动，数额较大的行为。41.保险诈骗罪：指投保人、被保险人或者受益人，以非法占有为目的，违反保险法律、法规，采取虚构事实、隐瞒真相的方法骗取保险金数额较大的行为。
42.逃税罪：指纳税人采取诈骗、隐瞒手段进行虚假纳税申报或者不申报，逃避缴纳税款数额较大的并且占应纳税额10%以上，或者扣缴义务人采取诈骗、隐瞒手段不缴或者少缴已扣、已收税款、数额较大的行为。
43.抗税罪：指纳税人、扣缴义务人，违反税收征收法规，以暴力、威胁方法拒不缴纳税款的行为。
44.假冒注册商标罪：指违反国家商标管理法规，未经注册商标所有人许可，在同一种商品上使用与其注册商标相同的商标，情节严重的行为。
45.假冒专利罪：指违反国家专利法规，假冒他人专利，情节严重的行为。
46.侵犯著作权罪：指以营利为目的，未经著作权人或与著作权有关的权益人许可，复制发行其作品，出版他人享有专有出版权的图书，未经录音录像制作者的许可复制发行其制作的音像制品，或者制售假冒他人署名的美术作品，违法所得数额较大的或者有其他严重情节的行为。
47.侵犯商业秘密罪：指违反国家商业秘密保护法规，侵犯他人商业秘密，给商业秘密权利人造成重大损失的行为。
48.提供虚假证明文件罪：指承担资产评估、验资、会计、审计、法律服务等职责的中介组织人员，故意提供虚假的证明文件，情节严重的行为。49.故意杀人罪：指故意非法剥夺他人生命的行为。50.故意伤害罪：指故意非法损害他人身体健康的行为。
1.强奸罪：指暴力、胁迫或者其他手段，违背妇女意志，强行与妇女性交，或者故意与不满14周岁的幼女发生性关系的行为。
51.强制猥亵、侮辱妇女罪：指以暴力、胁迫或者其他手段，违背妇女意志，强制猥亵、侮辱妇女的行为。
52.非法拘禁罪：指非法拘禁他人或者以其他方法非法剥夺他人人身自由的行为。53.绑架罪：指以勒索财物为目的的绑架他人，或者绑架他人作为人质的行为。
54.拐卖妇女、儿童罪：指以出卖为目的，拐骗、绑架、收买、贩卖、接送、中转妇女、儿童的行为。
55.诬告陷害罪：指捏造犯罪事实诬陷他人，意图使他人受刑事追究，情节严重的行为。56.非法侵入住宅罪：指未经允许非法进入他人住宅或经要求退出无故拒不退出的行为。57.非法搜查罪：指非法对他人的身体或住宅进行搜查的行为。
58.侮辱罪：指以暴力或者其他方法公然贬低他人人格，破坏他人名誉，情节严重的行为。59.诽谤罪：指故意捏造并散布某种事实，损坏他人人格，破坏他人名誉，情节严重的行为。60.刑讯逼供罪：指司法工作人员对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人使用肉刑或者变相肉刑，逼取口供的行为。
61.侵犯通信自由罪：指隐匿、毁弃或者非法拆他人信件，侵犯公民通信自由权利，情节严重的行为。
62.报复陷害罪：指国家机关工作人员，；滥用职权、假公济私，对控告人、申诉人、批评人、举报人实施报复陷害的行为。
63.重婚罪：指有配偶而与他人结婚或者明知他人有配偶而与之结婚的行为。64.破坏军婚罪：指明知是现役军人的配偶而与之同居或者结婚的行为。
65.遗弃罪：指对于年老、年幼、患病或者其他没有独立生活能力的人，负有抚养义务而拒绝抚养，情节恶劣的行为。
66.抢劫罪：指以非法占有为目的，以暴力、胁迫或其他令被害人不能抗拒的方法，当场强行劫取公私财物的行为。
67.盗窃罪：以非法占有为目的，秘密窃取公私财物，数额较大，或者多次盗取公私财物的行为。
68.诈骗罪：指以非法占有为目的，用虚构事实或者隐瞒真相的方法，骗取公私财物，数额较大的行为。
69.抢夺罪：指以非法占有为目的，不使用暴力、胁迫等强制方法，公然夺取公私财物的，数额较大的行为。
70.侵占罪：指以非法占有为目的，将代为保管的他人财物，或者合法持有的他人遗忘物、埋藏物非法据为己有，数额较大，拒不退还的行为。
71.职务侵占罪：指公司、企业或者其他单位的人员，利用职务上的便利，将本单位的财物非法占为己有，数额较大的行为。
72.挪用资金罪：指公司、企业或者其他单位的人员，利用职务上的便利，挪用本单位资金归个人使用或者借贷给他人，数额较大，超过3个月未还的，或者虽未超过3个月，但数额较大、进行营利活动的，或者进行非法活动的行为。
73.敲诈勒索罪：指以非法占有为目的，以威胁或者要挟的方法，强索公私财物的行为。74.故意毁坏财物罪：指故意非法地毁灭或者损坏公私财物，数额较大或者情节严重的行为。75.妨害公务罪：指以暴力、威胁的方法，阻碍国家机关工作人员、人大代表、红十字会工作人员依法执行职务或履行职责的行为，以及故意阻碍国家安全机关、公安机关依法执行国家安全工作的任务，虽未使用暴力、威胁方法，但造成严重后果的行为。
76.招摇撞骗罪：指为了谋取非法利益，假冒国家机关工作人员或者人民警察进行招摇撞骗的行为。
78.非法获取国家秘密罪：指以窃取、刺探、收买方法，非法获取国家秘密的行为。
79.聚众扰乱社会秩序罪：指聚众扰乱社会秩序，情节严重，致使工作、生产、营业或教学、科研无法进行，造成严重损失的行为。
80.寻衅滋事罪：指寻衅滋事，破坏社会秩序的行为。
81.组织、领导、参加黑社会性质组织罪：指组织、领导或者参加以暴力、威胁或者其他手段，有组织地进行违法犯罪活动，称霸一方，为非作恶，欺压、残害群众，严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序的黑社会性质组织的行为。
82.赌博罪：指以营利为目的，聚众赌博或者以赌博为业的行为。
83.伪证罪：指在刑事诉讼中，证人、鉴定人、记录人、翻译人对与案件有重要关系的情节，故意作虚假证明、鉴定、记录、翻译、意图陷害他人或者隐匿罪证的行为。
84.窝藏、包庇罪：指明知是犯罪的人，而为其提供隐藏处所、财物，帮助其逃匿或者作假证明包庇的行为。
85.掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪：指行为人明知是犯罪所得及其产生的收益而予以窝藏、转移、收购、代为销售或者以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒的行为。
86.脱逃罪：指依法被关押的罪犯、被告人、犯罪嫌疑人从被关押的处所逃逸的行为。87.走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪：指违法国家毒品管理法规，走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品的行为。
88.非法持有毒品罪：指违反国家毒品管理法规，非法持有毒品且数量较大的行为。89.强迫他人吸毒罪：指违背他人意志，强迫他人吸食、注射毒品的行为。
90.贪污罪：指国家机关工作人员和受国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体委托管理、经营国有财产的人员，利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、骗取或者以其他手段非法占有公共财物的行为。
91.挪用公款罪：指国家机关工作人员利用职务上的便利，挪用公款归个人使用，进行非法活动，或者挪用公款数额较大进行营利活动，或者挪用公款数额较大，超过3个月未还的行为。
92.受贿罪：指国家机关工作人员利用职务上的便利，索取他人财物的，或者非法收受他人财物，为他人谋取利益的行为。93.利用影响力受贿罪：指国家工作人员的近亲属或者其他与该国家工作人员关系密切的人，通过该国家工作人员职务上的行为，或者利用该国家工作人员职权或者地位形成的便利条件，以及离职的国家工作人员或者其近亲属以及其他与其关系密切的人，利用该离职的国家工作人员原职权或者地位形成的便利条件，通过其他国家工作人员职务上的行为，为请托人谋取不正当利益，索取请托人财物或者收受请托人财物，数额较大或者有其他较严重情节的行为。、94.行贿罪：指为谋取不正当利益，给予国家工作人员以财物的行为。
95.介绍贿赂罪：指在行贿人与受贿人之间进行沟通、撮合，使行贿与受贿得以实现，情节严重的行为。96.巨额财产来源不明罪：指国家国家工作人员的财产、支出明显超过合法收入，且差额巨大，经责令说明来源，本人不能说明其来源的行为。
97.滥用职权罪：指国家机关工作人员超越职权，违法决定、处理其无权决定、处理的事项，或者违反规定处理公务，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的行为。
98.玩忽职守罪：指国家机关工作人员严重不负责任，不履行或者不认真履行职责，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的行为。
99.徇私枉法罪：指司法工作人员徇私枉法、徇情枉法，对明知是无罪的人而使他受追诉、对明知是有罪的人而故意包庇不使他受追诉，或者在刑事审判活动中违背事实和法律作枉法裁判的行为。
简答题：
1、投敌叛变罪和叛逃罪的不同（主体）
（1）犯罪主体不同，投敌叛变罪的主体是中国公民，叛逃罪的主体是国家工作人员和掌握国家秘密的工作人员；
（2）犯罪的客观方面不同，投敌叛变罪是背叛革命，投靠敌国或者敌对营垒，叛逃罪是叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃的行为。
（3）规定时间不同，投敌叛变罪没有规定时间，而叛逃罪只限于在履行公务期间（4）叛逃组是主动投靠境外机构、组织；投敌叛变罪也可以在被捕、被俘虏以后叛变
2、区别放火罪、失火罪；决水罪、过失决水罪
(1)犯罪客观方面不同，失火罪必须造成致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的严重后果，才能构成。放火罪只要实施足以危害公共安全的放火行为，放火罪即能成立。(2)放火罪有既遂、未遂之分。失火罪是过失犯罪，以发生严重后果作为法定要件，不存在犯罪未遂问题。
(3)犯罪主体要件处罚年龄不同，放火罪年满14周岁不满16周岁的人即可构成;失火罪年满16周岁的人才负刑事责任。
(4)主观方面不同：放火罪由故意构成，失火罪则出于过失。这是两种犯罪性质的根本区别所在。
(1)主观不同，过失决水罪是出于过失，决水罪是故意构成。(2)客观方面不同。过失决水罪必须造成法定的严重后果，即致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失，才能定罪。而决水罪是只要故意实施危害公共安全的决水行为，无论是否发生严重后果，都构成犯罪。(3)决水罪有既遂、未遂之分，过失决水罪不可能出现未遂的形态。
3、恐怖组织是什么
三人以上为长期、有计划地实施恐怖活动而建立的、具有相对稳定性的犯罪组织
4、区别破坏交通工具破坏交通设施
破坏交通设施罪侵犯的对象是正在使用中的轨道、桥梁、隧道、公路、机场、航道、灯塔、标志等保证交通工具正常行驶的交通设施，通过破坏这些交通设施来达到引起火车、汽车等交 通工具发生倾覆、毁坏危险;破坏交通工具罪侵犯的对象则直接指向正在使用中的火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器等交通工具本身，通过破坏交通工具本身，来 引起交通工具发生倾覆、毁坏危险。
5、劫持航空器罪处以死刑的是哪些
致人重伤、死亡或者是航空器受到严重破坏的
6、区分劫持航空器罪和暴力危机飞行安全罪
(1)客观行为不同。前者表现为使用暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持航空器;后者则表现为对航空器上的人员使用暴力。
(2)主观目的不同。前者的目的是劫持航空器，即控制航空器;后者的目的则是加害于对方的身体。
(3)构成犯罪的要求不同。前者为行为犯，以行为人实施完劫持航空器的行为为既遂;后者属危险犯，只要足以危及公共安全即为既遂。
(4)管辖原则不同。前者实行普遍管辖;后者不实行普遍管辖。
7、破坏交通工具罪、破坏交通设施罪什么时候构成牵连犯，竞合犯和数罪并罚
8、非法制造、买卖、运输、邮寄、储存枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪是选择性罪名（重点枪支）
9、违规制造、销售枪支罪的主体是什么
依法被指定、确定的枪支制造企业和销售企业
10、区分非法持有、私藏枪支、储存枪支
非法持有枪支是不符合配备、配置枪支、弹药条件人员，唯饭枪支管理法律法规，擅自持有枪支、弹药的行为。
私藏枪支是依法配备、配置枪支、弹药的人员在配置、配备枪支、弹药条件消除后，违反枪支管理法律法规，私自藏匿所配备、配置的枪支、弹药且拒不交付的行为。存储枪支是
11、非法出租、出借枪支罪的主体和后果是什么
主体是特殊主体，只能是依法有权持有枪支的人员和单位 后果
12、丢失枪支不报罪的主体、行为特征、后果是什么
主体是依法配备公务用枪的人员行为特征：（1）行为人丢失依法配备的公务用枪（包括丢失，遗失、被盗、被抢）（2）发觉枪支丢失后，不及时报告。（3）因上诉原因造成严重后果 后果处3年以下的有期徒刑或者拘役
13、交通肇事罪的判刑规定
构成交通肇事罪应处3年以下的有期徒刑或者拘役：
（1）死亡一人或者重伤3人以上，负事故全部或者主要责任的（2）死亡3人以上的，负有事故同等责任
（3）造成公共财产或者他人财产直接损失，负有事故全部或者主要责任，无能力赔偿数额在30万元以上的。
14、交通肇事罪和危险驾驶罪的区别
（1）犯罪客体不同。交通肇事罪的犯罪客体是交通运输安全，危险驾驶罪的犯罪客体是道路公共安全。
（2）犯罪客观方面不同。交通肇事罪的客观方面是因违反交通运输管理法规，发生重大事故，致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财物遭受严重损害的行为，危害驾驶罪的客观方面表现为在道路上驾驶机动车追逐竞驶，情节恶劣的，或者在道路上醉驾的行为。
（3）犯罪主体不同。交通肇事罪的犯罪主体为一般主体危险驾驶罪的主体是机动车驾驶人员
（4）犯罪的主观方面不同。交通肇事罪的犯罪主观方面是过失危险驾驶是故意犯罪。
15、重大责任事故罪和强令违章冒险作业罪的区别
（1）犯罪客体不同。重大责任事故的主体是不特定多数人的人身、财产安全相关的生产、作业安全；强令违章冒险作业罪的区别是公共安全
（2）犯罪客观方面不同。重大责任事故是在工作中违反有关管理规定造成事故，强令违章冒险是采用命令、强迫等强制手段，违章冒险作业造成重大事故。
（3）犯罪主体不同，重大事故主体是直接从事生产、作业人员或者指挥生产、作业人员。强令违章冒险作业的主体是指挥管理负责人。
16、区别逃逸致人死亡和故意伤人 第一，两者的主观方面不同。“因逃逸致人死亡” 的主观方面包括故意与过失，故意杀人罪、伤害犯罪的主观方面是故意;第二，两者的行为方式不同。“因逃逸致人死亡”的行为方式是不作为，故意杀人罪、伤害犯罪的行为方式是作为;第三，两者对法益的侵害程度不同。
17、重大劳动事故罪是什么
安全生产设施或者安全生产条件不符合国家规定，因而发生重大伤亡事故或者造成其他严重后果的行为。
18、什么是走私
不遵守国家法令，运输或携带货物、金银、货币以及其他违禁品进出国境的行为
19、国家禁止进出口的货物有哪些？
珍稀动植物及其制品，古脊椎动物化石，古人类化石，古植物化石，来自境外疫区的动植物及其制品。
20、生产销售伪劣商品罪最低销售金额5万元
21、走私国家禁止进出口的货物、物品罪有哪些
22、走私淫秽物品罪是以谋利和传播为目的
23、签订、履行合同是指被骗最是指主观上的故意过世罪名
24、伪造货币罪什么
是伪造行为 仿造货币的颜色、图案、形状
25、重点区分出售、购买、运输假币罪和金融工作人员购买假币、以假币换取货币罪（1）犯罪客观方面不同：前者表现为三种行为：出售、购买、运输伪造的货币；后者是表现在两种行为：购买伪造货币，利用职务上的便利以伪造的货币换取真货币。
（2）犯罪主体不同：前者是一般主体，后者是特殊主体，主要是金融机构的工作人员
26、持有、适用假币罪主观上是明知故意
27、区分变造货币罪和伪造货币最
伪造货币是指违反国家货币管理法规，仿造货币的形状、图案、颜色，制造假货币，意图使其冒充真货币流入社会。
变造货币是指以剪贴、拼接、揭层、挖补的方法，对真货币进行加工改造，使货币的面值或者数量增加，数额较大的行为。
犯罪客观方面表现在采用上诉方法对真货币进行加工改造，这是与伪造货币的根本区别。
28、高利转贷罪以转贷牟利为目的
29、区分非法吸公众存款罪和非法集资的区别 30、妨害信用卡管理罪与诈骗罪的区别
（1）犯罪客体不同。前者是客体是信用卡管理制度，后者是信用卡管理制度以及公私财产所有权
（2）犯罪的客观方面不同。前者实施妨碍信用卡管理行为和秩序的行为；后者为利用信用卡进行诈骗活动
（3）犯罪主体不同。前者和后者都是一般主体，但是后者不包括单位
（4）犯罪主观方面不同。前者是故意，过失不构成该罪；后者是故意并且有非法占有公私财物或者骗取有偿服务的目的
31、妨害信用卡管理最具体行为与关系方法
（1）明知是伪造的信用卡而持有、运输，或者明知是伪造空白的信用卡而持有、运输的行为
（2）非法持有他人信用卡，数量较大的。（3）使用虚假的身份证明领取信用卡（4）出售、购买、为他人提供伪造的信用卡或者以虚假身份领取的信用卡
32、职务侵占罪与侵占罪、贪污罪盗窃罪的区别
职务侵占罪与贪污罪 两者的区别主要表现为：⑴犯罪主体不同，这是职务侵占罪和贪污罪最主要、最本质的区别，职务侵占罪的主体是非国家工作人员，贪污罪的主体是国家机关工作人员以及受国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体委托管理、经营国有财产的人员。⑵犯罪客体和犯罪对象不同。职务侵占犯罪的客体是公司、企业或其他单位的财产所有权，其犯罪对象是本单位的财物，从所有制性质上看，可以是公共财物，也可能是非公共财物。而贪污罪侵犯的是复杂客体、双重客体，它既侵犯了公共财产的所有权，也侵犯了国家工作人员职务的廉法性，其犯罪对象仅限于公共财产。⑶构成犯罪的数额标准和法定刑不同。职务侵占犯罪的数额规定高于贪污罪。依照《解释》的规定，职务侵占罪以“5000-20000元”为数额较大的起点。
三、职务侵占罪与盗窃罪、诈骗罪 职务侵占罪与盗窃、诈骗罪在主观上都以非法占有为目的，在客体上侵犯的都是财产所有权，职务侵占罪的犯罪行为方式可以表现为盗窃、诈骗行为。但职务侵占罪与盗窃罪、诈骗罪还存在着一些本质的区别：⑴犯罪主体上，职务侵占罪的犯罪主体是特殊主体，其必须是公司、企业或其他单位的人员，而盗窃罪、诈骗罪的主体则是一般主体。⑵在客观方面上，职务侵占罪必须利用职务上的便利，行为人实施犯罪行为必须利用自己依照职务所直接拥有的主管、管理、经手本单位财物的便利。这是职务侵占犯罪构成的必要要件，但是否利用职务便利则不是盗窃、诈骗犯罪的构成要件。⑶侵犯对象的范围不同。职务侵占罪侵占的财物必须是本单位的合法财物，而盗窃罪、诈骗罪侵占的财物既可以包括本单位内的财物，也可以是单位以外的财物。⑷在犯罪成立上，职务侵占罪、盗窃罪、诈骗罪虽然都以数额较大为犯罪构成要件，但在具体的数额规定上，盗窃罪、诈骗罪犯罪构成的数额起点要低于职务侵占罪。根据刑法第二百六十四条的规定，盗窃虽未达到数额较大，但多次实施的，依法也构成盗窃罪。⑸在量刑上，职务侵占罪的法定最高刑为十五年有期徒刑，且只有数额巨大的，才可以并处没收财产。
33、挪用资金、挪用公款区别 侵犯的客体和犯罪对象不同。
挪用资金罪侵犯的客体是公司、企业或者其他单位的资金的使用权，对象是公司、企业或者其他单位的资金，其中，既包括国有或者集体所有的资金，也包括公民个人所有、外商所有的资金。挪用公款罪侵犯的客体是公款的使用权和国家机关的威信、国家机关的正常活动等，既有侵犯财产的性质，又有严重的渎职的性质，犯罪主体不同。挪用资金罪的主体是公司、企业或者其他单位的工作人员，但国家工作人员除外。挪用公款罪的主体是国家工作人员，包括国家机关中从事公务的人员，国有公司、企业事业单位、人氏团体中从事公务的人员，国家机关、国有公司、企业事业单位委派到非国有公司、企业、事业单位、社会团体从事公务的人员，以及其他依照法律从事公务的人员。
34、逃汇罪与洗钱罪区别
1、所侵犯的客体不同。逃汇罪的客体是国家的外汇管理制度，走私罪的客体则是对外贸易管制。
2、所侵犯的对象不同。逃汇罪的对象仅限于外汇;走私罪的对象却比逃汇罪广泛得多，它包括外汇在内的一切禁止或限制进出境的货物与物品或者应当缴纳关税的货物及物品。
3、客观方面的表现形式不同。逃汇罪在客观方面表现为逃汇的行为。逃汇的外在形式是将境外取得的外汇应当调回境内而不谓回，或把境内的外汇私自转移到国外等;而走私罪的客观行为却是行为人逃避海关监管，非法运输、携带、邮寄货物、物品进出国(边)境的行为。
4、犯罪主体不同。逃汇罪的主体是特殊主体，其仅限于国有公司、企业或者其他国有单位以及这些单位的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，除此之外，均不能构成逃汇罪。走私罪的主体则为一般主体，凡达到刑事责任年龄具有刑事责任能力的自然人，均可成为逃汇罪的主体。此外，单位亦可构成其罪。
5、逃汇罪为具体罪名;而走私罪则为种罪名，其包括走私武器、弹药罪，走私假币罪、走私文物罪等多个具体罪名。
35、洗钱罪上游犯罪有哪几种
毒品犯罪，黑社会性质的组织犯罪，恐怖活动犯罪，走私犯罪，贪污贿赂罪，破坏金融管理秩序犯罪，金融诈骗犯罪
36、诈骗罪的概念
诈骗罪是指以非法占有为目的，用虚构事实或者隐瞒真相的方法，骗取数额较大的公私财物的行为。
37、保险诈骗罪的投保人、受益人和行为方式
1、投保人故意虚构保险标的
2、投保人，被保险人，受益人对发生的保险事故编造虚假的原因或者夸大损失程度，骗取保险金
3、投保人，被保险人或者受益人变造未曾发生的保险事故，骗取保险金
4、投保人、受益人故意造成被保险人死亡、伤残或者疾病，骗取保险金
5、投保人、受益人故意造成财产损失的保险事故，骗取保险金
38、侵犯商业秘密罪方式是什么
（1）以盗窃、利诱、胁迫或者其他不正当手段获取权利人的商业秘密
（2）披露、适用或者允许他人使用以前项不正当手段获取的权利人的商业秘密
（3）违反约定或者违反权利人有关保守商业秘密的要求，披露、使用，或者允许他人使用其所掌握的的商业秘密的行为。
39、强奸罪（轮奸罪不是一个罪名，是强奸罪的加重判）40、有几种形式是转化型抢劫
盗窃、诈骗、抢夺罪转化为抢劫罪的必须符合三个条件：
1、行为人必须首先实施了盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为。
2、行为人必须是当场使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁。
3、行为人使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁的目的是为了窝藏赃物、抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罪证。只有上述三个条件同时具备，才能从盗窃、诈骗、抢夺罪转化为抢劫罪
41、抢劫罪判10年一上有几种行为（1)入户抢劫
（2)在公共交通上抢劫（3)持枪抢劫
（4)抢劫军用物资或者抢险、救灾、救济物资（5)冒充军警人员抢劫（6)多次抢劫或者抢劫数额较大（7)抢劫致人重伤、死亡（8)抢劫银行或者其他金融机构
42、抢劫罪和抢夺罪的区别
抢劫罪是指以非法占有为目的，以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法，强行劫取公私财物的行为。抢夺罪是指以非法占有为目的，公然夺取数额较大的公私财物的行为。二者的区别主要是：
1、客观行为不相同。抢劫罪表现为当场使用暴力、胁迫或其他强制方法，强行劫取公私财物，而抢夺罪表现为乘人不备公然夺取数额较大的财物，使他人来不及反抗；
2、客体不完全相同。抢劫罪不但侵犯了他人的财产权利，还侵犯了他人的人身权利，而抢夺罪则一般只侵犯了财产权利；
3、犯罪后果要求不同。抢劫罪对财物的数额没有要求，而构成抢夺罪要求抢夺的财物数额较大。根据司法解释，抢夺公私财物价值人民币500元至2000元以上的，为“数额较大”。
4、主观故意的内容不同。抢劫罪是希望或准备以武力或类似性质的力量迫使被害人失去财物，是希望在被害人不能反抗或无法反抗的情况下取得财物，而抢夺罪是以突然取得财物的故意实施的，是希望通过趁被害人不备而取得财物，而不是希望通过武力威吓迫使被害人失去财物。
43、聚众哄抢罪不是对所有人定罪，而是对首要分子定罪
44、挪用资金最和挪用特定物罪的区别
（1）犯罪客体不同。资金是公私财产占有、使用权对象是行为人所在单位的资金；特定物是复杂客体，对象是法定的7项款物。
（2）犯罪客观方面不同。资金的犯罪客观方面表现为利用职务上的便利，挪用本单位资金归于个人使用或者借贷给他人的行为；特定物是擅自将特定的专用款物挪作其它社会公共用途。
（3）犯罪主体不同，资金是特殊主体，只能是本公司，企业或者其他单位非国家工作人员，特定物是仅限于掌管、经手特定款物的直接责任人
（4）对危害结果的要求不同。资金是没有明确规定，但是特定物规定情节严重，致使国家人民群众的利益受到损害才构成。
45、敲诈勒索罪的行为特征
（1）对被害人采取威胁或者要挟的方法（2）迫使被害人交付公私财物
46、招摇撞骗罪的概念
指为了谋取非法利益，冒充国家机关工作人员进行招摇撞骗的行为
47、黑社会性质概念
（一）组织结构比较紧密，人数较多，有比较明确的组织者、领导者，骨干成员基本固定，有较为严格的组织纪律；
（二）通过违法犯罪活动或者其他手段获取经济利益，具有一定的经济实力；
（三）通过贿赂、威胁等手段，引诱、逼迫国家工作人员参加黑社会性质组织活动，或者为其提供非法保护；
（四）在一定区域或者行业范围内，以暴力、威胁、滋扰等手段，大肆进行敲诈勒索、欺行
霸市、聚众斗殴、寻衅滋事、故意伤害等违法犯罪活动，严重破坏经济、社会生活秩序。
48、区分伪证罪和辩护人、诉讼代理人毁灭证据、伪造证据、妨碍作证罪
伪证罪是指在行驶诉讼中，证人、记录人、鉴定人、翻译人对本案有利害相关的情节，故意做虚假证明、记录、鉴定、翻译，意图陷害他人或者隐匿罪证的行为。
辩护人、诉讼费丽人毁灭 证据、伪造证据、妨害作证罪是指在行驶诉讼中，辩护人，诉讼代理人毁灭伪造证据，帮助当事人毁灭伪造证据，威胁、引诱证人违背事实改变证言或者作伪证的行为。
（1）犯罪客体不同。前者为复杂客体，后者为国家司法机关的正常刑事诉讼活动
（2）犯罪客观方面不同。前者表现为只在刑事诉讼的过程中，虚假证明、鉴定、记录、翻译的行为；后者是毁灭伪造证据或者威胁证人提供虚假证明。
（3）犯罪主体不同。前者是只有刑事诉讼中的证人、鉴定人、记录人、翻译人；后者只有辩护人或者诉讼代理人。
49、伪证罪的主体是哪四个
在刑事诉讼过程中的证人、记录人、鉴定人、翻译人 50、窝藏、包庇罪与事前共犯的区别
窝藏包庇罪行为人事前与被其帮助的犯罪人没有共谋，二事前共犯一般事前与其他共同犯罪有通谋。
51、区别335医疗事故罪、336非法行医罪
(1)客观方面不同。前者在客观方面表现为，违反国家有关医疗管理的法律、法规的规定，非法行医，情节严重的行为。后者在客观方面表现为，医务人员在合法的诊疗护理过程中，违反规章制度，严重不负责任，造成就诊人死亡或者严重损害就诊人身体健康的行为。(2)主体不同。前者的主体是不具有医生执业资格的人，而后者的主体是已经取得医生执业资格的医务人员。
(3)主观方面不同。前者对行为人造成就诊人死亡或严重损害就诊人身体健康后果，所持的心理态度既可以是过失，也可以是间接故意，但对于违反医疗管理制度的行为，则是直接故意。后者对造成严重不良后果所持的心理态度只能是过失。
52、非法持有毒品罪区别多少毒品多少罪
鸦片200克以上，甲基苯丙胺或者海洛因10克
53、非法种植毒品原植物罪选择性条件判法包括哪些具体行为（1）非法种植罂粟3000株以上或者大麻5000株以上不满3万株或者其他毒品原植物数量大的，处5年以上有期徒刑并处罚金或者没收财产
（2）非法种植罂粟或者其他毒品原植物，在收获前自动铲除的，可以免除处罚。（3）因走私、贩卖、制造、非法持有毒品罪被判过刑又犯本罪，从重处罚。
54、滥用职权罪和玩忽职守罪的区别
1、客观方面不同
(1)、行为性质上的区别
滥用职权罪在客观方面的本质属性是对职权的“滥用”。这种“滥用”主要表现为两种情形：一是超越职权的滥用，即行为人超越法定权力范围，违法决定无权决定的事项、擅自处理无权处理的事务;二是违反法定办事程序行使职权，即随心所欲地违法处理公务。
玩忽职守罪在客观方面的本质属性是对职守的“玩忽”。这种“玩忽”行为，主要表现为两种情形：一是不履行职责，即行为人严重不负责任，对法定职责义务，不作为;二是不认真履行职责，即行为人严重不负责任，对法定职责义务，马虎草率、敷衍了事。(2)、行为方式的主要区别
滥用职权罪主要表观为以作为的方式超越法定职权，决定、处理无权处理的事项，或者违法行使职权随心所欲处理公务，这就是说，滥用职权罪的行为方式主要表现为作为。(特殊情况下，滥用职权罪也可由不作为构成题，如滥用权力拒不履行法定职责，造成国家和人民利益重大损失)玩忽职守罪主要表现为以不作为的方式对待工作。严重不负责任，该为而不为，放弃职守、擅离岗位、不履行职责。或在履行职责中不认真、马虎草率、敷衍塞责。
(3)、追诉标准上的区别。鉴于滥用职权罪与玩忽职守罪的行为人在主观恶性上有一定的差异，最高人民检察院《关于人民检察院直接受理立案侦查案件立案标准的规定(试行)》中，规定的的追诉标准也有差异。滥用职权造成死亡1人，或者重伤2人、轻伤5人以上即可立案，而玩忽职守除造成死亡1人以外，重伤要3人、轻伤10人以上才能立案;滥用职权造成直接经济损失达20万元即可立案，而玩忽职守则要30万元才能立案等。
2、主观方面的区别
滥用职权罪主要是由故意构成，既可以是直接故意，也可以是间接故意。玩忽职守罪主要由过失构成。玩忽职守罪的主观过失，是指国家机关工作人员由于疏忽大意或过于自信，对自己的玩忽职守行为可能导致的危害后果应当预见而没有预见，或者已经预见而轻信可以避免，以致造成重大损害结果。
56、私放在押人员罪的主体是什么
司法工作人员私放在押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人或者罪犯的行为
犯罪主体是司法工作人员。指公安机关、安全机关、检察机关、审判机关、监管机关的工作人员。
第三篇：刑法诉讼汽车买卖合同法律解析
汽车买卖合同法律解析
根据统计，今年上半年，全国二手车交易(轿车)50.30万辆，同比增长32.88%，二手车增长速度开始直追新车销售，特别是北京市场，二手车交易势头正盛，但是二手车交易环节的诚信问题已经成为制约二手车行业发展的瓶颈。日前，国家工商总局公布了《二手车买卖合同》(示范文本)，建议在全国范围内推行使用，改善二手车交易环境。但是从目前各界的反映来看，这一合同文本施行可操作性仍然值得商榷。
【合同内容禁止黑车、赃车交易】
据介绍，新的合同文本共有8项条款，涵盖车辆基本情况，价款和过户手续费支付时间、方式，风险承担，双方权利义务，违约责任，争议解决方式等内容。示范文本规定，卖方应向买方提供车辆的使用、修理、事故、检验以及是否办理抵押登记、缴纳税费、报废期等真实情况和信息，如出现不符，将由卖方赔偿所有损失。
针对买主对所买车辆是否为“黑车”、“赃车”的担心，范本特别明确车辆要附带8份文件凭证，包括《机动车登记证书》、《机动车行驶证》、有效的机动车安全技术检验合格标志、车辆购置税完税证明、车船使用税缴付凭证、车辆养路费缴付凭证、车辆保险单、购车发票，如果卖主提供假信息，买方有权要求其赔偿损失。此外，示范文本还包括一份《车辆状况说明书》，说明书包括车辆基本信息、重要技术配置及参数、是否为事故车、车辆状况描述和质量保证等5大内容，还附带具体的填写说明。
【“合同”缺少有效的处罚措施】
单从合同的内容看，《二手车买卖合同》不啻为一个保证二手车规范交易的好合同，即使在汽车市场比较成熟的国家，这样的合同文本仍然具有前瞻性。但是从目前的国内二手车交易的特殊性来看，国内二手车因其手续繁杂及交易方式的多样化等都成为阻碍这一合同文本施行的“绊脚石”。
首先从二手车手续来分析，国内二手车交易中的每一辆车都要有《机动车登记证书》、《机动车行驶证》、有效的机动车安全技术检验合格标志、车辆购置税完税证明、车船使用税缴付凭证、1车辆养路费缴付凭证、车辆保险单、购车发票等手续，试想一个普通的二手车消费者，在辨别这些手续的真伪性方面都是一个复杂的过程，更不用说这些手续是否齐全对二手车交易的重要性了，因此单从合同的内容来看，对于消费者权益的保证没有实质的意义。要是一些二手车商不负责任地签写虚假内容，出了问题也没有相对的依据进行解决。
【合同有利于品牌二手车规范交易】
其次是国内的二手车交易方式比较多样化，二手车源既有国有资产性质车辆，也有公司单位车辆和个人的车辆，这些车源的多样性注定了二手车交易的复杂程度。一家二手车的经纪公司，如果没有从车源车况等源头下工夫，很难在二手车销售的过程中诚信对待再次销售，而我国目前主要的二手车交易方式仍然由入住市场的二手车经纪公司主导，车源的问题是二手车交易过程中不规范的主因。
一些专业人士认为，目前二手车诚信问题不是单纯的交易过程中的诚信问题，而是二手车行业从车源到销售终端普遍存在的问题，单从交易的一个环节来规范，短期内仍不能解决二手车普遍的诚信问题，甚至会影响目前二手车行业的发展。
然后从二手车交易方式的多样性来看，二手车诚信将涉及二手车拍卖、二手车个人交易、二手车经纪交易和品牌二手车销售四个领域，这些交易方式中的前三项目前仍然没有行业规范，因此二手车的诚信问题仍然不是短期内能解决的问题。如果强制实施，二手车交易的投诉会大量增加，而相关投诉的解决没有可以参照的依据，因此很难从根本上杜绝二手车违规交易。
【二手车诚信问题是全行业问题】
目前，只有企业介入的品牌二手车有实力进行《二手车买卖合同》的试行，这对于二手车树立品牌将起到一个明显的作用。而一些其他类型的二手车交易方试行仍然存在很多困难。目前看来，二手车行业缺少权威的评估检测、二手车维修标准等等，这些不利因素将导致诚信问题成为一个全行业的问题。
目前大部分的汽车企业以及市场已经开始新合同的试行。如一些品牌二手车商承诺：在车辆交付买方之前所发生的所有风险由卖方承担和负责处理，车辆交付买方后所发生的所有风险则由买方承担和负责处理。卖方应按照合同约定的时间、地点向买方交付车辆，保证合法享有车辆的所有权或处置权，保证所出示及提供的与车辆有关的一切证件、证明及信息合法、真实、有效。买方应按
照合同约定支付价款，对转出本地的车辆，买方应了解、确认车辆能在转入所在地办理转入手续。卖方向买方提供的有关车辆信息不真实，买方有权要求卖方赔偿。
一些专业人士认为，短期来看，新的《二手车买卖合同》将能在品牌二手车领域首先树立良好的口碑，使越来越多的二手车商诚信交易，从而推动整个二手车行业健康发展。
第四篇：中华人民共和国刑法(中英对照)学习法律英语
中华人民共和国刑法-英汉对照法律英语
中华人民共和国刑法
CRIMINAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
第一编 总则
PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS
第一章 刑法的任务、基本原则和适用范围
CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW
第二章 犯罪
CHAPTER II CRIMES
第一节 犯罪和刑事责任
SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
第二节 犯罪的预备、未遂和中止
SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION OF A CRIME
第三节 共同犯罪
SECTION 3 JOINT CRIMES
第四节 单位犯罪
SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT
第三章 刑罚
CHAPTER III PUNISHMENTS
第一节 刑罚的种类
SECTION 1 TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS
第二节 管制
SECTION 2 PUBLIC SURVEILLANCE 第三节 拘役
SECTION 3 CRIMINAL DETENTION 第四节 有期徒刑、无期徒刑
SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT 第五节 死刑
SECTION 5 THE DEATH PENALTY 第六节 罚金
SECTION 6 FINES 第七节 剥夺政治权利
SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS 第八节 没收财产
SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY 第四章 刑罚的具体运用
CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS 第一节 量刑
SECTION 1 SENTENCING 第二节 累犯
SECTION 2 RECIDIVISTS 第三节 自首和立功
SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE 第四节 数罪并罚
SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES
第五节 缓刑
SECTION 5 SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE
第六节 减刑
SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT
第七节 假释
SECTION 7 PAROLE
第八节 时效
SECTION 8 LIMITATION
第五章 其他规定
CHAPTER V OTHER PROVISIONS
第二编 分则
PART TWO SPECIFIC PROVISIONS
第一章 危害国家安全罪
CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY
第二章 危害公共安全罪
CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY
第三章 破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪
CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY
第一节 生产、销售伪劣商品罪
SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD COMMODITIES
第二节 走私罪
SECTION 2 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING
第三节 妨害对公司、企业的管理秩序罪
SECTION 3 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES
第四节 破坏金融管理秩序罪
SECTION 4 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION
第五节 金融诈骗罪
SECTION 5 CRIMES OF FINANCIAL FRAUD
第六节 危害税收征管罪
SECTION 6 CRIMES OF JEOPARDIZING ADMINISTRATION OF TAX COLLECTION
第七节 侵犯知识产权罪
SECTION 7 CRIMES OF INFRINGING ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
第八节 扰乱市场秩序罪
SECTION 8 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING MARKET ORDER
第四章 侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪
CHAPTER IV CRIMES OF INFRINGING UPON CITIZENS' RIGHT OF THE PERSON AND DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
第五章 侵犯财产罪
CHAPTER V CRIMES OF PROPERTY VIOLATION
第六章 妨害社会管理秩序罪
CHAPTER VI CRIMES OF OBSTRUCTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC ORDER
第一节 扰乱公共秩序罪
SECTION 1 CRIMES OF DISTURBING PUBLIC ORDER
第二节 妨害司法罪
SECTION 2 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION
第三节 妨害国（边）境管理罪
SECTION 3 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF NATIONAL BORDER(FRONTIER)
第四节 妨害文物管理罪
SECTION 4 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF CULTURAL RELICS
第五节 危害公共卫生罪
SECTION 5 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING PUBLIC HEALTH
第六节 破坏环境资源保护罪
SECTION 6 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES
第七节 走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪
SECTION 7 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING, TRAFFICKING IN, TRANSPORTING AND MANUFACTURING NARCOTIC DRUGS
第八节 组织、强迫、引诱、容留、介绍卖淫罪
SECTION 8 CRIMES OF ORGANIZING, FORCING, LURING, SHELTERING OR PROCURING OTHER PERSONS TO ENGAGE IN PROSTITUTION
第九节 制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品罪
SECTION 9 CRIMES OF PRODUCING, SELLING, DISSEMINATING PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
第七章 危害国防利益罪
CHAPTER VII CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE INTERESTS OF NATIONAL DEFENCE
第八章 贪污贿赂罪
CHAPTER VIII CRIMES OF EMBEZZLEMENT AND BRIBERY
第九章 渎职罪
CHAPTER IX CRIMES OF DERELICTION OF DUTY
第十章 军人违反职责罪
CHAPTER X CRIMES OF SERVICEMEN'S TRANSGRESSION OF DUTIES
第一编 总则
PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS
第一章 刑法的任务、基本原则和适用范围
CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE
第一条 为了惩罚犯罪，保护人民，根据宪法，结合我国同犯罪作斗争的具体经验及实际情况，制定本法。
Article 1 In order to punish crimes and protect the people, this Law is enacted on the basis of the Constitution and in the light of the concrete experiences and actual circumstances in China's fight against crimes.第二条 中华人民共和国刑法的任务，是用刑罚同一切犯罪行为作斗争，以保卫国家安全，保卫人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度，保护国有财产和劳动群众集体所有的财产，保护公民私人所有的财产，保护公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，维护社会秩序、经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。
Article 2 The aim of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China is to use criminal punishments to fight against all criminal acts in order to safeguard security of the State, to defend the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, to protect property owned by the State, and property collectively owned by the working people and property privately owned by citizens, to protect citizens' rights of the person and their democratic and other rights, to maintain public and economic order, and to ensure the smooth progress of socialist construction.第三条 法律明文规定为犯罪行为的，依照法律定罪处刑；法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的，不得定罪处刑。
Article 3 For acts that are explicitly defined as criminal acts in law, the offenders shall be convicted and punished in accordance with law;otherwise, they shall not be convicted or punished.第四条 对任何人犯罪，在适用法律上一律平等。不允许任何人有超越法律的特权。
Article 4 The law shall be equally applied to anyone who commits a crime.No one shall have the privilege of transcending the law.第五条 刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应。
Article 5 The degree of punishment shall be commensurate with the crime committed and the criminal responsibility to be borne by the offender.第六条 凡在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪的，除法律有特别规定的以外，都适用本法。
Article 6 This Law shall be applicable to anyone who commits a crime within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's republic of China, except as otherwise specifically provided by law.凡在中华人民共和国船舶或者航空器内犯罪的，也适用本法。
This Law shall also be applicable to anyone who commits a crime on board a ship or aircraft of the People's Republic of China.犯罪的行为或者结果有一项发生在中华人民共和国领域内的，就认为是在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪。
If a criminal act or its consequence takes place within the territory or territorial waters or space of the People's Republic of China, the crime shall be deemed to have been committed within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第七条 中华人民共和国公民在中华人民共和国领域外犯本法规定之罪的，适用本法，但是按本法规定的最高刑为三年以下有期徒刑的，可以不予追究。
Article 7 This Law shall be applicable to any citizen of the People's Republic of China who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China;however, if the maximum punishment to be imposed is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years as stipulated in this Law, he may be exempted from the investigation for his criminal responsibility.中华人民共和国国家工作人员和军人在中华人民共和国领域外犯本法规定之罪的，适用本法。
This Law shall be applicable to any State functionary or serviceman who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第八条 外国人在中华人民共和国领域外对中华人民共和国国家或者公民犯罪，而按本法规定的最低刑为三年以上有期徒刑的，可以适用本法，但是按照犯罪地的法律不受处罚的除外。
Article 8 This Law may be applicable to any foreigner who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China against the State of the People's Republic of China or against any of its citizens, if for that crime this Law prescribes a minimum punishment of fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years;however, this does not apply to a crime that is not punishable according to the laws of the place where it is committed.第九条 对于中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约所规定的罪行，中华人民共和国在所承担条约义务的范围内行使刑事管辖权的，适用本法。
Article 9 This Law shall be applicable to crimes which are stipulated in international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China and over which the People's Republic of China exercises criminal jurisdiction within the scope of obligations, prescribed in these treaties, it agrees to perform.第十条 凡在中华人民共和国领域外犯罪，依照本法应当负刑事责任的，虽然经过外国审判，仍然可以依照本法追究，但是在外国已经受过刑罚处罚的，可以免除或者减轻处罚。
Article 10 Any person who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China, for which according to this Law he should bear criminal responsibility, may still be investigated for his criminal responsibility according to this Law, even if he has already been tried in a foreign country.However, if he has already received criminal punishment in the foreign country, he may be exempted from punishment or given a mitigated punishment.第十一条 享有外交特权和豁免权的外国人的刑事责任，通过外交途径解决。
Article 11 The criminal responsibility of foreigners who enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities shall be solved through diplomatic channels.第十二条 中华人民共和国成立以后本法施行以前的行为，如果当时的法律不认为是犯罪的，适用当时的法律；如果当时的法律认为是犯罪的，依照本法总则第四章第八节的规定应当追诉的，按照当时的法律追究刑事责任，但是如果本法不认为是犯罪或者处刑较轻的，适用本法。
Article 12 If an act committed after the founding of the People's Republic of China and before the entry into force of this Law was not deemed a crime under the laws at the time, those laws shall apply.If the act was deemed a crime under the laws in force at the time and is subject to prosecution under the provisions of Section 8, Chapter IV of the General Provisions of this Law, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with those laws.However, if according to this Law the act is not deemed a crime or is subject to a lighter punishment, this Law shall apply.本法施行以前，依照当时的法律已经作出的生效判决，继续有效。
Before the entry into force of this Law, any judgment that has been made and has become effective according to the laws at the time shall remain valid.第一节 犯罪和刑事责任
SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
第十三条 一切危害国家主权、领土完整和安全，分裂国家、颠覆人民民主专政的政权和推翻社会主义制度，破坏社会秩序和经济秩序，侵犯国有财产或者劳动群众集体所有的财产，侵犯公民私人所有的财产，侵犯公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，以及其他危害社会的行为，依照法律应当受刑罚处罚的，都是犯罪，但是情节显著轻微危害不大的，不认为是犯罪。
Article 13 A crime refers to an act that endangers the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the State, splits the State, subverts the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and overthrows the socialist system, undermines public and economic order, violates State-owned property, property collectively owned by the working people, or property privately owned by citizens, infringes on the citizens' rights of the person, their democratic or other rights, and any other act that endangers society and is subject to punishment according to law.However, if the circumstances are obviously minor and the harm done is not serious, the act shall not be considered a crime.第十四条 明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果，并且希望或者放任这种结果发生，因而构成犯罪的，是故意犯罪。
Article 14 An intentional crime refers to an act committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will entail harmful consequences to society but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur, thus constituting a crime.故意犯罪，应当负刑事责任。
Criminal responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes.第十五条 应当预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，因为疏忽大意而没有预见，或者已经预见而轻信能够避免，以致发生这种结果的，是过失犯罪。
Article 15 A negligent crime refers to an act committed by a person who should have foreseen that his act would possibly entail harmful consequences to society but who fails to do so through his negligence or, having foreseen the consequences, readily believes that they can be avoided, so that the consequences do occur.过失犯罪，法律有规定的才负刑事责任。
Criminal responsibility shall be borne for negligent crimes only when the law so provides.第十六条 行为在客观上虽然造成了损害结果，但是不是出于故意或者过失，而是由于不能抗拒或者不能预见的原因所引起的，不是犯罪。
Article 16 An act is not a crime if it objectively results in harmful consequences due to irresistible or unforeseeable causes rather than intent or negligence.第十七条 已满十六周岁的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任。
Article 17 If a person who has reached the age of 16 commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已满十四周岁不满十六周岁的人，犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的，应当负刑事责任。
If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 16 commits intentional homicide, intentionally hurts another person so as to cause serious injury or death of the person, or commits rape, robbery, drug-trafficking, arson, explosion or poisoning, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已满十四周岁不满十八周岁的人犯罪，应当从轻或者减轻处罚。
If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 18 commits a crime, he shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.因不满十六周岁不予刑事处罚的，责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教；在必要的时候，也可以由政府收容教养。
If a person is not given criminal punishment because he has not reached the age of 16, the head of his family or his guardian shall be ordered to discipline him.When necessary, he may be taken in by the government for rehabilitation.第十八条 精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果，经法定程序鉴定确认的，不负刑事责任，但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗；在必要的时候，由政府强制医疗。
Article 18 If a mental patient causes harmful consequences at a time when he is unable to recognize or control his own conduct, upon verification and confirmation through legal procedure, he shall not bear criminal responsibility, but his family members or guardian shall be ordered to keep him under strict watch and control and arrange for his medical treatment.When necessary, the government may compel him to receive medical treatment.间歇性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪，应当负刑事责任。
Any person whose mental illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime when he is in a normal mental state.尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的，应当负刑事责任，但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚。
If a mental patient who has not completely lost the ability of recognizing or controlling his own conduct commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.醉酒的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任。
Any intoxicated person who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.第十九条 又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪，可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚。
Article 19 Any deaf-mute or blind person who commits a crime may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十条 为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行为，对不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。
Article 20 An act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the State and the public, or his own or other person's rights of the person, property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement, thus harming the perpetrator, is justifiable defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。
If a person's act of justifiable defence obviously exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.对正在进行行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防卫行为，造成不法侵害人伤亡的，不属于防卫过当，不负刑事责任。
If a person acts in defence against an on-going assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnap or any other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety, thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator of the unlawful act, it is not undue defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.第二十一条 为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在发生的危险，不得已采取的紧急避险行为，造成损害的，不负刑事责任。
Article 21 If a person is compelled to commit an act in an emergency to avert an immediate danger to the interests of the State or the public, or his own or another person's rights of the person, property or other rights, thus causing damage, he shall not bear criminal responsibility.紧急避险超过必要限度造成不应有的损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。
If the act committed by a person in an emergency to avert danger exceeds the limits of necessity and causes undue damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第一款中关于避免本人危险的规定，不适用于职务上、业务上负有特定责任的人。
The provisions of the first paragraph of this Article with respect to averting danger to oneself shall not apply to a person who is charged with special responsibility in his post or profession.第二节 犯罪的预备、未遂和中止
SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION
第二十二条 为了犯罪，准备工具、制造条件的，是犯罪预备。
Article 22 Preparation for a crime refers to the preparation of the instruments or the creation of the conditions for a crime.对于预备犯，可以比照既遂犯从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。
An offender who prepares for a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十三条 已经着手实行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的，是犯罪未遂。
Article 23 A criminal attempt refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.对于未遂犯，可以比照既遂犯从轻或者减轻处罚。
An offender who attempts to commit a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第二十四条 在犯罪过程中，自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效地防止犯罪结果发生的，是犯罪中止。
Article 24 Discontinuation of a crime refers to a case where, in the course of committing a crime, the offender voluntarily discontinues the crime or voluntarily and effectively prevents the consequences of the crime from occurring.对于中止犯，没有造成损害的，应当免除处罚；造成损害的，应当减轻处罚。
An offender who discontinues a crime shall, if no damage is caused, be exempted from punishment or, if any damage is caused, be given a mitigated punishment.第二十五条 共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。
Article 25 A joint crime refers to an intentional crime committed by two or more persons jointly.二人以上共同过失犯罪，不以共同犯罪论处；应当负刑事责任的，按照他们所犯的罪分别处罚。
A negligent crime committed by two or more persons jointly shall not be punished as a joint crime;however, those who should bear criminal responsibility shall be individually punished according to the crimes they have committed.第二十六条 组织、领导犯罪集团进行犯罪活动的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的，是主犯。
Article 26 A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime.三人以上为共同实施犯罪而组成的较为固定的犯罪组织，是犯罪集团。
A criminal group refers to a relatively stable criminal organization formed by three or more persons for the purpose of committing crimes jointly.对组织、领导犯罪集团的首要分子，按照集团所犯的全部罪行处罚。
Any ringleader who organizes or leads a criminal group shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that the criminal group has committed.对于第三款规定以外的主犯，应当按照其所参与的或者组织、指挥的全部犯罪处罚。
Any principal criminal not included in Paragraph 3 shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that he participates in or that he organizes or directs.第二十七条 在共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助作用的，是从犯。
Article 27 An accomplice refers to any person who plays a secondary or auxiliary role in a joint crime.对于从犯，应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。
An accomplice shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十八条 对于被胁迫参加犯罪的，应当按照他的犯罪情节减轻处罚或者免除处罚。
Article 28 Anyone who is coerced to participate in a crime shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment in the light of the circumstances of the crime he commits.第二十九条 教唆他人犯罪的，应当按照他在共同犯罪中所起的作用处罚。教唆不满十八周岁的人犯罪的，应当从重处罚。
Article 29 Anyone who instigates another to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in a joint crime.Anyone who instigates a person under the age of 18 to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.如果被教唆的人没有犯被教唆的罪，对于教唆犯，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。
If the instigated person has not committed the instigated crime, the instigator may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第四节 单位犯罪
SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT
第三十条 公司、企业、事业单位、机关、团体实施的危害社会的行为，法律规定为单位犯罪的，应当负刑事责任。
Article 30 Any company, enterprise, institution, State organ, or organization that commits an act that endangers society, which is prescribed by law as a crime committed by a unit, shall bear criminal responsibility.第三十一条 单位犯罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员判处刑罚。本法分则和其他法律另有规定的，依照规定。
Article 31 Where a unit commits a crime, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be given criminal punishment.Where it is otherwise provided for in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in other laws, those provisions shall prevail.第三十二条 刑罚分为主刑和附加刑。
Article 32 Punishments are divided into principal punishments and supplementary punishments.第三十三条 主刑的种类如下：
Article 33 The principal punishments are as follows:
（一）管制；
(1)public surveillance;
（二）拘役；
(2)criminal detention;
（三）有期徒刑；
(3)fixed-term imprisonment;
（四）无期徒刑；
(4)life imprisonment;and
（五）死刑。
(5)the death penalty.第三十四条 附加刑的种类如下：
Article 34 The supplementary punishments are as follows:
（一）罚金；
(1)fine;
（二）剥夺政治权利；
(2)deprivation of political rights;and
（三）没收财产。
(3)confiscation of property.附加刑也可以独立适用。
Supplementary punishments may be imposed independently.第三十五条 对于犯罪的外国人，可以独立适用或者附加适用驱逐出境。
Article 35 Deportation may be imposed independently or supplementarily to a foreigner who commits a crime.第三十六条 由于犯罪行为而使被害人遭受经济损失的，对犯罪分子除依法给予刑事处罚外，并应根据情况判处赔偿经济损失。
Article 36 If a victim has suffered economic losses as a result of a crime, the criminal shall, in addition to receiving a criminal punishment according to law, be sentenced to making compensation for the economic losses in the light of the circumstances.承担民事赔偿责任的犯罪分子，同时被判处罚金，其财产不足以全部支付的，或者被判处没收财产的，应当先承担对被害人的民事赔偿责任。
If criminal who is liable for civil compensation is sentenced to a fine at the same time but his property is not sufficient to pay both the compensation and the fine, or if he is sentenced to confiscation of property at the same time, he shall, first of all, bear his liability for civil compensation to the victim.第三十七条 对于犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的，可以免予刑事处罚，但是可以根据案件的不同情况，予以训诫或者责令具结悔过、赔礼道歉、赔偿损失，或者由主管部门予以行政处罚或者行政处分。
Article 37 If the circumstances of a person's crime are minor and do not require criminal punishment, he may be exempted from it;however, he may, depending on the different circumstances of the case, be reprimanded or ordered to make a statement of repentance, offer an apology or pay compensation for the losses, or be subjected to administrative penalty or administrative sanctions by the competent department.第三十八条 管制的期限，为三个月以上二年以下。
Article 38 The term of public surveillance shall be not less than three months but not more than two years.被判处管制的犯罪分子，由公安机关执行。
Where a criminal is sentenced to public surveillance, the sentence shall be executed by a public security organ.第三十九条 被判处管制的犯罪分子，在执行期间，应当遵守下列规定：
Article 39 Any criminal who is sentenced to public surveillance shall observe the following during the term in which his sentence is being executed:
（一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；
(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;
（二）未经执行机关批准，不得行使言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；
(2)exercise no right of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession or of demonstration without the approval of the organ executing the public surveillance;
（三）按照执行机关规定报告自己的活动情况；
(3)report on his own activities as required by the organ executing the public surveillance;
（四）遵守执行机关关于会客的规定；
(4)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the organ executing the public surveillance;and
（五）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经执行机关批准。
(5)report to obtain approval from the organ executing the public surveillance for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.对于被判处管制的犯罪分子，在劳动中应当同工同酬。
Criminals sentenced to public surveillance shall, while engaged in labour, receive equal pay for equal work.第四十条 被判处管制的犯罪分子，管制期满，执行机关应即向本人和其所在单位或者居住地的群众宣布解除管制。
Article 40 Upon the expiration of a term of public surveillance, the executing organ shall immediately announce the termination of public surveillance to the criminal sentenced to public surveillance and to his work unit or the people of the place where he resides.第四十一条 管制的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期二日。
Article 41 A term of public surveillance shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered two days of the term sentenced.第四十二条 拘役的期限，为一个月以上六个月以下。
Article 42 A term of criminal detention shall be not less than one month but not more than 6 months.第四十三条 被判处拘役的犯罪分子，由公安机关就近执行。
Article 43 Where a criminal is sentenced to criminal detention, the sentence shall be executed by the public security organ in the vicinity.在执行期间，被判处拘役的犯罪分子每月可以回家一天至两天；参加劳动的，可以酌量发给报酬。
During the period of execution, a criminal sentenced to criminal detention may go home for one to two days each month;an appropriate remuneration may be given to those who participate in labor.第四十四条 拘役的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。
Article 44 A term of criminal detention shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四节 有期徒刑、无期徒刑
SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT
第四十五条 有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十条、第六十九条规定外，为六个月以上十五年以下。
Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years, except as stipulated in Articles 50 and 69 of this Law.第四十六条 被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在监狱或者其他执行场所执行；凡有劳动能力的，都应当参加劳动，接受教育和改造。
Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall do so to accept education and reform through labor.第四十七条 有期徒刑的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。
Article 47 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四十八条 死刑只适用于罪行极其严重的犯罪分子。对于应当判处死刑的犯罪分子，如果不是必须立即执行的，可以判处死刑同时宣告缓期二年执行。
Article 48 The death penalty shall only be applied to criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes.If the immediate execution of a criminal punishable by death is not deemed necessary, a two-year suspension of execution may be pronounced simultaneously with the imposition of the death sentence.死刑除依法由最高人民法院判决的以外，都应当报请最高人民法院核准。死刑缓期执行的，可以由高级人民法院判决或者核准。
All death sentences, except for those that according to law should be decided by the Supreme People's Court, shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Court for verification and approval.Death sentences with a suspension of execution may be decided or verified and approved by a Higher People's Court.第四十九条 犯罪的时候不满十八周岁的人和审判的时候怀孕的妇女，不适用死刑。
Article 49 The death penalty shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time the crime is committed or on women who are pregnant at the time of trial.第五十条 判处死刑缓期执行的，在死刑缓期执行期间，如果没有故意犯罪，二年期满以后，减为无期徒刑；如果确有重大立功表现，二年期满以后，减为十五年以上二十年以下有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查证属实的，由最高人民法院核准，执行死刑。
Article 50 Anyone who is sentenced to death with a suspension of execution commits no intentional crime during the period of suspension, his punishment shall be commuted to life imprisonment upon the expiration of the two-year period;if he has truly performed major meritorious service, his punishment shall be commuted to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 15 years but not more than 20 years upon the expiration of the two-year period;if it is verified that he has committed an intentional crime, the death penalty shall be executed upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court.第五十一条 死刑缓期执行的期间，从判决确定之日起计算。死刑缓期执行减为有期徒刑的刑期，从死刑缓期执行期满之日起计算。
Article 51 The term of suspension of execution of a death penalty shall be counted from the date the judgment becomes final.The term of a fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from a death penalty with suspension of execution shall be counted from the date the suspension of execution expires.第五十二条 判处罚金，应当根据犯罪情节决定罚金数额。
Article 52 The amount of any fine imposed shall be determined according to the circumstances of the crime.第五十三条 罚金在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。期满不缴纳的，强制缴纳。对于不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，可以酌情减少或者免除。
Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the judgment.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit, the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full, the People's Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster, the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.第七节 剥夺政治权利
SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS
第五十四条 剥夺政治权利是剥夺下列权利：
Article 54 Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:
（一）选举权和被选举权；
(1)the right to vote and to stand for election;
（二）言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；
(2)the rights of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration;
（三）担任国家机关职务的权利；
(3)the right to hold a position in a State organ;and
（四）担任国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体领导职务的权利。
(4)the right to hold a leading position in any State-owned company, enterprise, institution or people's organization.第五十五条 剥夺政治权利的期限，除本法第五十七条规定外，为一年以上五年以下。
Article 55 A term of deprivation of political rights shall be not less than one year but not more than five years, except as stipulated in Article 57 of this Law.判处管制附加剥夺政治权利的，剥夺政治权利的期限与管制的期限相等，同时执行。
Anyone who is sentenced to public surveillance is deprived of political rights as a supplementary punishment, the term of deprivation of political rights shall be the same as the term of public surveillance, and the punishments shall be executed simultaneously.第五十六条 对于危害国家安全的犯罪分子应当附加剥夺政治权利；对于故意杀人、强奸、放火、爆炸、投毒、抢劫等严重破坏社会秩序的犯罪分子，可以附加剥夺政治权利。
Article 56 Anyone who commits the crime of endangering national security shall be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment;anyone who commits the crime of seriously undermining public order by intentional homicide, rape, arson, explosion, poisoning or robbery may be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment.独立适用剥夺政治权利的，依照本法分则的规定。
Where deprivation of political rights is imposed exclusively, the Specific Provisions of this Law shall apply.第五十七条 对于被判处死刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，应当剥夺政治权利终身。
Article 57 Any criminal who is sentenced to death or to life imprisonment shall be deprived of his political rights for life.在死刑缓期执行减为有期徒刑或者无期徒刑减为有期徒刑的时候，应当把附加剥夺政治权利的期限改为三年以上十年以下。
When a death penalty with a suspension of execution is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, or a life imprisonment is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, the term of the supplementary punishment of deprivation of political rights shall be changed to not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第五十八条 附加剥夺政治权利的刑期，从徒刑、拘役执行完毕之日或者从假释之日起计算；剥夺政治权利的效力当然施用于主刑执行期间。
Article 58 A term of deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment shall be counted from the date on which imprisonment or criminal detention ends or from the date on which parole begins.Deprivation of political rights shall, as a matter of course, be in effect during the period in which the principal punishment is being executed.被剥夺政治权利的犯罪分子，在执行期间，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国务院公安部门有关监督管理的规定，服从监督；不得行使本法第五十四条规定的各项权利。
Any criminal who is deprived of his political rights shall, during the period of execution, observe laws, administrative rules and regulations and other regulations governing supervision and control stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and submit to supervision;he shall not exercise any of the rights listed in Article 54 of this Law.第八节 没收财产
SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY
第五十九条 没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部或者全部。没收全部财产的，应当对犯罪分子个人及其扶养的家属保留必需的生活费用。
Article 59 Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part or all of the property personally owned by a criminal.Where confiscation of all the property of a criminal is imposed, the amount necessary for the daily expenses of the criminal himself and the family members supported by him shall be taken out.在判处没收财产的时候，不得没收属于犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。
When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal's family members own or should own shall not be subject to confiscation.第六十条 没收财产以前犯罪分子所负的正当债务，需要以没收的财产偿还的，经债权人请求，应当偿还。
Article 60 Where it is necessary to use part of the confiscated property to repay the legitimate debts that the criminal incurred before his property is confiscated, the debts shall be repaid at the request of the creditors.第四章 刑罚的具体运用
CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS
第六十一条 对于犯罪分子决定刑罚的时候，应当根据犯罪的事实、犯罪的性质、情节和对于社会的危害程度，依照本法的有关规定判处。
Article 61 When sentencing a criminal, a punishment shall be meted out on the basis of the facts, nature and circumstances of the crime, the degree of harm done to society and the relevant provisions of this Law.第六十二条 犯罪分子具有本法规定的从重处罚、从轻处罚情节的，应当在法定刑的限度以内判处刑罚。
Article 62 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a heavier or lighter punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment within the limits of the prescribed punishment.第六十三条 犯罪分子具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节的，应当在法定刑以下判处刑罚。
Article 63 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.犯罪分子虽然不具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节，但是根据案件的特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，也可以在法定刑以下判处刑罚。
In cases where the circumstances of a crime do not warrant a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, however, in the light of the special circumstances of the case, and upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the criminal may still be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.第六十四条 犯罪分子违法所得的一切财物，应当予以追缴或者责令退赔；对被害人的合法财产，应当及时返还；违禁品和供犯罪所用的本人财物，应当予以没收。没收的财物和罚金，一律上缴国库，不得挪用和自行处理。
Article 64 All money and property illegally obtained by a criminal shall be recovered, or compensation shall be or dered;the lawful property of the victim shall be returned without delay;and contrabands and possessions of the criminal that are used in the commission of the crime shall be confiscated.All the confiscated money and property and fines shall be turned over to the State treasury, and no one may misappropriate or privately dispose of them.第六十五条 被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子，刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的，是累犯，应当从重处罚，但是过失犯罪除外。
Article 65 If a criminal commits another crime punishable by fixed-term imprisonment or heavier penalty within five years after serving his sentence of not less than fixed-term imprisonment or receiving a pardon, he is a recidivist and shall be given a heavier punishment.However, this shall not apply to cases of negligent crime.前款规定的期限，对于被假释的犯罪分子，从假释期满之日起计算。
For criminals who are paroled, the period stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the date the parole expires.第六十六条 危害国家安全的犯罪分子在刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在任何时候再犯危害国家安全罪的，都以累犯论处。
Article 66 If a criminal of endangering national security commits the same crime again at any time after serving his sentence or receiving a pardon shall be dealt with as a recidivist.第三节 自首和立功
SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE
第六十七条 犯罪以后自动投案，如实供述自己的罪行的，是自首。对于自首的犯罪分子，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。其中，犯罪较轻的，可以免除处罚。
Article 67 Voluntary surrender refers to the act of voluntarily delivering oneself up to justice and truthfully confessing one's crime after one has committed the crime.Any criminal who voluntarily surrenders may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.The ones whose crimes are relatively minor may be exempted from punishment.被采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和正在服刑的罪犯，如实供述司法机关还未掌握的本人其他罪行的，以自首论。
If a criminal suspect or a defendent under compulsory measures or a criminal serving a sentence truthfully confesses his other crimes that the judicial organ does not know, his act shall be regarded as voluntary surrender.第六十八条 犯罪分子有揭发他人犯罪行为，查证属实的，或者提供重要线索，从而得以侦破其他案件等立功表现的，可以从轻或者减轻处罚；有重大立功表现的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。
Article 68 Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的，应当减轻或者免除处罚。
Any criminal who not only voluntarily surrenders after committing the crime but also performs major meritorious services shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第四节 数罪并罚
SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES
第六十九条 判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的，除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外，应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上，酌情决定执行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超过三年，拘役最高不能超过一年，有期徒刑最高不能超过二十年。
Article 69 For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be not more than the total of the terms for all the crimes but not less than the longest of the terms for the crimes, depending on the circumstances of the crimes.However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed the maximum of three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed the maximum of one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed the maximum of 20 years.如果数罪中有判处附加刑的，附加刑仍须执行。
If among the crimes there is any for which a supplementary punishment is imposed, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十条 判决宣告以后，刑罚执行完毕以前，发现被判刑的犯罪分子在判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当对新发现的罪作出判决，把前后两个判决所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。已经执行的刑期，应当计算在新判决决定的刑期以内。
Article 70 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced the criminal committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, a judgment shall also be rendered for the newly discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishments imposed in the earlier and latest judgments and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.Any portion of the term that has already been served shall count towards fulfilment of the term imposed by the latest judgment.第七十一条 判决宣告以后，刑罚执行完毕以前，被判刑的犯罪分子又犯罪的，应当对新犯的罪作出判决，把前罪没有执行的刑罚和后罪所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。
Article 71 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, the criminal again commits a crime, another judgment shall be rendered for the newly committed crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishment that remains to be executed for the earlier crime and the punishment imposed for the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.第七十二条 对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子，根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现，适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的，可以宣告缓刑。
Article 72 A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society.被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，如果被判处附加刑，附加刑仍须执行。
If a supplementary punishment is imposed on a criminal whose sentence is suspended, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十三条 拘役的缓刑考验期限为原判刑期以上一年以下，但是不能少于二个月。
Article 73 The probation period for suspension of criminal detention shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than one year, however, it may not be less than two months.有期徒刑的缓刑考验期限为原判刑期以上五年以下，但是不能少于一年。
The probation period for suspension of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than five years, however, it may not be less than one year.缓刑考验期限，从判决确定之日起计算。
The probation period for suspension of sentence shall be counted from the date the judgment is made final.第七十四条 对于累犯，不适用缓刑。
Article 74 Suspension of sentence shall not be applied to recidivists.第七十五条 被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，应当遵守下列规定：
Article 75 A criminal whose sentence is suspended shall observe the followings:
（一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；
(1)to observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;
（二）按照考察机关的规定报告自己的活动情况；
(2)to report on his own activities as required by the observing organ;
（三）遵守考察机关关于会客的规定；
(3)to observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the observing organ;and
（四）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经考察机关批准。
(4)to report to obtain approval from the observing organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第七十六条 被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内，由公安机关考察，所在单位或者基层组织予以配合，如果没有本法第七十七条规定的情形，缓刑考验期满，原判的刑罚就不再执行，并公开予以宣告。
Article 76 Any criminal whose sentence is suspended shall, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, be subjected to observation by a public security organ with the cooperation of the work unit to which he belongs or of a grass-roots organization, and in the absence of the circumstances prescribed in Article 77 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall cease to be executed upon the expiration of the probation period for suspension of sentence, which shall be made known publicly.第七十七条 被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内犯新罪或者发现判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当撤销缓刑，对新犯的罪或者新发现的罪作出判决，把前罪和后罪所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。
Article 77 If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended commits a crime again or it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced, he has committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, the suspension shall be revoked and another judgment rendered for the newly committed or discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be decided on the basis of the punishments for the old crime and the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内，违反法律、行政法规或者国务院公安部门有关缓刑的监督管理规定，情节严重的，应当撤销缓刑，执行原判刑罚。
If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or regulations relating to supervision and control over suspension of sentence stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and if the circumstances are serious, the suspension shall be revoked and the original punishment shall be executed.第六节 减刑
SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT
第七十八条 被判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在执行期间，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现的，或者有立功表现的，可以减刑；有下列重大立功表现之一的，应当减刑：
Article 78 The punishment of a criminal sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment may be commuted if, while serving his sentence, he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor and shows true repentance or performs meritorious services;the punishment shall be commuted if a criminal performs any of the following major meritorious services:
（一）阻止他人重大犯罪活动的；
(1)preventing another person from conducting major criminal activities;
（二）检举监狱内外重大犯罪活动，经查证属实的；
(2)informing against major criminal activities conducted inside or outside prison and verified through investigation;
（三）有发明创造或者重大技术革新的；
(3)having inventions or important technical innovations to his credit;
（四）在日常生产、生活中舍己救人的；
(4)coming to the rescue of another in everyday life and production at the risk of losing his own life;
（五）在抗御自然灾害或者排除重大事故中，有突出表现的；
(5)performing remarkable services in fighting against natural disasters or curbing major accidents;or
（六）对国家和社会有其他重大贡献的。
(6)making other major contributions to the country and society.减刑以后实际执行的刑期，判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；判处无期徒刑的，不能少于十年。
After commutation, the term of punishment actually to be served by those sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention or fixed-term imprisonment may not be less than half of the term originally decided;for those sentenced to life imprisonment, it may not be less than 10 years.第七十九条 对于犯罪分子的减刑，由执行机关向中级以上人民法院提出减刑建议书。人民法院应当组成合议庭进行审理，对确有悔改或者立功事实的，裁定予以减刑。非经法定程序不得减刑。
Article 79 If punishment to a criminal is to be commuted, the executing organ shall submit to a People's Court at or above the intermediate level a written proposal for commutation of punishment.The People's Court shall form a collegiate panel for examination and, if the criminal is found to have shown true repentance or performed meritorious services, issue an order of commutation.However, no punishment shall be commuted without going through legal procedure.第八十条 无期徒刑减为有期徒刑的刑期，从裁定减刑之日起计算。
Article 80 A term of fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from life imprisonment shall be counted from the date the order of commutation is issued.第八十一条 被判处有期徒刑的犯罪分子，执行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判处无期徒刑的犯罪分子，实际执行十年以上，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现，假释后不致再危害社会的，可以假释。如果有特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，可以不受上述执行刑期的限制。
Article 81 A criminal sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment who has served more than half of the term of the original sentence or a criminal sentenced to life imprisonment who has served not less than 10 years of the term may be granted parole if he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor, shows true repentance and will no longer cause harm to society.If special circumstances exist, upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the above restrictions relating to the term served may be disregarded.对累犯以及因杀人、爆炸、抢劫、强奸、绑架等暴力性犯罪被判处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假释。
No parole shall be granted to recidivists or criminals who are sentenced to more than 10 years of imprisonment or life imprisonment for crimes of violence such as homicide, explosion, robbery, rape and kidnap.第八十二条 对于犯罪分子的假释，依照本法第七十九条规定的程序进行。非经法定程序不得假释。
Article 82 Parole shall be granted to a criminal through the procedure prescribed in Article 79 of this Law.No parole shall be granted without going through legal procedure.第八十三条 有期徒刑的假释考验期限，为没有执行完毕的刑期；无期徒刑的假释考验期限为十年。
Article 83 The probation period for parole in the case of fixed-term imprisonment shall be equal to the portion of the term that has not been completed;the probation period for parole in the case of life imprisonment shall be 10 years.假释考验期限，从假释之日起计算。
The probation period for parole shall be counted from the date the criminal is released on parole.第八十四条 被宣告假释的犯罪分子，应当遵守下列规定：
Article 84 Any criminal who is granted parole shall observe the following:
（一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；
(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;
（二）按照监督机关的规定报告自己的活动情况；
(2)report on his own activities as required by the supervising organ;
（三）遵守监督机关关于会客的规定；
(3)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the supervising organ;and
（四）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经监督机关批准。
(4)report to obtain approval from the supervising organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第八十五条 被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内，由公安机关予以监督，如果没有本法第八十六条规定的情形，假释考验期满，就认为原判刑罚已经执行完毕，并公开予以宣告。
Article 85 Any criminal who is granted parole shall be subject to supervision by a public security organ during the probation period for parole.If he is not found in any of the circumstances prescribed in Article 86 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall be considered executed upon the expiration of the probation period for parole, which shall be made known publicly.第八十六条 被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内犯新罪，应当撤销假释，依照本法第七十一条的规定实行数罪并罚。
Article 86 If a criminal who is granted parole commits another crime during the probation period for parole, the parole shall be revoked, and he shall be given a combined punishment for several crimes as provided in Article 71 of this Law.在假释考验期限内，发现被假释的犯罪分子在判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当撤销假释，依照本法第七十条的规定实行数罪并罚。
If a criminal who is granted parole is discovered to have committed, before the judgment is pronounced, other crimes for which no punishment is imposed, the parole shall be revoked and a combined punishment for several crimes shall be given according to the provisions of Article 70 of this Law.被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内，有违反法律、行政法规或者国务院公安部门有关假释的监督管理规定的行为，尚未构成新的犯罪的，应当依照法定程序撤销假释，收监执行未执行完毕的刑罚。
If a criminal who is granted parole, during the probation period for parole, violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or other regulations relating to supervision and control over parole stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council but the violation does not constitute a new crime, the parole shall be revoked in accordance with legal procedure and he shall be put back into prison to serve the remaining part of criminal punishment.第八十七条 犯罪经过下列期限不再追诉：
Article 87 Crimes shall not be prosecuted if the following periods have elapsed:
（一）法定最高刑为不满五年有期徒刑的，经过五年；
(1)five years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of less than five years;
（二）法定最高刑为五年以上不满十年有期徒刑的，经过十年；
(2)10 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but less than 10 years;
（三）法定最高刑为十年以上有期徒刑的，经过十五年；
(3)15 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;and
（四）法定最高刑为无期徒刑、死刑的，经过二十年。如果二十年以后认为必须追诉的，须报请最高人民检察院核准。
(4)20 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is life imprisonment or death penalty.If after 20 years it is considered necessary to prosecute a crime, the matter shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Procuratorate for examination and approval.第八十八条 在人民检察院、公安机关、国家安全机关立案侦查或者在人民法院受理案件以后，逃避侦查或者审判的，不受追诉期限的限制。
Article 88 No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a criminal who escapes from investigation or trial after a People's Procuratorate, public security organ or national security organ files the case or a People's Court accepts the case.被害人在追诉期限内提出控告，人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关应当立案而不予立案的，不受追诉期限的限制。
No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a case which should have been but is not filed by a People's Court, People's Procuratorate or public security organ after the victim brings a charge within the period for prosecution.第八十九条 追诉期限从犯罪之日起计算；犯罪行为有连续或者继续状态的，从犯罪行为终了之日起计算。
Article 89 The limitation period for prosecution shall be counted from the date the crime is committed;if the criminal act is of a continual or continuous nature, it shall be counted from the date the criminal act is terminated.在追诉期限以内又犯罪的，前罪追诉的期限从犯后罪之日起计算。
If further crime is committed during a limitation period for prosecution, the limitation period for prosecution of the old crime shall be counted from the date the new crime is committed.第九十条 民族自治地方不能全部适用本法规定的，可以由自治区或者省的人民代表大会根据当地民族的政治、经济、文化的特点和本法规定的基本原则，制定变通或者补充的规定，报请全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准施行。
Article 90 Where the provisions of this Law cannot be completely applied in national autonomous areas, the people's congresses of the autonomous regions or the provinces concerned may formulate adaptive or supplementary provisions on the basis of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles stipulated in this Law, and these provisions shall go into effect after they have been submitted to and approved by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.第九十一条 本法所称公共财产，是指下列财产：
Article 91 “Public property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;
（一）国有财产；
(1)property owned by the State;
（二）劳动群众集体所有的财产；
(2)property owned collectively by working people;and
（三）用于扶贫和其他公益事业的社会捐助或者专项基金的财产。
(3)public donations or special funds used for elimination of poverty or for other public welfare undertakings.在国家机关、国有公司、企业、集体企业和人民团体管理、使用或者运输中的私人财产，以公共财产论。
Private property that is being managed, used or transported by State organs, State-owned companies and enterprises, or enterprises owned by collectives, or people's organizations shall be treated as public property.第九十二条 本法所称公民私人所有的财产，是指下列财产：
Article 92 “Citizens' privately owned property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;
（一）公民的合法收入、储蓄、房屋和其他生活资料；
(1)citizens' lawful earnings, savings, houses and other means of subsistence;
（二）依法归个人、家庭所有的生产资料；
(2)any means of production that is under private or family ownership according to law;
（三）个体户和私营企业的合法财产；
(3)property lawfully owned by self-employed workers or private enterprises;and
（四）依法归个人所有的股份、股票、债券和其他财产。
(4)shares, stocks, bonds and other property that are under private ownership according to law.第九十三条 本法所称国家工作人员，是指国家机关中从事公务的人员。
Article 93 “State functionaries” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who perform public service in State organs.国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体中从事公务的人员和国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位委派到非国有公司、企业、事业单位、社会团体从事公务的人员，以及其他依照法律从事公务的人员，以国家工作人员论。
Persons who perform public service in State-owned companies or, enterprises, institutions or people's organizations, persons who are assigned by State organs, State-owned companies, enterprises or institutions to companies, enterprises or institutions that are not owned by the State or people's organizations to perform public service and the other persons who perform public service according to law shall all be regarded as State functionaries.第九十四条 本法所称司法工作人员，是指有侦查、检察、审判、监管职责的工作人员。
Article 94 “Judicial officers” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who exercise the functions of investigation, prosecution, adjudication and supervision and control.第九十五条 本法所称重伤，是指有下列情形之一的伤害：
Article 95 “Serious injuries” as mentioned in this Law refers to any of the following:
（一）使人肢体残废或者毁人容貌的；
(1)injuries resulting in a person's disability or disfigurement;
（二）使人丧失听觉、视觉或者其他器官机能的；
(2)injuries resulting in a person's loss of his hearing, sight or the function of any other organ;or
（三）其他对于人身健康有重大伤害的。
(3)other injuries that cause grave harm to a person's physical health.第九十六条 本法所称违反国家规定，是指违反全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定的法律和决定，国务院制定的行政法规、规定的行政措施、发布的决定和命令。
Article 96 “Violation of State regulations” as mentioned in this Law refers to violation of the laws enacted or decisions made by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee and the administrative rules and regulations formulated, the administrative measures adopted and the decisions or orders promulgated by the State Council.第九十七条 本法所称首要分子，是指在犯罪集团或者聚众犯罪中起组织、策划、指挥作用的犯罪分子。
Article 97 “Ringleader” as mentioned in this Law refers to any criminal who plays the role of organizing, plotting or directing in a crime committed by a criminal group or a crowd.第九十八条 本法所称告诉才处理，是指被害人告诉才处理。如果被害人因受强制、威吓无法告诉的，人民检察院和被害人的近亲属也可以告诉。
Article 98 “To be handled only upon complaint” as mentioned in this Law means that a case shall only be handled if the victim brings a complaint.However, if the victim is unable to bring a complaint because of coercion or intimidation, a People's Procuratorate or a close relative of the victim may bring a complaint.第九十九条 本法所称以上、以下、以内，包括本数。
Article 99 “Not less than”, “not more than” and “within” as used in this Law all include the given figure.第一百条 依法受过刑事处罚的人，在入伍、就业的时候，应当如实向有关单位报告自己曾受过刑事处罚，不得隐瞒。
Article 100 Anyone who has been subjected to criminal punishment shall, before being recruited in the army or employed, report to the unit concerned about the fact;he may not conceal it.第一百零一条 本法总则适用于其他有刑罚规定的法律，但是其他法律有特别规定的除外。
Article 101 The General Provisions of this Law shall be applicable to other laws with provisions for criminal punishments, unless otherwise specifically provided for in those laws.第一章 危害国家安全罪
CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY
第一百零二条 勾结外国，危害中华人民共和国的主权、领土完整和安全的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。
Article 102 Whoever colludes with a foreign State to endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the People's Republic of China shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years.与境外机构、组织、个人相勾结，犯前款罪的，依照前款的规定处罚。
Whoever commits the crime prescribed in the preceding paragraph in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be punished according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零三条 组织、策划、实施分裂国家、破坏国家统一的，对首要分子或者罪行重大的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；对积极参加的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；对其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。
Article 103 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of splitting the State or undermining unity of the country, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，处五年以上有期徒刑。
Whoever incites others to split the State or undermine unity of the country shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;the ringleaders and the ones who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零四条 组织、策划、实施武装叛乱或者武装**的，对首要分子或者罪行重大的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；对积极参加的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；对其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。
Article 104 Among those who organize, plot or carry out armed rebellion or armed riot, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.策动、胁迫、勾引、收买国家机关工作人员、武装部队人员、人民警察、民兵进行武装叛乱或者武装**的，依照前款的规定从重处罚。
Whoever instigates, coerces, lures or bribes State functionaries or members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to commit armed rebellion or armed riot shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零五条 组织、策划、实施颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度的，对首要分子或者罪行重大的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；对积极参加的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；对其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。
Article 105 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of subverting the State power or overthrowing the socialist system, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.以造谣、诽谤或者其他方式煽动颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，处五年以上有期徒刑。
Whoever incites others by spreading rumors or slanders or any other means to subvert the State power or overthrow the socialist system shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;and the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零六条 与境外机构、组织、个人相勾结，实施本章第一百零三条、第一百零四条、第一百零五条规定之罪的，依照各该条的规定从重处罚。
Article 106 Whoever commits the crime as prescribed in Article 103, 104 or 105 of this Chapter in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions stipulated in these Articles respectively.第一百零七条 境内外机构、组织或者个人资助境内组织或者个人实施本章第一百零二条、第一百零三条、第一百零四条、第一百零五条规定之罪的，对直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；情节严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑。
Article 107 Where an organ, organization or individual inside or outside of the territory of China provides funds to any organization or individual within the territory of China to commit the crime as prescribed in Article 102, 103, 104 or 105, the person who is directly responsible for the crime shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零八条 投敌叛变的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节严重或者带领武装部队人员、人民警察、民兵投敌叛变的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑。
Article 108 Whoever defects to the enemy and turns traitor shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious or if he leads members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百零九条 国家机关工作人员在履行公务期间，擅离岗位，叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃，危害中华人民共和国国家安全的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；情节严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Article 109 Any State functionary who, while discharging his official duties at home or abroad, leaves his post without permission and defects to another country, which endangers the security of the People's Republic of China, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years.掌握国家秘密的国家工作人员犯前款罪的，依照前款的规定从重处罚。
Any State functionary who has State secrets commits the crime as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百一十条 有下列间谍行为之一，危害国家安全的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑：
Article 110 Whoever endangers national security by committing any of the following acts of espionage shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years:
（一）参加间谍组织或者接受间谍组织及其代理人的任务的；
(1)joining an espionage organization or accepting a mission assigned by the organization or its agent;or
（二）为敌人指示轰击目标的。
(2)directing the enemy to any bombing or shelling target.第一百一十一条 为境外的机构、组织、人员窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密或者情报的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节特别严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；情节较轻的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。
Article 111 Whoever steals, spies into, buys or unlaw-fully supplies State secrets or intelligence for an organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.第一百一十二条 战时供给敌人武器装备、军用物资资敌的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Article 112 Whoever aids the enemy during wartime by providing him with weapons and equipment or military materials shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十三条 本章上述危害国家安全罪行中，除第一百零三条第二款、第一百零五条、第一百零七条、第一百零九条外，对国家和人民危害特别严重、情节特别恶劣的，可以判处死刑。
Article 113 Whoever commits any of the crimes of endangering national security as mentioned above in this Chapter, with the exception of those provided for in Paragraph 2 of Article 103 and in Articles 105, 107 and 109, if the crime causes particularly grave harm to the State and the people or if the circumstances are especially serious, may be sentenced to death.犯本章之罪的，可以并处没收财产。
Whoever commits any of the crimes mentioned in this Chapter may concurrently be sentenced to confiscation of property.第二章 危害公共安全罪
CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY
第一百一十四条 放火、决水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危险方法破坏工厂、矿场、油田、港口、河流、水源、仓库、住宅、森林、农场、谷场、牧场、重要管道、公共建筑物或者其他公私财产，危害公共安全，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Article 114 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or uses other dangerous means to sabotage any factory, mine, oilfield, harbour, river, water source, warehouse, house, forest, farm, threshing ground, pasture, key pipeline, public building or any other public or private property, thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十五条 放火、决水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危险方法致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。
Article 115 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or inflicts serious injury or death on people or causes heavy losses of public or private property by other dangerous means, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百一十六条 破坏火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器，足以使火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器发生倾覆、毁坏危险，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Article 116 Whoever sabotages a train, motor vehicle, tram, ship or aircraft to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十七条 破坏轨道、桥梁、隧道、公路、机场、航道、灯塔、标志或者进行其他破坏活动，足以使火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器发生倾覆、毁坏危险，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Article 117 Whoever sabotages a railroad, bridge, tunnel, highway, airport, waterway, lighthouse or sign or conducts any other sabotaging activities to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十八条 破坏电力、燃气或者其他易燃易爆设备，危害公共安全，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
Article 118 Whoever sabotages any electric power or gas facility or any other inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby endangering public security, but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十九条 破坏交通工具、交通设施、电力设备、燃气设备、易燃易爆设备，造成严重后果的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。
Article 119 Whoever sabotages any means of transport, transportation facility, electric power facility, gas facility, or inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十条 组织、领导和积极参加恐怖活动组织的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。
Article 120 Whoever forms, leads or actively participates in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.犯前款罪并实施杀人、爆炸、绑架等犯罪的，依照数罪并罚的规定处罚。
Whoever, in addition to the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, commits other crimes of homicide, explosion or kidnap shall be punished in accordance with the provisions on combined punishment for several crimes.第一百二十一条 以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持航空器的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；致人重伤、死亡或者使航空器遭受严重破坏的，处死刑。
Article 121 Whoever hijacks any aircraft by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;any hijacker who causes serious injury to or death of any other person or serious damage to the aircraft shall be sentenced to death.第一百二十二条 以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持船只、汽车的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；造成严重后果的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑。
Article 122 Whoever hijacks a ship or motor vehicle by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百二十三条 对飞行中的航空器上的人员使用暴力，危及飞行安全，尚未造成严重后果的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成严重后果的，处五年以上有期徒刑。
Article 123 Whoever uses violence against any person on board an aircraft and thereby endangers air safety, if there are no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百二十四条 破坏广播电视设施、公用电信设施，危害公共安全的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；造成严重后果的，处七年以上有期徒刑。
Article 124 Whoever sabotages any broadcasting, television or public telecommunications facility, thereby endangering public security, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十五条 非法制造、买卖、运输、邮寄、储存枪支、弹药、爆炸物的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。
Article 125 Whoever illegally manufactures, trades in, transports, mails or stores any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.非法买卖、运输核材料的，依照前款的规定处罚。
Whoever illegally trades in or transports nuclear materials shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.单位犯前两款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照第一款的规定处罚。
Where a unit commits any of the crimes mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十六条 依法被指定、确定的枪支制造企业、销售企业，违反枪支管理规定，有下列行为之一的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节特别严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑：
Article 126 If, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, any enterprise that is designated or determined pursuant to law for manufacturing or selling guns commits any of the following acts, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the act shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years;if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment:
（一）以非法销售为目的，超过限额或者不按照规定的品种制造、配售枪支的；
(1)to manufacture or sell guns in excess of the quotas or at variance with the variety prescribed, for purposes of illegal sale;
（二）以非法销售为目的，制造无号、重号、假号的枪支的；
(2)to manufacture guns without numbers or with duplicate or false numbers, for purposes of illegal sale;or
（三）非法销售枪支或者在境内销售为出口制造的枪支的。
(3)to sell guns illegally, or sell guns in China that are manufactured for export.第一百二十七条 盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。
Article 127 Whoever steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.抢劫枪支、弹药、爆炸物或者盗窃、抢夺国家机关、军警人员、民兵的枪支、弹药、爆炸物的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。
Whoever robs any guns, ammunition or explosives or steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives from State organs, members of the armed forces, the police or the people's militia shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.第一百二十八条 违反枪支管理规定，非法持有、私藏枪支、弹药的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制；情节严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 128 Whoever, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, illegally possesses or conceals any guns or ammunition shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.依法配备公务用枪的人员，非法出租、出借枪支的，依照前款的规定处罚。
Whoever is lawfully equipped with a gun for the discharge of official duties illegally leases or loans his gun shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.依法配置枪支的人员，非法出租、出借枪支，造成严重后果的，依照第一款的规定处罚。
If persons who are lawfully provided with guns illegally lease or loan such guns, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.单位犯第二款、第三款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照第一款的规定处罚。
Where a unit commits the crime mentioned in the second or third paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十九条 依法配备公务用枪的人员，丢失枪支不及时报告，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。
Article 129 If persons who are lawfully equipped with guns for the discharge of official duties lose their guns and fail to report about the matter immediately, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百三十条 非法携带枪支、弹药、管制刀具或者爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蚀性物品，进入公共场所或者公共交通工具，危及公共安全，情节严重的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。
Article 130 Whoever illegally enters a public place or gets on a public transportation vehicle with any gun, ammunition, controlled cutting tool or explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby endangers public security, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.第一百三十一条 航空人员违反规章制度，致使发生重大飞行事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成飞机坠毁或者人员死亡的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 131 Any member of the crew on board an air craft who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a grave air accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if an air crash or death of another is caused, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十二条 铁路职工违反规章制度，致使发生铁路运营安全事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成特别严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 132 Any railway worker who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a railway operational accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if there are especially serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十三条 违反交通运输管理法规，因而发生重大事故，致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；交通运输肇事后逃逸或者有其他特别恶劣情节的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；因逃逸致人死亡的，处七年以上有期徒刑。
Article 133 Whoever violates regulations governing traffic and transportation and thereby causes a serious accident, resulting in serious injuries or deaths or heavy losses of public or private property, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.Whoever runs away from the spot after he has caused a traffic accident or is involved in other especially flagrant circumstances shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if his escape results in the death of another person, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.第一百三十四条 工厂、矿山、林场、建筑企业或者其他企业、事业单位的职工，由于不服管理、违反规章制度，或者强令工人违章冒险作业，因而发生重大伤亡事故或者造成其他严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节特别恶劣的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 134 If any employee of a factory, mine, tree farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution disobeys management or violates rules and regulations or, if anyone forces employees to work under hazardous conditions in violation of rules, thereby causing an accident involving heavy casualties or causing other serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十五条 工厂、矿山、林场、建筑企业或者其他企业、事业单位的劳动安全设施不符合国家规定，经有关部门或者单位职工提出后，对事故隐患仍不采取措施，因而发生重大伤亡事故或者造成其他严重后果的，对直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节特别恶劣的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 135 Where the facilities for operational safety of a factory, mine, three farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution do not meet State requirements and no measures are taken to remove the hidden danger of accident after the warning given by the departments concerned or employees of the unit, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs or other serious consequences ensue, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十六条 违反爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蚀性物品的管理规定，在生产、储存、运输、使用中发生重大事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 136 Whoever violates the regulations on the control of explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby causes a serious accident during the production, storage, transportation or use of those materials, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十七条 建设单位、设计单位、施工单位、工程监理单位违反国家规定，降低工程质量标准，造成重大安全事故的，对直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处罚金；后果特别严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。
Article 137 Where any building, designing, construction or engineering supervision unit, in violation of State regulations, lowers the quality standard of a project and thereby causes a serious accident, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.第一百三十八条 明知校舍或者教育教学设施有危险，而不采取措施或者不及时报告，致使发生重大伤亡事故的，对直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 138 If a person who is directly responsible knowingly fails to adopt measures against dangers in school buildings or in educational or teaching facilities or to make a timely report about the matter, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十九条 违反消防管理法规，经消防监督机构通知采取改正措施而拒绝执行，造成严重后果的，对直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
Article 139 If a person who is directly responsible violates the regulations on fire prevention and control and refuses to take measures to set it right after being told by the organ for supervision over fire prevention and control to do so, if serious consequences ensue, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第三章 破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪
CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET
第一节 生产、销售伪劣商品罪
SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD
第一百四十条 生产者、销售者在产品中掺杂、掺假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格产品冒充合格产品，销售金额五万元以上不满二十万元的，处二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；销售金额二十万元以上不满五十万元的，处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；销售金额五十万元以上不满二百万元的，处七年以上有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；销售金额二百万元以上的，处十五年有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
Article 140 Any producer or seller who mixes impurities into or adulterates the products, or passes a fake product off as a genuine one, a defective product as a high-quality one, or a substandard product as a standard one, if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 50,000 yuan but less than 200,000 yuan, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 200,000 yuan but less than 500,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 500,000 yuan but less than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of 15 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十一条 生产、销售假药，足以严重危害人体健康的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；对人体健康造成严重危害的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；致人死亡或者对人体健康造成特别严重危害的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
Article 141 Whoever produces or sells fake medicines that are harmful enough to seriously endanger human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if human health is seriously harmed, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本条所称假药，是指依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的规定属于假药和按假药处理的药品、非药品。
Fake medicines as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines or any non-medical substances that fall under the category of or are regarded as fake medicines under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十二条 生产、销售劣药，对人体健康造成严重危害的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
Article 142 Whoever produces or sells medicines of inferior quality and thereby causes serious harm to human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本条所称劣药，是指依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的规定属于劣药的药品。
Medicines of inferior quality as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines that fall under the category of medicines of inferior quality under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十三条 生产、销售不符合卫生标准的食品，足以造成严重食物中毒事故或者其他严重食源性疾患的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；对人体健康造成严重危害的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
Article 143 Whoever produces or sells food that is not up to hygiene standards, thus causing an accident of serious food poisoning or resulting in any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十四条 在生产、销售的食品中掺入有毒、有害的非食品原料的，或者销售明知掺有有毒、有害的非食品原料的食品的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；造成严重食物中毒事故或者其他严重食源性疾患，对人体健康造成严重危害的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；致人死亡或者对人体健康造成特别严重危害的，依照本法第一百四十一条的规定处罚。
Article 144 Whoever mixes the foods that he produces or sells with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials or knowingly sells such foods shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if an accident of serious food poisoning or any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria has resulted, thus seriously harming human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be punished according to the provisions in Article 141 of this Law.第一百四十五条 生产不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料，或者销售明知是不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料，对人体健康造成严重危害的，处五年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金，其中情节特别恶劣的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
Article 145 Whoever produces medical apparatus and instruments or medical hygiene materials that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding human health or sells such things while clearly knowing the fact, thereby causing serious harm to human health, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十六条 生产不符合保障人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准的电器、压力容器、易燃易爆产品或者其他不符合保障人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准的产品，或者销售明知是以上不符合保障人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准的产品，造成严重后果的，处五年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金。
Article 146 Whoever produces electrical appliances, pressure containers, inflammable or explosive products or any other products that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding personal or property safety or knowingly sells such products, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales.第一百四十七条 生产假农药、假兽药、假化肥，销售明知是假的或者失去使用效能的农药、兽药、化肥、种子，或者生产者、销售者以不合格的农药、兽药、化肥、种子冒充合格的农药、兽药、化肥、种子，使生产遭受较大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；使生产遭受重大损失的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；使生产遭受特别重大损失的，处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
Article 147 Whoever produces fake pesticides, fake animal pharmaceuticals or fake chemical
第五篇：法律正在整理的资料
一、在线讨论题目和平时作业 名词解释
1、犯罪的故意：是指行为人明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果，并且希望或者放任这种结果发生的心理态度
3、犯罪中止：在犯罪过程中，行为人自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效的防止犯罪结果的发生，而未完成犯罪的一种犯罪停止形态
4、抗诉：是指人民检察院认为或发现判决和裁定有错误，提请人民法院重新判并予以纠正的审判监督行为，抗诉属于法律监督的性质。
二、单项选择题 1．重大误解的民事行为是属于（）。A、有效的民事行为B、无效的民事行为 C、可变更可撤销的民事行为D、效力待定的民事行为 2．以合法形式掩盖非法目的的民事行为属于（）。A、有效的民事行为B、无效的民事行为 C、可变更可撤销的民事行为D、效力待定的民事行为
三、多项选择题 1．宪法规定，以下既是权利又是义务的是（）。A、言论B、劳动 C、受教育D、纳税2．民事法律行为的形式包括（）。A、口头形式B、书面形式 C、推定形式D、沉默形式 3．行政处罚的方式包括（）。A、警告B、责令停产停业C、行政拘留D、没收违法所得4．以下不属于我国刑法规定的刑罚种类的是（）。A、罚款B、剥夺政治权利C、取保候审D、拘留
四、简答题 1． 法的特征1）法是调整社会关系的行为规范；2）法是由国家制定或认可，具有国家意志性；3）法是以权利义务为内容的行为规范；4）法是由国家强制力保证实施；5）法是在国家权利管辖范围内普遍适用。2.法的局限性 答：①法不是调整社会关系的唯一的方法。②法的僵化性。③法不可避免地存在漏洞。④法的保守性。⑤法可能带来的压制。3.民法的基本原则 答：（1）平等原则（2）自愿原则（3）诚实信用原则（4）民事权利受保护原则（5）权利不得滥用原则4.国家机构组织和活动原则1）民主集中制原则；2）社会主义法制原则；3）责任制原则；4）精简和效率原则；5）密切联系群众，为人民服务的原则。
5.正当防卫构成要件
1）正当防卫的起因---不法侵害；2）正当防卫的对象---不法侵害人；3）正当防卫的时间---不法侵害正在进行；4）正当防卫的主观条件---防卫意图；5）正当防卫的限度---不能明显超过必要限度造成重大损害。
6.为什么说人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度？
答：人民代表大会制度，是中国人民革命的创造性产物，是适合中国国情的一种政权组织形式。因此，人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度，具体表现如下：①人民代表大会制度直接放映了我国的阶级本质。②人民代表大会制度是建立其他制度的基础。③人民代表大会制度反映了我国政治生活的全貌。
案例：
张某酒后拿一棍棒想打其叔叔，结果不小心打死了他父亲，是否构成犯罪？
1）张某侵害了其父亲的生命健康权，具备犯罪构成要素里犯
罪客体的要求
2）张某是个满18周岁且无精神问题的自然人，具备了犯罪
构成要素里的犯罪主体
3）张某将其父亲打死，造成了违法的后果 4）张某属于直接故意
所以认定张某是犯罪行为。
课本中的重点
1.“制定”和“认可”是国家创制法的两种方式，没有国家，就不可能有法的存在。2.法的作用：法的规范作用和法的社会作用
3.任何法律关系都是由主体，内容和客体这三个要素构成。
4.发的嗍及力又称法的效力，是指新的法律颁布后，对它生效之前所发生的事件和行为是否适用的问题。
5.法律解释是指对法律规范的内容涵义等所作的说明。
6.我们法定的司法解释机关是最高人民法院和最高人民检察院。
7.法的渊源：宪法；法律；国务院制定和颁布的行政法规和其他规范性文件；地方性法规和其他规范性文件；民族自治地方的自治条例和单行条例；特别行政区的法；国际条约。
8.宪法的特征：宪法内容的根本性；宪法效力的最高性；宪法制定，修改程序的严格性。
9.我国的现行宪法是在1982年五届全国人民代表大会上通过的，简称82宪法，是我国第四部宪法。
10.我国是单一制的多民族国家。
11.根据宪法的规定，我国的民族自治地方分为自治区，自治州，自治县三级。12.特别行政区享有高度的自治权。享有独立的司法权利和终审权。
13.宪法规定，我国的公民有言论，出版，集会，结社，游行，示威的自由。属于
政治自由范畴。
14.全国人民代表大会每界任期5年。14.行政法特点：
在形式上的特点：行政法没有统一，完整的法典；政法律规范的表现形式多种多样
15.行政行为分类中的抽象行政行为具体而言包括：行政立法，其他规范性文件。
主要指制定法律和规范性文件的工作，而不是指特定的人和事。16.自然人的民事行为能力：
完全民事行为能力：18周岁以上，智力正常的人；16周岁以上不忙18周岁，以自己劳动收入为主要生活来源的人。
限制民事行为能力：10周岁以上的未成年人；不能完全辨认自己行为的精神病人
无民事行为能力：10周岁以下和完全不能辨认自己行为的精神病人 17．宣告死亡分三种：
1）.一般情形下离开住所下落不明满四年的其厉害关系人可申请 2）.因意外事故下落不明的从发生事故之日起满两年的3）.因意外事故下落不明经有关部分证明自然人不可能生存的可立即申请
18.宣告死亡的效力：自然人被法院宣告死亡后，即发生与自然人自然死亡同样的法律后果。其婚姻关系消灭，遗嘱生效，财产继承开始。宣告死亡只能由法律
依法进行。
18.民事法律行为的形式：口头形式；书面形式；推定形式；沉默形式。
19.无权代理的法律后果：被代理人有权追认或者拒绝；相对第三人有权催告或撤
消；无权代理人或恶意第三人的赔偿责任。
20.表见代理是无权代理的一种特殊情况。表见代理构成条件： A 表见代理属于无权带 B 在客观上存在着一定的理由，足以使相对人相信无权代理人有代理权
C 相对人是善意而且无过失 21.债的发生根据：合同，不当得利，无因管理和侵权行为 合同是产生债的最常见，最主要的发生根据。无因管理：管理人为债权人，本人为债务人 22.债的担保：保证；抵押；质押；定金抵押不须转移标的物的占有质押需要转移标的物的占有，所以对发挥物的使用价值不利 23.遗嘱继承在适用上优先与法定继承。24环境污染的民事责任：是一种无过错的责任，只要有污染环境并致人损害的事实发生，无论主观上是否有过错，都应该对受害人承担民事责任。25.诉讼时效：A 普通诉讼时效：有效期限时间为2年B 短期诉讼实效：有效期限为1年，比如身体受伤害，购买了不合格的商品等等C 最长诉讼时效：权利人不知道或者也不应当知道的诉讼时效有20年。26.只能由自然人享有的人身权是：生命健康权，姓名权，肖像权，隐私权。只能由法人等组织享有的人身权是：名称权。自然人和法人都能享有的是名誉权，荣誉权。27.犯罪的特征：A 犯罪的社会危害性；B 犯罪的形式违法性；C 犯罪的应受刑罚惩罚性 28.犯罪客体：是指刑法所保护的，为犯罪所侵害的社会关系。犯罪对象不等同与犯罪客体 29.刑事责任年龄：A 完全不负刑事责任年龄阶段：不满14周岁的人B 相对负刑事责任年龄的阶段：已满145周岁，不满16周岁的人。仅对8种罪负刑事责任：故意杀人，故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡，抢劫，强奸，贩卖毒品，放火，爆炸，投毒。C 完全负刑事责任的年龄阶段：已满16周岁的。30.犯罪的故意：直接故意和间接故意 31.紧急避险：是指在合法权益遭受正在发生的危险时，不得已采取的损害较小的合法权益，以保护较大的合法权益免遭损害的行为。因紧急避险行为造成的损
害的，行为人不负刑事责任。
32.犯罪未遂：是指性人已经着手实行具体犯罪的实行行为，由于其意志以外的原因而未能完成的犯罪的犯罪停止形态。33.犯罪中止：在犯罪过程中，行为人自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效的防止犯罪结果的发生，而未完成犯罪的一种犯罪停止形态。34.剥夺政治权利的刑期计算与执行：A 判处管制附加剥夺政治权利的，与管制的期限相同，同时执行
B 判处拘役或者尤其徒刑的，从主刑执行完毕或者假释之日起计算，在主刑执行期间，犯罪人当然不享有政治权利。35.上诉：是指法定的诉讼参与人不服地方各级人民法院第一审的判决或者裁定时，依照法定程序要求上级人民法院重新审判的诉讼行为。如：被告，被告代理人等 36.抗诉：是指人民检察院认为或发现判决和裁定有错误，提请人民法院重新审判并予以纠正的审判监督行为，抗诉属于法律监督的性质。
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