第一篇：步进电机概述论文翻译英文版
Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor：
The stepping motor as executing components, electromechanical integration is one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems.With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, the stepper motor demand grow with each passing day, has been applied in various fields of the national economy.Stepping motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agencies.When stepping drive receives a pulse signal, it drives stepper motor rotate in the direction set by a fixed angle(called the “ step ”), it is the rotation at a fixed angle step by step operation.The number of pulses to control the amount of angular displacement through the control, so as to achieve the purpose of accurate positioning;also can control the pulse frequency to control motor rotation speed and acceleration, so as to achieve the purpose of speed.Special motor stepper motor control can be used as a, using its no accumulation of error(accuracy of 100%)characteristics, widely used in all kinds of open-loop control.Now more commonly used step motor comprises stepper motor(VR), permanent magnet stepper motor(PM), hybrid stepping motor(HB)and single-phase stepping motor.Permanent magnet stepper motor for general two-phase, torque and small volume, the step angle is 7.5 degree or 15 degree;
Reaction stepping motor is generally three-phase, can achieve a high torque output, step angle is 1.5 degrees, but the noise and vibration are great.The rotor magnetic circuit made of soft magnetic material reaction stepper motor, a multi-phase excitation winding stator, using magnetic torque changes.Hybrid stepping motor is mixed the advantages of permanent magnet type and reaction type.It is divided into two phase and five phase: two-phase stepper angle is 1.8 degree and five phase stepper angle is 0.72 degrees.Application of the stepping motor is the most widely, is also this subdivision driving of stepper motor selection scheme.Some of the basic parameters of step motor:
The natural step motor:
It says every hair a step pulse signal control system, motor rotation angle.Motor factory is a step angle values, such as type 86BYG250A motor is given a value of 0.9° /1.8 °(said a half step of work is 0.9 °, the whole step of work is 1.8 °), this step can be called ' motor fixed step ', it doesn't have to be the actual motor work when the real step angle, angle and drive the real steps.Stepper motor phase number:
Is the number of coils inside the motor, commonly used in a two-phase, three-phase, four phase, five phase stepper motor.The number of motor phase is different, the step angle is also different, the general two-phase motor step angle is 0.9° /1.8 °, three-phase 0.75 ° /1.5 °, five phase of 0.36 ° /0.72 °.In the absence of subdivision drive, users mainly rely on different phases of the stepper motor to meet their own requirements of step angle.If you use a subdivision driver, is ' phase ' will become meaningless, users only need to change the fine fraction in the drive, you can change the step angle.Keep the torque(HOLDINGTORQUE):
Is the stepper motor power but there is no rotation, the stator locked rotor torque.It is one of the most important parameters of step motor, usually stepper motor in the low-speed torque to keep the torque.Because of the larger output torque stepper motor with speed and continuous decay, increases the output power with the speed of change, so keep the torque becomes one of the most important parameters of step motor.For example, when people say 2N.m stepper motor, in the absence of exceptional circumstances described in that refers to keep the torque motor for the 2N.m step.DETENTTORQUE: DETENTTORQUE:
Refers to the stepper motor is not energized condition, the stator locked rotor torque.DETENTTORQUE does not have a unified way of translation in China, easy to make people misunderstand;as the rotor reaction stepper motor is not permanent magnetic material, so it has no DETENTTORQUE.Some of the characteristic of step motor:
The 1 stepper motor step angle accuracy for 3-5%, and no accumulation.stepper motor appearance allows the maximum temperature.Stepper motor temperature is too high will first make the motor magnetic material demagnetization, resulting in lower torque and loss, so the highest temperature of motor appearance allows should depend on the different motor demagnetization magnetic materials;generally speaking, demagnetization point magnetic material in 130 degrees Celsius above, some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius stepping motor, so the surface temperature at 80-90 degrees Celsius completely normal.stepper motor torque will decrease with the increase of rotational speed.When the stepper motor rotates, the electrical inductance of the winding will form a reverse electromotive force;the higher the frequency, the greater the reverse emf.Under the influence of it, the motor with frequency(or speed)increase and the phase current is reduced, resulting in lower torque.stepper motor speed can be normal operation, but if it is more than a certain speed will not start, and accompanied by howling.Stepper motor is a technical parameter: no-load start frequency, namely the stepper motor under no-load condition can pulse frequency start, if the pulse frequency is higher than the value, the motor can not start properly, may have lost step or stall.In under the condition of the load, start frequency should be less.If you want to enable the motor to rotate at high speed, pulse frequency should accelerate the process is started, the lower frequency, and then according to certain acceleration up to high frequency desired(motor speed from low speed to high speed).Characteristics of stepper motor with its significant, play an important purpose in the era of digital manufacturing.With the different development of digital technology and stepper motor itself technology improves, the stepper motor will be applied in more fields.How to determine the stepper motor driver DC power supply：
A.Determination of the voltage
Hybrid stepping motor driver power supply voltage is generally a wide range(such as the IM483 supply voltage of 12 ~ 48VDC), the supply voltage is usually based on the work of the motor speed and response to the request to choose.If the motor operating speed higher or faster response to the request, then the voltage value is high, but note that the ripple voltage can not exceed the maximum input voltage of the drive, or it may damage the drive.B.Determination of Current Power supply current is generally based on the output phase current drive I to determine.If a linear power supply, power supply current is generally preferable 1.1 to 1.3 times the I;if we adopt the switching power supply, power supply current is generally preferable to I, 1.5 to 2.0 times.The main characteristics of stepping motor：
A stepper motor drive can be added operate pulse drive signal must be no pulse when the stepper motor at rest, such as If adding the appropriate pulse signal, it will to a certain angle(called the step angle)rotation.Rotation speed and pulse frequency is proportional to.2 Dragon step angle stepper motor version is 7.5 degrees, 360 degrees around, takes 48 pulses to complete.3 stepper motor has instant start and rapid cessation of superior characteristics.Change the pulse of the order of 4, you can easily change the direction of rotation.Therefore, the current printers, plotters, robotics, and so devices are the core of the stepper motor as the driving force.Stepper motor control example We use four-phase unipolar stepper motor as an example.The structure shown in Figure 1:
Four four-phase winding leads(as opposed to phase A1 A2 B1 phase phase B2)and two public lines(to the power of positive).The windings of one phase to the power of the ground.So that the windings will be inspired.We use four-phase eight-beat control, ie, 1 phase 2 phase alternating turn, would enhance resolution.0.9 ° per step can be transferred to control the motor excitation is transferred in order as follows:
If the requirements of motor reversal, the transmission excitation signal can be reversed.2 control scheme Control system block diagram is as follows
The program uses AT89S51 as the main control device.It is compatible with the AT89C51, but also increased the SPI interface and the watchdog module, which not only makes the debugging process becomes easy and also more stable.The microcontroller in the program mainly for field signal acquisition and operation of the stepper motor to calculate the direction and speed information.Then sent to the CPLD.CPLD with EPM7128SLC84-15, EPM7128 programmable logic device of large-scale, for the ALTERA company's MAX7000 family.High impedance, electrically erasable and other characteristics, can be used for the 2500 unit, the working voltage of +5 V.CPLD receives information sent from the microcontroller after converted to the corresponding control signal output to the stepper motor drive.Put the control signal drives the motor windings after the input, to achieve effective control of the motor.2.1 The hardware structure of the motor drive Motor drive using the following circuit:
R1-R8 in which the resistance value of 320Ω.R9-R12 resistance value 2.2KΩ.Q1-Q4 as Darlington D401A, Q5-Q8 for the S8550.J1, J2 and the stepper motor connected to the six-lead。
Advantages and disadvantages of stepper motor Advantages
1.The motor rotation angle is proportional to the number of pulses;
2.When the motor stopped with a maximum torque(when the winding excitation time);
3.Since the accuracy of each step in the three per cent to five per cent, and the error will not accumulate to the next step and thus has better positional accuracy and repeatability of movement;
4.Excellent response from the stop and reverse;
5.In the absence of brush, high reliability, it just depends on the life of the motor bearing life;
6.Motor response only determined by the number of input pulses, which can be used open loop control, which makes the motor and control structure can be relatively simple System cost
7.Just load directly connected to the motor shaft can also be extremely slow synchronous rotation.8.Speed is proportional to the pulse frequency, and thus a relatively wide speed range.Shortcomings 1.If not properly controlled prone to resonance;2.Difficult operation to a higher speed.3.Difficult to obtain high torque 4.There is no advantage in terms of volume weight, low energy efficiency.5.Over load will destroy the synchronization, the work will be issued when high-speed vibration and noise.Stepper motor drive requirements(1)to provide fast rise and fall of current speed, the current waveform as close as possible rectangle.For the period ended with the release of the loop current flow, to reduce the winding ends of the back electromotive force, to accelerate the current decay.(2)rhyme with higher power and efficiency.Stepper motor driver, which is the control pulse signal emitted into the angular displacement of the stepper motor, or: the control system sends a pulse signal each through the stepper motor drive to rotate a step angle.That is the stepper motor speed is proportional to the frequency and pulse signals.Therefore, the frequency control pulse signal, to be precise motor speed control;control the number of step pulses to connect the motor accurately.Stepper motor drive there are many, we should take a reasonable choice of power requirements of the drive, the following were introduced various types of typical drive.The latest technological developments Domestic and international research on the sub-drive technology is very active, high-performance sub-driver circuit can be broken down into thousands or even any subdivision.Now able to do complicated calculations to make after the breakdown of uniform step angle, which greatly improves the resolution of stepper motor pulses, reduce or eliminate the vibration, noise and torque ripple, the stepper motor is more “class server” feature.The actual role of step angle: in the absence of sub-drive, the user select a different number of phases depends mainly on the stepper motor to meet their own requirements on the step angle，If you use the sub-drive, the user can change the drive number of segments, can dramatically change the actual step angle stepper motor 'phases' of change in the role of the actual step angle is almost negligible.Introduction of AT89S51 Description The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory(PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout.The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.Function characteristic The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin Description VCC：Supply voltage.GND：Ground.Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port.As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs.When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory.In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification.External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current(IIL)because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses.In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s.During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs.As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current(IIL)because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RST Reset input.A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory.This pin is also the program pulse input(PROG)during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high.Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP External Access Enable.EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP)during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used.To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Figure 1.Oscillator Connections
Figure 2.External Clock Drive Configuration Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active.The mode is invoked by software.The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode.The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control.On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited.To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down Mode In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed.The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated.The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset.Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM.The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
第二篇：步进电机实验报告
步进电机调速实验报告
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步进电机调速实验报告
一、实验目得及要求: 1、熟悉步进电机得工作原理 2、熟悉 51 系列单片机得工作原理及调试方法 3、设计基于 51 系列单片机控制得步进电机调速原理图(要求实现电机得速度反馈测量,测量方式:数字测量)４、实现 51 系列单片机对步进电机得速度控制（步进电机由实验中心提供,具体型号 ４2BYG)由按钮控制步进电机得启动与停止;实现加速、匀速、与减速控制.速度设定由键盘设定，步进电机得反馈速度由 LED 数码管显示。
二、实验原理：
1、一般电动机都就是连续旋转,而步进电动却就是一步一步转动得,故叫步进电动机。步进电机就是数字控制电机，它将脉冲信号转变成角位移,即给一个脉冲信号,步进电机就转动一个角度,因此非常适合于单片机控制。步进电动机得转子为多极分布，定子上嵌有多相星形连接得控制绕组，由专门电源输入电脉冲信号,每输入一个脉冲信号，步进电动机得转子就前进一步。由于输入得就是脉冲信号,输出得角位移就是断续得，所以又称为脉冲电动机.随着数字控制系统得发展,步进电动机得应用将逐渐扩大。
进电动机需配置一个专用得电源供电,电源得作用就是让电动机得控制绕组按照特定得顺序通电,即受输入得电脉冲控制而动作，这个专用电源称为驱动电源.步进电动机及其驱动电源就是一个互相联系得整体，步进电动机得运行性能就是由电动机与驱动电源两者配合所形成得综合效果。
2、对驱动电源得基本要求
（1)驱动电源得相数、通电方式与电压、电流都要满足步进电动机得需要;（2）要满足步进电动机得起动频率与运行频率得要求;(3)能最大限度地抑制步进电动机得振荡;(4）工作可靠,抗干扰能力强;(5）成本低、效率高、安装与维护方便。
3、驱动电源得组成 步进电动机得驱动电源基本上由脉冲发生器、脉冲分配器与脉冲放大器(也称功率放大器)三部分组成, 三、实验源程序：
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{）++j;8 ﻩ ;kaerbﻩ)0 == 3K(fiﻩ Ｐ1 = RＥV[ｊ］; ﻩ ＤｅlayMＳ(25）; ﻩ ｝ ｝ } ｖoid main（） {uchar N = 3；)1（elｉhｗﻩ {if（K１ == ０) ｛;efx0 = 0Pﻩ ﻩﻩ SＥTP_MOTＯR_FFW（N）; ﻩ iｆ(Ｋ３ =＝ 0)ｂｒeａk; }ﻩﻩ ﻩ eｌｓe iｆ(K２ =＝ ０) ﻩ { Ｐ0 ＝ 0xfｄ； ﻩ ；)Ｎ(VER_RＯTOＭ＿PTESﻩ ；ｋaｅrb)0 == 3Ｋ（fiﻩﻩ ｝ﻩﻩ ﻩ ｅlｓe {ﻩﻩ ﻩ ;bfx0 ＝ 0Ｐﻩﻩ;30ｘ0 = 1Pﻩ ｝ ｝ﻩ} 四、实验心得： 本次实验让我了解了步进电动机得工作原理,掌握了怎样用单片机编程来控制步进电机得正反转及调速。通过这次实验,我更加深刻得认识到将单片机编程知识应用到实践中得重要性。同时,在理论知识方面,我还有很多欠缺。在以后得学习中要注意实践性,不能只满足于理论知识。 步进电机简介 步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件。在非超载的情况下，电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，即给电机加一个脉冲信号，电机则转过一个步距角。这一线性关系的存在，加上步进电机只有周期性的误差而无累积误差等特点。使得在速度、位置等控制领域用步进电机来控制变的非常的简单。 步进电机分三种：永磁式（PM），反应式（VR）和混合式（HB） 永磁式步进一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一般为7.5度 或15度； 反应式步进一般为三相，可实现大转矩输出，步进角一般为1.5度，但噪声和振动都很大。在欧美等发达国家80年代已被淘汰； 混合式步进是指混合了永磁式和反应式的优点。它又分为两相和五相：两相步进角一般为 1.8度而五相步进角一般为 0.72度。这种步进电机的应用最为广泛。 一.工作原理 （一）反应式步进电机 1、结构： 电机转子均匀分布着很多小齿（1，2，3，4，5），电机定子有三个励磁绕阻（A，B，C），A与齿1相对齐，B与齿2错开1/3て，C与齿3错开2/3て，A与齿5相对齐...。将定子和转子展开如下 2、旋转： 如A相通电，B、C相不通电时，由于磁场作用，齿1与A对齐；如B相通电，A、C相不通电时，齿2应与B对齐，此时转子向右移过1/3て，此时齿3与C偏移为1/3て，齿4与A偏移2/3て；如C相通电，A、B相不通电，齿3应与C对齐，此时转子又向右移过1/3て，此时齿4与A偏移为1/3て对齐；如A相通电，B、C相不通电，齿4与A对齐，转子又向右移过1/3て。这样经过A、B、C、A分别通电，齿4移到A相，电机转子向右转过一个齿距，如果不断地按A、B、C、A...通电，电机就向右旋转；如按A、C、B、A……通电，电机就向左转。由此可见：电机的位置和速度由导电脉冲数和频率成一一对应关系，而方向由导电顺序决定。 不过，出于对力矩、平稳、噪音及减少角度等方面考虑，往往采用A-AB-B-BC－C-CA-A这种导电状态，这样将原来每步1/3て改变为1/6て。甚至于通过二相电流不同的组合，使其1/3て变为1/12て，1/24て，这就是电机细分驱动的基本理论依据。但经过理论分析及大量的实验证明：细分数如果超过10，电机带负载后，就会产生跳步和失步现象。 不难推出：电机定子上有m相励磁绕阻，其轴线分别与转子齿轴线偏移 1/m,2/m……(m-1)/m,1。并且导电按一定的相序电机就能正反转被控制——这是步进电机旋转的物理条件。只要符合这一条件我们理论上可以制造任何相的步进电机，出于成本等多方面考虑，市场上一般以二、三、四、五相为多。 3、力矩： 电机一旦通电，在定转子间将产生磁场（磁通量Ф）。当转子与定子错开一定角度时，产生的吸引力 F=K*dФ/dθ成正比。其中磁通量Ф=Br*S（Br=N*I/R为磁密，S为导磁面积，N*I为励磁绕阻安匝数（电流乘匝数）R为磁阻），θ为错齿量，K为系数。可见，F与L*D*Br成正比（L为铁芯有效长度，D为转子直径）。 力矩=F*D/2，因此，力矩与电机有效体积*安匝数*磁密成正比（设为线性状态），即电机有效体积越大，励磁安匝数越大，定转子间气隙越小，电机力矩越大，反之亦然。 （二）感应子式步进电机（永磁式） 1、特点： 感应子式步进电机与传统的反应式步进电机相比，结构上转子加有永磁体，以提供软磁材料的工作点，而定子激磁只需提供变化的磁场而不必提供磁材料工作点的耗能，因此该电机效率高，电流小，发热低。因永磁体的存在，该电机具有较强的反电势，其自身阻尼作用比较好，使其在运转过程中比较平稳、噪音低、低频振动小。 感应子式步进电机某种程度上可以看作是低速同步电机。一个四相电机可以作四相运行，也可以作二相运行（必须采用双极电压驱动），而反应式电机则不能如此。 例如：四相，八相运行（A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A）完全可以采用二相八拍运行方式.不难发现其条件为C=,D=。 一个二相电机的内部绕组与四相电机完全一致，小功率电机一般直接接为二相，而功率大一点的电机，为了方便使用，灵活改变电机的动态特点，往往将其外部接线为八根引线（四相），这样使用时，既可以作四相电机使用，可以作二相电机绕组串联或并联使用。 2、分类 感应子式步进电机以相数可分为：二相电机、三相电机、四相电机、五相电机等。以机座号（电机外径）可分为：42BYG(BYG为感应子式步进电机代号）、57BYG、86BYG、110BYG、（国际标准），而像70BYG、90BYG、130BYG等均为国内标准。 3、步进电机的静态指标术语 相数：产生不同对极N、S磁场的激磁线圈对数，常用m表示。 拍数：完成一个磁场周期性变化所需脉冲数或导电状态用n表示，或指电机转过一个齿距角所需脉冲数，以四相电机为例，有四相四拍运行方式即AB-BC-CD-DA-AB，四相八拍运行方式即 A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A。 步距角：对应一个脉冲信号，电机转子转过的角位移用θ表示。θ=360度（转子齿数J*运行拍数），以常规二、四相，转子齿为50齿电机为例。四拍运行时步距角为θ=360度/（50*4）=1.8度（俗称整步），八拍运行时步距角为θ=360度/（50*8）=0.9度（俗称半步）。每转步数：电机每转一转所转过的步数。 定位转矩：电机在不通电状态下，电机转子自身的锁定力矩（由磁场齿形的谐波以及机械误差造成的）。 保持扭矩：电机绕组通电不转动时的最大输出扭矩值。 工作扭矩：电机绕组通电转动时的最大输出扭矩值。注意：保持扭距比工作扭矩大，选电机是要以工作扭矩为选择依据。 静转矩：电机在额定静态电作用下，电机不作旋转运动时，电机转轴的锁定力矩。此力矩是衡量电机体积（几何尺寸）的标准，与驱动电压及驱动电源等无关。 虽然静转矩与电磁激磁安匝数成正比，与定齿转子间的气隙有关，但过份采用减小气隙，增加激磁安匝来提高静力矩是不可取的，这样会造成电机的发热及机械噪音。 4、步进电机动态指标及术语： 1、步距角精度：步进电机每转过一个步距角的实际值与理论值的误差。用百分比表示：误差/步距角*100%。不同运行拍数其值不同，四拍运行时应在5%之内，八拍运行时应在15%以内。 2、失步：电机运转时运转的步数，不等于理论上的步数。称之为失步。 3、失调角：转子齿轴线偏移定子齿轴线的角度，电机运转必存在失调角，由失调角产生的误差，采用细分驱动是不能解决的。 4、最大空载起动频率：电机在某种驱动形式、电压及额定电流下，在不加负载的情况下，能够直接起动的最大频率。 5、最大空载的运行频率：电机在某种驱动形式，电压及额定电流下，电机不带负载的最高转速频率。这个速度远大于启动频率。 6、运行矩频特性：电机在某种测试条件下测得运行中输出力矩与频率关系的曲线称为运行矩频特性，这是电机诸多动态曲线中最重要的，也是电机选择的根本依据。如下左图所示：其它特性还有惯频特性、起动频率特性等。 电机一旦选定，电机的静力矩确定，而动态力矩却不然，电机的动态力矩取决于电机运行时的平均电流（而非静态电流），平均电流越大，电机输出力矩越大，即电机的频率特性越硬。如上右图所示。其中，曲线3电流最大、或电压最高；曲线1电流最小、或电压最低，曲线与负载的交点为负载的最大速度点。要使平均电流大，尽可能提高驱动电压，使采用小电感大电流的电机。 7、电机的共振点：步进电机均有固定的共振区域，二、四相感应子式步进电机的共振区一般在180-250pps之间（步距角1.8度）或在400pps左右（步距角为0.9度），电机驱动电压越高，电机电流越大，负载越轻，电机体积越小，则共振区向上偏移，反之亦然。为使电机输出电矩大，不失步和整个系统的噪音降低，一般工作点均应远离共振区。 现在，步进电机的发展非常迅速，如德国百格拉公司的交流伺服电机运行性能的步进电机系统，其三相混合式步进电机采用交流伺服原理工作，运用特殊精密机械加工工艺，使步进电机定子和转子之间间隙仅为50um，转子和定子的直径比提高到59%，大大提高了电机工作扭矩，特别是高速时的工作扭矩。由于定子和转子上磁槽数远多于五相和两相混合式步进电机，使三相混合式步进电机可以按五相和两相混合式步进电机的步数进行工作。电机的扭矩仅与转速有关，而与电机每转的步数无关，例如：2Nm电机在每转500步和10000步，800转/分时的扭矩都是1.75Nm。在低速时运行极其平稳，几乎无共振区，高速时扭矩大，运行特性类同交流伺服电机。 二.步进电机选用 （一）力矩与功率计算 步进电机一般在较大范围内调速使用、其功率是变化的，一般只用力矩来衡量，力矩与功率换算如下： P= Ω·M Ω=2π·n/60 P=2πnM/60 其中P为功率单位为瓦，Ω为每秒角速度，单位为弧度，n为每分钟转速，M为力矩单位为牛顿·米。 P=2πfM/400(半步工作） 其中f为每秒脉冲数（简称PPS) （二）步进电机的选择 步进电机有步距角（涉及到相数）、静转矩、及电流三大要素组成。一旦三大要素确定，步进电机的型号便确定下来了。 1、步距角的选择 电机的步距角取决于负载精度的要求，将负载的最小分辨率（当量）换算到电机轴上，每个当量电机应走多少角度（包括减速）。电机的步距角应等于或小于此角度。目前市场上步进电机的步距角一般有0.36度/0.72度（五相电机）、0.9度/1.8度（二、四相电机）、1.5度/3度（三相电机）等。 2、静力矩的选择 步进电机的动态力矩一下子很难确定，我们往往先确定电机的静力矩。静力矩选择的依据是电机工作的负载，而负载可分为惯性负载和摩擦负载二种。单一的惯性负载和单一的摩擦负载是不存在的。直接起动时（一般由低速）时二种负载均要考虑，加速起动时主要考虑惯性负载，恒速运行进只要考虑摩擦负载。一般情况下，静力矩应为摩擦负载的2-3倍内好，静力矩一旦选定，电机的机座及长度便能确定下来（几何尺寸）。 3、电流的选择 静力矩一样的电机，由于电流参数不同，其运行特性差别很大，可依据矩频特性曲线图，判断电机的电流（参考驱动电源、及驱动电压） 综上所述选择电机一般应遵循以下步骤： 三.应用中的注意点 1、步进电机应用于低速场合---每分钟转速不超过1000转，（0.9度时6666PPS)，最好在1000-3000PPS(0.9度）间使用，可通过减速装置使其在此间工作，此时电机工作效率高，噪音低。 2、步进电机最好不使用整步状态，整步状态时振动大。 3、由于历史原因，只有标称为12V电压的电机使用12V外，其他电机的电压值不是驱动电压伏值，可根据驱动器选择驱动电压（建议：57BYG采用直流24V-36V，86BYG采用直流50V,110BYG采用高于直流80V），当然12伏的电压除12V恒压驱动外也可以采用其他驱动电源，不过要考虑温升。 4、转动惯量大的负载应选择大机座号电机。 5、电机在较高速或大惯量负载时，一般不在工作速度起动，而采用逐渐升频提速，一电机不失步，二可以减少噪音同时可以提高停止的定位精度。 6、高精度时，应通过机械减速、提高电机速度,或采用高细分数的驱动器来解决，也可以采用5相电机，不过其整个系统的价格较贵，生产厂家少，其被淘汰的说法是外行话。 7、电机不应在振动区内工作，如若必须可通过改变电压、电流或加一些阻尼的解决。 8、电机在600PPS（0.9度）以下工作，应采用小电流、大电感、低电压来驱动。 9、应遵循先选电机后选驱动的原则。最好采用同一生产厂家的控制器、驱动器和电机。 10、应注重可靠性而轻性能、重品质而轻价格。 机电产品网 供稿 步进电机调速实验报告 班级： xx 姓名： xx 学号： xxx 指导老师： xx 步进电机调速实验报告 一、实验目的及要求： 1、熟悉步进电机的工作原理 2、熟悉51系列单片机的工作原理及调试方法 3、设计基于51系列单片机控制的步进电机调速原理图(要求实现电机的速度反馈测量，测量方式：数字测量) 4、实现51系列单片机对步进电机的速度控制(步进电机由实验中心提供，具体型号 42BYG)由按钮控制步进电机的启动与停止；实现加速、匀速、和减速控制。速度设定由键盘设定，步进电机的反馈速度由LED数码管显示。 二、实验原理： 1.一般电动机都是连续旋转，而步进电动却是一步一步转动的，故叫步进电动机。步进电机是数字控制电机，它将脉冲信号转变成角位移，即给一个脉冲信号，步进电机就转动一个角度，因此非常适合于单片机控制。步进电动机的转子为多极分布，定子上嵌有多相星形连接的控制绕组，由专门电源输入电脉冲信号，每输入一个脉冲信号，步进电动机的转子就前进一步。由于输入的是脉冲信号，输出的角位移是断续的，所以又称为脉冲电动机。随着数字控制系统的发展，步进电动机的应用将逐渐扩大。 进电动机需配置一个专用的电源供电，电源的作用是让电动机的控制绕组按照特定的顺序通电，即受输入的电脉冲控制而动作，这个专用电源称为驱动电源。步进电动机及其驱动电源是一个互相联系的整体，步进电动机的运行性能是由电动机和驱动电源两者配合所形成的综合效果。2.对驱动电源的基本要求 （1）驱动电源的相数、通电方式和电压、电流都要满足步进电动机的需要；（2）要满足步进电动机的起动频率和运行频率的要求；（3）能最大限度地抑制步进电动机的振荡；（4）工作可靠，抗干扰能力强；（5）成本低、效率高、安装和维护方便。3.驱动电源的组成 步进电动机的驱动电源基本上由脉冲发生器、脉冲分配器和脉冲放大器（也称功率放大器）三部分组成，三、实验源程序： /*************** writer:shopping.w ******************/ #include } void SETP_MOTOR_FFW(uchar n){ uchar i,j;while(ms--){ for(i=0;i<120;i++);} for(i=0;i<5*n;i++){ for(j=0;j<8;j++) { if(K3 == 0)break; P1 = FFW[j]; DelayMS(25); } } } void SETP_MOTOR_REV(uchar n){ uchar i,j;for(i=0;i<5*n;i++){ for(j=0;j<8;j++) { if(K3 == 0)break; P1 = REV[j]; DelayMS(25); } } } void main(){uchar N = 3;while(1){if(K1 == 0) {P0 = 0xfe; SETP_MOTOR_FFW(N);if(K3 == 0)break; } } } else if(K2 == 0){ P0 = 0xfd; } else { P0 = 0xfb;} P1 = 0x03;SETP_MOTOR_REV(N);if(K3 == 0)break;4 四、实验心得： 本次实验让我了解了步进电动机的工作原理，掌握了怎样用单片机编程来控制步进电机的正反转及调速。通过这次实验，我更加深刻的认识到将单片机编程知识应用到实践中的重要性。同时，在理论知识方面，我还有很多欠缺。在以后的学习中要注意实践性，不能只满足于理论知识。 步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”)，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点，广泛应用于各种开环控制。 1、步进电机是一种作为控制用的特种电机, 它的旋转是以固定的角度(称为“步距角”)一步一步运行的, 其特点是没有积累误差(精度为100%), 所以广泛应用于各种开环控制。步进电机的运行要有一电子装置进行驱动, 这种装置就是步进电机驱动器, 它是把控制系统发出的脉冲信号转化为步进电机的角位移, 或者说: 控制系统每发一个脉冲信号, 通过驱动器就使步进电机旋转一步距角。所以步进电机的转速与脉冲信号的频率成正比。所以，控制步进脉冲信号的频率，可以对电机精确调速；控制步进脉冲的个数，可以对电机精确定位目的； 2、步进电机通过细分驱动器的驱动，其步距角变小了，如驱动器工作在10细分状态时，其步距角只为‘电机固有步距角‘的十分之一，也就是说：‘当驱动器工作在不细分的整步状态时，控制系统每发一个步进脉冲，电机转动1.8°；而用细分驱动器工作在10细分状态时，电机只转动了0.18° ‘，这就是细分的基本概念。细分功能完全是由驱动器靠精确控制电机的相电流所产生，与电机无关。 3、驱动器细分有什么优点，为什么一定建议使用细分功能？ 驱动器细分后的主要优点为：完全消除了电机的低频振荡。低频振荡是步进电机（尤其是反应式电机）的固有特性，而细分是消除它的唯一途径，如果您的步进电机有时要在共振区工作（如走圆弧），选择细分驱动器是唯一的选择。提高了电机的输出转矩。尤其是对三相反应式电机，其力矩比不细分时提高约30-40%。提高了电机的分辨率。由于减小了步距角、提高了步距的均匀度，‘提高电机的分辨率‘是不言而喻的。第三篇：步进电机简介
第四篇：步进电机实验报告
第五篇：步进电机工作原理
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