英语笔译定语,状语,名词性从句与汉语特殊句式翻译例句

第一篇：英语笔译定语,状语,名词性从句与汉语特殊句式翻译例句

定语从句译法

（一）译成前置定语

（二）后置并列分句

（三）溶合译法

（四）译成状语

 The traders wanted safe access to large quantities of Oriental spices, which the European world had come to like, and which people needed for presenting food in days before the introduction of cold storage.商人们想平安无事地获取大量的东方香料，这些香料已经为欧洲人所喜爱，而且在没有发明 冷藏法的当时，香料也是人们储藏食品所必须的。

 I had seldom met an American who served in China during World War II who had not known Zhou Enlai.二战期间曾在中国工作过却不认识周恩来的美国人很少见。 译成前置定语：

 This is the soldier who just returned from the front.译文：这是刚从前线回来的战士。

 To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to those of people who need them.译文：诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。

 In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。 Chemistry deals with changes in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.译文：化学是研究物质变化的，这种变化的结果能够形成新的物质。

 This will be epoch-making revolution in China’s social productive forces which will lay down the material foundation for the socialist and communist mode of production. 译文：这将是中国社会生产力方面一次划时代的革命，将为社会主义与共产主义的生产方式打下物质基础。

 He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he didn’t like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。 后置并列分句

 The minor internal motions of the atmosphere, which was known as winds, depart only in a small way from the movement of this envelope as a whole.译文：大气微小的内部运动，即我们所说的风，仅与整个大气围层的运动稍微不太一致。

 But listen, I met a man, who said you could solve this problem.听着，我遇到一个人，他说你能解决这个问题。 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。

 The book is prepared for examples for writing compositions, which, as it were, has been taken as a difficult task.本书旨在为写作提供范例，可以说写作是一个难题。

 Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas.日过来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热，发光的气体。

 She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.他对孩子们很耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。 Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心与创造力，而这正是这一领域获得成功的关键。 溶合译法

 原文：There is nothing that does not contain contradiction;without contradiction, nothing would exist.译文：没有什么事物是不包含矛盾的，没有矛盾就没有世界。 原文：Aluminum alloys which are much lighter than steel and some of which are even stronger than steel is widely used in the aircraft industry.译文：铝合金比钢轻很多，有的强度比钢还要大，因而在飞机工业上使用广泛。

 原文：He has a son of twenty who is now at the college.译文：他有个二十岁的儿子正在上大学。

 原文：This was the first time I had serious trouble with my leader.译文：这是我第一次与领导发生严重纠葛。

 There are many people who want to select this major.许多人要选这个专业。

 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。 You are the only person who could do it.只有你才能做这件事。 译成状语

 The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain.译文：由于计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常常被称为电脑。（原因）

 Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（条件）

 They were a part of his pride and glory, which is fading into failure in his helpless hands.他们属于他的骄傲与荣耀，虽然如今这些正在化为泡影，他却无可奈何。（让步）

 Each tour will be escorted by English speaking interpreters who will help the visitors to obtain information about what you are seeing.每次游览都有英语翻译陪同，以帮助来宾了解参观点的情况。以便来宾更好地了解与欣赏各个景点。（目的）

 There is a most high temperature at the sun’s centre, where all the substances are impossible to be in the form of liquids or solids.太阳中心的温度极高，那里的一切物质都不可能以液体或者固体的形式存在。综合练习：

 There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.在科学上没有平坦的大道，只有不畏劳苦沿着其崎岖之路攀登的人，才有希望达到它光辉的顶点。 I was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life, which was not better than the life I had known.我一直在竭力摆脱一种生活，该换另一种生活，但我说该换的生活并不见得比我原先的生活好。

 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。

 There occurred the Great Earthquakes of 1923 in Japan, which caused a serious damage of property and a great loss of lives.1923年，日本发生了大地震，造成了巨大的财产损失与严重的人员伤亡。

 He showed no further wish for conversation with Mr.Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他似乎不愿再与史密斯先生讲话，因为他现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。

 He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for.他坚持要再买一座房子都与，尽管他并没有这样的需要。

 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他们试图去剿灭这次起义，但其却以更加迅猛的速度发展到了全国各地。

 A driver who is driving a bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.司机在开车时，不能喝别人谈话，也不能走神。 In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines, and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.译文：在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互间密切联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。

 原文：Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. 译文：沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。状语从句的翻译

一、按照原文顺序译出

 If you don’t mind, I’ll turn off the heating.译文：如果你不介意，我就把暖气关了。

 Where water resources are plentiful, hydroelectric power stations are being built in large numbers.哪里有充足的水源，哪里就在修建大批的水电站。

 Though he was defeated in the election, he became famous for his fiery speeches against slavery.虽然他竞选失败了，却以其反对蓄奴制度的激烈演说而出名。

二、状语从句译在主句之前

 She is sure to come unless she has some urgent business.译文：除非她有急事，她一定会来。 I will never give in, no matter what happens.译文：不管怎么样，我永远不会屈服。

三、状语从句转译成其他的状语从句 Why did you give up when you could make it? 译文：既然你能成功，干吗要放弃呢？ If you can come, I’ll be only too glad.译文：你能来，我就太高兴了。

 Skill and patience will succeed where force fails.在体力做不到的时候，技巧与耐心会帮助人成功。（地点-时间） Though not in substance, yet in form, economic reforms are at first a nation-wide revolution.如果不就内容而就形式而言，经济改革首先就是一场全国性的革命（让步-条件）

四、状语从句译成非状语从句  The boy shouted as he ran.译文：那个男孩一边跑一边喊。

 The monkey was feeling a bit scared when suddenly the crocodile dived under the water.译文：猴子正感到有点害怕，鳄鱼突然向水下潜去。 They asked her to stay where she was.译文：他们让她待在原处。

 The greedy official dared to accept any presents, whoever sent him.译文：无论是谁送给他们的礼品，这些贪官都敢收。 You may do as you please.译文：你愿意怎么做都行。

名词性从句的翻译 英语名词性从句包括：  主语从句  宾语从句  表语从句  同位语从句

一、主语从句(一)“It+被动语态+that从句”

 It is reported that the Summit Meeting will be held in December.据报道吗，这个峰会将在12月举行。

 It could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well;but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会提出，无线电广播同样能够到这一点；但是在电视屏幕上，每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实。(二)“It+谓语（表语）+that”句型

A.It goes without saying that plants cannot grow without sunshine.毋庸置疑，没有阳光，植物就不能生长。It is quite obvious that the girl still loves you deeply.很明显，这个女孩依然深爱着你。

B.It is frequently the case that his car breaks down on the highway.他的车在路上抛锚，这是常有的事儿。(三)由“what, whatever, whoever, when, whether”等引导出的主语从句通常可按正常语序译出。

 What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.难得的是一辈子做好事而不做坏事。

 Whatever was said must be kept secret.这里说的每句话都应当保密。

 Who will monitor the class is not decided yet.谁当班长还没决定。

二、宾语从句(一)普通句型

以从属连词、连接代词或介词引起的宾语从句汉译时，词序一般不变。① I haven’t made up my mind as to what elective courses I’m to take next term.译文：我还没决定下学期上什么选修课。

② This shows that something unexpected may have turned up.译文：这表明可能出现了意外情况。(二)用it作形式宾语的句子。

① I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.译文：我让你自己判断，这件事该不该做。

② I made it clear to the students that they must hand in their assignments before 11 a.m.译文：我给学生讲明，他们必须在上午11点前交作业。(三)英语中有时为了修辞强调，把宾语从句置于主句前，汉译时，也可遵从修辞效果，顺序译出。例： ① Whether they like it or not, I don’t care.译文：他们喜不喜欢，我可不管。

②What they were asked to do in 10 days, they finished in two.译文：让他们十天做的事，他两天就做完了。

三、表语从句

 That’s what we should do.这是我们该做的。

 The question which worries everyone today is: how long will these fuels last? 译文：今天人人都担心的问题是：这些燃料能维持多久？  If I have seen farther than other man, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.(Newton）

要说我比别人望得远了一点，那是因为我已经站在了巨人的肩膀上。

 That is why the “know-all” is ridiculous.万事通之所以可笑，原因就在于这个地方。

 That’s why she is so happy.如此高兴的原因就在这里。

 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

四、同位语从句  There can be no doubt that he is qualified for the job.毫无疑问他能胜任这项工作。

 They marvel at the fact that China did it all on its own.译文：他们对这个事实感到十分惊讶——所有一切都是中国凭自己的力量完成的。

 But the idea that the journalists must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 新闻记者应该比普通公民更懂法律，这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确定的规约与特殊责任的理解之上的。

汉语特殊句式翻译

一、连动式

谓语由两个或者两个以上的动词构成，在动词短语中没有停顿，也没有关联词语，两个动词短语共用一个主语(一)用分词与不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次要动词，如：

1．我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。

译文：We spend very little money buying a piece of daily.2.市政府于去年底启动了一项“净空”工程，关闭了大气污染严重的企业。

译文：The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year, closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.(二)用英语的介词短语表达汉语中的动词概念，如：

我将乘飞机离开北京。

译文：I will leave Beijing by plane.(三)用英语“and”连接词来连接几个动作。

例：从社会总体、长远的利益出发，政府可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距，扶助弱势群体，维护整个社会的与谐、稳定。

译文：From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives, the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.二、兼语式

“兼语式” 指其“谓语是由一个动宾结构与一个主谓短语套在一起构成的，谓语中前一个动宾结构兼作后一个主谓结构的主语”。(一)根据英语的SVOC（主语+谓语+宾语+补语）句型把汉语兼语式的第二个动词译作英语的宾语补足语（不定式、介词短语、形容词、介词、副词、分词或名词来充当）。例如： 例1：我等他来。

译文：I am waiting for him to come.例2：国际社会呼吁交战双方早日达成停火协议。

译文：The international community appealed to the warring sides for an earliest possible cease-fire agreement．(二)利用英语中表示“致使”、“促成”意义的动词，翻译汉语兼语式谓语。

例1：疼痛使他喊出了声。译文：The pain made him cry out.例2：这些项目具有技术起点高、经济效益好、市场潜力大、发展后劲足等特点，能够使投资者获得可观的效益。

译文：With a solid technical basis, sound economic efficiency, great market potential and bright prospective, these projects will secure good economic results for the investors．(三)兼语式的第一个动词为“表扬”、“称赞”、“埋怨”、“责怪”、“批评”等时，往往可将第二个动词译成英语中表示原因的状语从句或状语性短语。

原文：那位评论家指责该书作者有剽窃行为。

译文：The critic criticized the author of the book for plagiarism．(四)很多情况下，兼语式的英译需根据上下文与英语习惯灵活处理。

原文：我劝你还是投案自首，以求宽大处理。

译文：You’d better surrender yourself to the police in the hope of being accorded lenient treatment．

三、“是”字句 1.译为英语连系动词be 例1.改革是振兴中国的唯一出路。

译文：Reform is the only process through which China can be revitalized.例2.那年月，有钱人是天天过年。

译文：In those years, the rich people’s extravagance was such that everyday was a Spring Festival.例3.是党与政府的正确方针与政策，促进了广大农村的经济繁荣。

译文：It is the correct principles and policies of our Party and Government that have promoted the economic prosperity of China’s vast rural areas.2.省略“是”字

例1.武汉是长江中下游地区的特大城市，是湖北省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。

译文：Wuhan, a metropolis situated in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological center of Hubei Province.例2.中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，社会生产力水平总的还比较低。

译文：As the largest developing country in the world China has a relatively low level of productive forces on the whole.例3.工业企业效益差是当前许多矛盾的症结所在。

译文：All the contradictions existing in industrial enterprises today boil down to scanty economic returns.3.译为被动语态

例1.革命者是杀不完的。

译文：Revolutionaries can never be wiped out.例2.这双皮鞋是定做的。

译文：This pair of leather shoes are custom-made.例3.这种装置在机械表制造工业中是很需要的。译文：This kind of device is much needed in the mechanical watch-making industry.4.根据“是”的实际意义翻译

例1.创新是一个民族进步的灵魂。

译文：Innovation sustains the progress of a nation.例2.这是大势所趋，人心所向。

译文：This represents the general trend of development and the common aspiration of the people.四、“得”字句

1.用情态助动词翻译“得”字 例1.她的英语讲得好。译文：She can speak English well.例2.你干得了这件事吗？ 译文：Can you do it? 例3.他看得出两者的差别。

译文：He was able to see the difference between the two.2.用词法手段翻译“得”字 例1.这个人靠得住吗? 译文：Is the man reliable ? 例2.这个道理讲得通。译文：The reason is acceptable.3.用固定结构翻译“得”字

例1.地板霉烂得有许多地方不能再擦洗了。

译文：The floors were in so rotten a condition that many of them could not be scrubbed.例2.不要高兴得忘乎所以。

译文：Don’t be so happy as to forget everything.例3.天气闷热得大家喘不过气来。

译文：It was such a hot and stuffy weather that people were out of breath.例4.这些苹果酸得不能吃。译文：These apples are too sour to eat.4.省略“得”字

例1.他们俩人很合得来。

译文：Both of them got well along with each other.例2.学生们听课听得很入神。

译文：The students listened to the lecture attentively.例3.你来得正是时候。译文：You came in the nick of time.例4.游客们玩得很开心。

译文：The visitors had a wonderful time.例5.这件事情做得非常出色。译文：It’s exceedingly well done.五、“把”字句 1.译为被动句

例1.他所做的一切把我感动得流下了眼泪。

译文：I was moved to tears by what he had done.例2.把这些救灾物资送到洪灾区是当前的第一要务。

译文：It is currently the first and foremost thing that these disaster-relief supplies should be dispatched to the flood-stricken areas.例3.隆隆的大炮声把傀儡军吓坏了。

译文：The puppet soldiers were frightened to death by the rumbling of cannons.2.bring sb./sth.adv 句型

该句式表达的是“把某人/某事带到某个程度或地方”，比如： bring you here（把你带到这里来，带你来这），bring them up（把他们抚养长大）。3.get sb./sth.done 句型

该句式表达的是“把某人/某事怎么样”，比如： get things done（把事情做完），get it started（把某机器之类的东西开动起来，开始某个行为做某事），get sb.killed（把某人给杀了）get sb.accused（把某人给告了）。4.have sth.done 句型，比如： have the hair cut（把头发剪了）have the machine repaired（把机器修好）5.make sb./sth.done/adj 句型

“使动动词”引导的句型很多都是把字句（不局限于动词make，所有包含使动意味的动词均可）。比如，make me confused（把我搞糊涂了），make it clean/clear（把它弄干净/清楚）

cut it short（把它裁短一些，说话简短些，消减一些成本），drive me crazy/mad（把我逼疯）， knock me down（把我撞倒）， lock him up/away（把他锁起来，把他锁住带走）， shut the mouth up（把嘴给闭上）， shut it down（把电脑/工厂/店铺等关闭）， turn it up/down（把音量等调高/调低）。6.take sth.for 与 take sb.adv 句型

take sth.for 句式表达的是“把某事当作，把某事视为”（类似的，还有mistake sb./sth.for 句式），take sb.adv 句式表达的是“把某人怎么样”，比如： take it for granted = take it for（it is）granted 表示“把某个行为或做法当成是理所当然的，拿走某物时想当然地认为它已经获得对方的批准或同意”，take him down表示“把某人摆平，把某人干掉，让某人倒下，杀掉某人”。

六、“搞”字句 1.译为动词或动词短语

“搞”最常见的意义是“做”、“干”、“弄”、“从事”、“进行”等，因此可用do, get, make, work, practise, engage in, go in for等来翻译。例1.搞字对字的翻译常常是行不通的。

译文：It is often unacceptable to do a word-to-word translation.例2.这事没啥搞头。

译文：There’s no point in doing that.例3.他俩合起来搞我。

译文：The two of them joined in making things difficult for me.例4.中国现在实行对外开放、对内搞活的政策。

译文：China is now implementing the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy.例4.我们想搞水果蔬菜生意。

译文：We are thinking of starting up in the fruit and vegetable trade.例6.他一心要把对手搞臭。

译文：He is bent on discrediting his opponent.2.译为其他词类

例1.你们在搞什么名堂? 译文：What are you up to ? 例2.我们的国家大，人口众多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。

译文：Agricultural advance in so vast a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in China, requires above all else mobilizing the initiative of peasants to work hard and self-reliantly.3.省略“搞”字

例1.我们确定搞两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。

译文：We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely, to open up both externally and internally.例2.但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。译文：But there had been too much publicity about my case.例3.我们必须一心一意搞建设。

译文：We must concentrate on economic development.例4.这工作不好搞。译文：This is a difficult job.4.译为被动句

例：能不能尽快把科技搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。

译文：Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.

第二篇：复合句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)教案

复合句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句）

定语从句

考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句

1．whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语，of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是名词＋of which或of which＋名词。of whom 可以代替whose指人，词序是名词＋of whom。

2．which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that；which代指前面整个句子内容。

3．who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。

考点二 介词提前了的定语从句

1．与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。2．与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配。

3．of＋which/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)考点三 关系副词引导的定语从句

1．关系副词在定语从句中作状语，when指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。

2．先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。

考点四 先行词为point, situation, case等的定语从句

point，situation，case，activity等，从表面上看它们不是表地点的，但却表示类似地点的意义，因此它们作先行词时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，那么这个引导词要用where；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。

名词性从句

考点一 主语从句

主语从句在主句中作主语，位于主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况下由it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句子的后面，其句型结构为：It＋be＋n./adj.＋that/whether/why/when＋从句。考点二 同位语从句

1．同位语从句常放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt 等名词的后面，是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明，引导词只起引导作用，不在句中作任何成分，一般不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制，引导词在句中作一定的句子成分。考点三 表语从句

表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句的系动词之后。引导表语从句的连词有that，whether，as if；疑问代词有who，what，which；疑问副词where，why，when，how等。考点四 “疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”的区别

“疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”虽然都有“无论……”的意思，但是用法有区别：“疑问词＋ever”既可以引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句，而“no matter＋疑问词只能用来引导状语从句。

状语从句

考点一 时间状语从句

1．表示时间的状语从句可以由when，whenever，as，while，before，until，ever since，as soon as等词引导。

【温馨提示】when可表原因，意为“既然”。

How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen? 既然你什么也听不下去你怎么期望学东西呢？

2．as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the instant，no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...和once(一……就……)这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。

3．no sooner...than和hardly...when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若把no sooner, hardly提到句首，主句须倒装。考点二 条件状语从句

1．通常由if，unless如果不，除非，as(so)long as 只要，in case “结果，万一”等连词引导。2．由on condition(that)；provided(that)；providing(that)(假若；倘使)；supposing(that)等引导的条件状语从句。考点三 地点状语从句

1．通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。2．地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。Where there's a will，there's a way.有志者事竟成。考点四 让步状语从句

1.由although，though，as引导的状语从句although和though同义，用法基本相同。前者较正式，多置于句首；后者较通俗、口语化。

【温馨提示】 as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语，语序要倒装。Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但是他知道得很多。

2．even if, even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。3．whether(...or)引导让步状语从句，提供两个或两个以上的假设。4．由疑问词＋ever引导让步状语从句。考点五 原因状语从句

原因状语从句常用because, since, as, for引导，还可用now that(既然)，considering that...(考虑到……)，not that...but that(不是因为……而是因为)等引导。考点六 结果状语从句

结果状语从句由so that, so...that, such that, such...that等词引导。

复合句专项练习

1.The school shop, ________ customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.A.which

B.whose

C.when

D.where 【解析】答案：B 句意：这家校内商店放假时关门，它的顾客主要是学生。考查定语从句。本句没有并列连词也没有从属连词，故可判断逗号后面是非限制性定语从句；本句先行词是the school shop，还原到从句后为：The school shop’s customers are mainly students.因此选B，用whose引导定语从句，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。

2.The old town has narrow streets and small houses ________ are built close to each other.A.they

B.where

C.what

D.that 【解析】答案：D 句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子。本题考查定语从句。先行词是narrow streets and small houses，还原到从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that。A和C不能引导定语从句；B是关系副词，不能作主语。3.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of ________ she spoke fluently.A.who

B.whom

C.which

D.that 【解析】答案：C 句意：Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语，所有的(三门语言)她都说得很流利。先行词为German，French，Russian，代入定语从句后为：She spoke all of the three languages fluently.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作of的宾语，先行词指“物”，且介词提前，故用which。4.Mother bought many tomatoes from the market two days ago, ________ some have gone bad due to the bad weather.A.of those

B.from which

C.of which

D.in which 【解析】答案：C 考查定语从句。此处表示“其中的一些西红柿”，故用“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句。

5.As a teacher, I seldom give my students so difficult a problem ________ they cannot work out.A.that

B.if

C.in order that

D.as 【解析】 答案：D 句意：作为老师，我很少给我的学生难以解决的问题。先行词为so difficult a problem，代入定语从句后为：They cannot work out so difficult a problem.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作宾语。“so或such＋名词”作先行词、且先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，需用as引导定语从句。本题易误选为A项，用that引导状语从句，但状语从句应是完整的，所以，如选A项，题干应该为：As a teacher，I seldom give my students so difficult a problem that they cannot work it out.作为老师，我很少给我的学生如此难的问题以至他们不能解决。

6.It is still under discussion ___ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A.whether

B.when

C.which

D.where 【解析】答案：A 本题考查名词性从句。句意：那个旧公交车站是否应该被一家现代化宾馆所取代仍在讨论中。“It”作形式主语，“________ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”作真正的主语。根据句意及题干中的“or not”可知答案为whether，“whether...or not”在名词性从句中意为：是否。

7.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do ________ it takes to save her life.A.whichever

B.however

C.whatever

D.whoever 【解析】答案：C 句意：她对我们弥足珍贵。我们已经准备好尽一切努力挽救她的生命。这里的whatever既作take的宾语，也引导do后的宾语从句。

8.Being angry is OK, but knowing how to tell someone ________ made you angry is important.A.that

B.which

C.why

D.what 【解析】答案：D 考查名词性从句。句意：生气没什么，但是知道如何告诉别人什么导致你生气是很重要的。tell someone之后是宾语从句，且从句缺少主语，因此空处填what。9.In recent years, there has been a heated argument about ________ it is necessary for children to learn English from an early age.A.whether

B.if

C.what

D.that 【解析】答案：A 考查宾语从句。空白处在介词about之后，表示“是否”之意，且在介词之后引导宾语从句，只能用whether，介词后通常不用if引导宾语从句。

10.The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was aware ________ she had gone.A.that where

B.of the place which

C.of what

D.of where 【解析】答案：D 句意：全家人都为詹妮担心，因为没人知道她去哪里了。be aware of知道，为固定搭配；where引导的从句作介词of的宾语。

11.He had no sooner finished his speech ________ the students started cheering.A.since

B.as

C.when

D.than 【解析】答案：D 本题考查固定句式。句意：他刚做完演讲，学生们就开始欢呼起来。no sooner往往与than连用，意为：一……就……。故答案为D项。

12.As is reported, it is 100 years ________ Qinghua University was founded.A.when

B.before

C.after

D.since 【解析】答案：D 考查状语从句。句意：据报道，自从清华大学成立已经有100年了。这里用句式“It be＋一段时间＋since引导的状语从句”表示“自从……(到现在)有多长时间了”。

13.No matter how ________, it is not necessarily lifeless.A.a desert may be dry

B.dry a desert may be C.may a desert be dry

D.dry may a desert be 【解析】答案：B 本题考查让步状语从句。句意：无论沙漠可能会多么干燥，那里也未必没有生命。“no matter how＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语”构成让步状语从句。四个选项中只有B项符合要求。

14.Having checked everything, he sat down to do his homework, ________ he heard a lightening strike the electricity pole in the backyard.A.for

B.when

C.or

D.but 【解析】答案：B 考查连词。句意：检查了所有的东西之后，他坐下来开始写作业，这时他听到闪电击中了后院的电线杆的声音。此处用when表示“这时”。

15.If you are traveling __ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.A.in which

B.what

C.when

D.where 【解析】答案：D 句意：如果你正在一个风俗迥异的地方旅行，请入乡随俗。where引导地点状语从句；A项in which在定语从句的引导词，缺少先行词，所以不正确。16.--Could you please cut the price a little?--Er...________ you buy more than ten.A.even if

B.so long as

C.in case

D.as soon as 【解析】答案：B 句意：— 你能降一点价吗？— 呃……只要你买十个以上。so long as只要；even if即便，即使；in case以防万一；as soon as一……就……。

17.It was foolish of you to take a taxi ________ you could easily walk there in five minutes.A.though

B.as long as

C.so that

D.when 【解析】答案：D 考查连词。句意：你五分钟就可以走到那儿的，可你还打的去，真是太傻了。根据语意可知此处用when引导状语从句，意为“既然，考虑到”。though意为“尽管，虽然”；as long as意为“只要”；so that意为“为了”，都不符合题意。18.________ one is fully prepared, out door sports can sometimes mean injuries.A.Until

B.Because

C.When

D.Unless 【解析】答案：D 考查连词辨析。句意：要是没有充分准备的话，户外运动有时会意味着受伤。根据语意选D项，表示“如果不……；除非……”。

19.There she was, standing exactly ________ I had left her, crying bitterly.A.when

B.that

C.where

D.in which 5 【解析】答案：C 考查状语从句。句意：她就站在我刚才离开她的那个地方悲痛地哭。where I had left her是地点状语从句。

20.The new teacher was so well organized that she began ________ we stopped yesterday so that no point was left out.A.when

B.in which

C.how

D.where 【解析】答案：D 考查状语从句。句意：这位新老师条理非常清楚，她从我们昨天停止的地方开始，没有遗漏要点。where we stopped yesterday是状语从句。21.--Could you do me a favour?

--It depends on ________ it is.A.which

B.whichever

C.what

D.whatever 【解析】答案：C what在此导宾语从句，what在宾语从句中用作表语，句意为：这要看是什么(即这要看你要我帮什么忙)。

22.________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A.No matter what

B.No matter which

C.Whatever

D.whichever 【解析】答案：D 从句意上看，应一个表示“无论哪一个”的选项，因此B和D比较合适，但No matter which只用于引导状语从句，不用于引导名词性从句，故不能选B。23.--It’s thirty years since we last met.--But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________ we got lost on a rainy night.A.which

B.that

C.what

D.when 【解析】答案：B that在此引导同位=语从句，修饰名词the story。此题的难点是，其中插入了believe it or not，使问题变得复杂了。

24.See the flags on top of the building? That was ________ we did this morning.A.when

B.which

C.where

D.what 【解析】答案：D what在此引导表语从句，同时what在表语从句中用作动词did的宾语，其意相当于did the thing that。

25.A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.A.if

B.when

C.that

D.which 【解析】答案：C that在此引导同位语从句，修饰名词thought。此题的难点是，名词thought与修饰它的同位语从句被分离开了。

26.The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.6 A.which was

B.it was

C.which were

D.them were

【解析】答案：C 容易误选A 或B, 将A、B 中的 which和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。around which were high mountains是一个由 “介词+which” 引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains, around which是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。

请做下面一组题（答案均为C）：

（1）Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.A.which is

B.it is

C.which are

D.them are（2）The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.A.which are

B.it is

C.which is

D.them are（3）Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurant where we can have Chinese food.A.which are

B.it is

C.which is

D.them are 27.A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”

A.that

B.which

C.where

D.what

【解析】答案：C 容易误选 B，认为around 是介词，选which用以代替前面的名词hospital, 在此用作介词 around 的宾语。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词, 意为 “在附近”；其后的 where引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital, 句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去买药治我的手伤？ 28._____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What

【解析】答案：B 容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：

_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What

此题答案选 A，it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。再比较下面一组题，其中第（1）题选 B，第（2）题选 D：

7（1）______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A.Which

B.As

C.That

D.It（2）______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A.Which

B.As

C.That

D.It 29.Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 【解析】答案：A which 在定语从句中用作主语。

30.Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.A.where

B.when

C.that

D.which 【解析】答案：A where 在定语从句中用作状语。

附加题

1.David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.A.that

B.who

C.as

D.whom 【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such…… that ……句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。最佳答案为C, 不是A, 因为在such…… that ……（如此……以至……）结构中，that引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such …… that ……，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C 的理由如下：as用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为 “所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A, 能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A, 因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him。David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.A.that

B.who

C.as

D.whom 请再做以下试题（答案选D）：

It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.A.like

B.that

C.which

D.as 2.The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which

【陷阱】容易误选 C, 用 them 代指 the buses。最佳答案是D。most of which were already full为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D。

8（1）His house, for _______ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which（2）Ashdown forest, through _______ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which

（3）This I did at nine o’clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.A.that

B.it

C.them

D.which 类似地, 以下各题选 whom, 不选 them:（4）George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.A.that

B.him

C.them

D.whom

（5）Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.A.that

B.who

C.them

D.whom（6）I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.A.that

B.who

C.them

D.whom 3.He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who

【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students。最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of ……的前面加上连词and，则选答案B.比较以下各题（答案均选A）:（1）He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that

（2）He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.A.them

B.which

C.what

D.that（3）He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who（4）He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of ____ knew anything about the other.A.them

B.whom

C.which

D.who 4.He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who

【陷阱】容易误选 A, 认为这是非限制性定语从句。最佳答案是B, 这不是非限制性定语从 句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个 过去分词。当然，假若在 invited前加上助动词 were, 则是一个非限制性定语从句, 答案

便应选A。比较：

（1）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that 答案选B, none of them carried out in their work是独立主格结构，carried out 为过去分词。

（2）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _____ were carried out in their work.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that 答案选A, none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较 句中多了一个助动词were.（3）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of __ were carried out in their work.A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that

答案选B, 由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but, 使得该句成了一个并列句。

5.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents seated together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 【陷阱】容易误选, 认为这是非限制性定语从句。最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后 的动词seated不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以 下相似题：

（1）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated.（2）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 选A。因为句中有并列连词and, 整个句子为并列句。

（3）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。

（4）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents sat together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 10 选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语sat。（5）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.A.their

B.whose

C.which

D.that 选B。whose parents were sitting together joking为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。

6.If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.A.as

B.which

C.what

D.that

【陷阱】容易误选A 或B, 认为这是非限制性定语从句。正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that, 而不选 which：（1）If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.A.as

B.which

C.and it

D.that（2）If you want a double room, _____ will cost another￡15.A.as

B.which

C.what

D.that（3）Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.A.that

B.which

C.and it

D.so（4）When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.A.as

B.which

C.what

D.that 7.She says that she’ll never forget the time _ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 【陷阱】容易误选B, 机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where.正确答案为A.在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that。比较下面一组题：（1）She says that she’ll never forget the time _______ she works as a secretary in our company.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 选B。由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when。（2）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.A.which

B.when

C.how

D.where 选A。which在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。

第三篇：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句的翻译练习

第四节 定语从句的译法

1.Everything he said seemed quite reasonable.2.She made a list of all the articles there are on the subject.3.There is no difficulty we can’t overcome.4.Begin is really a devious sort of guy who will do these things.5.Last week I saw Modern Times with Charlie Chaplin playing the leading role, which I think

one of the most amusing films.6.Westminster Abbey, which is one of the oldest churches in Great Britain, contains the graves

of many famous Englishmen.7.Our teacher, who is getting old, will soon retire.8.My uncle, who will be seventy tomorrow, is still a keen sportsman.9.Envoys were sent who could strengthen our international position.10.Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries, who will negotiate trade

agreements with the respective governments.第三节 名词从句的译法

1.What she was afraid of was their taking her daughter abroad.2.Whatever I have is at your service.3.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.4.Isn’t it strange that he should have left without telling us?

5.It is a consolation that she is still alive.6.That he will refuse the offer is unlikely.7.Everybody knows that matter takes up space.8.I promised him that I would give him more help.9.He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.10.That is why we called off the meeting.11.The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.12.I have no idea when he will return.第五节 状语从句的译法

1.She sobbed as she told us her miserable past.2.“Why did you ask me to come in the middle of the battle?” Mr.Bethune asked General Nieh

as soon as he entered.3.As the weather was fine, I opened all the windows.4.Now that everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.5.What if anything happened to me?

6.We’ll come over to see you on Wednesday if we have time.7.But Prometheus also knew, powerful as Zeus was, once a god had given a gift, it could not be

taken away.8.However hard the task may be, we must fulfil it in time.9.Jim did not answer back lest his mother should be angry with him.10.People came here from all over Europe in order that they could study Owen’s methods.

第四篇：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句讲解及练习

定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句讲解及练习

名词性从句

whatever与no matter what It is generally considered unwise to give a child __________ her or she wants.A.whatever B.no matter what C.whenever D.no matter when 此题应选 A。容易误选B。选项C、D显然是错的，因为句中的 wants 缺宾语，而C、D两项不能作宾语。至于C、D 的区别，可这样描述：no matter what 只能引导状语从句，而不引导名词性从句。而 whatever 既可引导名词性从句(＝anything that)，也可引导状语从句(＝no matter what)：

1.引导名词性从句(只用whatever)： 无论他做什么都是对的。

正：Whatever he did was right.误：No matter what he did was right.无论他说什么似乎都有道理。

正：Whatever he says sounds reasonable.误：No matter what he says sounds reasonable.山羊找到什么就吃什么。

正：Goats eat whatever they find.误：Goats eat no matter what they find.2.引导状语从句(两者可换用)： 无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。

正：Whatever you say，I won’t believe you.正：No matter what you say，I won’t believe you.无论发生什么，都要保持镇定。正：Keep calm，whatever happens.正：Keep calm，no matter what happens.名词性从句的三个基本要素

要素一：引导词

也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类,一是that类，二是if / whether类，三是疑问词类。既然是引导词，所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。

要素二：语序 名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同，即“主语＋谓语”。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。

要素一：时态

若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。

引导宾语从句that的省略问题

■名词从句作动词宾语时，前面的that常被省略，特别是在非正式语体中：

I suggested(that)they should drive along the coast.我建议他们沿着海岸开车。I hoped(that)I would / should succeed.我曾希望我会成功。I know(that)he will be in time.我知道他会赶得上的。I knew(that)he would be in time.我当时知道他会赶得上的。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa.他想他们会给他签证。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他们会给他签证。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飞机会改变航线。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飞机会改变航线。■在某些动词(如answer, imply)之后则一般需要用that。如： He answered that he was from Austria.他说他是奥地利人。

She answered that she preferred to eat alone.她回答说她愿意独自吃。I don’t wish to imply that you are wrong.我无意暗示你错了。

The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair.报纸报道暗指他们有染。■在较长的句子里，特别在“that从句”与动词隔开时，that一般不可省略。如：

The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have the money without delay.那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到款。

这个that if是什么意思

这道题中的 that if 是什么意思？

She promised _________ he had enough money she would marry him.A.that B.if C.that if

D.if that 【分析】此题应选 C，其余几项均有可能误选。句子的正常词序为 She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money.由于将条件状语从句 if he had enough money 插入动词 promised 与其宾语从句之间，从而导致许多同学误选。顺便说一句，本来动词 promise 后接宾语从句时，引导宾语从句的 that 是可以省略的，但是按英语习惯，当动词与其宾语从句之间插有其他成分时，引导宾语从句的 that 通常不宜省略，所以此题不宜选B。又如：

She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money.她答应要是谁找到她儿子，她会给他一大笔钱。（句子可改为 She promised that she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.）

He said that when his wife came back he would leave.他说等他妻子一回来，他就离开。(句子可改写为 He said that he would leave when his wife came back.)Tell him that if he is at home I’ll come to see him.告诉他，如果他在家，我就去看他。(句子可改写为 Tell him(that)I’ll come to see him if he is at home.)

这两道题考查名词性从句吗

第1题

Don’t you know, my dear friend, _________ it is you that she loves? A.who B.which C.that D.what 【分析】此题容易误选 A或B，选 A 者认为这是指人的，故用 who；选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)，其实此题应选C，它引导的是一个宾语从句，只是被其中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend, don’t you know that it is you that she loves? 又如：

I think, though I could be mistaken, _________ he liked me.A.who B.which C.that D.what 答案选 C，句子可改写为 I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken.即 that he liked me 是动词 think之宾语。

第2题

He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.A.that B.which C.as D.because 【分析】此题容易误选 B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选 A，that 引导的是一个用以修饰名词 the news 的同位语从句。不少同学之所以误选B，正是 believe it or not（信不信由你）这个插入成分惹的祸。

这道题是考查主语从句吗？

这道题是考查主语从句吗？要看仔细定噢！

_________ with the right knowledge can give first aid.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever 【分析】此题容易误选B，主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势： Whoever says that is lying.谁那样说，谁就是在说谎。

Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.违反本法者应予以罚款。

Whoever comes first can get a ticket free.谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。

以上各例中的 whoever 引导的均为主语从句，它们均可换成 anyone who，但不能换成 anyone。上面的试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实有本质的不同，即 _________ with the right knowledge 中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的正确答案为C，anyone 为句子主语，with the right knowledge 为修饰 anyone 的定语。请做以下试题：

(1)_________ with a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(2)_________ has a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(3)_________ having a good education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(4)_________ seen smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(5)_________ is seen smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(6)_________ smoking here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever(7)_________ smokes here will be fined.A.Who B.Whoever

C.Anyone

D.Who ever 第(1)题选C，介词短语with a good education 为修饰 anyone 的定语； 第(2)题选B，whoever has a good education 为主语从句；

第(3)题选C，现在分词短语having a good education 为修饰 anyone 的定语；

第(4)题选C，过去分词短语seen smoking here 为修饰 anyone 的定语(可视为 anyone who is seen smoking here 之省略)；

第(5)题选B，whoever is seen smoking here 为主语从句(from www.xiexiebang.com)； 第(6)题选C，现在分词短语smoking here 为修饰anyone 的定语； 第(7)题B，whoever smokes here 为主语从句。

that与whether(if)引导名词性从句的区别

两者均可引导宾语从句，也可引导语从句和表语从句(if 通常不行)，但两者含义不同，whether(if)表示“是否”，that 却不表示任何含义。在它们所引出的从句中，that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而 whether(if)则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。比较：

Whether he’ll come is not known yet.他是否来还不清楚。That he’ll come is known to us all.我们都知道他会来。

类似地，动词doubt(怀疑)后接宾语从句时，由于 doubt的含义不确定，故通常用 whether(if)来引导其宾语从句，但若 doubt为否定式，则其后的宾语从句用 that 来引导。如：

I doubt if you are honest.我怀疑你是否诚实。

I don’t doubt that you are honest.我不怀疑你是诚实的。

that, why 与 because 引导表语从句时的区别

虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但 that 没有词义，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思；另外，虽然 why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调原因。如：

The reason was that you don’t trust her.原因是你不信任她。

The fact is that they are angry with each other.事实是他们生彼此的气。He was ill.That’s why he was sent to the hospital.他病了，所以被送到医院来。He was sent to the hospital.That’s because he was ill.他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。

whether 和if引导名词性从句的区别

两者均可用于及物动词后引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换。但除此(用于动词后引导宾语从句)之外，在其他情况下表示“是否”时，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、让步状语从句、与or连用分别引导两个分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介词后、直接与 or not 连用等等。如：

Ask him whether [if] he can come.问他能不能来。The question is whether he can do it.问题是他能不能做。

Answer my question whether you can help him.回答我你是否能帮助他。It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.这取决于信是否来得及时。注：在某些动词后(如 discuss 等)通常只用 whether。如：

We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我们讨论了是否要开一个会。

that与what引导名词性从句的区别

that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略；what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所„„的(东西)”，在含义上等于“名词+that”。如：

1.用that的例子

That she lacks experience is obvious.她缺少经验，这是显然的。

The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time.警察获知他那时不在场。He realized that she too was exhausted.他意识到她也精疲力尽。

My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country.我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday.鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。It was quite plain that he didn’t want to come.很明显他不想来。

It is natural that they should have different views.他们看法不同是很自然的。

2.用what的例子

What(=The thing that)he said was true.他所讲的是事实。What he had hoped at last came true.他希望的事终于成为现实。What he said is beneath contempt.他说的话不值一理。What he says is true, possibly.或许他说的是对的。What she saw gave her a fright.她看到的情况吓了她一跳。What I want to say is this.我想说的是这一点。I’m sorry for what I said.我为我说的话表示歉意。That’s what I want to know.这是我想知道的。

You had better hear what I have to say.你最好听听我的意见。I managed to get what I wanted.我设法得到了我要的东西。

It was what he meant rather than what he said.这是他的原意而不是他的原话。There’s something in what he says.他的话有些道理。

Her interest was roused by what he said.他的话引起了她的兴趣。

He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他一向清楚她不太赞成他的做法。

注：that 可引导同位语从句，what不能。如: Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗? 学习名词性从句的应注意的关键点

1.备考主语从句应注意以下三点

一是从句作主语，主句谓语动词用第三人称单数；

二是主语从句通常用it作形式主语，尤其是在It is +名词 / 形容词 / 过去分词+that„中，或在It seems / happens that„中，或疑问句中；

三要注意由what, whatever, whoever引导的主语从句一般不用形式主语。

2.备考宾语从句应注意以下四点

一是介词后(except等除外)一般不跟that引导的宾语从句，但可接疑问词引导的宾语从句； 二是在that引导的宾语从句后若还有补语时，要用it作形式宾语，而将that从句置于补语之后； 三是当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等时，若宾语从句要表示否定意义，往往要通过否主句来实现，即所谓否定转移；

四是虽然引导宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但若宾语从句前有插入语或有间接宾语时，that不能省略；that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后或者在“形式宾语it+宾补”之后时也不能省略；that从句单独回答问题时，that也不能省略。

3.备考表语从句应注意以下三点

一是除that, whether和疑问词外，as, as if, as though, because也可引导表语从句； 二要注意“that’s why+结果”以及“that’s because+原因”的区别； 三是注意the reason(why / for„)is that„句式。3.备考同位语从句应注意以下三点

一是同位语从句多在news, order, word(=news / order), idea, hope, suggestion, information, plan, thought, doubt, fear, belief等抽象名词后，说明其具体内容；

二是同位语从句与所说明的名词有时会被谓语所分开，做题时需注意；

三是引导同位语从句的有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how等，但绝大多数由that引导，注意同位语从句不能用which引导。

英语基础语法——名词性从句

一、名词性从句的基本概念

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。(1)主语从句

就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。如：

Whether he will be able to come remains a question.他是否来还是问题。

That China is a great socialist country is well known.众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。

注：为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成：

It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如： What he found surprised me greatly.他的发现使我非常吃惊。Whoever is finished may rest.凡是做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表语从句

就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if，as though。如：

The question is whether he is able to do it alone.问题是他能否单独做这件事。It looks as if(though)it is going to snow.天好像要下雪似的。注意：要区分以下句式：

1.that’s why+结果；that’s because+原因。2.the reason why /for„is that„ He is absent.That’s because he is ill.他缺席，这是因为他生病了。He is ill.That’s why he is absent.他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)宾语从句

就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如： They didn’t say which they wanted.他们没有说他们想要哪一个。

I am sure(that)no harm will ever come to you.我肯定你永远不会受伤害。I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。

注意：当think, believe, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词＋do you think /believe /expect＋宾语从句的其余部分？”如：

Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么？(4)同位语从句

就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导，但不能由which引导。如：

The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.“地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。

I have no idea when he will set out.我不知他什么时候出发。注：有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如：

The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing.真相终于大白了，他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。

二、名词性从句的基本要素 A.连接词

就是引导名词性从句的关连接词。共有四类：

1.连词that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。2.连词whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用if。

3.连接代词：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。4.连接副词：when, where, why, how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。

5.whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管„„”。注意：连接词必须位于从句的最前面。关于连接词的用法，请参见后文。B.语序

必须与陈述句语序相同：主语＋谓语动词。如： 译：我不知道他去哪里了。

误：I don’t know where has she gone.正：I don’t know where she has gone.C.时态一致

若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，其谓语动词必须用某种过去时态。如：

She said that his father had gone to Beijing.他说他父亲去北京了。(had不能用has)注：宾语从句是一个客观真理时，可以不一致。如：

She told me that the earth goes around the sun.他告诉我地球围绕太阳旋转。

八种宾语从句不省略that

引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略： 1.宾语从句前有插入语。如：

We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们呆在家里。

2.有间接宾语时。如： He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告诉我他要去日本。3.that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：

He said(that)the book was very interesting and that(不省略)all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。

4.在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如：

I think it necessary that he should stay here.我们认为他有必要留在这里。5.that从句单独回答问题时。如： —What did he hear? 他听说了什么事？

—That Kate had passed the exam.(他听说)凯特考试及格了。6.在except等介词后。如：

He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。

7.位于句首时。如：

That our team will win, I believe.我相信我们队会赢。8.在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如： He replied that he disagreed.他回答说他不同意。

宾语从句学习指要

用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。如：

He asked what you were doing last night.他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。

I didn’t know that he was wounded in the accident.我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。Can you explain why he didn’t come to the party last Sunday? 你能解释上周星期日他为什么没有来参加聚会吗？

在宾语从句中须注意：

1.that 在口语中常被省略，但在正式的文体中，不能省；并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句，但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。如：

I didn’t know(that)he was Li Lei.我不知道他就是李蕾。

I will do anything I can to help you except that I’m ill.只要我身体舒服，我愿做任何事情来帮助你。2.宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放到句末，此时的that不能省。如：

The boy has made it clear that they can’t play with his toys.那个男孩已清楚的表明他们不能玩弄他的玩具。

3.动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即：(should)do的形式。

He asked that we(should)get there before nine o’clock.他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。

The teacher advised us that we(should)not waste our time.老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。

4.宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即(from www.xiexiebang.com)：

1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如： He always says that he is our good friend.他总是说他是我们的好朋友。

When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed.当老师知道我们所干的事情时，他会说我们做了一件好事。

2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时，从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。如： He didn’t tell us he came from Shanghai.他没有告诉我们他来自上海。He said he had read the book.他说他读过这本书。

3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实，而不受时间的限制时，即使主句谓语动词为过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。如(from www.xiexiebang.com)：

Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers.毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。

When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world.我们还是小孩子的时候，人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。

同位语从句学习指要

当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如： The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all.中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon.他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。

同位语中应注意：

1.高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有：answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：

Hw sent us a message that he won’t come next week.他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。There is no doubt that he is fit for this job.毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。

2.表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如(from www.xiexiebang.com)：

He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college.他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。

Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules.不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制度。

3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现在以下几个方面：

(1)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。

(2)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容；而定语从句是对先行词—名词的限制、描绘或说明。

(3)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不担任任何成分，但不能省略；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。

(4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导；而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导(from www.xiexiebang.com)。

(5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语；而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。

表语从句学习指要

当一个子句充当句子的表语时，这个子句就叫做表语从句。如：

My idea is that he can teach children English in this school.我的想法是他能够在这所学校教孩子们英语。

My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever.我的希望是它将永远保守秘密。表语从句中应注意：

1.连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。如： What I want to do is(that)I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。

2.当句子的主语是：advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即：should +do。如：

My advice is that you should go to apologize to him.我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。

主语从句学习指要

用来作主语的句子叫做主语从句。如：

(1)When he was born is unknown.他生于何时还不知道。

(2)What he did last night is being investigated.他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。在主语从句中须注意：

1.主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。如：(1)It is possible that he has stolen the car.很可能他偷了小车。

(2)Isn’t it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？

2.if引导主语从句时，只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如： It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。3.that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省，但在句末口语中可省。如： That he was ill yesterday is known now.大家都已知道他昨天生了病。4.连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。如；

(1)Who has broken the glass is unknown.谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。(2)What he wants is all here.他所要的东西都在这里。5.主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断。如(from www.xiexiebang.com)：

(1)How he worked it out is still a secret.他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密(2)What they makes in this factory are TV sets.他们在工厂里所做的东西就是电视机。

使用名词性从句的两个注意点

注意1 语序问题

不管什么词引导，从句的语序始终用陈述语序。如：

(1)He asked how he could find his courage.他问道他如何才能找到他的勇气。(2)The question is why there is little rain here.问题是这里为什么雨水少。

注意2 连接词的选用问题

A．that，whether，if，as if(限用于表语从句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中，引导宾语从句时，口语中的that可省略，而其他情况中的that一般不可省；而whether，if一般用于不确定的语句中。如：

(1)That he learnt English before is certain.他学过英语是肯定的。(2)I don’t know whether / if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。(3)He looks as if he knows the answer.看起来他好像知道答案。B．whether和if 1)whether可用于任何名词性从句中，而一般只能用于宾语从句中。如果if引导主语从句时，只能放在句中，而不能置于句首。如：

(1)Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter.—It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not.他来还是不来都没关系。

(2)Do you know if / whether his words are true.你知道他的话是否真实吗？ 2)whether可与or not连用，而if则不可以。如

(1)I’m not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties.我没有把握他能否克服这些困难。

(2)The radio didn’t say whether it would rain or not tomorrow.收音机并没有报道明天是否下雨。

3)若用if会产生歧义时，则用whether。(1)Let me know whether he will come.告诉我他是否会来。

(2)Let me know if he will come.可理解为：告诉我他是否会来。也可理解为：如果他愿意来，就告诉我一声。

4)whether可与不定式连用，而if不可以。

Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow? 明天是否去那儿，你决定了吗？(句子中的whether不能用if替换)5)whether引导的从句可作某些介词及动词discuss的宾语，而if则不可以。如：

(1)They are talking about whether they will take part in the strike.他们在谈论他们是否要参加这次罢工。

(2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way.他们在讨论他们是否可以采用这种新的方法。

(以上两个句子中的whether 不能用if替换)6)宾语从句若为否定句，连接词则用if 而不用whether。如：

Do you know if he hasn’t been to Washington? 你知道他是否没有去过华盛顿吗？ 此句子中的If不能用whether替换。

C．连接代词、连接副词都作句子的成分，因此，选用时须确定从句是否缺少成分，然后再确定选用适当的连接词。如：

(1)I don’t know ________ he lives.(2)I don’t know ________ he lives there.(3)I don’t know ________ he lives there by fishing.(4)I don’t know ________ he likes.根据从句里面的成分，句子(1)可填地点、方式等连接词where / how；句子(2)可填that, whether / if，原因连接副词why 或方式连接副词how；句子(3)可填that, whether / if，原因连接副词why；句子(4)缺少宾语，可填what。

名词性从句用法详解

一、概说

名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而同位语从句则很少考查。

二、名词性从句的一般引导词

1.连接词 that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如：

I hope(that)you enjoy your holiday.希望你假期过得好。That he likes you is very obvious.很显然他喜欢你。

2.连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句时，可换成 if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。如(from www.xiexiebang.com)：

He asked whether [if] I would show him the way.他问我是否可以给他带路。

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用 if 代替 whether)3.连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如：

That’s why she wanted to leave.这就是她想离开的原因。When we arrive doesn't matter.什么时候到没有关系。Tell me which one you like best.告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。

4.连接副词 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如： The question is how we should carry out the plan.问题是怎样执行这个计划。

When she’ll be back depends much on the weather.她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。

三、名词性从句的重要引导词

1.what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“„所„的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如：

I don’t know what you want.我不知道你想要什么。

I don’t know what you want is this.我不知道你所想要的是这个。2.what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。如： I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的书都给他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身边带有的钱全给了我。

注：what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰，两者的区别是：what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如： What friends she has are out of the country.她有的那些朋友全在国外。We gave him what(little)help we could.我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。

3.whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所„的一切事或东西”、“任何„的人”、““„的任可人或物”等。如：

Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要这书都可拿去。I’ll do whatever I can to help him.我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest.买最便宜的。注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子： 任何人来都欢迎(from www.xiexiebang.com)。

误：Who comes will be welcome./ Anyone comes will be welcome.正：Whoever comes will be welcome./ Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论„”、“不管„”，其意相当于 no matter who [what, which]。如：

Whatever happens, you must be calm.不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)He won't eat you, whoever he is.不管他是谁，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)注：whoever 既用作主格也用作宾语；作宾语时不宜用 whomever，因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。

4.why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因。如： I had a cold.That’s why I didn't come.我感冒了，因此我没来。

I didn’t come.That’s because I had a cold.我没有来，那是因为我感冒了。

五、名词性从句的语序

名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同，尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句，不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如：

Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭？

I don’t know why he was crying.我不知道她为什么哭。

六、名词性从句的时态问题

1.当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如： She said that she didn't want to know.她说她不想知道。

I asked her whether she would agree.我问她是否会同意(from www.xiexiebang.com)。2.when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态；但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如：

I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you.我不知道他什么时候，但当他来的时候，我会打电话给你。

句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句，故用将来时态表示将来意义；第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表示将来意义。

同位语边缘知识归纳

一、什么叫同位语

当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如：

Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview.劳拉·迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。

Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university.玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。

Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个人是谁? We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。

以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式，一般不会出错。但有有几种同位语，或由于身本结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。

二、特殊同位语归纳

1.代词we, us, you等后接同位语 Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗? They three joined the school team.他们3人参加了校队。She has great concern for us students.她对我们学生很关心。He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。2.不定式用作同位语

Soon came the order to start the general attack.很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位)He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along„与the instruction同位)

3.-ing分词用作同位语

He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck.他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts.她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)

4.形容词用作同位语

The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。

He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.他读了很多书，古今中外都有。

People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。

【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：(from www.xiexiebang.com)The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.5.none of us之类的结构用作同位语

We none of us said anything.我们谁也没说话。

We have none of us large appetites.我们谁饭量都不大。They neither of them wanted to go.他们两人都不想去。

They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence.他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。【注】注意，同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如： 学生每人都有一本词典。(from www.xiexiebang.com)正：The students each have a dictionary.误：The students each has a dictionary.请比较下面一句（谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语）：

正：Each of the students has a dictionary.(from www.xiexiebang.com)

6.从句用作同位语（即同位语从句）

They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁。I received a message that she would be late.我得到的信息说她可能晚到。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不实。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong.你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。

whatever, whoever, whichever引导名词性从句

1.whatever引导的名词性从句

Whatever的意思是“所„的一切事或东西”，可视为what的强调说法，其含义大致相当于anything that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：

Whatever he did was right.无论他做什么都是对的。

Give them whatever they desire.他们想要什么就给他们什么。I will just say whatever comes into my mind.我想到什么就说什么。

Goats eat whatever(food)they can find.山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes.我将学习任何我的导师愿意我学的东西。He does whatever she asks him to do.她要他做什么，他就做什么。Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.给我谈谈任何使你烦恼的事。One should stick to whatever one has begun.开始了的事就要坚持下去。She would tell him whatever news she got.她得到的任何消息都会告诉他。You can have whatever allowance you like.你想要多少津贴就给你多少津贴。

2.whoever引导的名词性从句

whoever的意思“任何„的人”，在意义上大致相当于 anybody who。whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语： I’ll take whoever wants to go.谁想去我就带谁去。She can marry whoever she chooses.她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要这书都可拿去。Whoever comes will be welcome.谁来都欢迎。

Whoever you invite will be welcome.任何你邀请的人都欢迎。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.违反本法者应予以罚款。I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it.请想要这票，我就把它给谁。【注意】

(1)whoever既用作主格也用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。

(2)注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：

误：Who wins can get a prize./ Anyone wins can get a prize.(from www.xiexiebang.com)正：Whoever wins can get a prize./ Anyone who wins can a prize.谁赢了都可以获奖。3.whichever引导的名词性从句

Whichever的意思“„的那个人或事物”，在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that。whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：

Buy whichever is cheapest.买最便宜的。Take whichever you like.哪个你喜欢你就拿哪个。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪个哪个就是你的。

I’ll take whichever books you don’t want.你不要的任何书我都要。(from www.xiexiebang.com)Whichever(of you)comes in first will receive a prize.无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。

【注意】

whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句，相当于no matter what(who, which)。如：

Whatever happened I must be calm.不管发生什么情况我都要镇静。

Don’t lose heart whatever difficulties you meet.一不管遇到什么困难都不要灰心。I’ll post that letter whatever Wilson says.不管威尔逊说什么，这封信我都要发出去。He won’t eat you, whoever he is.不管他是谁，他也不会吃了你。

Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way.不管你是谁，都不能从这里过去。Whoever rings, tell him I’m out.不管谁来电话，都告诉他我不在家。Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied.不管哪边赢，我都会感到满意。It has the same result whichever way you do it.不管你怎么做结果都一样。Whichever you choose, they will be offended.不管你选哪个，他们都会不高兴。

关系型 what引导名词性从句的五种用法

一、用法归纳

1.表示“„„的东西或事情”：

They’ve done what they can to help her.他们已经尽力帮助了她。He saves what he earns.他赚多少，积蓄多少。What Mary is is the secretary.玛丽的职务是秘书。2.表示“„„的人或的样子”：

He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的那个样子。

He is what is generally called a traitor.他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。

Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的？ 3.表示“„„的数量或数目”：

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation.现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。

4.表示“„„的时间”：

After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。

The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours.小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。

5.表示“„„的地方”：

This is what they call Salt Lake City.这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。(from www.xiexiebang.com)In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。

二、用法说明

(1)这样用的what相当于“先行词+关系代词”，所以其前不能有先行词： 你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。

正：You can have what you like./ You can have everything(that)you like.误：You can have everything what you like.(2)有时what 可用作限定词，其后修饰一个名词： I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的书都给他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身边带有的钱全给了我。(3)What 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词： 误：I gave him what book I had.(from www.xiexiebang.com)(4)What后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰。注意区别：what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如：

I spent what time I had with her.我所有的时间都是与她一起度过的。

I spent what little time I had with her.我仅有的一点时间都是与她一起度过的。

四组名词性从句引导词用法区别

1.what 与that的用法区别

两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句，区别是what可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所„的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)：

He doesn’t know what she likes.他不知道她喜欢什么。What you say is quite right.你所说的相当正确。

I believe(that)he will come to see us.我相信他会来看我们的。It’s a pity(that)he didn’t finish college.真遗憾他大学没毕业。另外，that 可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句： I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这儿。

2.whether与 if的用法区别 两者的用法异同注意以下几点：

(1)两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换：

He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink.他问我们是否想喝一杯。He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come.他没有告诉我他是否会来。【注】若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用 if(意为“如果”)。(2)当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用 if 而不用 whether： I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.我不在乎天是否下雨。

【注】在个别词语(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可用 whether 引导： I wonder if [whether] he isn’t mistaken.我想知道他是否错了。(3)以下情况通常要用 whether 而不用 if： ① 引导宾语从句且置于句首时：

Whether he has left, I can’t say.他是否走了，我说不定。② 引导主语从句且放在句首时：

Whether he will come is still a question.他是否会来还是个问题。

【注】若在句首使用形式主语 it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导： It was not known whether [if] he would come.不知他是否会来。③ 引导表语从句时：

The question is whether we should go on with the work.问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。

【注】在很不正式的场合if偶尔也用于引导表语从句，但远不如用 whether 常见。④ 引导让步状语从句时：

Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。⑤ 引导同位语从句时：

The question whether we need it has not been considered.我们是否需要它还没有考虑。⑥ 用于不定式之前时：

I’m not sure whether to stay or leave.我不知是留还是去。I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.我真是哭笑不得。⑦ 用于介词之后时：

It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.这取决于信是否来得及时。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。⑧ 直接与 or not 连用时：

I will write to you whether or not I can come.我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。【注】若不是直接与 or not 用在一起，则有时也可用 if：

I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not.我不知他是否能赢。⑨ 在 discuss(讨论)等少数动词后引导宾语从句时：(from www.xiexiebang.com)We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我们讨论了是否要开一个会。

3.that ,why 与 because的用法区别

它们在引导表语从句中很容易混淆，区别于下：

(1)当主语是reason(原因)时，后面的表语从句的引导词通常用that： The reason why he didn’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet.他昨天没有参加聚会是因为他还没有回来。

【注】在现代英语中，有时也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。

(2)why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因：

I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.That’s why I got wet all through.我既没穿雨衣，也没带雨伞，所以全身都淋湿了。

I got wet all through.That’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.我全身都淋湿了，因为我既没穿雨衣，也没带雨伞。

4.that 与 whether(if)的用法区别

从意思上看，两者不应该发生混淆，因为 whether(if)表示“是否”，而that 却不表示任何含义，但实际使用时，有的同学却经常将其用混，并且各类语法考试也常考查它。两者的原则区别是：that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而 whether(if)则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。请看几道考题：

(1)______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.A.That C.Whether

B.If

D.Whenever [选C](2)______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If C.That

B.Whether D.Where [选B] 由于以上区别，所以动词 doubt后接宾语从句时，通常要用 whether(if)来引导，而不用 that，因为 doubt 表示“怀疑”，其意不肯定、不明确；但是如果它用于否定式，其后的宾语从句则要通常用 that 来引导，因为 not doubt 表示“不怀疑”，其意是肯定的、明确的。如：

I doubt if [whether] he’ll come.我拿不准他是否会来。I don’t doubt that he will succeed.我敢肯定他会成功。Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他会赢吗? 【注】在现代英语中，doubt用于肯定式时其后也可接that从句，不过此时的that仍表示whether的意思：

I doubt that we’ll ever see George again.我怀疑我们是否还会见到乔治。(from www.xiexiebang.com)类似地，be sure后的名词性从句通常用that引导，而 be not sure 后的名词性从句则通常用whether / if 来引导：

I’m sure that he is honest.我肯定他是诚实的。

I’m not sure whether(if)he is honest.我不敢肯定他是否诚实。学习名词性从句应注意的两个问题

一、词序问题

名词性从句总是用陈述句词序，则不能使用疑问句词序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序：

误：I didn’t know where did he live.正：I didn’t know where he lived.我不知道他住哪儿。误：Who will he marry remains unknown.正：Who he will marry remains unknown.他同谁结婚还不知道。

二、时态问题

由于由when引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，所以许多同学容易受此影响在when和if引导名词性从句时也用现在时表示将来意义。请看几题：

(1)I don’t know if he ________ or not tomorrow.A.come C.will come

B.comes D.is coming 此题答案选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(if≠如果)，而是宾语从句(if＝是否)，句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来。”(from www.xiexiebang.com)

(2)I don’t know if she ________, but if she ________ I will let you know.A.comes, comes C.comes, will come

B.will come, will come D.will come, comes 答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。

(3)“When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”

A.comes, comes C.comes, will come

B.will come, will come D.will come, comes 答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。

另外，当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态与之呼应(表客观真理时除外)： The teacher told us that he knew everything.老师告诉我们他知道一切。

The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。同位语从句用法详解(例句丰富)

一、同位语从句的引导词

引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。1.由that引导

We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不实。I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.我得出结论这样做是不明智的。

The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。

He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。

【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：

They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.他们面对废除这个税的要求。They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。

The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。

The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。

I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。

【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如： He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。

2.由whether引导

There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否会来还不一定。Answer my question whether you are coming.你回答我的问题：你来不来。The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.这个是对还是错要看结果。

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。

【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。3.由连接代词引导

Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗? From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters.After that I went back to work in a factory.Then I had no idea what a casino was.从1985年到1990年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。

4.由连接副词引导

I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么时候回来。It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做的问题。He had no idea why she left.他不知道她为什么离开。You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我多着急!

二、关于分离同位语从句

有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如：

The story goes that he beats his wife.传说他打老婆。

The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.谣传这里要盖一所新学校。Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town.有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。

The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.不久命令下来，所有居民都必须撤出村子。(G31)

二、同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1．意义的不同

同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：

We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句)2.引导词的不同

what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。3.引导词的功能上的不同

that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。

4.被修饰词语的区别

同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：

I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)(from www.xiexiebang.com)We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定语从句)表语从句用法详解(例句丰富)

一、表语从句的引导词

引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if, as though, because等连词。

1.由that引导

The fact is that he doesn’t really try.事实是他没有做真正的努力。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。

His sole requirement was(is)that the system work.他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。2.由whether引导

The question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看。【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。3.由连接代词引导

You are not who I thought you were.你已不是我过去所想像的人。

The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is who(m)we should trust.问题是我们应当相信谁。

What I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。4.由连接副词引导

The problem is how we can find him.问题是我们如何找到他。That was when I was fifteen.这是我15岁时发生的事。That’s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。That’s why he didn’t come.这就是他没有来的缘故。

That’s why I object to the plan.这就是我反对这个计划的原因。That’s where you are wrong.这就是你不对的地方。5.由关系代词型what引导

That’s what I want to stress.这是我想强调的。That’s what we are here for.我们来这里就为了这个。

Fame and personal gain is what they’re after.他们追求的是名利。He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的他了。6.由as if / as though引导

It isn’t as if you were going away for ever.又不是你离开不回来了。

Now it was as though she had known Millie for years.现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。

It is not as though we were poor.又不是我们家里穷。7.由because引导

It is because I love you too much.那是因为我太爱你了。

That’s because you can’t appreciate music.这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。

If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall night.如果我有点困，是因为一夜没睡。It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class.这是因为我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。

【注意】because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。

二、连词that的省略问题

引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略： My idea is(that)we should do it right away.我的意见是我们应该马上干。The trouble is(that)he is ill.糟糕的是他病了。(from www.xiexiebang.com)宾语从句用法详解(例句丰富)

一、宾语从句的引导词

宾语从句通常由连词that和whether(if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导： 1.that引导

We believe that he is honest.我们相信他是诚实的。

The doctor insists that I give up smoking医生坚持要我戒烟。I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建议我们明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建议我们第二天走。

We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain.从他的信里我们了解到他在西班牙。The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days.卖方要求5日内付款。2.whether / if引导

I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及时到。I didn’t know whether they liked the place.我不知道他们是否喜欢这个地方。I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it.我要看看我是否能劝他接受。I asked her whether she agreed.我问她是否同意。

He enquired if her parents spoke Spanish.他问她父母是否讲西班牙语。I wonder if it’s large enough.我不知道它是否够大。She didn’t say if he was still alive.她没说他是否还活着。3.连接代词引导

I don’t know who [whom] you mean.我不知道你指谁。Please tell me which you like.告诉我你喜欢哪一个。I’Il do whatever I can do.我将做我所能做的事。You can take whichever you like.你爱拿哪个就拿哪个吧。

We’ll do whatever we can to save him.我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。Take whichever seat you like.你要坐哪个座就坐哪个座位。Give it to whoever you like.你把它爱给谁就给谁。

You don’t know what you are talking about.你在说什么，你自己也不知道。Tomorrow at this time we’ll know who is elected.明天这时候我们就会知道谁当选了。4.连接副词引导

He asked why he had to go alone.他问他为什么必须一个人去。You don’t know when you are lucky.你身在福中不知福。I asked how he was getting on.我问他情况怎样。He knows where they live.他知道他们住哪里。

Have you found out how wide the ditch Was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗? I’d like to know when they will let him out.我很想知道他们什么时候会放他出来。We didn’t know why he had answered in that fashion.我们不明白他为什么这样回答。3.关系代词what引导

She has got what she wanted.她要的东西得到了。

I want to tell you what I hear.我想把听到的情况告诉你。He could not express what he felt.他无法表达内心的感受。They did what they could to console her.他们尽量安慰她。

They thought they could do what they liked with him.他们以为他们可以对他为所欲为。【注意】有时介词后可接一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句)： From what you say, he is right.根据你所说的，他是对的。有极个别介词(如but, except)可接that引导的宾语从句：

She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。

比较下面两句用what引导的宾语从句，它们的意思不一样：

He began to think about what he should do.他开始考虑应当怎样做。

二、宾语从句与形式宾语it 当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：

I think it best that you should stay here.我认为你最好住这儿。

He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married.他还没宣布他何时结婚。She found it difficult to answer the question.她发现回答这个问题很困难。He feels it his duty to hetp others.他认为帮助别人是他的责任。He thought it best to be on his guard.他认为他最好还是要警惕。

He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every session.他规定自己在议会每次开会时至少发一次言。I find it interesting talking go you.我觉得同你谈话很有意思。

I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.我认为考试作弊是不对的。

三、连词that的省略问题

引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略：

She said(that)she would come to the meeting.她说过要来开会的。I promise you(that)I will be there.我答应你我会去。I hoped(that)I would / should succeed.我曾希望我会成功。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa.他想他们会给他签证。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他们会给他签证。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飞机会改变航线。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飞机会改变航线。

Everybody knows(that)money doesn’t grow on trees.众所周知，金钱是不会从树上长出来的。

I suggested(that)they should / shouldn’t drive along the coast.我建议他们沿着 / 不要沿着海岸开车。

【注】有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略： That she is a good girl I know.她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。

四、宾语从句与否定转移

当动词think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语：

I don’t suppose that it is true.我认为那不是真的。

I don’t imagine that he will come.我想他不会来的。(from www.xiexiebang.com)I don’t think we need waste much time on it.我想我们不必在这上面花太多时间 We didn’t think we’d be this late.我们没想到我们会到得这么晚。I don’t suppose I’ll trouble you again.我想我不要再麻烦你了。

主语从句用法详解(例句丰富)

一、主语从句的引导词

主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。1.that引导

That he is still alive is a wonder.他还活着，真是奇迹。That we shall be late is certain.我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。

That he should have ignored the working class was natural.他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation.她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。

That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.她成为画家可能是受她父亲的影响。

That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好消息。

That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village.她被挑选上，在她村 子里引起很大轰动。

2.whether引导

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。3.连接代词引导

Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet.两强相争勇者胜。Whichever(of you)comes in first will receive a prize.无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪个哪个就是你的。4.连接副词引导

When we arrive doesn’t matter.什么时候到没有关系。How it was done was a mystery.这是怎样做的是一个谜。

How this happended is not clear to anyone.这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。How many people we are to invite is still a question.邀请多少人还是一个问题。Where I spend my summer is no business of yours.我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。5.关系代词型what引导

What we need is money.我们需要的是钱。

What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这一点。What’s done is done.事已成定局。

What he says is not important.他说的话并不重要。

What I am telling you is mere impressions.我和你说的都不过是一些印象而已。What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water.为河水增色的是水里的荷花。

What you need is a good-sized canvas bag.你需要的是一个比较大的帆布袋。

What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal.我担心的是他们把他带到葡萄牙去。What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot.给我很深印象的是他们都受过很多苦。

二、主语从句与形式主语it 有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况：

(1)对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句： It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遗憾他没来。

It is important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。It’s vital that we be present.我们出席是至关重要的。

It was intended that you be the candidate.大家的意图是让你当候选人。It is important that this mission not fail.这项使命不失败至关重要。It is essential that a meeting be convened this week.本周开一次会非常重要。It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.废除这个税是恰当的。

It’s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs.竟有这么多人失业这是不公平的。It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it.她竟未谈及此事令人惊讶。It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request.他们竟然拒绝我的请求，这是不可思议的。

That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage.他们拒绝在请愿书上签字这是需要很大勇气的。

(2)对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：

Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。It was a problem whether they would support us.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good.它对我们是利是害，还得看看再说。

(3)对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如： What we need is money.我们需要的是钱。

What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这一点。有时也可将助用形式主语。如：

It is clear enough what he meant.他是什么意思很清楚。(4)如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构：

Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？ How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？(from www.xiexiebang.com)

三、连词that的省略问题 引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略：

That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity.很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省)It was a pity(that)you didn’t go to the talk.很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)定语从句：定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：

引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有WHAT；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：

①连接作用，引导定语从句。

②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。

③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。

注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。3.定语：

定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用‘„„的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

4、先行词：

被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。[编辑本段] 关系代词引导的定语从句举例

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1、who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

(2)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2、Whose 用来指人或物

(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）

(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

(2)Please pass me the book whose(of which)color is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3、which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

(1)A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）

(2)The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）限定性定语从句

一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）

1.that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：This is the book（which）you want.]

2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

3.代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which：

a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时；

b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；

c)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；

d)先行词就是序数词或最高级时；

e)先行词中既有人又有物时；

f)整个句中前面已有which时；

g)当先行词为物并作表语时。

4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。

二、关系副词（在句中作状语）

关系副词=介词+关系代词

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)

when=during/ on/ in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)

1.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。

2.when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time“一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。

By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。

3.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.这里有人要和你说话。非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

4.有时as也可用作关系代词

5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.；

p.s: which引导非限定性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以 关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人在从句中做主语

(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人.2.whom指人

在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。）

如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.他就是那个有英语书的男人.3.whose通常指人，也可指物

在定语从句中做定语。4.which指物

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。5.that指人时

相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间

在定语从句中做时间状语

(1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2)The time when we got together finally came.2.where指地点

在定语从句中做地点状语

(1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3.why指原因

在定语从句中做原因状语

(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 介词和关系代词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的”介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。

This is the house in which（where）I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which（when）you joined our club?

This is the reason for which（why）he came late.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+关系代词引导

当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用whick/whom即“介词+which/whom”且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/whick/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如：

(1)The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略

= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略

(2)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine(that/which)you asked for.= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(3)We’ll go to hear the famous singer(whom/that/who)we have often talked about.= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：

1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T＝正确)

F This is the watch for which I am looking.(F＝错误)

2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

(2)The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.(T)

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 关系代词

关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。

which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；

who在从句中作主语；

whom在从句中宾语；

where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；

when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；

why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是”reason“

有时why也可用for+which代替。

例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.主语 谓语 先行词 从句

定语从句修饰先行词

As 的用法例

1.the same„ as；such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。

I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；

例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分

1.形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：

My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2.动词短语先行成分。

这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。

3.句子作先行成分。

这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。

二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置

由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：

1.形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。

2.动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。

3.句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。

三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能

一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。

1.表示结果

表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。

2.表示评注

表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。

3.有无状语意义

“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。

四、关系代词as与which的句法功能

1.as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。

as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、a rule、a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：

Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。

2.as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。

3.as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：

We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。

如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：

He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4.which在特殊从定语句中作定语。

which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：

I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.关系代词that 的用法

(1)不用that的情况

(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(b)介词后不能用。

(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

(b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

(c)先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。

(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。.(e)先行词既有人，又有物时。

(f)先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．

(g)为了避免重复．

(h)先行词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略

(i)主句的主语是疑问词who /which时 难点分析

（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时

注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。

注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

2、当先行词被序数词修饰

3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时

当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语

8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which

（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

2、as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如„„，正像„„”的意思

注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。

3、当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as

注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

注意：定语从句such„as „与结果状语从句such„ that„的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分

(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

There are very few but understand his idea。(but= who don’t)

［定语从句］介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系副词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的”介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

第五章：状语从句

状语从句指句子用作状语，起副词作用的句子。根据英语中状语的分类，我们将状语从句分为九种：时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较状语从句。

第一节：状语从句的分类

1.时间主状语从句。

常用关系词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊关系词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner „ than, hardly „when, scarcely „ when a.I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.b.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.c.The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard.d.No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain.e.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2． 地点状语从句 常用关系词：where 特殊关系词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere a.Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.b.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3． 原因状语从句

常用关系词：because, since, as, for 特殊关系词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.a.My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.b.Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.c.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.d.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4． 目的状语从句

常用关系词：so that, in order that 特殊关系词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that a.The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.b.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5． 结果状语从句

常用关系词：so „ that, such „ that, 特殊关系词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, a.He got up so early that he caught the first bus.b.It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.c.To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.6． 条件状语从句

常用关系词：if, unless, 特殊关系词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that a.We’ll start our project if the president agrees.b.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.c.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7． 让步状语从句

a.常用关系词：though, although, even if/even though 特殊关系词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首)，no matter „，in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, whether.a.Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.b.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.c.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.d.He won’t listen whatever you may say.8． 比较状语从句

常用关系词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊关系词：the more „ the more „;just as „，so„;A is to B what /as C is to D;no „ more than;not A so much as B a.She is as bad-tempered as her mother.b.The house is three times as big as ours.c.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.d.Food is to men what oil is to machine.9． 方式状语从句

常用关系词：as, as if, how 特殊关系词：the way(也可以认为是in the way that-同位语从句)a.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.b.She behaved as if she were the boss.c.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.第二讲：几种容易与状语从句混淆的其他从句

由于有些状语从句关系词和其他从句的关系词一样，所以学生在使用时容易出现错误。本讲主要讲解几种容易混淆的从句。

1.if 和whether的区别。

首先我们看看这两个关系词所能引导的从句。

① if.它通常用来引导：条件状语从句和宾语从句。

② whether用来引导主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句, 同位语从句和让步状语从句。

那么，我们就可以看出，它们两个词的共同之处就是：都可以引导宾语从句，换句话说，在宾语从句中有时可以替换。

2.no matter+疑问词和疑问词+ever 的区别。首先我们看看这两个关系词所能引导的从句。

① no matter+疑问词通常用来引导让步状语从句。② 疑问词+ever用来引导让步状语从句和名词性同居。

那么，我们就可以看出，它们的共同之处就是：都可以引导让步状语从句，换句话说，在让步状语从句中可以替换。

He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was.(天津 2005)A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 分析：答案为A.however。这道题为什么不在B.no matter后面加how呢？从句意看出，这是一个让步状语从句，however和no matter how都能引导让步状语从句，所以不能在B.no matter后面加how，不然它也能选。

3.介词，副词和关系词的区分。

这种结构的关键就是要弄清楚词性，以及他们各自的功能。介词：后面跟宾语从句；

副词：不能在句子中作关系词引导句子，除非是具有引导功能的关系副词； 关系词：用来引导从句。

下面列举几组容易混淆的例子： ① despite和although.尽管两个词在意思上都有“虽然，尽管”的意思，但是despite为介词，although为关系词，引导让步状语从句。

a._____ what he achieved in medicine, he reminded modest.A.Despite.B.Although.C.If D.Even.分析：由于what he achieved in medicine.为一名词性从句，由what引导，因此它前面就不能再出现其他的关系词。所以排除B.Although，C.If，Even为副词，不能引导句子，所以答案为A.Despite。b.______ young, he has experienced what others has not experienced.A.Despite.B.Although.C.If D.Even.分析：young为形容词,不能跟在介词之后，所以排除A.Despite，根据句意选择B.Although。为什么排除C,D在以后的章节有详细讲解。② but和yet的区别。

这两个词在意思上都有“但是”的意思，但是如果用在两个句子中间but用作连词，yet可以认为是副词。

Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.分析：although为一关系词，引导让步状语从句，说明此句为一主从复合句，假如横线上填入but那就说明此句为一并列句，那么到底是什么句子呢？所以只能用yet.③ when和suddenly的区别。

When引导从句时间状语从句时可以表示“突然”，suddenly也有突然的意思，但是它只是一个副词，不能引导从句。

One day, he was on a flight ______ the plane crashed.从句系的形式来看，横线后面为一句子，所以此处必须选一关系词，所以只能用when。

④ in order to和in order that, because of 和because, in case of和in case, for fear of 和for fear。

这几组短语前面的都不能用来引导从句，后面的用来引导从句。

John may phone tonight.I don't want to go out_____ he phones.(2000春季招生)A.in order B.in order that C.in case D.in case of 分析：横线后是从句，所以排除A，D。根据句意C.in case。

第三讲：状语从句选择关系词的公式

高中阶段的状语从句比较简单。从高中水平来讲：缺少状语部分的句子，无论是主句还是从句，它们都是完整的句子（完整句子的概念在第一章有详细讲解）。因此，状语从句的选词公式为： 1.判断主从句是否完整，如果完整即为状语从句。

2.根据句意个关系词的意思和功能选择合适的关系词。

第三讲：实战演练

1.After the war, a new school building was put up _____there had once been a theatre.(全国卷 1996)A.that B.when C.which D.where 2.______, mother will wait for father to have dinner together.(全国卷 1997)A.However late is he B.However late he is C.However is he late D.However he is late 3.Why do you want a new job ___you’ve got such a good one already?(全国卷 1998)A.that B.where C.which D.when 4.—I’m going to the post office.—____you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(全国卷 1999)A.As B.While C.Because D.If 5.____you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.(全国卷 1999)A.Now that B.After C.Although D.As soon as 6.You should make it a rule to leave things ____ you can find them again.(全国卷 1999)A.when B.where C.there D.which 7.We’ll have to find the job, _____.(全国卷 1999)A.long it takes however B.it takes however long C.long however it takes D.however long it takes 8.Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ____I could answer the phone.(全国卷2000)A.as B.since C.until D.before 9.The WTO cannot live up to his name ___it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.(全国卷 2000)A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though 10.John may phone tonight.I don't want to go out_____ he phones.(2000春季招生)A.as long as B.in order that C.in case D.so that 11.It is generally believed that teaching is ______ it is a science.(全国卷 2001)A.an art much as B.much as an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as 12.The men will have to wait all day ______the doctor works faster.(2001春季招生)A.if B.unless C.where D.that 13.-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?-Yes, I gave it to her ____I saw her.(2001春季招生)A.while B.the moment C.suddenly D.once 14._____ can you expect to get a pay rise.(2001春季招生)A.With a hard work B.Although work hard C.Only with hard work D.Now that he works hard 15.John shut everybody out of his kitchen ____he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.(全国卷2002)A.which B.when C.so that D.as if 16.He was about to tell me the secret _______ someone patted him on the shoulder.(2002上海)A.as B.until C.while D.when 17.We were in ____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.(2003上海)A.a rush so anxious B.a such anxious rush C.so an anxious rush D.such an anxious rush 18.A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity ____ he reaches the end of the story.(2003上海)A.when B.unless C.after D.until 19.—Dad, I've finished my assignment —Good, and ____ you play or watch TV, you mustn't disturb me.(2003上海)A.whenever B.whether C.whatever D.no matter 20.Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ___ her boss could read it first thing next morning.（2003安徽）

A.so that B.because C.before D.or else 21.Mr.Hall understands that ___ math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students.（2003安徽）

A.unless B.since C.although D.when 22.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _______ it got worse.(2003北京)A.until B.when C.before D.as 23._______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.(2003北京)A.Even though B.Unless C.As long as D.While 24.—Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? —Yes.He had never praised him_____ he became one of the top students in his grade.(2003春季招生)A.after B.unless C.until D.when 25.Don’t be afraid of asking for help ____ it is needed.(全国卷2003)A.unless B.since C.although D.when 26.You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.(重庆 2004)A.whenever B.wherever C.whatever D.however 27.Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.(全国卷2004-1）A.because B.so that C.even if D.as 28._____you call me to say you’re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(全国卷2004-2)A.Though B.Whether C.Until D.Unless 29.Several weeks had gone by ______I realized the painting was missing.(全国卷2004-4)A.as B.before C.since D.when 30._____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.(2004 浙江)A.While B.Since C.As D.If 31．We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started.(北京 2004 春季招生)A.when B.while C.until D.before 32._______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.(北京 04 春季招生)A.As long as B.As far as C.Just as D.Even if 33.It was evening______ we reached the little town of Winchester.(天津 2004)A that B until C since D before 34.I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.(江苏 2004)A.While B.Since C.Before D.Unless 35.—Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.(福建 2004)A．since B．after C．before D．when 36.You should try to get a good night’s sleep much work you have to do.(湖北 2004)A．however B．no matter C．although D．whatever 37.We were told that we should follow the main road we reached the central railway station.(辽宁 2004)A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever 38.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.（上海2004）

A.when B.while C.since D.once 39.Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses _________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.（上海2004）

A.because B.through C.unless D.if 40.________, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.(上海04 春季招生）

A.However the story is amusing B No matter amusing the story is C.However amusing the story is D.No matter how the story is amusing 41.It is known to all that you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.(全国卷2005)A．unless B．whenever C．although D．if 42.I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s __________ I have to wait.(全国卷2005-3)A.in case B.so that C.in order D.as if 43.He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was.(天津 2005)A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 44.He transplanted the little tree to the garden ____ it was the best time for it.（上海2005）

A.where B.when C.that D.until 45.Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____ they are different from your own.(湖南 2005)A.until B.even if C.unless D.as though 46.The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him ____ I did.(湖南 2005)A.as much as B.as long as C.as soon as D.as far as 47.You must keep on working in the evening, you are sure you can finish the task in time.(安徽 2005)A.as B.if C.when D.unless 48.That was really a splendid evening.It’s years I enjoyed myself so much.(安徽 2005)A.when B.that C.before D.since 49.I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea.(北京 2005)A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that 50.It is almost five years we saw each other last time.（北京 05 春季招生）A.before B.since C.after D.when 答案和分析：

1.主句为被动语态-完整，从句为主系表结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据句意为地点状语从句，所以D.where。2.主句为主谓结构-完整，从句为主系表结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据however的用法，它修饰形容词或副词，用在所修饰的词之前，根据句意为让步状语从句，所以B.However late he is。3.主句为主谓宾结构-完整，从为句主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据句意为让步状语从句，所以D.when（尽管）。

4.主句为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主系表结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据句意为时间状语从句，所以B.While。

5.主语为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为原因状语从句，所以A.Now that。

6.主句为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为地点状语从句，所以B.where。

7.主语为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主谓宾-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为让步状语从句，所以D.however long it takes。

8.主语为主谓结构-完整，从句为主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为时间状语从句，所以D.before。

9.主句为主谓宾-完整，从句为主谓宾-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为条件状语从句，所以C.if。

10.主句为主谓宾机构-完整，从句为主谓结构-完整，所以为状语从句，根据句意为条件状语从句，所以C.in case。以下只做简单分析：

11.这道题考察as much„as的用法，结构比较复杂，不能简单地将其翻译为“和„一样多”，但它是标准的比较结果状语从句，是as用在比较状语从句中比较简单的一种。从近年高考试题来看，这种结构出道这种程度也算是够难的。这道题的真正意思是：人们普遍认为教书不但是一门科学更是一门艺术。如果理解这种用法，这道题就非常简单了，答案为D.as much an art as。12.条件状语从句，所以B.unless。13.时间状语从句，所以B.the moment。

14.倒装结构，所以C.Only with hard work。15.目的状语，所以C.so that。16.时间状语从句，D.when（突然）。

17.so 和such的区别，所以D.such an anxious rush。18.时间状语从句，所以D.until。19.让步状语从句，所以B.whether。20.目的状语从句，所以A.so that。21.让步状语从句，所以C.although。22.时间状语从句，所以C.before。23.条件状语从句，所以C.As long as。24.时间状语从句，所以C.until。25.时间状语从句，所以D.when。26.时间状语从句，所以A.whenever。27.目的状语从句，所以B.so that。28.条件状语从句，所以D.Unless。29.时间状语从句，所以B.before。30.原因状语从句，所以B.Since。

31.时间状语从句，所以A.when。when suddenly可以认为是固定搭配。

32.条件状语从句，as far as I can see 固定搭配，“以我来看„”,所以B.As far as。33.时间状语从句，所以D before。34.让步状语从句，所以A.While 35.时间状语从句，所以C．before。36.让步主语从句，所以A．however。37.时间状语从句，所以B．until。38.时间状语从句，所以A.when。39.原因状语从句，所以A.because。

40.让步状语从句，所以C.However amusing the story is。41.条件状语从句，所以A．unless。42.条件状语从句，所以A.in case。43.让步状语从句，所以A.however。44.时间状语从句，所以B.when。45.让步状语从句，所以B.even if。

46.比较状语从句，翻译：我越想他，我就越能找出更多和以往一样爱他的理由，所以A.as much as。47.条件状语从句，所以D.unless。

48.时间状语从句，翻译：那是多么美好的一个夜晚啊！好多年都没有这种感觉了，所以D.since。49.目的状语从句，所以D.so that。

50.时间状语从句，翻译：从上一次我们见面到现在已经5年了（我们5年没见面了），所以B.since。

第五篇：名词性从句与定语从句的辨析1

名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

定语从句

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为：

1）连接代词：who(-ever), what(-ever), which(-ever), whom(-ever), whose 2）连接副词：when, where, why, how 3）连接词：that, whether, if

连接代词和连接副词在从句中充当一定的句子成分，而连接词在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。

1．主语从句

在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句，它位于主句的谓语动词之前。但实际使用中常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句移到主句之后。例如：

Who will go makes no difference.It makes no difference who will go.That she was able to come made us very happy.It made us happy that she was able to come.注意：由what, whoever, whatever, whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。

2．表语从句

位于主句中系动词之后，在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。例如：

One advantage of living in the country is that one can get close to nature.His mother was ill and he had to look after her.That was why he was late.表语从句常见于be动词之后，有时见于look之后；引导表语从句的连接词除前面所列的常用词之外，还可由because, as if/though引出。例如：

He was late.That was because he had to look after his sick mother.(=The reason was that he had to look after his sick mother.)It looks as if/though it is going to rain.They looked as if/though they had been friends for many years.3．宾语从句

在主句中位于及物动词之后或少数介词之后、充当主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句中的that通常可以省略。例如：

I doubt whether/if he will be against the idea.She will write a book on how young mother should raise their babies.I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.当及物动词后跟两个(或两个以上)的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省去，后面从句中的that通常不省去。如：

He said(that)the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.跟在一些表示情感意义的形容词（如afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry, anxious, worried, surprised, disappointed等）或确信意义的形容词（如certain, sure 等）后的从句通常也被当作宾语从句对待，其中that也可以省略。例如：

I’m not sure whether/if I can pass the exam successfully.如果主句的谓语是make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to等常带有宾语补足语的动词，则通常在这些词后用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，其结构通常是“动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”。例如：

He thought it a pity that he missed the film.We find it necessary that we(should)practise spoken English every day.4．同位语从句

跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的、表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系，引导同位语从句最常用的是that，that在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。例如：

We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

The suggestion that the students(should)have plenty of exercise is very good.The suggestion(that/which)he raised at the meeting is very good.对比发现上句中的that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；下句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词raised的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，又因其在定语从句中充当宾语，故又可省略。

名词性从句的难点把握

1．由whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever引导的名词性从句

这些词引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句的名词词组：

whoever=anyone who…“任何……的人”；whomever是whoever的宾格形式

whatever=anything that… “任何……的物”

whichever=any … that… “任何……的（已知范围内的或上文提到过的）人或物” 它们可以用来引导主语从句，例如：

Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.=Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.Whatever he had was seized by the German soldiers.=Anything that he had was seized by the German soldiers.Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.=Any one of you who comes in first will receive a prize.这些词还可以用来引导宾语从句，例如：

You can just say whatever comes to your mind.=You can just say anything that comes to your mind.Take whichever seat you like.=Take any seat that you like.You may choose whoever/whomever you’d like to go with.=You may choose anyone who you’d like to go with.(注：whoever在主句中作choose的宾语，在从句中又充当go with的宾语，因此可用宾格的whomever来代替)

She would like to make friends with whoever shares her interest.=She would like to make friends with anyone who shares her interest.（注： whoever在主句中作介词with的宾语，但在从句中又充当谓语动词shares的主语，因此不能用whomever代替）

关于—ever等词引导让步状语从句的用法可参阅本章第三节“状语从句”。

2．名词性从句中的what和that

what和that的选用一直是学生学习的一个难点，正确选择的关键是看该从句结构是否相对

完整、是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分而定。例如：

What he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybody present.The problem is what we should do to protect the earth.The fact is that we should do something to protect the earth.比较上面两组句子，不难发现，what在句中不仅引导从句，同时它本身在从句还充当了宾

语的作用；没有了what，从句结构就不完整；而that只起引导从句的作用，本身在从句中不充当任何成分，that引导的是一个结构相对完整的陈述句。

3．名词性从句中的whether和if

在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中遇“是否”句用whether引导而不用if；在宾语从句中whether和if常可换用。例如：

Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.(主语从句，不用if)The problem is whether we finish the task on time.(表语从句，不用if)

The problem whether we’ll build another school hasn’t been settled.(同位语从句，不用if)I wonder whether/if the news is true.（宾语从句，可以换用）

但若有or not紧跟其后，不宜用if；介词后面的宾语从句也不用if引导。例如：

I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.（or not 放在句末，可用if）

I wonder whether or not the news is true.（or not 紧跟其后，不用if）

It depends on whether you want to do it or not.（介词后面的宾语从句，不用if）

4．名词性从句中的虚拟语气

表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词义出现时，不管是在哪一种从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为（should）+ 动词原形，其中should可省略。常用词有insist, suggest, order, demand等。例如：

He suggested that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（宾语从句）

It was suggested that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（主语从句）

His suggestion was that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（表语从句）

He made a suggestion that a meeting(should)be held immediately.（同位语从句）

The doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.（宾语从句）

It was ordered by the doctor that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.（主语从句）

The doctor’s order was that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.（表语从句）

The doctor’s order that she(should)stay in bed for a few days was reasonable.（同位语从句）

用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。

一．词引导的定语从句

1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词

句子成分

用于限制从句或非限制性从句

只用于限制性从句

代替人

代替物

代替人或物

主语

Who

which

that

主语

Whom

which

that

宾语

Whose(=of whom)

whose(=of which)

例１：This is the detective who came from London.例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.例３：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.例４：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.２．关系代词的用法

(1)如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：

All the people that are present burst into tears.(2)如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：

(3)非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.(4)which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5)that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。

(6)which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。

(7)如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。

(8)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：

The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9)如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：

Is there anyone here who will go with you?

３．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构

(1)“介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that。

(2)from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：

We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..(3)像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：

This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二．关系副词引导的定语从句

1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句

关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。

2.that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因

That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。

三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．二者差异比较

限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。

2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据

(1)弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。

3.先行词与定语从句隔离

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：

1)This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..2)He was the only person in this country who was invited

四．As在定语从句中的用法

1.引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

（１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

（２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：

The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.（３）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。

2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：

(1)As is expected, the England team won the football match.(2)The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.名词性从句和定语从句的比较

面对这两种从句的学习我们一定要谨记以下几点：

1、定位，确定位置之后才能具体分析是什么从句。

2、寻词，寻找像what/who/which/when等等这样的词。

3、析句，看看句子当中到底缺少什么样的成分，所谓成分一般指的是主语和宾语。

例如：

a)What they have said made me happy。

b)The topic that my parents are talking about is very interesting。

c)The topic that the central government is going to cancel the tax on agricultural causes great discussion。

d)I am afraid of what will happen in 2012.e)My dream is that I will be a teacher one day。

从上面的几个句子我们可以看出，如果不省略连接词的话，基本可以看出是什么样的句子。从以上五个句子中，我们可以找到what/that等连接词，然后定位。主语从句很明显在前面，定语和同位语从句跟在名词之后，宾语从句跟在谓语动词、形容词以及介词之后，表语从句则跟在系动词之后。完成定位之后，则是分析句中的成分。像a）中said是一个及物动词后面可以直接加宾语，则缺少宾语，这种情况则在连接代词和关系代词当中选择。若是不及物动词则要加介词，一般作状语，则在连接副词和关系副词当中选择。

其中定语从句和同位语从句都是在名词之后，不是很好区分，但是细看之下则可以发现，定语从句当中的关系词在定语从句当中都是充当成分或者状语，但是在同位语从句当中则补充当成分，只起到连接作用，并且后面的句子讲述的内容就是前面的那个名词。如c）句当中的“the topic” 就是“the central government is going to cancel the tax on agricultural”两者之间是等价的关系。

在名词性从句和定语从句当中，其中主要是同位语从句和定语从句比较让人难以理解，所以我们对这两种句子进行具体的分析。

1.July 1, 1921 was the day ___ the Communist Party of China was founded.A.that B.on which C.which D.on that

从这题分析，the day 是一个名词，跟在名词之后的句子一般是定语从句和同位语从句，这就首先完成了定位。然后看看后面一个句子的动词found是不及物动词，那么就要加上介词或者是关系副词，又因为是时间所以可以选择when，题中没有，最小的时间是日期，则只能用介词on，所以该题选择B.2.The fact _____ he is an advanced worker is well known.A.what B.which C.that D.why

The fact 是一个名词，所以后面的从句要么是定语要么是同位语从句，“he is an advanced worker”是一个完整的句子，不缺任何成分，并且the fact 和“he is an advanced worker”表示同一个事物，所以是同位语从句，因此选C.所以，做到这类题目的时候一定要遵循定位、寻词和析句这三个步骤。