第一篇:Translation means translating meaning翻译,即译义
翻译概述-之社会符号学指导下的翻译方法
以社会符号学为取向的原则(the sociosemiotic-oriented translation principle)
社会符号学是研究符号系统与社会与人类关系的科学,是在符号学的基础上发展而来的。符号学的研究虽然可追溯到古希腊,但真正起步却是在二十世纪。对符号学发展贡献最大的应是美国学者查尔斯·皮尔士(Charles Pierce)和查尔斯·莫里斯(Charles Morris)。按他们的观点,符号是由三个方面组成的实体,即1)符号载体(a sign vehicle),2)符号所指(a represent of the sign),3)解释者(interpretant)。这三部分之间的关系产生了符号学的三种意义-形式意义(符号与其他符号之间的关系)、存在意义(符号与所指对象的关系)和实用意义(符号与解释者的关系)。它们是符号意义的总和,应用于语言研究时也就相应地将语言意义划分为三种:1)言内意义(符号与符号之间的关系所体现的意义);2)指称意义(符号与所指对象之间的关系所体现的意义);3)语用意义(符号与解释者之间的关系所体现的意义)。研究这三方面意义的学科分别为句法学、语义学和语用学,它们是符号学的三个分支。社会符号学是美国学者冈瑟·克雷斯(Gunther Kress)等人在符号学的基础上发展而来的。美国翻译理论家尤金·奈达(Eugene A.Nida)创造性地将社会符号学应用于翻译研究和实践,提出了社会符号学翻译法。我国学者陈宏薇等人也对这一理论的继续发展作出了自己的贡献。学习社会符号学翻译法必须重点掌握以下概念:
A.翻译就是翻译意义(Translation means translating meaning.)。意义分为1)指称意义(designative meaning)、2)言内意义(intralingual meaning)和3)语用意义(pragmatic meaning)。指称意义是语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体和事件之间的关系,是词语、句子和篇章所反映的客观世界。例如:father(父亲),table cloth(桌布),The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起。)
言内意义是语言符号之间的关系,它具体体现在语音、词汇、句法和语篇等层次。语音层次主要包括各种音韵(如头韵、元音迭韵、和声、押韵)、格律及重读等方面;词汇层次有谐音双关、一语双叙等;句法层次有组合关系、排比、倒装等;篇章则有句式的变化、段落的安排和衔接、粘连等。例如:
(1)He described the claim in alliteration fashion as a composite of fantasy, fallacy and fiction.(他用押头韵的方式把这种要求描绘成“虚幻、虚妄和虚构”的混合物。)(头韵)
(2)The senator picked up his hat and courage.(参议员捡起了帽子鼓起了勇气。)(一语双叙)
(3)Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.(读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。)(排比)
语用意义是语言符号与语言符号使用者之间的关系。它包括表征意义(indexical meaning)(指话语中揭示发讯人的身份、性别、年龄、阶级和教育背景以及在交际中的态度)、表达意义(expressive meaning)(指语言符号表达说话人的感情)、社交意义(social meaning)(指语言符号在交际过程中建立或保持人际关系的一种特殊功能)、祈使意义(imperative meaning)(指发讯人企图改变收讯人的行为或心态的意向)和联想意义(associative meaning)(指附加在指称意义上的意义,是语言符号唤起收讯人对其他事物的联想)。例如woman就有frail(脆弱的)、prone to tears(爱哭的)、emotional(易动感情的)、gentle(温柔的)、compassionate(有同情心的)、hardworking(勤劳的)等联想意义。
B.语言是一种独特的符号系统。它有着自己最重要的语义系统(即上述三种意义),这一系统体现了语言的功能。英国学者皮特·纽马克(Peter Newmark)将其分为6种:1)信息功能(informative function),2)表情功能(expressive function),3)祈使功能(vocative function),4)美感功能(aesthetic function),5)酬应功能(phatic function),6)元语言功能(metalingual function)。
C.翻译作品质量的好坏或高低应根据译文能在多大程度上再现原文的意义和功能。总的说来,译文再现原文的意义和功能越多质量就越好、越高。然而,在不同的话语或上下文中,上述3类意义及6种语言功能的分量常常是不一样的。有时指称意义、信息功能非常突出(如科技作品),有时语用意义、言内意义及美感功能可能占有非常重要的地位(如文学性话语)。另外,译出语和译入语在3种意义和6种功能方面能同时做到对等的情况极为少见。这就要求译者翻译时应根据具体情况,在不可能把原文所承载的各种意义和功能全部传递给译入语的读者的情况下,善于抓住最重要的意义和功能,将损失减少到最低的程度。
D.语境(context or situation)和社会结构(social structure)。语境指文本得以具有生命力的环境;而社会结构既是语言相互作用的装饰性背景,又是语义系统生存发展的基本因素。它既影响语言符号的形式和内涵,又影响对语言符号的形式和内涵的阐释。
E.翻译的过程是解码(decode)和编码(encode)的过程。这一过程具有社会性,因此不能忽视社会效应对这一过程的结果所带来的全面影响。
翻译的过程
西方翻译界常将翻译前的各种准备工作,甚至包括与出版商打交道也视为为翻译过程的组成部分。在我们看来,翻译过程主要包括理解理解、表达和校核这三个方面。
一、理解
理解(comprehension)可分为广义理解和狭义理解。广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反映。狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理解。这中理解主要包括语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析(grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis)。理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件和重要步骤,务必正确可靠,杜绝谬误。
二、表达
表达是理解后能否保证译文成功的又一重要关键步骤,是理解的深化和体现。在这一过程中,译者要注意恰到好处地再现原文的思想内容和语体色彩,使译文既忠实于原作又符合译入语的语法和表达习惯。要做到这一点,译者就必须在选词用字、组词成句、组句成篇上下工夫,在技巧运用上下工夫。能直译时尽可直译,不能直译时则可考虑意译,灵活运用翻译技巧。例如:
The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold.His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened;his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth.十一月的寒风,对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发,两颊通红,两眼闪光。他生气勃勃,叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。(英语material warmth字面意思是“物质的温暖”,这里具体译作“一团炙手的火”言明意清,让人一看就懂。)
My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting……亲爱的姑娘们,我对你们期望很高,可并不是叫你们在世上出人头地-要你们去嫁给富人,仅仅因为他们有钱,有奢华的住房,缺少爱情的话,豪华的住房算不得上家。(英语ambitious既可表示“雄心壮志的”意思,也可表示“野心勃勃的”意思,这里选用褒义词“期望很高”翻译比较妥当。)
It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.清晨,初升的太阳照着平静的海面,微波荡漾,闪耀着金色的光芒。(英语the ripples of the gentle sea译成汉语时在结构上作了调整,这样译文念起来意思清楚,行文漂亮。)
The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun.In the sky already a solitary star twinkled.大海平静得出奇,晚霞映照的绚丽多彩,天空已有孤星闪烁。(英语原文两句译成汉语合为一句。)
表达时还应注意避免翻译腔、过分表达和欠表达。所谓翻译腔,就是指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯,佶屈聱牙,晦涩难懂。例如:
To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium.为了解渴,读者比以前越饮越深,直到陷入了昏迷状态。
这个句子的译文死抠原文形式,死抠字典释义,翻译腔严重,让人难以明白其意思,可改译为:读者为了满足自己的渴望,越读越想读,直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。
所谓过分表达,就是指译文画蛇添足,增加了原文没有的东西;而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。
第二篇:翻译即理解
语境、理解和翻译
——从“北京欢迎你”的英译谈起
翻译首先是理解。没有理解,就没有翻译。理解错误,翻译就会文不对题。理解正确,才能达到“信达雅”中的“信”。
Eugene A.Nida(尤金.奈达)说:Whether the translation is made from or into one’s own mother tongue,the primary consideration in translating is a through understanding of the meaning and function of the sourcelanguage text.In fact,more srrors in translation are made because of failure to comprehend the source text than for any other reason.Accordingly ,it is incredible how little time some translators give to the detailed study of the text to be translated.Even routine source texts need to be looked at carefully before launching into the process of translating.(奈达,2001,11,——无论是 把 母语译成外文或把外语译成母语,翻译中首先要考虑的是对原语文本的意义和功能的透切理解。事实上,对原文不理解导致的翻译错误其它原因引起的错误多得多。因此,一些翻译家花很少的时间对翻译文本进行详细的研究的说法几乎是不可信的。连普通的源语文本翻译以前都需要仔细阅读。——笔者译)怎样理解呢?
奈达说:The real clues to meaning depend on contexts.(奈达,2001,11,——到上下文中寻找意义——笔者译)
英语welcome 一词相对应的汉语为“欢迎”。因为语境不同,“欢迎”一词具有各种不同的意义,很难一时 理解和抓住它的准确意义。因此在翻译包含“欢迎”一词的句子时,很容易犯错误。例如: 1.
欢迎她给我们讲几句话。译文:Let’s welcome her to say something to us(选自最新出版的一本英语教科书)。
2. 一些大中城市出口的大幅标语“欢迎你下次再来我市”被译
成“
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e
l
c 3. 出现在电视上的 旅游广告“xx地方欢迎您”均被译成“Welcome to xx地方”。4. 2008年北京奥运会的欢迎标语“北京欢迎你’’被翻译为‘‘ Welcome to Beijing ”和“Beijing welcomes you”。
例1中错误是因为没有很好地分析“欢迎”所处的语境,没有理解它的准确意义所致。一看到汉语的“欢迎”马上想到英语welcome。
Welcome 一词作动词使用时只能跟单宾语,不能像汉语“欢迎”一词一样,后面跟一个“宾语十宾语补足语”。英语只能说welcome her ,不能说welcome her to say something。然而汉语可以说“欢迎她”也可以说“欢迎她讲话”。
翻译汉语“让我们欢迎她讲话”一类句子时,要特别注意“欢迎”一词所处的语境,从语境中找出它的 准确意义。如果“她讲话”是事先安排或知道的事,“欢迎”用“welcome”。全句汉语译成两句英语:she will say something.Le’s welcome her.此时“欢迎”的意义是“欢欢喜喜地迎接”,welcome 的意义是show pleasure(at the arrival of her)。如果“她 ”没有事先安排讲话,“她”没有事先告知准备讲话,汉语“让我们欢迎她讲话”中“欢迎”的意思是“欢欢喜喜地请求“,而不是”欢欢喜喜地迎接“。因此,全句的英语译文是Let’s ask her(cheerfully)to say something。
当汉语“欢迎”的意义是“欢欢喜喜地迎接”,英语welcome 的意义是show pleasure at the arrival of somebody or something 之时,“欢迎”和welcome 是对应词,用在某人某物到达之时,(at the arrival of somebody or something)。
例2中的汉语“欢迎你下次再来我市”被译成Welcome to our city again 是完全不能接受的。Welcome to 是短语,用在飞机场、火车站、气车站、家门口等处,欢迎到达或归来的客人或归来者。如Welcome to China(欢迎来到中国),Welcome to Beijing(欢迎来到北京),Welcome home(欢迎回到家),Welcome back to school(欢迎回到学校)等等。这些标语是给到达某地的人看的。
汉语“欢迎你下次再来我市”是写给那些离开该城市的客人看的。Welcome to 用于欢迎到达的人,而不是用于欢迎离去的人。用Welcome to 翻译“欢迎你下次再来我市”是绝对不能接受的。
“欢迎你再来我市”可以译成:1.We look forward to your next visit to our city.此时“欢迎”意思是“希望”,“高兴地希望”。Look forward的意义是to be thinking with pleasure about sth that is going to happen(高兴地)盼望,期待(牛津高级英汉双解词典第6版p1034)。
例3的电视广告“xx地方欢迎你”的具体意义是“xx地方欢迎你去”。“你”还没有决定去,广告邀请“你”去。Welcome to 只用于某人或某物到达之时,因此,译文Welcome to xx地方不是汉语原文的意思。“xx地方欢迎你”的正确译文是:We look forward to your coming to x x.此时“欢迎”的意义是“高兴地希望”,与look forward to 对应。也可译成You are welcome to x x,其中的welcome的意义是accepted or wanted somewhere(牛津高级英汉双解词典第6版p2002),它的实际意义是“被接纳或邀请去x x”。
例4中的“北京欢迎你”是2008年北京奥运会的一条重要标语。汉语“北京欢迎你”至少有四个意义:1.北京欢迎你去(北京);2.北京欢迎你来北京;3.北京欢迎你来到北京;4.北京欢迎你(留在北京)。
由于汉语“北京欢迎你”至少有四个意义,因此它至少可以用在四个语境中:1.用于北京以外的地方,如美国,希腊。在北京以外的地方说“北京欢迎你”,其意义为北京欢迎你去(北京);2用于北京,在北京对尚未决定来北京或巳决定来北京的外地人而言,如在北京给在美国的人写信或打电话说“北京欢迎你”;3.用于北京,在北京对于那些来到北京的人表示欢迎;4.用于北京,对那些巳经在北京的客人而言,表示对他们呆在北京表示高兴。
汉语“北京欢迎你”意义丰富,可以用于很多时候和很多地方,国内国外到处可用,是2008年北京奥运会用于四海和会前会后都叫绝的好标语。然而“北京欢迎你”被译成welcome to Beijing 和Beijing welcomes you 之后,英语译文却只能用于一个场合和一个时候:客人到达北京之时,用于别的场合和时候都是不能接受的。
当“北京欢迎你”的意义是“北京欢迎你去(北京)”时,“北京欢迎你”不能译成Welcome to Beijing, 可以译成。We look forward to your going to Beijing.或We enjoy your going to Beijing.英语译文用在北京以外的地方。如果将“北京欢迎你”译成Welcome to Beijing 并用于北京以外的地方,如美国,希腊等地是不能接受的,此时的“北京欢迎你”的意义是“北京欢迎你去(北京)”,而不是“北京欢迎你来到北京”,而Welcome to Beijing 的意义是“北京欢迎你来到北京”。
当“北京欢迎你”的第二个意义是“北京欢迎你来北京”时,它的英语译文可以是You are welcome to Beijing 或We look forward to your coming to Beijing。上面的英语只能写在信里,或在电话里说,不能写成标语贴在北京。
当“北京欢迎你”的第三个意义是“北京欢迎你来到北京”时,英语译文是Welcome to Beijing。标语可以贴在飞机场、火车站、气车站等地,也可以对客人面对面地说。
当“北京欢迎你”的第四个意义是“北京欢迎你留在北京”时,它的英语译文是You are welcome in Beijing。此时的“欢迎”意思是accepted—受款待的(牛津高级英汉双解词典p2002welcome字条)。You are welcome in Beijing中文意思是“您在北京是受款待的”,即“北京欢迎你”。此标语在客人到达后留在该地时用。
由于“北京欢迎你”至少有上述四个意义,不同的意义有不同的译文。将它只译成Welcome to Beijing并且将它到处使用,是对此标语的汉语意义和英语译文的意义理解不透所致。
“北京欢迎你”被有些人译成Beijing welcomes you并广为散发。其英语译文很值得商榷。
上文巳说过,汉语“北京欢迎你”至少有四个意义,而Beijing welcomes you只有一个意义:北京欢迎你的到来(Beijing shows her pleasure at your arrival in Beijing)英语译文没完全表达出来。
Beijing welcomes you在英语中不是标语。
汉语“北京欢迎你”中的“北京”是句子的主语,巳经被拟人化,巳经不是一个地名,而是代表北京人。《朗文当代高级英语辞典》在解释city的意义时说:all the people who live in city(住在一个城市中的所有人)。因此,在英语中city也被拟人化,北京是city,Beijing welcomes you应改为Beijing welcome you。北京是2008年奥运会的主办城市,是主人(host),Beijing welcome you体现了北京是主人(我们北京所有的人)的地位。Beijing welcomes you中的welcome之后加“s”将北京视为第三人称单数it,没有体现北京是主人(host)的地位,而将北京视为第三者。
第三篇:文学翻译 佳译欣赏
佳译欣赏
严羽论诗,力主妙悟。他认为盛唐之诗“其妙处透彻玲珑,不可凑泊,如空中之音,相中之色,水中之月,镜中之象,言有尽而意无穷。”
严羽这几句话虽然说得虚无缥缈,恍惚迷离,其实说来说去,只合一个“化”字。所谓“妙悟”,更是臻于化境的意思。
水中之月,看似有之,捞之则无,妙就妙在捞不到手。艺术的“化”,当是不即不离,不粘不脱,求其神似而不求其形似。形似不过是皮相,神似才入化境。这好比一件玉器,分明是雕琢出来,却又不露一点斧凿之痕。翻译,尤其是文学翻译,也是如此,所以文学翻译的最高境界就是“化”,也就是严羽说的“妙悟”、“透彻玲珑”了。
下面试举几个臻于“化境”的译例,供大家欣赏、玩味。
Sickness and trouble: that's what Ethan's had his plate full with, ever since the every first helping.病痛和祸害,这是伊坦的家常便饭,从他能吃饭的时候算起。
But the bay was as good as Frome's word, and we pushed on to the Junction through the white, wild scene.但是那老栗马不辜负弗洛美的话,我们在漫天风雪之中到达了车站。
A new dignity crept into his walk.他走路的姿态不知什么时候给人一种庄重的印象。
She liked to be with him better than with others.她觉得跟他在一起最开心。
Huiller refused genially, as he did everything else.郝尔的拒绝是很婉转的,这人无往而不婉转。
...indeed, he was one in whom the ancient Roman honour more appeared than in any that drew breath in Italy....,他确实是意大利当时最有古罗马君子之风的人。
She has beauty still, and, if it be not in its heyday, it is not yet in its autumn.她依然很美,如果不是芳华正茂,也还不到迟暮之年。
“I should like to throw a cat at you instead of a cushion!” “拿垫子扔你还解不了我的气呢,我真想拿猫来扔你!”
I went out for a walk, when I met him.我出去散步,正好碰见他。
He was on the verge of losing his temper with his wife, when she uttered a cry.他正要对妻子发脾气,她忽然大喊一声。When he saw me, he was startled.他看见我,吓了一大跳,He walked when he might have taken a car.他本可以坐汽车去的,不过他还是步行了。
The conflict began, when it soon appeared which was the stronger of the two.战斗开始不久,双方之间谁强谁弱,也就很清楚了。
He gave up politics when he might have made a great career in it.他放弃了政治活动,本来他在这方面是大有作为的。
“...yet, as it sometimes happens that person departs his life, who is really deserving of all the praises the stone-cutter carved over his bones.“ “...不过偶尔也有个把人,确实当得起石匠在他们的墓碑上刻的好话。”
He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.他留下一封短信,对我表示欢迎,那信写得热情洋溢,一如其人。
John prefers film to stage plays.约翰觉得电影比戏剧更合他的口味。
The hum of the machines ended for ever the age-old silence on the virgin land.机器的轰鸣声从此结束了这片处女地千百年来的寂静。
Mattie's hand was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasped on it a moment longer than was necessary.玛悌的手在下,伊坦握住它,没有立刻就放。
These alternations of mood were the despair and joy of Ehan Frome.“她这样一会儿一种情绪,叫伊坦时而灰心,时而高兴。”
Zeena herself, from an oppressive reality, had faded into an unsubstantial shade.连西娜这人也由咄咄逼人的实体褪成一个虚无飘渺的影子。
”...yet he failed somehow, in spite of a mediocrity which ought to have insured any man a success.“ “按理说,他这样的庸才,正该发迹才是,可是不知为什么,只是不得意。”
He said so to Esses, ”I didn't think you would hold me for political ransom.So nakedly, anyway.“ 他照直对俄塞克司说:“想不到你居然对我搞政治绑票,至少是想不到你会干得这样赤裸裸。”
It is well said, in every sense, that a man's religion is the chief fact with regard to him.有人说:看一个人,主要是看他的宗教信仰。这个说法无论在何种意义上都是十分恰当的。
But I ask why it is called ”homeland“ when the South African Government plans to abolish this reserve.但我要问一问,既然南非政府计划废除这个保留地,那为什么还要管它叫“家园”呢?
”When your gals takes on and cry, what's the use o' crakin' on 'em over the head, and knockin' on 'em round?“ “你那些女黑奴哭得那么伤心,你还拿鞭子没头没脑的抽,把她们打得死去活来,那有什么用呢?”
When Miss Pinkerton had finished the inscription in the first, Jemima, with rather a dubious and timid air, handed her the second.平克顿小姐在第一本里题赠完毕,吉米玛小姐便带着迟疑不决的样子,小心翼翼的把第二本递给她。
”I could not venture to approach her, or to communicate with her in writing, for my sense of the peril in which her life was passed was only to be equalled by my fear of in creasing it.“ “我不敢和她接近,也不敢和她通信,因为我一方面深感她的处境已经十分危险,一方面又深怕增加她的危险。”
Many volumes, rather than pages, would be required to do justice to the statesmen, soldiers, philosophers, poets, historians, and other famous men of the Sung Dynasty.要论述宋朝那些政治家、军人、哲学家、诗人、史学家和其他知名人士,用少量篇幅是不够的,恐怕要用若干卷帙才能说个分明。
He is the living light-fountain, which it is good and pleasant to be near.The light which enlightens, which has enlightened the darkness of the world.他是智慧之光的活的光源,亲近他就能使人感到幸福和快乐。这智慧之光足以照亮,而且已经照亮了这世界的蒙昧时代。
The traveler in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quadroon and mulatto women.到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎,准定会注意到她们十之八九都赋有那种独特的优雅风度、那种柔和的声调和文静的举止。
When on Oct.12, 1492, Christopher Columbus, the son of a Genoese weaver, stepped ashore on the island he later named San Salvador in the Bahamas,...1492年,10月12日,克里斯托弗.哥伦布--热那亚的一个纺织工的儿子,踏上了位于巴哈马群岛之间的一个他后来命名为圣萨尔瓦多岛,...When unbridled use of force is accepted(and I emphasize ”accepted“)and intimidation and threats go unchallenged, the hopes of a world order such as the one outlined in the Charter become dim and hollow.只要随意使用武力的做法为众所公认(我就是要强调“众所公认”这一点),只要对威胁和恐吓采取不闻不问的态度,那么要实现像联合国宪章所规定的那种世界秩序的希望就很渺茫了。
...that we here highly resolve...,that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.......所以我们应在这里表示最大的决心......,这个国家在上帝的保佑下,一定要获得自由的新生;而这个政府也一定要民有、民治、民享,才不会从地球上消失。
When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocations, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lover.等到他不妨放胆去追求的时候,他却迟疑不定,疑虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种种常有的提心吊胆的心理,那就更是难免的了。
“Will you take advantage of a man's nature to do him out of the price of his own daughter what has brought up and fed and clothed by the sweat of his brow until she's growed big enough to be interesting to you two gentlemen?” “您两位不至于因为我这人脾气好就想骗我,趁机贬低我女儿的身价吧?她现在倒是长大成人了,您两位对她也感兴趣;可是,我当初为了把她拉扯大,给她吃、给她穿,不晓得流了多少血汗啊!”
“George, I'm ashamed of you!George, I couldn't have believed you would have done it!I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss;but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon,” said Mrs.Bagnet.“乔治,我真替你害臊!乔治,想不到你会干出这种事来!俗话说得好:滚着的碌碌不长苔,流浪的汉子不攒财。我早晓得你就是这么一个流浪汉!可真没想到你连贝格纳特和孩子们靠它过活的那一点点财也骗走,”贝格纳特太太说道。
On one of those sad and rather melancholy days in the latter part of autumn when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey.There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile;and as I passed its threshold, it seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of former ages.(Washington Irving)
时方晚秋,气象肃穆,略带忧郁,早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起,不可分辨,岁月将暮,终日昏暗。我就在这么一天,到西敏寺去散步了几个钟头。古寺巍巍,森森然似有鬼气,和阴沉沉的季节正好调和,我跨进大门,觉得自己已置身远古,相忘于古人的鬼影之中了
第四篇:翻译技巧 反译法
第八节反译法
由于讲英语国家的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与我国不同,因此 这些国家人们的思维方式和生活习性亦与我国不同。这种差别体现在语言习惯 七,便产生了两种语言各自不同的表达形式。在表示否定意义时,这种差异显得 尤为突出。有的英语句子形式上是否定的而实质上是肯定的,有的形式上是肯定 的而实质上是否定的。在翻译某些英文句子时,应当特别注意两点:一是英语里 有些从正面表达的词语或句子,汉译时可以从反面来表达,即正说反译法;二是 英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句子,汉译时可从正面来表达,即反说正译法。例如:
(1)The kind of machine is far from being complicated.
这种机器一点也不复杂。
这个句子如果译成“这种机器离复杂甚远”就使人感到不知所云。
(2)He wrote three books in the first two years,a record never reached before.
他头两年写了3本书,打破了以往的记录。
原文从反面表达,译文从正面表达。如译成“这是他从前从未达到的记录” 则显得很别扭。
(3)I have read your articles,but,expect to meet an older woman.
我读过你的文章,但没料到你这样年轻。
本句如译成“我读过你文章,但我料想会见到一个年纪更大的女人”则不符 合汉语表达习惯。
从以上例中可以看出,有些句子从正面译不顺,不妨从反面译;反面译不 顺,则不妨从正面译,因为同一个概念,一个民族正着说,以为是合乎表达习惯 的,而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺口。因此,在恰当的场合灵活运用反译法不 失为确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手段。
一、正说反译法
英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。一 些语言学家称这些词为“含蓄否定词”,另一些语言学家则称之为“暗指否定 词”。英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。
(一)名词
(1、Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries.
由于时间不够,没能访问某些国家。
(2)All international disputes should be settled through negotiations and avoidance
of any armed conflicts.
一切国际争端应通过谈判,而不是武装冲突来解决。
(3 1 There was complete absence of information on t11e oil deposit in that country.
关于该国的石油储量情况,人们毫无所知。
(4)Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom,but the want of it always leaves
room for.the suspicion of folly.
尽管有礼貌并不一定标志着此人有智慧,但是无礼貌却总是使人怀疑其
愚蠢。
(5)A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs Can create
problems.
不注意文化差异或当地风俗可能会产生问题。
作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有:defiance(不顾,无视),denial(否认,否 定),exclusion(排除),freedom(不,免除),refusal(不愿,不允许)和loss(失去)等。(二)动词或动词短语
(1)Scientists reject authority as an ultimate basis for truth·
科学家不承认权威是真理的最终根据。
(2)Water is a good lubricant, if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.如果能设法使水不漏出来或蒸发掉,那么水就是一种很好的润滑剂。
(3)English differ from French in having no gender for nouns.英语和法语不同,英语名词没有性的变化。
(4)To preserve the fiction,he refrained from scolding his son until the guests left.为了不漏破绽,他强忍着不责骂自己的儿子,直到客人们离去。
(5)An investment in the money market fund has tied up the money until the end
of the term of the investment.
投资于货币市场的资金在投资期满之前是不能动用的。
类似的动词还有refuse(不愿,不肯,无法),lack(缺乏,没有),defy(不
服从,不遵守,不让),forbid(不许),stop(不准)和ignore(不理,不肯考虑)等。
(三)形容词或形容词短语
(1)My younger brother would be the last man to say such things.
我弟弟决不可能说这种话。
(2)They were watching the fluid situation with concern.
他们关切地注视着动荡不安的局面。(3)It is said that it is only a marginal agreement.
据说.那只不过是一个无关宏旨的协议。
(4)These official documents shall form an integral part of this contract.
这些正式文件是合同不可分割的组成部分。
(5)These elements are shielded SO that they are free from the influence of
magnetic field.
这些元件已加屏蔽,因此不受磁场的影响。
类似的形容词及其短语还有:absent(不在,不到),awkward(不熟练,不 灵活,使用起来不方便),bad(令人不愉快的,不受欢迎的,不舒服的),blind(看不到,不注意),dead(无生命的,无感觉的,不毛的),difficult(不容易 的),:foreign to(不适合的,与„„无关),short of(不够)和poor(不好的,不幸的)等。
(四)介词或介词词组
(1)That kind of thing is very extraordinary.It seems against nature.不过那种事情很不寻常,似乎不符合自然规律。
(2)These planes were held back to protect our home inlands instead of being used
where they were badly needed.
这些飞机被留在后方保卫后方本岛,未用于其他急需的地方。(3)It was beyond your power to sign such a contract.
你无权签订这种合同。
(4)It is generally believed that the men who are habitually behind time are as
habitually behind success.
人们普遍相信,习惯不准时的人通常也不会成功。
(5)Only one of us has ever gone to live in the village and he was back in town
within five months.
我们中只有一个人真正在乡村生活过,不过这个人待了不到5个月就返回了城里。(五)副词
(1)Slowly the old man pulled the letter out of the envelope,and unfolded it.
这位老人不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸,然后打了开来。
(2)The officers and soldiers blazed away until they had no ammunition left.
官兵们连续不断地射击,直到用尽所有的子弹。
(3)The subversion attempts of the enemy proved predictably futile.
不出所料,敌人的颠覆活动证明毫无效果。
(4)Time is what we want most,but what many use worst·
时间是我们最缺少的,但许多人却最不善于利用时间。
(5)So far,experts have had about the same degree of success as stock—market
forecasters,which is to say they do badly.
到目前为止,汇率预测专家的成功率与股票市场上的预测者大体一样,这就是说他们做得不好。(六)连接词及其短语
(1)He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么小心,不会不注意到这一点的。
(2)Unless English team improves their game,they are going to lose the match.如果英格兰队不改进打法,就会榆掉这场比赛。
(3)The old lady would rather be buried with her money under a mountain of rock
than trust another bank.
老太太宁可和她的钱一起被葬入石山下,也不再相信任何一家银行了。(4)Until he spoke I had not realized he was foreign.
他要是不说话,我还一直不知道他是外国人。(七)某些固定短语
(1)The restaurant was anything but satisfactory.
这家餐馆太不让人满意了。
(2)Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with
dignity.
双方认为,那个和平建议他们可以接受,而又不失体面。(3)1 was at a loss to understand what she alluded to.
我无法领会她谈话中的所指。(4)The escaped criminal is still at large.
逃犯仍未捉拿归案。
(5)The islanders in this small country found themselves far from ready to fight the war.
这个小国的岛民们发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
(6)There are many energy sources in store.The problem has been to use the
energy at a reasonable cost.
有许多能源尚未开发。问题在于要以一个合理的代价利用这些能源。(八)句子
(1)Let me watch you at it again.
再让我逮着,可饶不了你。
(2)If it worked once,it Can work twice.
一次得手,再次不愁。
(3)It’S human nature to want something better.
人总是不满足于现状。
(4)We are wiser than to believe such stories.
我们还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。
(5)Her grandfather is already 80,but he carries his years lightly
她祖父已80岁了,可是并不显老。
(九)某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句
英语中有些谚语和警句翻成汉语时,也可采用正说反译法,尽可能用简练的 汉语或相应的汉语成语来表达。例如:
(1)Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
(2)Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.
宁为鸡头,不为牛后。
(3)Let sleeping dog lie.
莫惹事生非。
(4)Bite off more than one Can chew·
贪多嚼不烂。
(5)Call a spade a spade.
直言不讳。
(6)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
二、反说正译法
反说正译法指的是将英语中有些与not等否定词连用的词语或带有否定词缀 的词语译成汉语的肯定形式。这样做有时是为了将原文中某些否定形式所具有的 肯定含义清楚地表达出来;在另外一些时候也许是为了将译文组织得更加自然流 畅。当然,也常常可能两种目的兼而有之。(一)名词
(1)It was said that someone had sown discord among us.据说有人在我们中间挑拨离间。
(2)The dishonesty of the government officials was exposed by the newspaper.政府官员们的欺诈行为在报纸上披露了出来。(3)A look of disbelief replaced the smile on her face.
怀疑的神色取代了她脸上的微笑。
(4)He manifested a strong dislike for his mother’s job.
他对他母亲的工作表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。(5)These slums ale a disgrace to the city government.这些贫民窟是市政府的耻辱。
(6)They were puzzled by the sudden disappearance of their guide.他们向导的突然失踪使他们感到困惑不解。
(7)There has been serious disagreement between the two countries over this
question.
关于这个问题两个国家之间存在着严重分歧。(二)动词
(1)T}le employer could dismiss any employee who had ever displeased him·
雇主可以解雇任何曾得罪过他的雇员。(2)How he longed to unsay his tactless words!
他多么希望收回他那些不得体的话啊!(3)The mother gently disengaged her hand from that of her sleeping daughter·
母亲小心翼翼地从熟睡的女儿手里抽出自己的手。
(4)We are now unprovided with the techniques necessary for the manufactoring of
rags into paper.
我们目前缺乏用破布造纸所需的技术。
(5)The thief jumped over a neighboring garden wail and disappeared among the crowds.
这个小偷从邻居的花园墙头上翻了出去,在人群中消失了。(三)形容词
(1)This kind of bird is unusual winter visitors to America.这种鸟冬季很少到美国来。
(2)It was inconsiderate of her to mention the matter in his hearing.她实在轻率,竞当着他的面谈论此事。(3)All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。
(4)APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have to seek to be open
rather than closed in its approach.
亚太经济合作组织必须一视同仁,而且态度上必须是开放的,而不是封闭的。(5)Peter was an indecisive sort of person and could not be a good leader.彼得这人优柔寡断,当不了好领导。(四)副词
(1)The show was,unfortunately,one of the dullest we have ever seen.可惜的是,这次演出是我们所看过的最乏味的演出。(2)She carelessly glanced through the note and got away.她马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。(3)All things invariably divide into two.
事物都是一分为二的。
(4)“I don't know if I ought to have come,”he said breathlessly,grasping Sandy’s arm.
“我不知道我该不该来”,他气喘吁吁地说,一把抓住了桑迪的胳膊。(5)Johnson believed that the Minister of Education had in fact dishonorably
resigned from office.
约翰逊认为该教育部长辞职实际上是很丢面子的。(五)短语
(1)His escape was nothing short of being miraculous·
他的脱险可以说是个奇迹。
(2)The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of lung cancer.调查结果清清楚楚地说明,人死于肺癌。
(3)It would be foolish,not to say mad,to sell your house.你要卖房子真蠢,简直是疯了。(4)There is nothing like mineral water to quench one’s thirst.
矿泉水是解渴的最好饮料。
(5)She meant to help,no doubt,but in fact she has been a hindrance.
她的的确确是想帮忙的,可实际上却成了累赘。(6)The enemy’s spies were not going to lose sight of us.
敌人的密探一直在监视我们的行踪。
(7)A11 men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the
army during the War.
所有18岁至45岁的男子统统要在战时服役。(六)句子
(1)For many years there was no closeness between the two countries.
两国关系曾疏远了很多年。
(2)The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.
这些事件引起了我们的注意。
(3)The United Nations Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes which the
people of the world set on it.
到目前为止,联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
(4)A book may be compared to your neighbor;if it be good,it cannot last too
long;if bad,you cannot get rid of it too early.
书好比邻居,如果是本好书,相伴得越久越好;如果是本坏书,越早摆脱掉越好。(5)Knowledge about the most powerful computers man has ever developed is too
valuable not to share.
人类已经开发出功率极大的计算机,这方面的知识极为宝贵,应为人类共享。
三、英语中的双重否定旬
英语中的双重否定句,除了有时可以译成汉语的双重否定句外,一般说来应 译成肯定句。不过,它是一种特殊的强调句式。以have to(不得不)为例,两个 “不”字去掉以后意思不变,但语气强度就差多了。例如:
(1)There is no evil without compensation.
恶有恶报。
(2)There is not any advantage without disadvantage.
有一利必有一弊。
(3)There is no grammatical rule than has no exception.
条条语法规则都有例外。(也可译为“世上没有不例外的语法规则”。)
(4)It never rains but pours.
不雨则已.雨必倾盆。
(5)The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of a tank
from all oil reservoir.
电池给电容器充电就像油罐给油箱加油一样。
(6)We can’t be too careful in doing this kind of experiment.
我们在做这类实验时应尽可能小心。(也可译为“我们在做这类试验时
无论怎样小心也不过分”。)(7)I 8nl not reluctant to accept your proposal.
我非常愿意接受你的建议。(也可译为“你的建议我并非不愿接受”。)当然,有的英语双重否定句译为汉语的双重否定句更为通顺。(1)There is no story without coincidence.
无巧不成书。
(2)The significance of this report and importance Can never be overemphasized.
这个报告的意义和重要性,不管怎样强调,也不算过分。
四、委婉式肯定
英语中的这种句子是一种迂回的表示肯定的方式,字面上看似否定,实际上 是委婉的肯定。例如:
(1)I couldn’t feel better·
我感觉好极了。
(2)He can’t see you quickly enough-
他很想尽快和你见面。
(3)I couldn’t agree with you more-
我太赞成你的看法了。
f41 He didn’t half like the girl-
他非常喜欢那姑娘。
五、否定的陷阱
英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错,这些结构我们称之 为“否定的陷阱”。下面就是一些有代表性的结构。(一)cannot„too(怎么„„也不)(1)You cannot be too careful in proofreading.校对时,越仔细越好。
(2)We shall never be able to stress too much for his kindness.不管我们怎么感谢他,都不足以报恩于万一。
(3)The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated 这次大会的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。(二)not„because(并非因为„„而)(1)Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间紧而敷衍搪塞。
(2)This project is not placed last because it is difficult to be put into practice
此方案并非因为它不好实施而被放在最后。
(3)The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.
发动机并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。(三)for all„(尽管„„,不,说不定)(1)You may leave at once for all I care.
你尽可立即离去,我才不管呢。
(2)For all we knew,the files we were supposed to fetch were already on
their way.
说不定该由我们去取的文件已在途中。
(3)She seemed as fresh as ever,for all that I never saw her drink or eat.
尽管我从未见到她喝点什么或吃点什么,她似乎仍然精神饱满。(四)both„not(并非两者„„都)(1)Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两件东西不都是精密仪器。(2)But you see,we both cannot go together.
但是我告诉你,我们俩不能同时都走。(五)all/every„not(并非„„都)(1)All towns did not look like as they do today.
在过去,城镇并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。(2)All that glitters is not gold.
发光的并一定都是金子。
(六)It be+a.+n.+that„(再„„也难免)(1)It is all ill wind that blows nobody good.
坏事未必对人人都有害处。(也可译为“再坏的事也不是对人人都有害处”。)(2)It is a good workman that never blunders.
智者千虑,必有一失。(也可译为“再聪明的工匠也难免出错”。)(3)It is a long lane that had no end.
路必有弯。(也可译为“再长的胡同也有尽头”。)最后值得一提的是,在英汉翻译过程中,反译法的使用必须要针对具体情况 灵活掌握,切不可一概而论,机械套用。有些英语词语或句子正译、反译皆可,两者并无实质性差别,究竟采用何种译法主要依据个人行文习惯或视具体的上下文而定。
(1)We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.
译文l:我们同意你方条款。
译文2:我们对你方条款没有异议。
(2)Much to our regret,the packing of the landed goods is quite different from
that you have promised.
译文l:十分遗憾,到货的包装与贵方承诺的相差很大。
译文2.十分遗憾,到货的包装与贵方承诺的大不相同。
(3)The works of art were left intact,the money gone·
译文l:艺术品还在,钱却不翼而飞。
译文2:艺术品原封未动,钱却不翼而飞。
1.将下列句子译成汉语,并注意将斜体部分反说正译。(1)The doubt was still unsolved after our repeated explanations·
(2)We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business·
(3)After the ship unloads at the dock,the goods will go to the container freight(4)Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon.(5)The thought of returning to our native land never deserted us at that time.
(6)It is generally believed that there is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise.(7)The system of gas supply in the city leaves nothing to be desired.(8)The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on them.
(9)Their undisguised effort to persecute the leaders of opposition party met with
nationwide condemnation.
(10)Suddenly she heard a sound behind her,and realized she was not alone in the room.2.将下列句子译成汉语,并注意将斜体部分正说反译。
(1)While trade is good in my company,money is very tight at present.(2)The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at that time.
(3)Charles dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the 0ld man.
(4)In your eagerness to secure profits,you have failed to give due consideration to the sellers’ standpoints.
(5)If the weather holds a few days,the team of the explorers will set off.
(6)While I liked his work,I pointed out areas where improvement was possible.(7)In the event of any contingencies beyond our control,we shall not be held
responsible for the late delivery of the goods.
(8)In the absence of a settlement through negotiation,the case under dispute call be
submitted to arbitration.
(9)Cowards die many times before their death;the valiant never taste of death but
0nce.
(10)One of the advantages of the fibre-optic communications is freedom from direct
effect of interfering radio transmission.
第五篇:钟山即事原文及翻译
钟山即事这首诗是王安石变法失利后,辞去相位退居金陵,日游钟山时有感而作。下面是小编整理的钟山即事原文及翻译,欢迎阅读参考!
钟山即事
宋代:王安石
涧水无声绕竹流,竹西花草弄春柔。
茅檐相对坐终日,一鸟不鸣山更幽。
译文
山涧中的流水,静悄悄的,绕着竹林流淌。竹林西畔,那繁花绿草,柔软的枝条在春风中摇晃。
我坐在茅屋檐下,整天看着这明媚的春光;夕阳西下,耳边听不到一声鸟鸣,山中显得格外的静寂幽旷。
注释
⑴钟山:紫金山,今江苏省南京市。即事:就眼前景物加以描写,有感于当前事物。
⑵涧水:山涧流水。
⑶竹西:竹林西畔。弄春柔:在春意中摆弄柔美姿态的意思。
⑷茅檐:茅屋檐。相对,对着山。
⑸幽:幽静,幽闲。
鉴赏
王安石在晚年罢相隐居之后,诗歌创作也发生了变化,政治题材减少了,写湖光山色的小诗多了,壮年时代的豪放雄奇的风格改变了,取而代之的是清空精绝、雅丽低回。这个时期的作品在艺术上则更为成熟了,有一唱三叹之感。
这是一首饶有风味的小诗。诗人坐在家门口,对着涧水、绿竹、花草,兴趣盎然。不知不觉地,白天过去,夕阳下山,山中十分幽静,连鸟都不叫一声。看似脱去世故,其还是人退而心不退,故作此诗,以表达心中的不平。在诗人王安石的笔下,一切都是鲜活的,都是充满生机与活力的,“涧”是鲜活的,在山间竹林里回环往复,奔腾跳跃,唱着歌,带着笑流向远方;“竹”也是鲜活的,仿佛在你的思维深处亭亭玉立,舞动腰身,款款弄姿,将那婀娜的影子倒影于流水之中;再看那“花草”,正在舞弄柔情。
然而,在诗人的笔下,一切又都那么幽深静寂,“涧”是幽静的,“竹”是幽静的,“花草”也是幽静的,无声无息,自生自长,随心所欲,享受春天,自我陶醉。人,“茅檐相对坐终日”,整天整日一声不响地在屋檐下对着大山静静的坐着,幽闲、寂寞至极。末句是改用南朝梁王籍《入若耶溪》句:“蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽。”王安石翻过一层,变成“一鸟不鸣山更幽”。对这样的改写,前人多有讥刺,认为一鸟不鸣,山自然更幽,用不着多说,所以王安石这么一改,是点金成铁。王安石的诗与王籍的诗实际上代表了两种修辞手法。王籍是用反衬。山中鸟雀齐鸣,声音扑耳,是因为山里已没有人,成了鸟的世界,鸟才会如此啼鸣,就像欧阳修《醉翁亭记》所说,是“树林阴翳,鸣声上下,游人去而群鸟乐也”。这样写,寓静于闹,更富有情理韵味,经常被诗家所采用,如杜甫《题张氏隐居》:“春山无伴独相求,伐木丁丁山更幽。”就是用此手法。王安石的诗是直写,从正面渲染静态,显得平淡自然,直截明快。从诗歌的底蕴来说,王籍的诗更耐读一些。
王安石善于融合前人诗句入诗,有很多成功的例子。这首诗从这一点上来说,改得似乎太不高明,与他的学养不称。从这一反常来考虑,古人常以鼠雀喻谗佞的人攻击别人,王安石推行新法,受到很多人反对,在诗中也许即以“一鸟不鸣”表示自己退居后再也听不到这些攻讦声因此而很高兴。