医学翻译的相关术语(最终版)

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第一篇:医学翻译的相关术语(最终版)

医学翻译的相关术语

scalp injury 头皮损伤

scene poatmortem examination 现场尸体检查 scissoring wound 剪创 self-inflicted wound 自伤 seminal fluid 精液

seminal stain 精液斑 sexual maturity 性成熟 指男女青年的性器官、体格和第 二性征的发育成熟,并具有生育 能力。sexual offence 性犯罪 sexual perversion 性欲倒错 shear stress 剪应变

shock 休克 急性循环功能不全,使 维持生命 的重要器官 得不到足够的血液灌 注而产生的综合病症。

shock kidney 休克肾 shock lung 休克肺

shock vulneralis 创伤性休克 shotgun wound 霰弹伤 sickness 病

sideratorum asphyxia 电击窒息 simulation 诈病 skepticism 多疑癖 slash 砍创

chop wound slice 切创 由具有锐利边缘的器物如小刀、瓷器、玻璃或金属碎片切压组织所造成的创伤。slight injury 轻伤

somatic death 躯体死亡是死亡过程的一个阶段,在此阶段作为统一整体的人体虽以死亡,但人体的细胞、组织以及某 些器官仍保持一定的生活能力。species identification 种属鉴别 splitting 挤压伤由于挤压造成的创伤。sprain 扭伤

spured injury 飞溅血痕 stab clipped wound 刺剪创 stab incised wound 刺切创 stab wound 刺创

stabclipped wound 刺剪创 stabincised wound 刺切创 stifle 窒息

subcutaneous hemorrhage 皮下出血

subcutaneous venous network 腐败静脉网 由于体腔、内腔血管中 血液受腐 败气体的压 迫流向体表,致使皮下血管扩张,充满腐败 血液。sudden death 猝死 suicidal death 自杀死 suicidal poisoning 自杀中毒 suicidal strangulation 自勒 suicidal wound 自杀伤

suicide 自杀 suicide poisoning 自杀中毒

supravital reaction postmortem turbidity of the cornea 尸体角膜混浊

supravital reaction 超生反应躯体死亡后的组织、器官对刺激还能发生一定的反应,称为超生反应。

surface of the wound 创面 suturae cranii 颅缝

syndrome 综合症

Tardieu spot 塔雕斑指窒息死者在喉粘膜、肺膜、脑的蛛网膜等处的出血斑点。

tentative cuts 试切创 terminal stage 临终状态 thanatoid 假死 thanatology 死亡学 thanatometer 检尸温度计 thanatopsia 尸体剖验 thanatopsy 尸体剖验 thanatosis 坏死 throttle 扼死 total death 全体死亡

toxic blood concentration 中毒血浓度 toxic asphyxia 中毒性窒息 toxic blood level 中毒血浓度 toxic dose 中毒量 toxicity 毒性 toxicomania 嗜毒癖 trac of stab wound 刺创管 traffic injury 交通损伤

transforminal herniation 枕骨大孔疝 traumatic amnesia 外伤性健忘症 traumatic apnea 外伤性窒息 traumatic asphyxia 外伤性窒息 traumatic cyanotica 外伤性窒息 tthanotography 死亡学 tube of wound by bullet 弹创管 tyrannize 虐待

unknown postmortem examination 无名尸体检查 unnatural death 非自然死

violent death 暴力死 由能量大或作用强的 外来因素造 成的死亡。com virginal membrane 处女膜 visceral laceration 内脏裂创

washer women抯 skin 漂妇样皮尸体在水中浸泡后手足皮肤角质层膨胀、变白、起皱。water intoxication 水中毒 短时间内因输液过多过速,引起 肺水肿或脑水肿死亡。weapon 凶器

withdrawal symptom 戒断症状 wound 损伤 wound shock 创伤性休克 wound tract 创管

wounding agent 致伤因素 zinc poisoning 锌中毒 zinc sulfate poiosning 硫酸锌中毒外伤性窒息

laceration rupture of hymen 处女膜破裂 laceration visual inspection 肉眼检查

laceration 挫裂创 钝器对于体表只有牵引作用而无挤压作用,形成的损伤称为 挫裂创,也叫撕裂创。

laser injury 激光损伤

late postmortem phenomena 晚期尸体现象

delayed postmortem phenomenon legal medicine 法医学 lesion 损害 lethal dose 致死量 ligature mark 索沟

ligature mark in hanging; ligature mark in strangulation.ligature mark in hanging 缢沟 缢索在颈ligature mark in strangulation 勒沟勒索在颈部的印痕称为勒沟,一般 多位于甲状软骨或甲状软骨以下部位。ligature strangulation 勒死

ligature mark in strangulation subcutaneous gas bleb 腐败气泡 lighting 雷击

lighting mark 雷电击纹 lipocere 尸蜡

grave wax.livor mortis 尸斑 死后血液循环停止,血液由于重力的作用,坠积于 尸体的低下部位,透过皮肤呈现暗红色或暗紫红 色斑痕。尸斑的颜色,程度可提供死亡分析;根据 尸斑的位置可推断死亡时的体位。

lung death 肺死亡 肺死亡又称呼吸死。指呼吸先于心跳停止所引起的死亡。lung death pulmonary docimasia 肺沉浮检验

maceration 浸软 妊娠4个月后的胎儿死于子宫 内,在羊水中所发生的无菌性自 溶性改变称为浸软。maidenhead 处女膜 maim 伤残 malformation 畸形 malinger 伪(诈)病 malingering 伪病

malingering blindness 伪盲 malingering deafness 伪聋 malpractice 治疗失当,医疗差错 maltreat 虐待

manner of death 死亡方式 manual strangulation 扼死 mayhem 伤残

mechanical asphyxia 机械性窒息 由机械作用引起呼吸障碍,如捂住 口鼻孔,堵塞呼吸道,缢勒颈项部,压迫胸腹部等妨碍了呼吸,使体内 缺氧,二氧化碳蓄积过多,发生死亡。mechanical injury 机械性损伤 以机械性暴力所致的损伤。medical examiner 法医 medical examiner office 法医局 medical jurisprudence 法医学 medical negligence 医疗事故 medical tangle 医疗纠纷

medicolegal autopsy 法医学尸体解剖

medicolegal examination of death body 法医学尸体检 查 medicolegal expert witness 法医学鉴定人 medicolegal expertise 法医学鉴定 medicolegal expertise report 法医学鉴定书

medicolegal identification of trauma 损伤的法医学鉴定 medicolegal physician 法医师 molecular death 分子死亡

mors subita suicidal behaviour 自杀行为 morphine poisoning 吗啡中毒 morphinism 吗啡中毒

mors subita 猝死指一个似乎健康的、或近日内无死亡危险的人,经过数分钟或数小时,出乎意料地死于自然疾 病。mortuary 验尸所 mummification 干尸化 mummy 木乃伊 mutilated body 肢解尸体 mutilation 致残毁 mutilation 毁尸 natural death 自然死

necrophilia 恋尸癖 恋尸癖以奸淫尸体而得到性满足。necrophilism 恋尸癖 同上。necrophily 恋尸癖 同上。necropsy 尸体剖验

necrosis(pl.necroses)坏死 在生活机体内,局部组织或 细胞的死亡。negligence 责任事故

neonatal asphyxia 新生儿窒息

neonatal death from abuse 新生儿虐待死

newborn postmortem examination 新生儿尸体检查 nonfatal trauma 非致命伤。不构成死亡的损伤。nonviolent death 非暴力死

nygma 刺伤。尖端锐利而狭长的器具,沿 其长轴方向,穿刺身体组织 内所形成的创伤。nymphomania 好淫狂 obduction 尸体解剖 occasional fatal trauma 偶然的致命伤

organic death 器官死亡 是死亡过程的最后阶段。paragnosis 死后诊断

parallel linear bruise 竹打中空 棍棒打击于平坦较厚的软组 织时出现的中空性皮下组 织。parchment-like transformation 皮革样化/羊皮纸化 尸体局部表面,尤其在湿 润的创面和粘膜面,水分不断蒸发,以致局部变 得十分干燥,呈羊皮纸样 外观。

passive infanticide 消极杀婴 胎儿出生后,有意不采取保暖、护理等措施,任其冻死、恶死 或失血死。paternity 父权

paternity exclusion 父权否定 paternity test 父权检验

pathological asphyxia 病理性窒息 因疾病引起机体缺氧,同时伴有二氧化碳的 蓄积而引起的死亡。

pathological death 病理性死亡 pathological fracture 病理性骨折 perforating wound 穿孔伤 personal fatal trauma 个体致命伤 personal features 个体特征

photographicsuperimposition 颅像重合 颅像重合是进行个人识别时 所采用的一种技术,用颅骨与肖像、画面和尸体面模进 行比对,进行个人识别。poison 毒物 poisoning 中毒

position of bleeding 出血部位 postmortem 尸体解剖 postmortem autolysis 尸体自溶 postmortem burns 死后焚尸

postmortem change 死后变化 生命中止后,身体内各种器 官、组织功能逐渐消失,尸体 受到内外因素的影响而发生一系列变化。postmortem chemical change 死后化学变化 postmortem chemistry 尸体化学 postmortem delivery 死后分娩 postmortem examination 尸体检查 postmortem injury 死后伤

postmortem phenomena 尸体现象 由于死后变化而在尸 体上呈现的现象,如 尸冷、尸斑、尸僵等。

postmortem subcutaneous 死后皮下出血 死后皮下出血是一 种超生反应,可用 于推断死亡时间。

posttraumatic amnesia 外伤性健忘症 posttraumatic apoplexy 外伤性卒中 posttraumatic neurosis 外伤性神经官能症 powder deposite 火药沉着 powder smoke tattooing 火药烟晕 primary cause of death 主要死因

primary shock 原发性休克 又称急性神经源性 心血管衰竭。pseudomalady 伪病

pseudopsychosis 伪装精神病 psychiatric epertise 精神鉴定 psychic dependence 精神瘾癖 pulmonary death 肺脏死

pungilistic attitude 拳击姿态 attitude of combat putre alkaloide 尸碱,尸毒 putrefactive alkaloide 尸碱,尸毒 putrefy 腐败 putrescine 腐胺

radiation injury 放射性损伤 railway injury 火车损伤 rape 强奸

red cell enzyme 红细胞酶型 responsibility 责任能力

restoration of ficial features 复容 根据颅面骨稳定的形态结构,应 用面部25软组织的厚度的统计数值,将粘特性物质 黏附在颅 面骨上,借以恢复生前容貌。rigor mortis 尸僵 rupture 裂创

rupture of viscera 内脏破裂

第二篇:医学术语

Senescence:the state of being old : the process of becoming old

Senescent erythrocyte

erythropoiesis: the production of red blood cells(as from the bone marrow)

catalase: a red crystalline enzyme that consists of a protein complex with hematin groups and catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

peroxidase: an enzyme occurring especially in plants, milk, and white blood cells and consisting of a protein complex with hematin groups that catalyzes the oxidation of various substances by peroxides

heme 血红素

salicylate水杨酸

sulfonamide 磺胺药物

glucuronic 葡萄糖醛酸

glucuronyl transferase enzyme葡糖醛酸基转移酶

An increase in plama-conjugated bilirubin occurs early in the course of hepatocellular injury.Total plasma bilirubin concentration may not increase until later in dogs with hepatocellular injury, because dogs have a low renal threshold for conjugated bilirubin.Bilirubinuria in cats in nearly always pathologic, indicating either cholestasis胆汁郁积or hepatocellular damage.Mesurement of serum bile acids is a reliable procedure for the detection of cholestasis and is also a sensitive test of hepatic function.Once the patient is icteric though, the bile acid mesurement yields little information regarding hepatic function since they will reach high levels simply from cholestasis.Increased plasma unconjugated bilirubin can results from increased pigment production(hemolysis or ineffective erythropoiesis)or impaired hepatic untake or conjugation of bilirubin.Preponderance 1.: a superiority in weight, power, importance, or strength

2a : a superiority or excess in number or quantity b :

inspissation: thick or thickened in consistency

Hepatocellular disease and biliary obstruction(intrahepatic or posthepatic)may result in an increase in plasma conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, with the former predominating.Ongoing hepatocellular disease is often associated with marked increase in serum ALT.With chronic cholestatic icterus(hepatic or posthepatic causes)the existence of a conjugated bilirubin fraction, which is tightly bound(covalent bonding)to albumin results in an albumin-bound conjugated bilirubin fraction too large to be excreted in urine, its elimination from the body is determined by the half-life of albumin(12-14 days).This results in a delay in clearance of circulating bilirubin and may explain why icterus persists in some patients even after improvement in hepatic function and a disappearnce of bilirubin from the urine.The serum clearance of bilirubin and the yellow discoloration of the serum always precede the clearance of the tissue icterus

ALP is an induced enzyme, increases are usually associated with cholestasis and biliary endothelial damage.laparotomy 剖腹术

analgesia:insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness

deleterious: harmful often in a subtle or an unexpected way

第三篇:术语翻译

英译汉名篇:泰戈尔《飞鸟集》第82首:生如夏花

2010-04-17 来源:未知 【大 中 小】 我要投稿

划词已开启

Life, thin and light-off time and time again

Frivolous tireless

生命,一次又一次轻薄过

轻狂不知疲倦

题记

生如夏花

one

I heard the echo, from the valleys and the heart

Open to the lonely soul of sickle harvesting

Repeat outrightly, but also repeat the well-being of

Eventually swaying in the desert oasis

I believe I am

Born as the bright summer flowers

Do not withered undefeated fiery demon rule

Heart rate and breathing to bear the load of the cumbersome

Bored 一

我听见回声,来自山谷和心间

以寂寞的镰刀收割空旷的灵魂

不断地重复决绝,又重复幸福

终有绿洲摇曳在沙漠

我相信自己

生来如同璀璨的夏日之花

不凋不败,妖治如火

承受心跳的负荷和呼吸的累赘

乐此不疲

Two

I heard the music, from the moon and carcass

Auxiliary extreme aestheticism bait to capture misty

Filling the intense life, but also filling the pure

There are always memories throughout the earth

I believe I am

Died as the quiet beauty of autumn leaves

Sheng is not chaos, smoke gesture

Even wilt also retained bone proudly Qing Feng muscle

Occult 二

我听见音乐,来自月光和胴体

辅极端的诱饵捕获飘渺的唯美

一生充盈着激烈,又充盈着纯然

总有回忆贯穿于世间

我相信自己

死时如同静美的秋日落叶

不盛不乱,姿态如烟

即便枯萎也保留丰肌清骨的傲然

玄之又玄

Three

I hear love, I believe in love

Love is a pool of struggling blue-green algae

As desolate micro-burst of wind

Bleeding through my veins

Years stationed in the belief 三

我听见爱情,我相信爱情

爱情是一潭挣扎的蓝藻

如同一阵凄微的风

穿过我失血的静脉

驻守岁月的信念

Four

I believe that all can hear

Even anticipate discrete, I met the other their own

Some can not grasp the moment

Left to the East to go West, the dead must not return to nowhere

See, I wear Zan Flowers on my head, in full bloom along the way all the way

Frequently missed some, but also deeply moved by wind, frost, snow or rain 四

我相信一切能够听见

甚至预见离散,遇见另一个自己

而有些瞬间无法把握

任凭东走西顾,逝去的必然不返

请看我头置簪花,一路走来一路盛开

频频遗漏一些,又深陷风霜雨雪的感动

Five

Prajna Paramita, soon as soon as

life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves

Also care about what has

般若波罗蜜,一声一声

生如夏花,死如秋叶

还在乎拥有什么

澳新紧密经济关系协定ANZCERTA:Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement 摆脱亚洲金融危机的影响shake off the impact of the financial crisis 帮助人才脱颖而出help excellent talents find way to distinction 备件spare parts 部长级会议ministerial meeting 采取积极财政政策 proactive fiscal policy 出口创汇型/外向型产业

export-oriented industry 垂直兼并vertical merger 倒爷profiteer 抵免offset 东盟自由贸易区

AFTA:ASEAN Free Trade Area 东南亚国家联盟

ASEAN:Association of South-East Asian Nations 对外项目承包foreign project contracting 反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against …… 防伪标志anti-fake label 放松银根ease monetary policy 非配额产品quota-free products 非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects 风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment 风险基金venture capital 风险准备金loan loss provision/ provisions of risk 岗位培训on-the-job training 港元的联系汇率制the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar 搞活国有大中型企业revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises 工程项目engineering project 工业增加值industrial added value 公正合理equitable and rational 固定资产投资investment in the fixed assets 广开就业门路increase employment opportunities;create jobs in every possible way;open up more channels of employment 规模经济scale economy/ economies of scale 国合企业(即国有合作社)state-owned cooperatives 国际清算international settlement 国际收支平衡balance of international payments/ balance of payment 国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment 国家补贴public subsidies 国家鼓励项目projects listed as encouraged by the state 国家科技创新体系State Scientific and Technological Innovation System 国家现汇结存state foreign exchange reserves 合理引导消费guide rational consumption 横向兼并horizontal merger 坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ bad loan 货币市场money market 机构臃肿overstaffing in(government)organizations

机构重叠organizational overlapping

技工贸结合的科技型企业scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development 季节性调价seasonal price adjustments 既成事实established/accomplished facts 减免债务reduce and cancel debts 建材building materials 进口环节税import linkage tax 经常项目current account 经常性的财政收入regular revenues 竟价投标competitive bidding 就业前培训pre-job training 控股公司holding company 垃圾融资junk financing 劳动密集性企业labor-intensive enterprises 劳务合作labor service cooperation 累计实现顺差143.4美元accumulatively realizing trade surplus 利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery 流动人口floating population 龙头产品lagship product 乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises 慢性萧条chronic depression

农业技术合作

ATC:Agricultural Technical Cooperation 盘活存量资产revitalize stock assets 配件accessories 皮包公司flying-by-night company;bogus company平等互利、讲求实效、形式多样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various waysand seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development 瓶颈制约 “bottleneck” restrictions

企业的自我约束机制self-regulating mechanism of enterprises 企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises 企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses 企业所得税corporate income tax 千年问题、千年虫millennium bug 抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities 清理、修订screen and modify 求同存异overcome differences and seek common ground 商住和公益设施建设commercial, residential and public utility construction 申报制度reporting system;income declaration system

实行股份制enforce stockholding system 实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to, treat foreign investors as quals to the Chinese counterparts 市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA Administrative Aspects of Market Access 适销对路的产品readily marketable products 双重轨制two-tier system / double-track system 水利water conservation 所有制形式forms of ownership

贪图安逸crave comfort and pleasure 通货紧缩deflation 通货膨胀inflation 同步增长increase in the same pace 外援方式modality of foreign aid 无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator 无纸交易paperless transaction

现代企业制度modern corporate system 消费膨胀inflated consumption 协议投标negotiated bidding 信息化informationize

形成统一、开放和竞争有序的市场establish an unified, open market with orderly competition 亚欧会议ASEM:Asia-Europe Meeting 亚太法定计量论坛

APLMF:Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum 亚太工商咨询理事会

ABAC:APEC Business Advisory Council 亚太计量程序

APMP:Asia Pacific Metrology Program 亚太经合组织部长级会议AMM:APEC MinisteriaI Meeting 亚太经合组织经济领导人会议AELM: APEC Economic Leaders Meeting 亚太经济合作组织

APEC:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太能源研究中心

APERC:Asia Pacific Energy Research Center 亚太商业论坛

ABF:APEC Business Forum 亚太商业网络

APB-Net:Asia-Pacific Business Network 亚太实验室认可合作APLAC:Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation 亚太通讯与数据系统ACDS:APEC Communications and Database System 亚太信息基础设施

APII:Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure 亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心ACTETSME:APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises 亚洲开发银行

ADB: Asian Development Bank 以试点的形式实行外贸权自动登记制度implement an automatic registration system of foreign trading rights on a trial basis 营业税turnover tax 在巩固公有制主体地位的同时,促进多种所有制经济共同发展alongside fortifying the status of the public ownership as the mainstay, it is also encouraged to witness common development of different systems of ownership 债转股debt-to-equity swap 中华人民共和国保护台湾同胞投资实施条例Implementation Rules of the P.R.C.on the Protection of Investments by Compatriots from Taiwan 中介服务组织intermediary service organization 注入新的生机与活力bring new vigor and vitality into 转化经营机制change the method of operation 资本项目capital account 自1999年1月1日起实行

come into official enforcement as of January 1, 1999 自由浮动汇率free floating exchange rate;variable exchange rate 自驻经营,自负盈亏responsible for their own management decisions, profits and losses 走上良性发展的轨道going on the track of sound progress

shipping service company

船务公司 generic products非商标(非专利)产品 prudent monetary policy稳健的货币政策

deficit spending超前消费 run on banks(到银行)挤兑

domestic support to agriculture

对农业的国内支持

special bonds特种债券

economy of abundance

富裕经济 Animal-based protein动物源性蛋白

dual purpose exports军民两用品出口

dual-use goods and technology

军民两用产品和技术 NAFTA North American Free Trade Area北美自由贸易区

global quota全球配额 grandfather clause祖父条款

Animal-derived food动物源食品

EVSL(Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization)部门提前自愿自由化

TILF(Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易和投资自由化和便利化

常见缩略:

C&F(cost & freight)成本加运费价 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇

D/P(document against payment)付款交单 D/A(document against acceptance)承兑交单 C.O(certificate of origin)一般原产地证

G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱

PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打

PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等 WT(weight)重量

G.W.(gross weight)毛重 N.W.(net weight)净重

(customs declaration)报关单 EA(each)每个,各 W(with)具有 w/o(without)没有 FAC(facsimile)传真 IMP(import)进口

EXP(export)出口

MAX(maximum)最大的、最大限度的 MIN(minimum)最小的,最低限度 M 或MED(medium)中等,中级的 M/V(merchant vessel)商船 S.S(steamship)船运

MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨 DOC(document)文件、单据 INT(international)国际的

P/L(packing list)装箱单、明细表 INV(invoice)发票 PCT(percent)百分比

REF(reference)参考、查价

EMS(express mail special)特快传递 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传 RMB(renminbi)人民币 S/M(shipping marks)装船标记 PR或PRC(price)价格

PUR(purchase)购买、购货

S/C(sales contract)销售确认书 L/C(letter of credit)信用证 B/L(bill of lading)提单 FOB(free on board)离岸价

CIF(cost, insurance & freight)成本、保险加运费价 GMO(genetically modified organism)转基因组织

CAGA(compound annual growth average)年复合增长率 b b s.k a o y an.c o m 爱思英语编者按:泰国从3月份开始的内乱不断升级,此次事件已造成约235人伤亡,是18年来泰国发生的最为严重的**。5月19日上午,泰国军队在装甲车的掩护下开始驱散“红衫军”集会者,总理阿披实的秘书长戈沙·沙帕瓦苏呼吁“红衫军”立即结束集会。当日下午,泰国“红衫军”领导人宣布停止在曼谷为期两个多月的集会并向警方自首。下面就向大家介绍一些此次事件中的相关词汇。

Red Shirt demonstrators/protesters 红衫军(主要由泰国穷人组成,被称为have-not或commoner)

泰国内乱相关词汇

rioter 示威者

vacate 撤离(阵地)protest zone 抗议区 open fire 开火 ceasefire 停火

sniper attack 狙击

homemade rockets 自制火箭 gasoline bombs 汽油弹 rubber bullets 橡皮子弹 live ammunition 实弹 grenade 手榴弹 fuel tanker 油槽车 street battles 巷战 barricade 路障 sandbag 沙袋

protest encampment 抗议营地 curfew 宵禁

automatic rifles 自动步枪 unrest 动荡局面 bloodshed 流血事件 political crisis 政治冲突

disperse the protesters 驱散示威者 state of emergency 紧急状态 no-man's land 无人地带 military cordon 军事封锁线 sharpshooter 神枪手

sporadic explosions 零星爆炸

potential clash zones 潜在冲突地区 crackdown 镇压

working class electorates 工人阶层选民 escalate 升级

standoff 僵局

unseat Prime Minister 让总理下台 immediate elections 直接选举

dissolution of Parliament/dissolve the Parliament 解散议会 military strategist 军事战略家

intercede 调解更多信息请访问:http://www.xiexiebang.com/ mediator 调停者

第四篇:翻译术语整理

小组成员: 殷晓霞 41208011 杨芳敏 41208014 温聪轩 41208005 翻译作业术语整理

韩素音翻译英翻汉 全球化

1、根本性的转变 fundamental shift

2、相对独立自足的实体relatively self-contained entities

3、跨境贸易和投资的壁垒

the barriers to cross-border trade and investment

4、感知距离因运输和通信技术的进步正在缩小 perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications

5、物质文化 material culture

6、一个相互依存的全球经济体系

an interdependent global economic system

7、历史渊源

historical basis

8、在不同国家建立本土化基地 set up local bases in different countries

9、利用日益全球化的电信市场所带来的机遇先声夺人 be well-placed to take advantage of the increasingly global market for telecommunications

10、拥有许多跨国客户的公司

companies with multinational accounts

11、在该市场中处于有利地位

be well-positioned in that market place

12、承载通信量

carry the traffic

13、许多不同的成员连在一起的“全球胶”概念

the “global glue”that keeps the many different people together

14、分散管理却又统一调控,既要扩大规模又要小巧灵活(既大又小),既要全球化又要本土化

it is decentralized but centrally controlled, it is big and small at the same time and it is both global and local

15、具备全球责任意识的业务领袖和掌管利润中心的地区经理

global leaders with global responsibility and local managers working with their profit centers

16、利用规模经济和既大又小的优势

use a scale of economy and advantages of bigness but being small

17、大的组织竞争优势

a big organizational competitive edge

18、现有基础上通过扩大公司规模而有机增长

grow organically by expanding from their existing base

19、将客户需求从A大陆转移到B大陆的能力

the ability to carry their customers’ needs from continent A to continent B 20、如何选择取决于你

you take your pick

21、取得成功的秘诀

a winning recipe

22、公司践行客户至上的理念

make the organization customer-driven

23、创造一种根植于人们内心深处的企业文化

create that culture deep down

24、一体化竞争举措

integrated competitive moves

25、跨国公司的经理

managers of transnational corporations

26、识别和利用跨境协同作用

identify and exploit cross-border synergies 汉译英 传统百货

1、e-commerce market:电子市场

2、the total transactions:整体交易规模

3、market share:市场占有率

4、household electrical appliances:家电

5、fitting room:试衣间

6、homogenization:同质化

7、product layout:产品布局

8、store design:店面设计

9、sale contents:销售内容

10、internal and external pressure:内忧外患

11、the integration of online and offline sale:线上线下一体

12、differentiation competition:差异化竞争

13、business mode innovation:商业模式创新

14、counter-attack:逆袭

15、differentiated management and marketing:错位经营,差异化营销

16、after-sale services:售后服务

17、personalized service:个性化服务

18、retail industry:零售业

19、per capita GDP:人均国内生产总值

20、large-scale comprehensive supermarkets:大型综合超市

21、franchised stores:专卖店

22、specialty stores:专业店 我们的感恩

1、蔓越莓 cranberry sauce 南瓜派 pumpkin pie

2、认为理所当然

take for granted

3、欲望和感恩的情感是不相容的the desire is incompatible with the gratitude

4、更不用说 not to mention 贝斯特公司面临的现状

1、paper profits 票面利润

2、liquidation(债务的)清偿,了结

3、broker 经纪人

4、the Resene Banks 储备银行

5、rediscount rate 再贴现率

6、corporation 大公司

7、concerns 公司

8、overproduction of capital 资本生产过剩

9、installment buying 分期付款

10、stock-market profits 股票市场收益

11、artificial price 人为确定的价格4 牛市

1、a business cycle 商业周期

2、a new order of values 新的价值体系

3、ever-shifting currents 不断变化着的趋势

4、mass emotion 民众情感

5、The Post-war Decade 战后十年

6、competiveness 竞争力

7、leadership 领导力

8、corporate officer 管理人员

9、board 董事会

10、general manager总经理

11、director 董事,负责人

12、corporate headquarters 公司总部

13、global strategic vision 全球战略眼光

14、geographic power 地域性的决策权

15、performance measurement system 绩效评价体系

16、the balanced scorecard平衡记分卡

17、people development 员工培训

18、business practice 业务状况

19、financial performance 业绩 20、functional group 分支结构

21、senior executive 高级行政人员

22、annual sales 总销量

23、strategic driver 战略驱动 希拉里回忆录

1、White House:白宫

2、First Lady:第一夫人;总统夫人

3、student activist:学生活动分子

4、U.S.Senator:美国参议员

5、push and pull of events:丰富人生的事物

6、Senate:参议院

时文术语整理

时文一:About CPC's mass line campaign 1.Communist Party of China = CPC 中国共产党 2.mass line campaign 群众路线活动 3.the CPC rank and file 党员 4.5.6.7.strengthen Party-people ties 加强民党联系

the Political Bureau of CPC Central Committee 中共中央政治局常委 Party General Secretary 党的领导人

a “thorough cleanup” of undesirable work styles 彻底清理不良工作作风

8.formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism and extravagance 形式主义,官僚主义,享乐主义,奢侈风气

9.to adhere to the mass line 拥护群众路线 10.fight corruption 反腐败

11.the founding fathers of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国的开国元勋

12.prioritize the interests of the people 优先考虑人民利益

13.vice chairman of the Central Military Commission 中央军委副主席 14.guideline 指导方针

15.the reinforcement of the “mass line” 群众路线的巩固 16.get in the way of its development.阻碍发展

17.the revolutionary forerunners of the CPC 中国共产党的革命先驱 18.the Agrarian Revolutionary War 土地革命战争

19.the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression 抗日战争 20.the War of Liberation 解放战争

21.at or above county level 县级或县级以上

22.to address deep-rooted social problems 解决根深蒂固的问题= shoot persistent problems 23.high-ranking officials 高级官员 24.Chongqing Municipality 重庆市

25.be expelled from the Party 开除党籍 26.legitimate rights and interests 合法利益

时文二:GM rice 1.China’s Agricultural University 中国农业大学 2.genetically modified food 转基因食品 3.human digestive systems 人体消化系统 4.process nutrition 吸收营养 5.metabolism, immunity, and reproductive systems新陈代谢、免疫力、生殖系统

6.China’s Ministry of Agriculture 中国农业部

7.a standardized testing procedure 标准化的测试程序

8.an emotive intervention into the polarized debate about genetically modified crops对转基因农作物两极化争论情绪化的干预 9.the World Health Organization 世界卫生组织

10.dietary vitamin A deficiency compromises the immune systems膳食维生素A缺乏症损害了免疫系统 11.Greenpeace 绿色和平组织

12.anti-GM organizations 反转基因组织

13.follow the GM industry line 走转基因产业路线 14.fall into a trap over GM 掉入转基因的圈套

15.swallow the industry spin hook, line and sinker全然相信企业的观点 16.compromise immune systems 破坏免疫系统 17.malnutrition 营养失调

18.an industrial monoculture production 工业化单一栽培的生产方式 19.a Trojan horse for the GM industry 转基因产业的病毒 20.a feelgood product 自我感觉良好的产品

21.give the moral high ground to the industry 给该行业提供了一个道德高地

22.the International Rice Research Institute 国际水稻研究所 23.night blindness 夜盲症 24.a product recall 产品召回

25.reduce poverty,improve health减少贫困,改善健康状况

时文三:Quake kills 45 in Pakistan, creates new island in sea 1.7.8 magnitude quake

7.8级地震

2.Aftershock 余震

3.thinly populated mountainous area 人口稀少地区 4.epicenter 震中 5.was hard to assess the impact 难以估计其影响

6.the death toll was expected to increase 死亡总人数预计上升 7.relief supplies 救援物资

8.the worst-hit area in the earthquake 地震重灾区 9.were leveled to 夷为平地

10.The latest death toll figure

最新死亡总人数

11.kicked off rescue operation in collaboration with the army and other security forces.与军队及其他安保力量协同展开救援工作

12.at 29.09 degrees north latitude and 65.61 degrees east longitude.北纬29度,东经65.5度

13.lack of doctors and medical facilities 缺少医药 14.neighboring districts周边地区 15.strong tremors 震感

时文四:Li Keqiang's speech at Summer Davos opening ceremony 1.the Summer Davos Forum夏季达沃斯论坛

2.Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends,尊敬的各位贵宾、女士们、先生们、朋友们 3.a warm welcome诚挚欢迎 4.hearty congratulations热烈祝贺

5.Meeting the Innovation Imperative“创新:势在必行 6.a forward-looking one that points the way to the future.具有很强的引领性和前瞻性。

7.the outbreak of the international financial crisis国际金融危机爆发 8.emerging economies are confronted with rather serious downward pressure

新兴经济体面临较大下行压力

9.Hardly has one wave subsided when another wave rises一波未平一波

又起

10.a multiple of factors多重因素 11.encounter a hard landing出现“硬着陆”

12.at a crucial stage of transformation and upgrading处在转型升级的关键

阶段

13.moving forward in a steady way and its fundamentals are sound

经济发展的基本面是好的,经济运行总体是平稳的。14.Economic growth in China went down中国经济增速下滑

15.a registered negative growth in the central government revenue

中央财政收入出现负增长

16.we stayed committed to the overall policy of seeking steady economic progress.我们坚持稳中求进的工作总基调

17.pursue steady growth, conduct structural readjustment and promote reform, which served to ensure a smooth economic performance.统筹稳增长、调结构、促改革,保证了经济平稳运行。

19.with consideration given to both immediate and long-term needs

兼顾当前和长远

20.drive up growth把经济增速推高 21.weighing the pros and cons权衡利弊

22.address the underlying problems解决深层次问题 23.With respect to fiscal policy 在财政政策方面 24.kept deficit from expanding坚持不扩大赤字

25.readjusted the expenditure structure, cut down administrative expenditures, accelerated spending, increased support for the central and western regions as well as for structural readjustments and for improving people's wellbeing, and granted preferential tax treatment to small and micro businesses 调整支出结构,压缩行政开支,加快支出进度,加大对中西部地区、结构调整、保障民生的支持,对小微企业实行税收优惠 26.In terms of monetary policy在货币政策方面

27.did not relax or tighten the monetary policy, and properly managed

liquidity

既不放松也不收紧银根,管理好流动性

28.supported the real economy mainly by making good use of both the stock and the increment

通过盘活存量、用好增量,支持实体经济发展

30.strengthened supervision and improved regulation to prevent and defuse potential risks in the fiscal and financial sectors

通过加强监管和规范发展,积极防范和化解财政金融领域的潜在风险 31.become a source of concern成为关注焦点

32.taking pertinent measures to regulate and address it in an orderly

fashion

采取有针对性的措施,有序规范和化解

33.Reform and innovation provide an inexhaustible driving force for a country's development

改革创新是一个国家发展的不竭动力

34.vigorously reform the administrative system with focus on transforming government functions

以转变政府职能为核心,大力推进行政管理体制改革

35.streamlining administration and delegating power to lower levels

简政放权

36.stimulate the creativity of market players激发市场主体创造活力

37.accelerated the reform of economic structure, endeavored to develop a mixed economy, relaxed market access in the financial, oil, electricity, railway, telecommunications, resources development, public facilities and the services sector, encouraged more investment of the non-public sector, and provided greater space for business of various ownerships 加快推进经济结构改革,发展混合所有制经济,在金融、石油、电力、铁路、电信、资源开发、公用事业、服务业等领域放宽市场准入,引导民间投资增长,为各类所有制企业提供更大发展空间。

38.readjusting and optimizing the structure with emphasis on transformation and upgrading

着眼转型升级,调整优化结构 39.expand domestic demand扩大内需

40.implementing the “Broadband China” strategy推动实施“宽带中国”战

41.enhance the weak links加强薄弱环节建设

42.invest more in energy conservation and environmental protection, redevelopment of shantytowns, infrastructure in urban areas, and railways in the central and western regions

增加节能环保、棚户区改造、城市基础设施、中西部铁路等方面的投资 43.implementing the strategy of innovation-driven development at a faster pace, aggressively promoting technological innovation and deep integration of science and technology with the economy and building a social environment friendly to innovation and business start-up activities 加快实施创新驱动发展战略,大力推进技术创新,促进科技与经济深度融合,营造有利于创新创业的社会环境

44.the foundation for economic rebound is still fragile with many

uncertainties ahead

经济回升的基础仍不牢固,不确定因素还很多

45.tackle more difficulties and challenges.进一步克服困难和应对挑战 46.The Chinese economy has entered a phase of medium to high rate

growth

当前中国经济已进入中高速增长阶段

47.ensure the fruits of reform and development benefit as many people

as possible.让改革和发展的成果惠及最广大的人民群众

48.Looking ahead, I see bright prospects for China's development

展望未来,中国发展前景光明

49.We are well placed to sustain a healthy economic growth in the long

run

我们完全有能力、有条件保持经济长期持续健康发展

50.the hard work, talent and perseverance of the Chinese people

中国人民勤劳智慧、自强不息

51.uphold social justice, stay firm on the path of reform and opening-up and advance the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics

促进社会公正,坚定不移地沿着改革开放之路走下去,把中国特色社会主义事业不断推向前进

52.break waves and sail far乘风破浪,扬帆远航

53.achieve the sustained and sound growth of the Chinese economy.中国经济一定能保持长期持续健康发展

54.the trend towards economic globalization, a multi-polar world and IT application is gaining momentum

经济全球化、世界多极化、社会信息化深入发展

55.the prosperity and development of the world economy.世界经济的繁荣和发展

56.A gentleman is always ready to help others attain their goals君子成人

之美

57.share our poverty reduction experience分享减贫经验 58.a long and arduous process长期艰苦的过程

59.take a clear-cut stand against all forms of protectionism

旗帜鲜明反对各种形式的保护主义

60.intensify IPR protection强化知识产权保护 61.a time of fast changes一个飞速变革的时代

时文五:China opens Shanghai free-trade zone 1.获得许可进驻自由贸易区

be granted licences to register in the free-trade zone 2.国家严格监管的服务行业

the country's tightly regulated service industry 3.利率市场化

let market forces set interest rates 4.经济改革的试验田

an experimental field/ a testing ground to conduct economic reform 5.世界第二大经济体

the world's second-biggest economy 6.被禁的网站在自由贸易区内可以解禁

banned websites would be unblocked inside the zone 7.自由贸易区管委会

the free-trade zone's management committee 8.加快经济自由化

push for fast economic liberalisation 9.在自由贸易区内取消对外国投资的限制

Restrictions on foreign investment will be eased inside the free-trade

zone.10.允许中国的货币人民币,与其他货币之间自由兑换

allowing China's currency, the yuan, to be swapped freely for other

currencies

11.金融改革和经济试验

financial reforms and economic experimentation 12.国家媒体

State media

13.中国国务院

China's state council 14.浦东区

Pudong district 15.提升金融服务,促进贸易和改善治理措施等

upgrade financial services, promote trade and improve governance as well as measures 16.商会主席

the commerce minister

17.利用廉价劳动力

harness cheap labour 18.合资人才管理机构

joint-venture talent management agencies

19.副秘书长

deputy secretary general 20.伟大的战略重要性

great strategic importance 21.中国欧盟商会

the European Chamber of Commerce in China

时文六:The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee

1、改革将会是三中全会的首要内容

reform expected to dominate talk at third plenum

2、正在进行的中国共产党会议

the ongoing Communist Party of China meeting

3、中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee

4、政府职能的转变,城市化,在金融业对外开放,财政和税收制度改革,价格管制

transformation of government functions, urbanization, opening-up in the financial sector, fiscal and tax system reform, and price regulation

5、在各领域的完整改革

a full renewal(革新)in all areas

6、更深入、更全面的市场改革举措

deeper and more comprehensive market reform initiatives

7、中国私营部门

The Chinese private sector

8、新兴的中产阶级

the emerging middle class

9、通过改革开放的政策中国已经成为世界第二大经济体

China has become the second-largest economy in the world via the policy of reform and opening-up

10、摇摇欲坠的经济,贫富差距,环境恶化,以及社会冲突增加。

faltering economy, a growing wealth gap, a deteriorating environment, and an increase in social conflicts.11、提高政府决策的透明度

improve the visibility of government measures

12、国务卿副助理

deputy assistant secretary of state

13、减少经济中的行政控制和干扰,从而减少腐败

reducing administrative controls and interference in the economy, thereby reduce corruption.14、加深财政和法律系统改革

deepen its reforms on fiscal and legal systems

15、改革犹如逆水行舟,不进则退

reform is like a boat going against the current, it must move forward or backward

16、规划改革的路线图

ormulate a road map of reform

17、建立有效的评估原理

establish valid assessment mechanisms

18、改革以农业为开端,商业,轻工业,重工业和房地产紧随其后

reforms began with agriculture, followed by commercial sectors, light industry, heavy industry and real estate

第五篇:贸易术语翻译

1.EX Works(EXW)EX Works 是指当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点(如工场、工厂或仓库)将货物交给买方处置时,即完成交货,卖方不需要将货物装上任何买方付费的运输工具,也不需要办理出口清关手续,即使这种清关是适用的。

当事人最好明确指定交付地点,同样也要明确到达指定地点的费用及风险由卖方承担。买方承担在双方协定地点或指定交付地点受领货物的全部费用和风险。

EXW是卖方承担责任最小的术语,使用该术语时应注意:

a)卖方没有义务为买方装载货物,即使在实践中卖方更适合负责装载。即使卖方装载了货物,那也应由买方负担所需费用和风险。当卖方拥有良好的装载条件时,强制卖方负担风险和费用装载货物的FCA(货交承运人)通常更加适用。

b)基于EXW对出口的规定,买方必须明确卖方仅仅有义务在买方需要办理出口时提供帮助,但没有义务为其办理出口清关手续。因此在买方不能直接或间接办理出口手续时,不应使用该术语。

c)买方对向卖方提供货物出口的相关信息负有限责任。然而,买方也许会需要这些信息,例如税款及目的报告。

2.Free Carrier(FCA)“Free Carrier”是指卖方只要将货物在其所在地或指定交货地点交给买方指定的承运人,即完成交货。当事人应尽可能精准地指定交付地点,因为到达指定地点后风险由买方承担。如果当事人计划在卖方所在地交货,则应指明卖方所在地的地址为指定的交付地点。如果当事人计划在另一地点交货,则应指明另一明确的交货地点。

FCA要求在需要办理海关手续时由卖方负责货物出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

3.Carriage Paid To(CPT)“Carriage Paid To”是指卖方在约定地点(如果当事人间约定了交货地点)向其指定的承运人或其他人交货,但卖方还必须订立货物运至指定目的地的合同并支付运费。当使用CPT, CIP, CFR 或 CIF等术语时,卖方承担其将货物交付指定承运人前所有风险和费用,而当货物运至指定目的地后,由买方承担一切风险和费用。

此术语有两个关键点,因为风险转移和费用在不同的地方转移。在合同中,当事人应尽可能精准地指定风险转移至买方的交货地点以及卖方必须订立合同运输货物所到的指定目的地。如果多个承运人负责将货物运送至约定目的地,且当事人没有约定特定的交货地点,那么当货物被交给完全由卖方选择的、买方无法支配的第一承运人时,风险即发生转移。如果当事人想要风险在最近的驿站转移,他们需要其订立的销售合同中予以说明。当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的地中的具体交货地点,以及货物运送至该地点所需费用由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外,如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的地卸载的费用,其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。

在需要办理清关手续时,CPT要求卖方应负责货物的出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

4.Carriage and Insurance Paid to(CIP)“Carriage and Insurance Paid to”是指卖方在约定地点(如果当事人间约定了交货地点)向其指定的承运人或其他人交货,但卖方还必须订立货物运至指定目的地的合同并支付运费。卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。买方应该注意CIP术语只要求卖方投保最低限度的保险险别。如买方需要更高的保险险别,则需要与卖方明确地达成协议,或者自行作出额外的保险安排。

此术语有两个关键点,因为风险转移和费用在不同的地方转移。在合同中,当事人应尽可能精准地指定风险转移至买方的交货地点以及卖方必须订立合同运输货物所到的指定目的地。如果多个承运人负责将货物运送至约定目的地,且当事人没有约定特定的交货地点,那么当货物被交给完全由卖方选择的、买方无法支配的第一承运人时,风险即发生转移。如果当事人想要风险在最近的驿站转移,他们需要其订立的销售合同中予以说明。

当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的地中的具体交货地点,因为货物运送至该地点所需费用由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外,如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的地卸载的费用,其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。

在需要办理清关手续时,CIP要求卖方应负责货物的出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

5.Delivered at Terminal(DAT)“Delivered at Terminal”是指当卖方在指定港口或目的地的指定终点站将已从运输工具上卸载下来的货物交给买方处置时,即完成交货。“终点站”包括不论是否有屋顶的任何地方,如码头、仓库、集装箱场地或公路、铁路及航空的货物终点站。

卖方承担将货物运送到指定港口或目的地并在终点站卸载货物的一切风险。当事人应尽可能精准地指定终点站,或约定港口、目的地终点站内的具体交货地点,以及货物运送至该地点的一切风险由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。

此外,如果当事人想要卖方承担从终点站到另一地点运输和装卸货物的风险和费用,应使用DAP术语或DDP术语。

在需要办理清关手续时,DAT要求卖方应负责货物的出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

6.Delivered at Place(DAP)“Delivered at Place”是指当卖方在指定目的地将运输工具上准备卸载的货物交给买方处置时,即完成交货。卖方承担将货物运送到指定地点的一切风险。

当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的地中的具体交货地点,以及货物运送至该地点的一切风险由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外,如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的地卸载的费用,其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。

在需要办理清关手续时,DAP要求卖方应负责货物的出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。如果当事人想要卖方负责办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税和办理任何进口海关手续,应使用DDP术语。

7.Delivered Duty Paid(DDP)“Delivered Duty Paid”是指当卖方在指定目的地将已办理进口清关手续的在运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置时,即完成交货。卖方承担将货物运送到指定地点的一切费用和风险。卖方要负责办理货物出口和进口清关,负担任何出口和进口关税和一切相关海关手续。

DDP是卖方承担责任最大的术语。当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的地中的具体交货地点,因为货物运送至该地点的一切费用和风险由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外,如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的地卸载的费用,其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。如果卖方不能直接或间接办理进口手续,建议当事人不要使用DDP术语。

如果当事人希望买方承担进口清关的一切风险和费用,应使用DAP术语。除在销售合同中另有明确约定,任何增值税或其他进口所需税款应由卖方负担。

1.Free Alongside Ship(FAS)“Free Alongside Ship”是指当卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到买方指定船的船边(如码头或驳船),即完成交货。当货物运至船边时,货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移,买方自那时起承担一切费用。当事人应尽可能精准地指定装运港内的装运点,因为到达该地点的费用和风险由卖方承担,这些费用和手续费根据港口的实际情况而有所不同。卖方必须将货物运到船边或取得已交到船边准备装运的货物。这里的“取得”适合于多层次链条式销售(线性销售),在商品销售中尤为普遍。

如果货物装在集装箱内,那么卖方通常应在目的地而非船边将货物交给承运人。在这种情况下,FAS术语并不适用,而应使用FCA术语。FAS要求在需要办理海关手续时由卖方负责货物出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

2.Free on Board(FOB)“Free on Board”是指当卖方在指定的装运港将货物运至买方指定的船上或取得已按此送交的货物,即完成交货。当货物已运至船上时,货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移,买方自那时起承担一切费用。

卖方必须将货物运到船上或取得已按此送交准备发运的货物。这里的“取得”适合于多层次链条式销售(线性销售),在商品销售中尤为普遍。

FOB不适用于货物在装船之前移交给承运人的情况,比如集装箱内的货物通常在目的地交付。在这种情况下,应使用FCA术语。

FOB要求在需要办理海关手续时由卖方负责货物出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

3.Cost and Freight(CFR)“Cost and Freight”是指当卖方将货物运至船上或取得已按此送交的货物,即完成交货。当货物已运至船上时,货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移。

卖方还必须订立货物运至指定目的港的合同并支付成本和运费。当使用CPT, CIP, CFR 或 CIF等术语时,卖方承担其将货物按照所选规则指定的方式交付承运人前所有风险和费用,而当货物运至指定目的地后,由买方承担一切风险和费用。

此术语有两个关键点,因为风险转移和费用在不同的地方转移。合同中通常会指定目的港,但可能并未指定风险转移至买方的装运港。如果装运港与买方有特定利益,则当事人应尽可能精准地在合同中确定。

当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的港中的具体交货地点,因为货物运送至该地点所需费用由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外,如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的港卸载的费用,其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。

卖方必须将货物运到船上或取得已按此送交准备发运的货物。此外,卖方必须订立运输合同或取得这样的合同。这里的“取得”适合于多层次链条式销售(线性销售),在商品销售中尤为普遍。

CFR不适用于货物在装船之前移交给承运人的情况,比如集装箱内的货物通常在目的地交付。在这种情况下,应使用CPT术语。

在需要办理清关手续时,CFR要求卖方应负责货物的出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

Cost, Insurance and Freight(CIF)“Cost, Insurance and Freight”是指当卖方将货物运至船上或取得已按此送交的货物,即完成交货。当货物已运至船上时,货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移。卖方还必须订立货物运至指定目的港的合同并支付成本和运费。

卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。买方应该注意CIF术语只要求卖方投保最低限度的保险险别。如买方需要更高的保险险别,则需要与卖方明确地达成协议,或者自行作出额外的保险安排。

此术语有两个关键点,因为风险转移和费用在不同的地方转移。合同中通常会指定目的港,但可能并未指定风险转移至买方的装运港。如果装运港与买方有特定利益,则当事人应尽可能精准地在合同中确定。

当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的港中的具体交货地点,因为货物运送至该地点所需费用由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外,如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的港卸载的费用,其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。

卖方必须将货物运到船上或取得已按此送交准备发运的货物。此外,卖方必须订立运输合同或取得这样的合同。这里的“取得”适合于多层次链条式销售(线性销售),在商品销售中尤为普遍。

CIF不适用于货物在装船之前移交给承运人的情况,比如集装箱内的货物通常在目的地交付。在这种情况下,应使用CIP术语。在需要办理清关手续时,CIF要求卖方应负责货物的出口清关。然而,卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。

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