第一篇：中英文常用常识
中国传统节日中英对照：元宵节
每年农历的正月十五日，春节刚过，迎来的就是中国的传统节日--元宵节。
元宵主要的活动就是看灯。东汉明帝时期，明帝提倡佛教，听说佛教有正月十五日僧人观佛舍利，点灯敬佛的做法，就命令这一天夜晚在皇宫和寺庙里点灯敬佛，令士族庶民都挂灯。以后这种佛教礼仪节日逐渐形成民间盛大的节日。该节经历了由宫廷到民间，由中原到全国的发展过程。
直到今天，元宵点灯的习俗仍然在中国的各地流传的，各式各样美丽的花灯在这一天都会点亮，孩子们提着自制的灯笼走街串巷，非常高兴。
猜灯谜也是元宵节的一项重要活动，花灯的主人会将谜面写在灯笼上，挂在门口，如果有人可以猜中，就能得到小小的礼物。这项活动最早起源于宋朝，因为谜语能启迪智慧又饶有兴趣，所以流传过程中深受社会各阶层的欢迎。
民间过元宵节吃元宵的习俗。元宵由糯米制成，或实心，或带馅。馅有豆沙、白糖、山楂、各类果料等，食用时煮、煎、蒸、炸皆可。起初，人们把这种食物叫“浮圆子”，后来又叫“汤团”或“汤圆”，这些名称“团圆”字音相近，取团圆之意，象征全家人团团圆圆，和睦幸福，人们也以此怀念离别的亲人,寄托了对未来生活的美好愿望。
随着时间的推移，元宵节的活动越来越多，白天有耍龙灯、耍狮子、踩高跷、划旱船扭秧歌、打太平鼓等传统民俗表演。到了夜晚，除了五颜六色的美花灯之外，还有艳丽多姿的烟火。大多数家庭会在春节时留下一些烟花等到元宵节这天燃放，而一些地方政府也会举办烟花大会，当新年的第一个月圆之夜在盛大的烟火表演中来临时，人们都陶醉在这令人难忘了烟花与皎洁的明月中。
Lantern Festival
The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, usually in February or March in the Gregorian calendar.As early as the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-AD 25), it had become a festival with great significance.This day's important activity is watching lanterns.Throughout the Han Dynasty(206 BC-AD 220), Buddhism flourished in China.One emperor heard that Buddhist monks would watch sarira, or remains from the cremation of Buddha's body, and light lanterns to worship Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, so he ordered to light lanterns in the imperial palace and temples to show respect to Buddha on this day.Later, the Buddhist rite developed into a grand festival among common people and its influence expanded from the Central Plains to the whole of China.Till today, the lantern festival is still held each year around the country.Lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors.Children will hold self-made or bought lanterns to stroll with on the streets, extremely excited.“Guessing lantern riddles”is an essential part of the Festival.Lantern owners write riddles on a piece of paper and post them on the lanterns.If visitors have solutions to the riddles, they can pull the paper out and go to the lantern owners to check their answer.If they are right, they will get a little gift.The activity emerged during people's enjoyment of lanterns in the Song Dynasty(960-1279).As riddle guessing is interesting and full of wisdom, it has become popular among all social strata.People will eat yuanxiao, or rice dumplings, on this day, so it is also called the “Yuanxiao Festival.”Yuanxiao also has another name, tangyuan.It is small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour with rose petals, sesame, bean paste, jujube paste, walnut meat, dried fruit, sugar and edible oil as filling.Tangyuan can be boiled, fried or steamed.It tastes sweet and delicious.What's more, tangyuan in Chinese has a similar pronunciation with "tuanyuan”, meaning reunion.So people eat them to denote union, harmony and happiness for the family.In the daytime of the Festival, performances such as a dragon lantern dance, a lion dance, a land boat dance, a yangge dance, walking on stilts and beating drums while dancing will be staged.On the night, except for magnificent lanterns, fireworks form a beautiful scene.Most families spare some fireworks from the Spring Festival and let them off in the Lantern Festival.Some local governments will even organize a fireworks party.On the night when the first full moon enters the New Year, people become really intoxicated by the imposing fireworks and bright moon in the sky.
第二篇：最常用的中英文SMT常识
SMT基本名词解释
Accuracy(精度)： 测量结果与目标值之间的差额。
Additive Process(加成工艺)：一种制造PCB导电布线的方法，通过选择性的在板层上沉淀导电材料(铜、锡等)。Adhesion(附着力)： 类似于分子之间的吸引力。
Aerosol(气溶剂)： 小到足以空气传播的液态或气体粒子。
Angle of attack(迎角)：丝印刮板面与丝印平面之间的夹角。
Anisotropic adhesive(各异向性胶)：一种导电性物质，其粒子只在Z轴方向通过电流。
Annular ring(环状圈)：钻孔周围的导电材料。
Application specific integrated circuit(ASIC特殊应用集成电路)：客户定做得用于专门用途的电路。Array(列阵)：一组元素，比如：锡球点，按行列排列。
Artwork(布线图)：PCB的导电布线图，用来产生照片原版，可以任何比例制作，但一般为3:1或4:1。
Automated test equipment(ATE自动测试设备)：为了评估性能等级，设计用于自动分析功能或静态参数的设备，也用于故障离析。
Automatic optical inspection(AOI自动光学检查)：在自动系统上，用相机来检查模型或物体。
B
Ball grid array(BGA球栅列阵)：集成电路的包装形式，其输入输出点是在元件底面上按栅格样式排列的锡球。Blind via(盲通路孔)：PCB的外层与内层之间的导电连接，不继续通到板的另一面。
Bond lift-off(焊接升离)：把焊接引脚从焊盘表面(电路板基底)分开的故障。
Bonding agent(粘合剂)：将单层粘合形成多层板的胶剂。
Bridge(锡桥)：把两个应该导电连接的导体连接起来的焊锡，引起短路。
Buried via(埋入的通路孔)：PCB的两个或多个内层之间的导电连接(即，从外层看不见的)。
C
CAD/CAM system(计算机辅助设计与制造系统)：计算机辅助设计是使用专门的软件工具来设计印刷电路结构；计算机辅助制造把这种设计转换成实际的产品。这些系统包括用于数据处理和储存的大规模内存、用于设计创作的输入和把储存的信息转换成图形和报告的输出设备 Capillary action(毛细管作用)：使熔化的焊锡，逆着重力，在相隔很近的固体表面流动的一种自然现象。
Chip on board(COB板面芯片)：一种混合技术，它使用了面朝上胶着的芯片元件，传统上通过飞线专门地连接于电路板基底层。
Circuit tester(电路测试机)：一种在批量生产时测试PCB的方法。包括：针床、元件引脚脚印、导向探针、内部迹线、装载板、空板、和元件测试。
Cladding(覆盖层)：一个金属箔的薄层粘合在板层上形成PCB导电布线。
Coefficient of the thermal expansion(温度膨胀系数)：当材料的表面温度增加时，测量到的每度温度材料膨胀百万分率(ppm)
Cold cleaning(冷清洗)：一种有机溶解过程，液体接触完成焊接后的残渣清除。
Cold solder joint(冷焊锡点)：一种反映湿润作用不够的焊接点，其特征是，由于加热不足或清洗不当，外表灰色、多孔。
Component density(元件密度)：PCB上的元件数量除以板的面积。
Conductive epoxy(导电性环氧树脂)：一种聚合材料，通过加入金属粒子，通常是银，使其通过电流。Conductive ink(导电墨水)：在厚胶片材料上使用的胶剂，形成PCB导电布线图。
Conformal coating(共形涂层)：一种薄的保护性涂层，应用于顺从装配外形的PCB。
Copper foil(铜箔)：一种阴质性电解材料，沉淀于电路板基底层上的一层薄的、连续的金属箔，它作为PCB的导电体。它容易粘合于绝缘层，接受印刷保护层，腐蚀后形成电路图样。Copper mirror test(铜镜测试)：一种助焊剂腐蚀性测试，在玻璃板上使用一种真空沉淀薄膜。
Cure(烘焙固化)：材料的物理性质上的变化，通过化学反应，或有压/无压的对热反应。
Cycle rate(循环速率)：一个元件贴片名词，用来计量从拿取、到板上定位和返回的机器速度，也叫测试速度。D
Data recorder(数据记录器)：以特定时间间隔，从着附于PCB的热电偶上测量、采集温度的设备。
Defect(缺陷)：元件或电路单元偏离了正常接受的特征。
Delamination(分层)：板层的分离和板层与导电覆盖层之间的分离。
Desoldering(卸焊)：把焊接元件拆卸来修理或更换，方法包括：用吸锡带吸锡、真空(焊锡吸管)和热拔。Dewetting(去湿)：熔化的焊锡先覆盖、后收回的过程，留下不规则的残渣。
DFM(为制造着想的设计)：以最有效的方式生产产品的方法，将时间、成本和可用资源考虑在内。
Dispersant(分散剂)：一种化学品，加入水中增加其去颗粒的能力。Documentation(文件编制)：关于装配的资料，解释基本的设计概念、元件和材料的类型与数量、专门的制造指示和最新版本。使用三种类型：原型机和少数量运行、标准生产线和/或生产数量、以及那些指定实际图形的政府合约。
Downtime(停机时间)：设备由于维护或失效而不生产产品的时间。
Durometer(硬度计)：测量刮板刀片的橡胶或塑料硬度。
E
Environmental test(环境测试)：一个或一系列的测试，用于决定外部对于给定的元件包装或装配的结构、机械和功能完整性的总影响。
Eutectic solders(共晶焊锡)：两种或更多的金属合金，具有最低的熔化点，当加热时，共晶合金直接从固态变到液态，而不经过塑性阶段。
F
Fabrication()：设计之后装配之前的空板制造工艺，单独的工艺包括叠层、金属加成/减去、钻孔、电镀、布线和清洁。
Fiducial(基准点)：和电路布线图合成一体的专用标记，用于机器视觉，以找出布线图的方向和位置。Fillet(焊角)：在焊盘与元件引脚之间由焊锡形成的连接。即焊点。
Fine-pitch technology(FPT密脚距技术)：表面贴片元件包装的引脚中心间隔距离为 0.025"(0.635mm)或更少。Fixture(夹具)：连接PCB到处理机器中心的装置。
Flip chip(倒装芯片)：一种无引脚结构，一般含有电路单元。设计用于通过适当数量的位于其面上的锡球(导电性粘合剂所覆盖)，在电气上和机械上连接于电路。
Full liquidus temperature(完全液化温度)：焊锡达到最大液体状态的温度水平，最适合于良好湿润。Functional test(功能测试)：模拟其预期的操作环境，对整个装配的电器测试。
G
Golden boy(金样)：一个元件或电路装配，已经测试并知道功能达到技术规格，用来通过比较测试其它单元。H
Halides(卤化物)：含有氟、氯、溴、碘或砹的化合物。是助焊剂中催化剂部分，由于其腐蚀性，必须清除。Hard water(硬水)：水中含有碳酸钙和其它离子，可能聚集在干净设备的内表面并引起阻塞。
Hardener(硬化剂)：加入树脂中的化学品，使得提前固化，即固化剂。
I
In-circuit test(在线测试)：一种逐个元件的测试，以检验元件的放置位置和方向。
J
Just-in-time(JIT刚好准时)：通过直接在投入生产前供应材料和元件到生产线，以把库存降到最少。L
Lead configuration(引脚外形)：从元件延伸出的导体，起机械与电气两种连接点的作用。
Line certification(生产线确认)：确认生产线顺序受控，可以按照要求生产出可靠的PCB。
M
Machine vision(机器视觉)：一个或多个相机，用来帮助找元件中心或提高系统的元件贴装精度。
Mean time between failure(MTBF平均故障间隔时间)：预料可能的运转单元失效的平均统计时间间隔，通常以每小时计算，结果应该表明实际的、预计的或计算的。
N
Nonwetting(不熔湿的)：焊锡不粘附金属表面的一种情况。由于待焊表面的污染，不熔湿的特征是可见基底金属的裸露。
O
Omegameter(奥米加表)：一种仪表，用来测量PCB表面离子残留量，通过把装配浸入已知高电阻率的酒精和水的变成分开，原因要不是焊锡不足，要不是连接点引脚共面性差。
Organic activated(OA有机活性的)：有机酸作为活性剂的一种助焊系统，水溶性的。
P
Packaging density(装配密度)：PCB上放置元件(有源/无源元件、连接器等)的数量；表达为低、中或高。Photoploter(相片绘图仪)：基本的布线图处理设备，用于在照相底片上生产原版PCB布线图(通常为实际尺寸)。Pick-and-place(拾取-贴装设备)：一种可编程机器，有一个机械手臂，从自动供料器拾取元件，移动到PCB上的一个定点，以正确的方向贴放于正确的位置。Placement equipment(贴装设备)：结合高速和准确定位地将元件贴放于PCB的机器，分为三种类型：SMD的大量转移、X/Y定位和在线转移系统，可以组合以使元件适应电路板设计。
R
Reflow soldering(回流焊接)：通过各个阶段，包括：预热、稳定/干燥、回流峰值和冷却，把表面贴装元件放入锡膏中以达到永久连接的工艺过程。
Repair(修理)：恢复缺陷装配的功能的行动。
Repeatability(可重复性)：精确重返特性目标的过程能力。一个评估处理设备及其连续性的指标。
Rework(返工)：把不正确装配带回到符合规格或合约要求的一个重复过程。
Rheology(流变学)：描述液体的流动、或其粘性和表面张力特性，如，锡膏。
S
Saponifier(皂化剂)：一种有机或无机主要成份和添加剂的水溶液，用来通过诸如可分散清洁剂，促进松香和水溶性助焊剂的清除。
Schematic(原理图)：使用符号代表电路布置的图，包括电气连接、元件和功能。
Semi-aqueous cleaning(不完全水清洗)：涉及溶剂清洗、热水冲刷和烘干循环的技术。
Shadowing(阴影)：在红外回流焊接中，元件身体阻隔来自某些区域的能量，造成温度不足以完全熔化锡膏的现象。
Silver chromate test(铬酸银测试)：一种定性的、卤化离子在RMA助焊剂中存在的检查。(RMA可靠性、可维护性和可用性)
Slump(坍落)：在模板丝印后固化前，锡膏、胶剂等材料的扩散。
Solder bump(焊锡球)：球状的焊锡材料粘合在无源或有源元件的接触区，起到与电路焊盘连接的作用。Solderability(可焊性)：为了形成很强的连接，导体(引脚、焊盘或迹线)熔湿的(变成可焊接的)能力。Soldermask(阻焊)：印刷电路板的处理技术，除了要焊接的连接点之外的所有表面由塑料涂层覆盖住。Solids(固体)：助焊剂配方中，松香的重量百分比，(固体含量)
Solidus(固相线)：一些元件的焊锡合金开始熔化(液化)的温度。
Statistical process control(SPC统计过程控制)：用统计技术分析过程输出，以其结果来指导行动，调整和/或保持品质控制状态。
Storage life(储存寿命)：胶剂的储存和保持有用性的时间。
Subtractive process(负过程)：通过去掉导电金属箔或覆盖层的选择部分，得到电路布线。
Surfactant(表面活性剂)：加入水中降低表面张力、改进湿润的化学品。
Syringe(注射器)：通过其狭小开口滴出的胶剂容器。
T
Tape-and-reel(带和盘)：贴片用的元件包装，在连续的条带上，把元件装入凹坑内，凹坑由塑料带盖住，以便卷到盘上，供元件贴片机用。
Thermocouple(热电偶)：由两种不同金属制成的传感器，受热时，在温度测量中产生一个小的直流电压。
Type I, II, III assembly(第一、二、三类装配)：板的一面或两面有表面贴装元件的PCB(I)；有引脚元件安装在主面、有SMD元件贴装在一面或两面的混合技术(II)；以无源SMD元件安装在第二面、引脚(通孔)元件安装在主面为特征的混合技术(III)。
Tombstoning(元件立起)：一种焊接缺陷，片状元件被拉到垂直位置，使另一端不焊。
U
Ultra-fine-pitch(超密脚距)：引脚的中心对中心距离和导体间距为0.010”(0.25mm)或更小。
Vapor degreaser(汽相去油器)：一种清洗系统，将物体悬挂在箱内，受热的溶剂汽体凝结于物体表面。Void(空隙)：锡点内部的空穴，在回流时气体释放或固化前夹住的助焊剂残留所形成。
Y
Yield(产出率)：制造过程结束时使用的元件和提交生产的元件数量比率。
SMT的特点
组装密度高、电子产品体积小、重量轻，贴片元件的体积和重量只有传统插装元件的1/10左右，一般采用SMT之后，电子产品体积缩小40%~60%，重量减轻60%~80%。
可靠性高、抗振能力强。焊点缺陷率低。
高频特性好。减少了电磁和射频干扰。
易于实现自动化，提高生产效率。
降低成本达30%~50%。节省材料、能源、设备、人力、时间等。
SMT有关的技术组成电子元件、集成电路的设计制造技术
电子产品的电路设计技术
电路板的制造技术
自动贴装设备的设计制造技术
电路装配制造工艺技术
装配制造中使用的辅助材料的开发生产技术
为什么要用表面贴装技术(SMT)？
1)电子产品追求小型化，以前使用的穿孔插件元件已无法缩小
2)电子产品功能更完整，所采用的集成电路(IC)已无穿孔元件，特别是大规模、高集成IC，不得不采用表面贴片元件
3)产品批量化，生产自动化，厂方要以低成本高产量，出产优质产品以迎合顾客需求及加强市场竞争力
4)电子元件的发展，集成电路(IC)的开发，半导体材料的多元应用
5)电子科技革命势在必行，追逐国际潮流
为什么在表面贴装技术中应用免清洗流程？
1)生产过程中产品清洗后排出的废水，带来水质、大地以至动植物的污染。
2)除了水清洗外，应用含有氯氟氢的有机溶剂(CFC&HCFC)作清洗，亦对空气、大气层进行污染、破坏。
3)清洗剂残留在机板上带来腐蚀现象，严重影响产品质素。
4)减低清洗工序操作及机器保养成本。
5)免清洗可减少组板(PCBA)在移动与清洗过程中造成的伤害。
6)仍有部分元件不堪清洗。
7)助焊剂残留量已受控制，能配合产品外观要求使用，避免目视检查清洁状态的问题。
8)残留的助焊剂已不断改良其电气性能，以避免成品产生漏电，导致任何伤害。
9)免洗流程已通过国际上多项安全测试，证明助焊剂中的化学物质是稳定的、无腐蚀性的。
回流焊缺陷分析：
锡珠(Solder Balls)：
原因：
1、丝印孔与焊盘不对位，印刷不精确，使锡膏弄脏PCB。
2、锡膏在氧化环境中暴露过多、吸空气中水份太多。
3、加热不精确，太慢并不均匀。
4、加热速率太快并预热区间太长。
5、锡膏干得太快。
6、助焊剂活性不够。
7、太多颗粒小的锡粉。
8、回流过程中助焊剂挥发性不适当。
锡球的工艺认可标准是：当焊盘或印制导线的之间距离为0.13mm时，锡珠直径不能超过0.13mm，或者在600mm平方范围内不能出现超过五个锡珠。
锡桥(Bridging)：
一般来说，造成锡桥的因素就是由于锡膏太稀，包括：锡膏内金属或固体含量低、摇溶性低、锡膏容易炸开，锡膏颗粒太大、助焊剂表面张力太小。焊盘上太多锡膏，回流温度峰值太高等。
开路(Open)：
原因：
1、锡膏量不够。
2、元件引脚的共面性不够。
3、锡湿不够(不够熔化、流动性不好)，锡膏太稀引起锡流失。
4、引脚吸锡(象灯芯草一样)或附近有连线孔。
引脚的共面性对密间距和超密间距引脚元件特别重要，一个解决方法是在焊盘上预先上锡。引脚吸锡可以通过放慢加热速度和底面加热多、上面加热少来防止。也可以用一种浸湿速度较慢、活性温度高的助焊剂或者用一种Sn/Pb不同比例的阻滞熔化的锡膏来减少引脚吸锡。
贴片机：
拱架型(Gantry)：
元件送料器、基板(PCB)是固定的，贴片头(安装多个真空吸料嘴)在送料器与基板之间来回移动，将元件从送料器取出，经过对元件位置与方向的调整，然后贴放于基板上。由于贴片头是安装于拱架型的X/Y坐标移动横梁上，所以得名。
对元件位置与方向的调整方法：
1)、机械对中调整位置、吸嘴旋转调整方向。这种方法能达到的精度有限，较晚的机型已再不采用。
2)、激光识别、X/Y坐标系统调整位置、吸嘴旋转调整方向，这种方法可实现飞行过程中的识别，但不能用于球栅列陈元件BGA。
3)、相机识别，X/Y坐标系统调整位置、吸嘴旋转调整方向，一般相机固定，贴片头飞行划过相机上空，进行成像识别，比激光识别耽误一点时间，但可识别任何元件，也有实现飞行过程中的识别的相机识别系统。机械结构方面有其它牺牲。
这种形式由于贴片头来回移动的距离长，所以速度受到限制。现在一般采用多个真空吸料嘴同时取料(多达上十个)和采用双梁系统来提高速度，即一个梁上的贴片头在取料的同时，另一个梁上的贴片头贴放元件，速度几乎比单梁系统快一倍。但是实际应用中，同时取料的条件较难达到，而且不同类型的元件需要换用不同的真空吸料嘴，换吸料嘴有时间上的延误。
这类机型的优势在于：系统结构简单，可实现高精度，适于各种大小、形状的元件，甚至异型元件，送料器有带状、管状、托盘形式。适于中小批量生产，也可多台机组合用于大批量生产。
转塔型(Turret)：
元件送料器放于一个单坐标移动的料车上，基板(PCB)放于一个X/Y坐标系统移动的工作台上，贴片头安装在一个转塔上，工作时，料车将元件送料器移动到取料位置，贴片头上的真空吸料嘴在取料位置取元件，经转塔转动到贴片位置(与取料位置成180度)，在转动过程中经过对元件位置与方向的调整，将元件贴放于基板上。对元件位置与方向的调整方法：
1)、机械对中调整位置、吸嘴旋转调整方向，这种方法能达到的精度有限，较晚的机型已再不采用。
2)、相机识别、X/Y坐标系统调整位置、吸嘴自旋转调整方向，相机固定，贴片头飞行划过相机上空，进行成像识别。
一般，转塔上安装有十几到二十几个贴片头，每个贴片头上安装2~4个真空吸嘴(较早机型)至5~6个真空吸嘴(现在机型)。由于转塔的特点，将动作细微化，选换吸嘴、送料器移动到位、取元件、元件识别、角度调整、工作台移动(包含位置调整)、贴放元件等动作都可以在同一时间周期内完成，所以实现真正意义上的高速度。目前最快的时间周期达到0.08~0.10秒钟一片元件。
此机型在速度上是优越的，适于大批量生产，但其只能用带状包装的元件，如果是密脚、大型的集成电路(IC)，只有托盘包装，则无法完成，因此还有赖于其它机型来共同合作。这种设备结构复杂，造价昂贵。
第三篇：有关地震的常识中英文对照
有关地震的常识(中英文对照)
5月12日14时28分，四川汶川县发生7.8级地震，我国多个省市震感明显。很多人第一次亲身感受到：地震、灾难、死亡离我们其实并不远。由此，本版本期特向读者推出一篇有关地震常识的文章，让大家更好地了解地震、远离灾难——
Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly of all natural events.They occur in many parts of the world.Giant earthquakes have been recorded in Iran，China，Guatemala，Chile，India，and Alaska.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.These earthquakes measured about 8.5ontheRichter Scale.地震是自然灾害中最危险、最致命的，世界许多地方都曾发生过。伊朗、中国、危地马拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有过大地震的记录。有记载的最大两次地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加。这两次地震经测量约为里氏8.5级。
TheRichter Scale was devised by Charles Richter in 1935tocompare the energy level of earthquakes.An earthquake that measures a 2onthescale can be felt but causes little damage.One that measures 4.5onthescale can cause slight damage，and an earthquake that has a reading of over 7cancause major damage.It is important to note that a reading of 4indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3.So scientists want to be able to predict those earthquakes that have a reading of over 4ontheRichter Scale.里氏震级是1935年查尔斯·里克特发明的，用来比较地震的能量等级。里氏地震级测出的2级地震可以感觉到，但几乎没什么破坏;测出的4.5级地震能够造成轻微破坏，等级超过7级的地震会带来重大破坏。必须注意的是，等级为4级的地震表明其强度是等级为3级的10倍。所以，科学家想要预测的就是那些等级超过里氏4级的地震。
Howdoearthquakes occur?Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rocks along cracks，or faults，in the earth's crust.The fault is produced when rocks near each other are pulled in different directions.The best-knownfault in North America is the San Andreas fault in the state of California in the United States.地震是怎么发生的呢?地震是由地壳中的裂缝，或称断层处的岩石发生移位而引起的。当邻近岩石受到不同方向的拉力时便产生了断层。北美洲最著名的断层是位于美国加利福尼亚的圣安德烈亚斯断层。
Canearthquakes be predicted?Scientists are working on progra
ms to predict the time and place of eart hquakes.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that people can be saved.地震可以预报吗?科学家们正致力于研究预报何时何地会发生地震的计划，他们希望开发一种早期报警系统用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。
Thenations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan，China，Russia，and the United States.These countries have set up seismic networks in areas of their countries where earthquakes are known to occur.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.Many kinds of seismic instruments are used by the networks to monitor the movements of the earth's crust.The scientists also check water in deep wells.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.积极参与地震预测计划的国家包括日本、中国、俄罗斯和美国。这些国家在已知发生地震的地区建立了地震网络，这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着告警的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生的岩层松动的状况。这些网络使用多种地震仪器来监测地壳的运动。科学家还检查深井里的水，观察与断层运动有关的水位与温度的变化。
Scientists also hope to predicte earthquakes by measuring radon in ground water.Radon is a gas that comes from the radioactive decay of radium in rocks.The gas flows through the ground and dissolves in underground streams and wells.Scientists speculate that the amount of radon increases in the ground when rocks layers shift，exposing new rock，and thus more radon.Chinese and Russian scientists have reported that in places where stress is building up，the radon levels of the water build up too.When the radon levels of the water subside and drop back to normal readings，an earthquake may occur.United States scientists have also placed radon monitoring stations in earthquake zones，particularly California.However，all the scientists agree that more data is necessary to prove that radon levels in water are associated with the possible birth of an earthquake.科学家们还希望通过测量地下水的氡含量来预测地震。氡是来自岩石中镭辐射衰变而产生的气体
。这种气体溢出地面并溶解到地下溪流和井里。科学家推测，当岩层移位时，新岩石露
出，产生更多的氡，这样地层中的氡数量就增加了。中国和俄罗斯报告说，压力增加的地方，水中氡的含量也会增加。当水中氡的含量下降，回到正常读数时，地震就可能发生。美国科学家也在地震区，特别是加利福尼亚，设置了监测站。不过，所有的科学家都一致认为，需要更多的资料才能证明水中氡的含量和可能发生的地震有关。
Earthquake prediction is still a young science.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.Scientists have only a partial understanding of the physical processes that cause earthquakes.Much more research has to be done.New and more up to-date methods have to be found for collecting earthquake data and analyzing it.However，scientists have had some success in predicting earthquakes.Several small earthquakes were predicted in New York State，in the eastern part of the United States.Chinese scientists predicted a major one in Haicheng in 1975，and Russian scientists predicted a major one in Garm in 1978.While this is a small start，it is still a beginning.地震预测仍然是一门新兴的科学。人们都认为地震不可能被准确、可靠地预测。科学家对引起地震的物理过程只是部分了解，还必须做更多的研究，必须找到新的、更先进的方法收集地震数据并加以分析。不过，科学家已经在地震预测方面取得了一些成功：美国东部纽约州的几次小地震就已预测到了，1975年中国科学家预测到了海城大地震，1978年俄罗斯科学家预测到了加尔姆大地震。虽然这只是个小小的起步，但毕竟是一个开端。□
第四篇：HSE 常识手册GWDC中英文对照
Abstract 提要
With the rapid development of GWDC Drilling Branch’s overseas market and business, more and more new employees are getting to be engaged with international drilling activities who know little about HSE or even never get in touch with HSE basic knowledge before they enter into GWDC.As the consistent recognition and acknowledgement of all of us, GWDC, being an IADC important member, always pay extreme emphasis to its HSE performance and HSE training to its Chinese and overseas staff.随着长城公司钻井分公司海外市场和业务的迅速发展，越来越多的新员工在加入长城公司时，对从事国际钻井作业相关的 HSE 知识了解甚少，甚至从未接触。随着长城公司的声誉不断扩大，并且作为国际钻井承包商协会的重要成员，长城公司对公司旗下中国员工和海外员工 HSE 实践和 HSE 培训格外重视。
On the basis of being brief, easily-understandable, effective and capable of self-teaching, this manual aims at these new employees with the purpose of helping them to grasp HSE fundamental idea and being equipped with HSE common practices in order to meet HSE requirement from GWDC clients.It is a supplement to GWDC HSE Procedure Manual and Operation Manual.Those two manuals cover the other HSE documents and information whereas not being introduced in this manual.本着简明、易懂、实用和便于自学的原则，这本手册针对那些新员工，帮助他们领会HSE 的基本要点，掌握 HSE 一般实践内容，从而满足长城公司客户的要求。本手册还是对长城公司已有的 HSE 实用手册的补充。前面已有的两本 HSE 手册涉及的内容，本手册不再介绍。
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS 第一部分：健康、安全与环境方案 1.0 HSE Meetings HSE 会议
1.1 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 安全检查与记录 1.2 Job Safety Analysis 岗位风险识别 1.3 Incident Investigation 事故调查
1.4 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 外来人员指导培训
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL 第二部分： 一般指导和健康预防
2.0 General Housekeeping 物品摆放一般要求 2.1 Sanitation 卫生
2.2 Personal Hygiene 个人卫生 2.3 Drugs 毒品和药品
2.4 Fitness for Duty 岗位对健康的要求 2.5 Smoking 吸烟
2.6 Horseplay 打斗、玩耍与开玩笑 2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 拿举重物技巧
2.8 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM)遭遇天然放射性物质 2.9 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 受热和与高温环境 SECTION THREE – EQUIPMENT SAFETY 第三部分： 设备安全
3.0 Electrical Equipment 电气设备
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout / Tag-out 危险源的控制 –
锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志 3.2 Hand Tools 各种手用工具
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 钻杆 / 钻铤卡瓦和吊卡 3.4 Hoists(Winches / Tuggers)提升设备（各种绞车 / 各种卷扬机）3.5 Pipe Tongs and Lines 管钳和绳索 3.6 Rotary Table Area 转盘区域 3.7 Equipment Guarding 设备防护
3.8 Derricks and Masts 井架（塔形井架与 A 形井架）3.9 Pipe Racks and Bins 管子架和储存盒 3.10 Derrickman’s Escape Device 井架工逃生装置
3.11 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 大绳、天车和游车 3.12 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches 绞车、刹车、离合器 3.13 Mud Pumps and Equipment 泥浆泵与设备 3.14 Mud Pits and Equipment 泥浆池与设备
3.15 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 高压管汇与配件 3.16 Engines 动力设备
3.17 Air-Operated Equipment 气动气控设备 3.18 Blowout Prevention Equipment 防喷器设备
3.19 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners 防喷器蓄能器、蓄能器胶囊（空气包）
3.20 Stabbing Board（套管）扶正对扣台 3.21 Handling Tubulars 操作各种管子
SECTION FOUR – FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL 第四部分：火灾预防、灭火和控制 4.0 Fire Prevention 火灾预防 4.1 Fire Protection 火灾预防 4.2 Fire Control 火灾控制
SECTION FIVE – WELDING, CUTTING AND COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS 第五部分：焊接、切割和压缩空气 / 氧气瓶
5.0 General Precautions – Welding, Cutting and Other Spark/Flame Producing Operations 一般预防：电焊、气焊切割、其它遭遇火花/火焰的作业 5.1 Protective Equipment 预防设备
5.2 Preparatory – Precautions 事先预防：提示警告 5.3 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 特殊提示：电弧焊
5.4 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 特殊提示：气焊与燃烧 5.5 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 压缩空气瓶和氧气瓶：存放 5.6 Cylinder Handling 气瓶搬运与安放 5.7 Cylinder Usage 气瓶使用 SECTION SIX – FLEET SAFETY 第六部分：机动车辆驾驶安全 6.0 General Rules 一般规则
6.1 Safe Driving Concepts for Accident Prevention 事故预防、安全驾驶原则 SECTION SEVEN – CRANE OPERATIONS 第七部分：吊车作业
7.0 General Operation Requirements 一般操作要求 7.1 Slings and Shackles 吊索 和 各种钩环
7.2 Standard Hand Signals for Crane Operations
起吊作业时使用的标准手势信号 SECTION EIGHT – FORKLIFT OPERATIONS 第八部分：叉车操作
8.0 General Operation Requirements 一般操作要求
8.1 General Training Requirements 一般培训要求
SECTION NINE – CONFINED SPACE ENTRY GUIDELINES 第九部分：进入危险区域指导 9.0 Procedures 步骤 9.1 Entry 进入危险区域 9.2 Exit 退出危险区域
SECTION TEN – HYDROGEN SULFIDE 第十部分：硫化氢
10.0 Properties of H2S 硫化氢的特点
10.1 H2S Exposure Limits 接触硫化氢的极限指标
10.2 Rescue/First Aid Procedures – Hydrogen Sulfide 遭遇硫化氢后 抢救/急救步骤 10.3 Detection 硫化氢检测
10.4 Breathing Equipment(SCBA)呼吸设备(自给式呼吸器)
SECTION ELEVEN – PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 第十一部分：环境保护
11.0 Spills Prevention and Control 泄漏的预防与控制
11.1 Drilling Site Environmental Considerations 钻井井场环境保护要考虑的因素 11.2 Material Storage 各种材料的存放 11.3 Waste Management 废物的管理 11.4 Camp Expectations 营地的管理
SECTION TWELVE – EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN(S)第十二部分：各种紧急预案
12.0 Medical Emergency Action Plan 医疗紧急预案 12.1 Media Crisis Communication 媒体危机时的沟通交流 12.2 Emergency First Aid 紧急急救
12.3 Emergency Procedure on Blow-out 井喷时的紧急预案 12.4 Emergency Procedure Against H2S 遭遇硫化氢时的紧急预案 12.5 Emergency plan against fire扑灭火灾时的紧急预案 SECTION THIRTEEN – DROPPED OBJECT PREVENTION 第十三部分：预防落物
13.0 Equipment Inventory 设备清单
13.1 Derrick/Mast Equipment Guidelines 井架设备安全指导 SECTION FOURTEEN – AIR AND GAS DRILLING 第十四部分：空气钻井
SECTION FIFTEEN – PERSONNEL HOISTING OPERATIONS 第十五部分：起吊人员作业 15.0 General 一般要求
15.1 Job Safety Analysis / Pre-Job Checklist 岗位风险识别 / 上岗前检查内容表15.2 Pre-Job Safety Meeting 上岗前安全会议 15.3 Personnel Lifting Operations 起吊人员操作
15.4 Winch Operator(s)绞车操作人员 SECTION SIXTEEN – FALL PROTECTION 第十六部分：预防坠落
16.0 General Fall Prevention 坠落的一般预防 16.1 Key Requirements for Fall Arrest Systems 对坠落预防设施的要求重点 16.2 Work at a Height 高空作业
16.3 Fall Restraint System and Equipment 预防坠落设施 SECTION SEVENTEEN – RIG PERSONNEL OBLIGATIONS 第十七部分：井队人员职责
17.0 rig manager obligations平台经理职责 17.1 toolpusher obligations 队长职责职责 17.2 camp manager obligations 营地经理职责 17.3 mechanical engineer obligations 机械工程师职责 17.4 electric engineer obligations 电气工程师职责 17.5 driller obligations 司钻职责
17.6 assistant driller obligations 副司钻职责 17.7 derrickman obligations 井架工职责 17.8 floorman obligations钻工职责 17.9 roustabout obligations场地工职责 17.10 mudman obligations泥浆工职责 17.11 motorman obligations机工职责 17.12 welder obligations电焊工职责 17.13 cleaner obligations清洁工职责 17.14 laundryman obligations洗衣工职责 17.15 cook obligations厨师职责
17.16 security guard obligations安全保卫人员职责 17.17 radio operator obligations无线电操作员职责 17.18 rig nurse obligation井队医护人员职责 17.19 driver obligations司机职责
17.20 crane operator obligations 吊车司机职责
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS 第一部分：健康、安全与环境方案 1.0 HSE Meetings HSE 会议
One of the most important parts of any company’s Health Safety and Environment Program should be regular HSE meetings.Safety meeting should include: 对于任何公司的HSE方案而言，定期的HSE会议是非常重要的，安全会议应该包括：
A.Weekly Safety Meeting Report 周安全会议记录 B.Information from equipment manufacturers 设备生产产家提供的情况
C.Information from the well operator 井上操作人员提供的情况 D.Recent company communications 最近公司交流讨论的情况
E.Recent incident investigations, their causes, and corrections 最近的安全事故调查，它们的发生原因和整改措施
F.Safety equipment operating procedures 设备安全操作步骤 G.Employee suggestions 来自员工的建议
H.Job Safety Analysis(JSA)Program 岗位风险识别方案
I.IADC HSE Committee Safety Alerts 国际钻井承包商协会 HSE 协会的安全提示
1.1 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 安全检查与纪录
Regular inspections should be made to determine if the equipment is safe to operate.Although a supervisor or other designated company representative should perform inspections, all employees are responsible to report any unsafe conditions they observe.The rig should be inspected from every viewpoint.Unsafe conditions and acts should be reported to the supervisor.定期检查设备的安全使用情况，虽然监督和其有关人员会检查，但是所有的员工有义务通报他们看到的不安全隐患。全面检查钻机设备，有不安全的情况和操作随时通报监督。
1.2 Job Safety Analysis 岗位风险识别
The Rig Manager(Tool pusher)will have the primary responsibility for training and/or retraining rig crews in the following processes:平台经理（队长）在对井队员工培训和指导上，负有主要责任 1.Job selection 岗位选择 2.Hazard identification 危险识别 3.Safe job procedures 安全作业步骤
4.Documentation on the JSA form 岗位风险识别相关材料
A.All injuries, no matter how minor, should be reported immediately to the supervisor and treated.所有的损伤，无论多轻，都应该及时通报监督并及时治疗。
B.All injuries, which occur during the course of employment, must be reported on the appropriate Incident/Injury form.在本公司就职期间，所有的损伤，都应该在事故和损伤表格中记录。C.The employer should contact the appropriate agencies to ensure that all regulatory reports are completed and submitted.公司有关领导应该及时和有关部门联系，确保完成定期的报告，并及时送达。1.3 Incident Investigation 事故调查
Incident investigations should be conducted ASAP after the incident occurs.Facts are clearer, more details remembered, and the conditions are nearest those at the time of the incident.The incident investigation may be conducted in the following manner: 事故一旦发生，就必须尽快分析调查。事实尽量清晰，细节尽量详实。与事故相关的各种情况都要分析到。事故分析应该按下面的方式进行：
A.Interview the worker(s)who had the incident, medical considerations permitting.如果医疗条件允许，应该与事故有关人员见面。
B.Interview all the witnesses and other personnel who may have been involved in the incident.与事故目击者和其他有关人员见面。
C.E.Review the JSA for the task involved in the incident(if applicable).重新论证酿成事故岗位，回顾其岗位风险识别（如果可行的话）
D.F.Review maintenance or manufacturers records for the equipment involved(if applicable).重新检查相关设备的维护纪录或者制造纪录（如果可行的话）E.G.Determine the facts, based on all information gathered.根据收集到的情况，确定事实真相
F.H.Document names and addresses of all witnesses, personnel who did not witness the incident, 纪录目击者的姓名和地址，记录那些没有目击事故的人员
G.but may have knowledge that is pertinent to the investigation, and other personnel on location 这些人员与事故的调查也相关，以及现场的其他人员。H.who did not witness the incident.谁还没有目击（看到）事故
I.Determine how the incident happened.确定事故是如何发生的
J.Document the facts of the investigation.纪录分析调查的细节与事实
K.Develop an action plan to prevent the incident from occurring again, 拿出防止类似事故再发生的行动方案
L.Share the results of the investigation and action plan with other personnel in the company so that they are aware of what happened and can take efforts to avoid a similar situation on their rig.将调查结果和措施方案通报公司其他人员，这样他们对事故也能认识，并且采取措施避免类似事故的发生。
1.4 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 外来人员指导培训
Visitors and service personnel who are new to the location should be met upon arrival, given an orientation immediately and be assigned muster stations.外来人员和外来服务人员初次来到井场，必须立即对这些人员进行指导和培训。
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL 第二部分 一般要指导和健康预防
2.0 General Housekeeping 物品摆放一般要求
A.Good housekeeping, cleanliness and order are first steps in safety.工作现场房间干净，整齐有序是安全的第一步。
B.All walkways and steps, rig floors etc., should be kept clear of tools, trash, boards, barrels, hoses and slipping hazards such as oil or grease.所有的步行通道，梯子和钻台等活动区域，不能有各种工具、废物、挡板、桶、软管以及容易让人滑倒的油脂等。
C Each work area should have a storage space or locker for tools and equipment used in that area.Rig floors should have a tool board or locker for hand tools and good storage racks for subs and other rig floor equipment.每一个工作区域，都应该有储存或者固定该地点常用工具的地方。钻台上应该有存放和固定各种工具、各种接头和其它常用设备的地点。
D.To protect slings, shackles, pipe hooks, etc., each rig should have a storage locker.Boards used on pipe or casing racks should be neatly stored.为了保管各种绳索、钩环、管子钩等，每一台钻机都应该配备专用存放箱，管子上使用的各种挡板，套管上使用的托架等必须洁净后存放。
E.Workshops should have proper storage areas for tools and equipment.All tools and equipment should be cleaned, inspected for damage, repaired if necessary and stored in the proper place after use.工房内必须有妥当的区域来存放工具和设备。所有的工具和设备应该保持干净，经常检查其破损情况，必要时维修，使用后放在适当位置。
F.Trash and disposal containers should be placed in different areas around the rig.垃圾箱和废物箱必须安置在钻机周围不同的区域。
G.Combustible materials such as oil, oil filters or oily rags should be kept in cans designed specifically for such materials.易燃材料比如:油品、滤油纸、带油抹布必须放置在专用容器内。H Guardrails or other suitable means should properly guard all temporary or permanent openings in the floor.钻台上的孔洞必须有护栏或其它设施来临时或者永久遮挡。
I.Drilling fluid should be cleaned off of the rig floor after making a connection and regularly during trips, or as quickly as the operation allows.在起下钻和接单根作业完毕后，钻台上的泥浆要及时清理干净。
J Masts/derricks should be kept free of loose items such as tools, shackles, etc.Any item used above a work area should be secured to prevent it from falling.10 井架上避免摆放没有固定的各种工具、链钳等，工作区域上方的任何物品，必须安全固定，避免坠落。
K Spills from sack or bulk chemicals should be cleaned up as soon as possible.袋装或者散装各种处理剂一旦散漏，必须立即清理。
L All rig waste should be disposed of in a proper manner.Non-deteriorating waste such as plastic bags, wrappers, wood, etc., may require special disposal procedures.所有的井场废物废料都必须妥善处理，一些不容易处理的材料塑料袋、包装袋、废木料等需要经过专门的处理。
M.Mix only enough paint to accomplish the task at hand.当需要使用油漆时，要估算好需要的量。
N Dispose of paint and thinner properly.Do not mix with other waste.妥善处理油漆和稀释剂，不要与其废料混合。
O Scrap metal should be kept separate from all other waste(hot metal could cause a fire if mixed with other waste).废金属料应该与其它废料分开（因为与其它废料混合容易引发火灾）。2.1 Sanitation 卫生
A.Galley personnel(personnel preparing food)should wear clean clothes and other proper attire, including shoes.A hat or hair net should be worn at all times by galley personnel while preparing meals.厨房工作人员（准备食品人员）应该服装干净，穿着得体，包括鞋。在准备食品时，厨房工作人员应该带帽子或者将头发罩住。
B.Galley personnel should keep all abrasions or cuts covered with a clean dressing.厨房工作人员必须将清洗或者切过的食品用干净物品覆盖。
C.Hand cleanliness is essential for galley personnel.Keep fingernails trimmed and hands clean.厨房工作人员必须注意手上卫生，经常修理手指甲，保持手干净。D.Galley personnel should be in good health.厨房工作人员必须身体健康。
E.Smoking and use of tobacco should be allowed only in designated areas.在指定区域吸烟。
F.Leftover food should be covered, dated and properly stored at the appropriate 11 temperature.剩下的食品必须遮盖，注明日期，在适宜的温度下存放。G.Careful attention should be made to the expiration date.注意食品的有效期。
H.Shelves and racks should be used to store food with stored items rotated so that the oldest is used first.存放食品的货架，在摆放食品时，要做到存放久的食品先食用。I.Insects and vermin should be controlled and kept out of food area.食品区域不能有各种害虫和寄生虫。
J.The dining area should be cleaned after each meal.每顿饭后，就餐区域应清理干净
L.The galley should be cleaned on a continual basis.Floors should be disinfected frequently.厨房要随时保持干净，地面要经常清洗消毒。L.Dishes should be sanitized before re-use.盘子下次使用前要消毒。
M.Toilet facilities should be kept clean and sanitized.卫生间设施保持干净，并消毒。
N.All potable and non-potable water should be labeled.饮用水和非饮用水要注明。
O.Dirty towels and clothes should be laundered after each use.每次使用后的脏毛巾和桌布都应该清洗。
P.Garbage and waste should be segregated for proper disposal of after each meal.每顿饭以后，各种垃圾和废物要做到分类收集处理。
Q.Changing rooms should be kept clean and orderly.Work clothes should be properly stored.更衣间应该保持干净、整齐。工作服妥善存放。R.Beds should be made daily.每天要整理床铺。
S.Personnel should not lie on beds in dirty work clothes and boots.工作人员不允许穿着脏的工作服和靴子躺在床上。2.2 Personal Hygiene 个人卫生 A.Personnel should bathe daily and start each day with a clean change of clothes.工作人员必须每天洗澡，穿戴干净。
B.Personnel should have an extra set of clean clothing at the rig to change into should their work clothes get contaminated with oil, diesel or other material that could cause skin irritation.工作人员还应该在井场多预备一套衣服，衣服一旦被油、柴油和其它物品污染，及时更换，避免伤害皮肤。
C.Consideration should be given to the prevention and spread of colds, influenza and/or other infectious diseases.注意及时预防感冒、流感和其它疾病的传染。
D.When air breathing apparatus, dust or organic vapor respirators are required, facial hair should be removed to facilitate a proper face seal.在使用呼吸用具，灰尘或者有气体呼吸过滤用具时，要将面部头发移开，确保呼吸用具与面部门密封紧密。
E.Hair should be maintained in a manner that does not create a safety hazard.头发不宜过长，避免不必要的危险。
F.Rig personnel should wash hands and face before eating.井队工作人员吃饭前应洗手、洗脸。
G.Using solvents to clean the skin is never a good practice.Workers who use a solvent to clean their hands may develop dermatitis or possibly becoming sensitized to the chemical or solvent.用碱水等来洗手不妥当，经常用碱水来洗手会引发皮肤疾病，或者对化学品和溶剂敏感。
2.3 Drugs 毒品和药品 A.Illegal drugs, intoxicating beverages, firearms, weapons or other contraband should not be allowed on the rig or location.非法毒品、麻醉性饮料、枪炮、武器或者其它禁止携带的物品不允许带到井场和营地。
B.Prescription drugs should be taken in strict accordance with the drug’s label and doctor’s guidance.Personnel who are taking prescription drugs should inform their supervisor.各种处方药品应该按照说明和医生的要求服用。个人开处方药应该向他们的责任 13 监督汇报。
C.Any medications brought to the rig should be in the original container in which they were dispensed or purchased.擅自带到井场上的各种药品，要退回原处。2.4 Fitness for Duty 岗位对健康的要求
The physical fitness of employees can affect their job performance and safety at the rig.In addition to being physically fit to carry out the physical requirements of the job, fitness includes being rested, and free of chemicals that could affect the employee’s performance.Employees should arrive at the work site fit for duty.This includes: Rested, Free from drugs or alcohol , Illness ,Injury.员工的身体健康状况会影响到工作和钻井作业现场的安全，保持身体健康，方能胜任工作。健康包括良好的休息，不随意服用药品，因为这些药品有时会影响工作。员工一到达现场，身体就应该胜任工作。它包括：良好的休息，不服用药品和酒类，无病、无伤残。2.5 Smoking 吸烟
A.Smoking areas should be designated and identified on the rig site.指定井场上的吸烟场所，并标注说明。B.Smoking is permitted only in designated areas.只能在指定区域吸烟。
C.Smoking should not be allowed in food preparation areas.在准备饭菜区域，不允许吸烟。2.6 Horseplay 打斗、玩耍与开玩笑
A.Horseplay should not be allowed at any time.工作时，任何时候都不允许打斗、玩耍。
B.Wrestling, mock fights, practical jokes, etc., are examples of horseplay.打斗、玩耍包括：摔跤、打斗、各类玩笑等。2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 拿举重物技巧
A.Avoid manual lifting of heavy or awkward objects.Mechanical advantage or lifting devices should be used or assistance should be requested.避免人工提升笨重的物品，必要时要使用机械或者专用提升设备。B.When lifting an object with another person, coordinate the lift by using good 14 communication.(For example: “One, Two, Three, Lift”)与他人一起提升搬运物品时，要注意配合。（比如喊一、二、三、起！）C.Check for proper footing before lifting or carrying an object.Make sure the area is clear of slip or trip hazards.高举和搬运物品时，要注意脚下，避免绊倒或者各种危险。D.Proper lifting techniques should be followed when lifting any object.举提各种物品时，要按照正确技巧来做。
B.Over-reaching, lifting over shoulder height, or body twisting should be avoided while lifting or moving an object.高举和搬运物品时，要免远距离取拿，举过肩部，身体扭曲等不良行动 F.Carrying objects up or down stairs or steps with two hands should be avoided.避免用双手搬运重物上下梯子。
2.8 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM)遭遇天然放射物质 Radiation is a natural component in our environment.There are two natural radiation sources: Cosmic rays external to the earth, and radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials(NORM)found in the earth’s crust.The following are precautions all company employees, contractors, and visitors should take: 放射物质是自然界的产物。一般有两种放射源。从宇宙到地球的放射，来自地壳的天然放射物质。所有公司员工、承包商和外来人员都要遵守下面的要求。A.Wear proper protective equipment, including respiratory or breathing air apparatus, when entering contaminated vessels and when handling equipment or materials with exposed NORM.在进入放射污染的容器和处理暴露在放射物质下的设备的时候，要穿戴合适的防护设备，包括呼吸设备。
B.Avoid direct skin contact with radioactive scale and solids to the extent reasonably possible.尽可能地避免皮肤与放射场，放射物质接触。
C.Thoroughly wash hands and face immediately following any skin contact with contaminated materials, especially before eating, drinking, smoking or otherwise using tobacco.在与放射物质接触以后，要认真洗手、洗脸。尤其是在吃饭、喝水和吸烟之前。D.Keep the number of personnel in the work area to a minimum.将在放射区域工作的人员控制在最少。
E.Any contaminated equipment or vessels that are to be worked on should be isolated, ventilated and left standing idle for 4 hours, before work commences.任何受过放射污染的设备在重新使用以前，必须隔离、通风，闲置4小时以上。G．Handle contaminated equipment and pipe in accordance with approved waste and surplus equipment disposal, and/or storage procedures.处理受到放射污染的设备可以参照报废设备的处理程序进行。H.Confined Space procedures should also be followed.可以参照危险禁区的处理程序。
2.9 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 受热和高温环境
Heat stress is a serious issue in industrial work environments.When poorly ventilated clothing is worn in high heat and humidity, heat stress can become a danger.The keys to preventing heat stress are understanding why it occurs, altering the work environment, providing fluids, and providing appropriate protective clothing.If someone shows symptoms of heat stress, it is important to take the individual to a cool, shaded area and provide plenty of drinking water.Seek medical attention immediately.受热是从事工业作业常见的严重问题。如果衣服透风性差，遭遇高热高湿度，就很容易受热。找到原因，就知道如何避免。适当更换工作地点，保证通风，提供必要的防护服装。如果有人受热，马上转移到阴凉的地方，提供足够的水，必要时及时治疗。
Avoiding Heat Stress 如何避免受热
1.Drink plenty of fluids each day.每天喝足够水。
2.Stay physically fit.A higher degree of physical fitness can increase heat tolerance.操持身体健康，身体越健康，抗热能力越强。3.Take frequent breaks to a cooler location.经常在凉快地方休息一下。
4.Acclimatize yourself to the work environment.逐步适应工作环境。
5.When performing strenuous work on hot days, the buddy system should be used.当在炎热的天气条件下，从事繁重的工作，要有紧急救护措施。
6.Watch your health.Some medications and medical conditions such as hypertension 16 can worsen the effects of heat stress.注意你自己的身体状况，有时一些药品和过渡紧张会加剧受热。7.Avoid use of alcohol or drugs.不喝烈性酒或者不使用药品
8.Wear clothing that offers appropriate protection from the environment.穿戴合适的服装。
SECTION THREE – EQUIPMENT SAFETY 第三部分：设备安全
3.0 Electrical Equipment 电气设备
A.The breaker switch for any electric equipment should be locked and/or tagged out and tested to ensure no current is present at the equipment to be worked on before conducting any repairs.在对设备维修之前，要先断开电器开关，测试确保没有电流，方可维修。B Splicing or cutting of electrical wire by unauthorized personnel should not be permitted.非专业人员不允许善自拼接、切割电线。
C.A fuse puller should be used to remove and replace defective fuses.使用专业工具来更换失效的保险丝。
D.Plugs and cords should be protected from being damaged.避免损坏各种插座、插头。
E All electrical wall outlets, hand tools, extension cords, etc.should be provided with proper grounds or removed from operation.所有的墙上插座、手动工具、外接电线等必须有地线，作业时要搬走。F Power hand tool safety devices should not be modified.(For example: Applying tape to keep the power switch on a hand grinder engaged.)电动手用工具的开关要加强保护（比如用胶带密封，防止碎屑进入）。G.Electrical power tools should not be used in gaseous or explosive atmospheres,.电动工具不能在天然气环境和容易爆炸的环境中使用。
H.All electrical tools should be turned off before connecting to or disconnecting from the power supply.所有的电动工具在连通或者断开电源时，工具上的开关都必须放在断开位置。I.Electrical devices should not be operated when water hazards are present.当有水蒸汽环境时，不能操作电器设备。
J.Water or any substance containing water should not be used to extinguish an electrical fire.不能用水或者含水的物质来扑灭由于电引起的火灾。
K.All extension cords should be checked regularly and kept in good condition.所有的外部电线接头，必须定期检查，并处于良好的状态。
L.Cords should be disconnected from the power source before coiling for storage.在把电线盘起来存放之前，一定要先断开电源。
M.All guards on electrical equipment should be kept in place and in good repair.所有电器上的保护设施都必须完好无损。
N.Water, dirt, oil or dust should not be allowed to accumulate around electrical equipment.电器设备周围不能有水、油、灰尘等杂物。
O.All overhead lights should be equipped with safety fasteners.所有头顶上方的照明灯都必须安全固定。N.Explosion-proof lighting fixtures should be used where required by the classification of the area.依照工作场合，照明灯必要时要采用防爆固定装置。
Q.SCR units, rig and auxiliary generator plants should be grounded.可控硅装置，钻机上使用电器和其它辅助发电设备必须接地线。
R.Before main breaker switches are thrown “in” or “out”, the equipment controlled by these breakers should be turned off or on by the equipment control switch.在将主刹车的开关位于“合”、“离”位置之前，必须先将那些受刹车系统控制的设备控制开关也分别设定在“合”、“离”位置。
S.Should a circuit breaker kick out(disengage), the reason the breaker kicked out should be determined before the circuit breaker is re-engaged.如果电路保护系统突然跳闸短路，在重新合上之前，必须查明原因。
T.When re-engaging a circuit breaker that has kicked out, always stand to the side and look away from the breaker as it is re-engaged.当电路保护系统跳闸，在合闸的时候要注意身体站侧面，并与电闸保持一定距离。U.Explosion-proof equipment should be returned to its explosion-proof condition when repaired.当对防爆设备进行维修时，必须将防爆设备设定在防爆状态。
V.Non-conductive mats should be placed in front of the switchboards and maintained in a clean condition.在电器控制开关控制箱的前面放置绝缘的各种脚垫，并经常保持垫子干净。W.All high voltage panels should be clearly marked “DANGER – HIGH VOLTAGE.”
所有的高压电路控制箱（板、台），必须用文字清楚表明：“高压，危险！” X.Never assume electrical wiring is harmless.Check the source to ensure it has been disconnected, even if only changing a light bulb.杜绝电线不导电，不危险的想法，即使是更换一个电灯泡，也必须断开电源。Y.Never assume low voltage cannot be dangerous.杜绝低电压不危险的想法。
Z.Personnel rescuing a victim of electrical shock should first switch off the power causing the shock.If this is not possible, attempt to pull the victim away from the live conductor by using a dry stick, a dry rope, or other nonconductive material.在抢救触电人员时，必须先断开引发触电的电源，如果不行，则要使用干燥的木棍，干燥的绳索，或者其它绝缘的材料。
AA.A work permit may be necessary when using electrical power tools in some areas.在某些地方使用电动工具时，必须有相关的许可。
BB.All explosion-proof junction boxes and breaker boxes should be properly sealed with all bolts.所有的防爆设置和电路安全保护装置都必须用螺钉固定、封住。CC.All wires should be properly secured in wire trays.所有的电线都应该固定在线盒（盘）内。
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout / Tag out
危险源的控制— 锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志
A.All employees should understand that before any employee performs servicing or maintenance on a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, start up, or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment shall be isolated from the energy source, rendered inoperative and energy source tested to ensure that energy has been released or not present.所有的员工都必须清楚，在含有各种潜在危险源动力设备上从事作业和维护时，19 这些设备会在作业人员不注意的情况下启动，或者释放出储存的能量，造成意外伤害。所以，必须先将这些设备和装置与动力源切断，通过测试等手段证明能量已经被释放掉，或者能量已经不存在。
B.If an energy-isolating device is not capable of being locked out, the employer’s energy control program should use a tag-out system.如果能量断开设施不能够被锁死，则要采取现场警示标志措施。
C.Whenever replacement or major repair, renovation, or modification of a machine or equipment is performed, and whenever new machines or equipment are installed, energy isolating devices for such machines or equipment should be designed to accept a lockout device.当进行设备更换、大修、改装或者修补等作业时；当新设备进行安装时，都要对这些设备采取安全保险措施，而且要求能够实现锁死功能。
D.employees should understand the purpose and function of the energy control program and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage and removal of the energy controls are acquired by the employees.员工都应该了解各种动力源控制手段的功能和目的，而且要掌握它们安全运用的知识和操作技能。
E.Lockout / Tagout Plans may include the following elements.锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志 方案包括以下方面的内容.1.All machinery or equipment that is capable of movement should be de-energized or disengaged and locked out during cleaning, servicing, adjusting or setting up operations, whenever required.所有的设备在进行清洁、维护、调试和安装的时候，需要时，都应该能够实现将能源释放，设备能源断开和锁死功能。
2.Where the power disconnecting means for equipment does not also disconnect the electrical control circuit: 断开设备动力的手段并不是指设备的控制电路断开。a.The appropriate electrical enclosures are identified.要对各种的带电的外罩（盒）进行明显标注。
b.Means is provided to assure the control circuit can also be disconnected and locked 20 out.要有措施来保证电路不仅可以被断开，同时还可以被锁死。
3.Locking out main power disconnects for equipment may be required as opposed to only the locking out of specific control circuits.安全锁死不仅仅是锁死特定的控制电路，而是要能够将设备的主动力切断锁死。4.All equipment control valve handles should be provided with a means for locking out.所有设备的控制阀也应该具有锁死功能。
5.Stored energy(mechanical, hydraulic, air, etc.)is required to be released or blocked before equipment is locked out for repairs.在将设备锁死进行维修之前，设备储存的能量（机械能、液压能、气能等）都要释放掉，或者封死。
6.Employees required to work on equipment should be provided with individually keyed personal safety locks.要给在设备上工作的员工提供锁死设备用的单独安全锁。
7.Employees who work on equipment should keep personal control of their key(s)while they have safety locks in use.当设备被锁死后，在设备上工作的员工要管好锁死设备安全锁的钥匙。8.Only the employee exposed to the hazard is to place or remove the safety lock.只有在危险场所工作的那些员工才有权力使用和打开安全锁。
9.Employees should check the safety of the lockout by attempting a startup after making sure no one is exposed.只有在确保危险场地没有员工的时候，才能够通过试启动设备来检查锁死装置的安全性。
10.There should be a means provided to identify any or all employees who are working on locked-out equipment by their locks or accompanying tags.通过识别安全锁或者相关的警示标志，可以知道有员工在锁死的设备上作业。11.There should be a sufficient number of accident prevention signs or tags and safety padlocks provided for any reasonably foreseeable repair emergency.要预备数量足够的预防标志、标牌和安全锁装置，防备在各种可能出现的紧急维修时使用。
12.A log should be kept for equipment that is locked out over a crew change or 21 extended period of time.如果设备锁死时间遇到换班或者更长的时间，则对锁死的设备要有书面记录说明。
3.2 Hand Tools 各种手用工具
Hand tools such as hammers, wrenches, and other hand tools are often underrated as sources of potential danger, but they are the causes of many injuries.These injuries can be serious, including loss of fingers or eyesight.手用工具如榔头、搬手以及其它工具通常被认为具有潜在危险，但是这些工具也经常引发伤害。某些伤害甚至是严重的，如断手指、眼睛伤害。
A.Frequent inspection of all hand tools should be made to ensure that they are in safe operating condition.Hand tools should not be altered or welded on.经常检查各种手用工具，确保它们出于良好的状态，不能对工具随意改装和焊接。B.Driving faces of hammers, chisels, drift pins, bars and similar tools should be inspected to eliminate mushroomed heads, broken faces and other defects.检查各种榔头、凿子、销子、橇杠的工作面，不能出现卷刃、破裂和其它缺陷。C.Driving faces that are mushroomed should be ground smooth.Driving faces that exhibit cracking should be removed from service.出现卷刃的必须重新磨平，出现破裂的不能再使用。
D.Use the right tool for the job.Hammer handles should not be used as pry bars, nor should a wrench be used as a hammer.正确使用各种工具、榔头的手柄不能用作橇杠，不能把搬手当成榔头来用。E.Tools should be returned to their proper storage place after use.工具使用后要妥善保管，便于下次使用。
F.Sharp tools, such as screwdrivers, should not be carried in pockets.口袋里不要装锋利的工具比如：起子（螺丝刀）等
G.When tightening pipe, swab nuts, swab rods, etc., you should not stand or jump on the wrench for additional force.当上紧管子、套筒螺母和套筒螺栓时，不要站在搬手上加力量。
H.Cheaters should be used only if absolutely necessary.Do not use cheaters on chain binders at any time.Secure chain binders with rope or chain once fastened.如果需要使用加长钳把的管子时，不要把管子直接套在钳把上，要使用绳索或者 22 链条固定钳把。
I.Wood handles should be sound and securely wedged or fastened to the tool.Tape should not be used to cover defects such as cracks in wooden handles.工具的木制手柄必须光滑，与工具要楔牢，不要用胶布包缠手柄上的裂缝。J.Tools carried into the derrick should be secured to prevent being dropped.带工具上井架，必须有固定措施，防止坠落。
K.When hand tools are being used overhead, those working or standing below should be notified and the area restricted.In addition, secure the tools with a safety lanyard to prevent them from falling in case the grip is lost.当各种手用工具在使用中过热，要小心周围人员和周边环境，另外，可以用一根绳子系住工具，防止因发热手松，工具飞出伤人。L.Pipe wrenches should not be used to bend, raise or lift pipe.管钳不能用来弯曲、提举管子。
M.When using a hammer wrench, attach a piece of rope, or rubber “O” ring to the handle to apply tension on the wrench to hold it in place.在使用锤钻时，用一段软绳或者橡胶圈包住手柄，这样可以方便拿握。N.When using hand tools around the rotary table or the well bore, be sure to cover the bore hole.当在转盘和井口周围使用各种工具时，要将井口盖住，防止物体落入井内。O.Insulated hand tools should be used when working on or around electrical equipment.在电器设备上，或者周围使用工具时，工具必须绝缘。P.Brass hammers may be necessary in gas-sensitive areas.在一些天然气敏感的区域作业，要使用铜棰。
Q.Electric hand tools should be grounded or double insulated.使用各种电动手用工具要接地线，并且使用双绝缘。
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 钻杆/ 钻铤卡瓦和吊卡 A.Slips and elevators should not be modified or welded on.卡瓦和吊卡不能修补和焊接。
B.Keys, pins, dies, handles and bodies on all pipe and collar slips should be checked frequently for wear or damage.钻杆和钻铤用卡瓦上的各种销健、板牙、手柄和本体要经常察看其磨损和损害情况。
C.Rig personnel should keep their hands and feet, away from slip handles when rotary or top drive is in motion.当转盘和顶驱在工作时，钻台上的工作人员手和脚要远离卡瓦手柄。D.Slips should be properly positioned out of the way when not in use.当不使用卡瓦时，要正确地移出。
E.Slip handles should be used to raise and lower slips.Handles should be grasped with palm up.Slips should NOT be kicked into the rotary bushing.卡瓦的手柄是用来提升和下放卡瓦，要用手掌抓住卡瓦。不要用脚将卡瓦踢进转盘补芯内。
F.Using proper lifting techniques, at least two employees should pull slips.要正确操作提升卡瓦，至少两个人一起来提卡瓦。
G.Latches, latch springs, hinge pins and elevator shoulders should be inspected periodically and maintained as necessary.These areas should be checked for cracks and deformities.锁紧部分、锁销弹簧、销子和吊卡的台阶等部位要定期检查和维护，要检查有无裂缝和缺陷。
H.The elevator ear locks should be fitted with proper size steel bolts as recommended by the manufacturer.Bolts should be checked often to ensure tightness.吊卡的锁紧耳朵要使用厂家推荐的，大小合适的插销，插销要确保插紧。I The elevators or bails not be grasped in the area of the link eyes.作业中，不能抓吊卡和吊环的联结耳部，以免擦伤。
J The load bearing areas of elevators and links(bails)should be inspected as per company policies and procedures developed in consideration of the manufacturer’s recommendations.根据生产厂家的建议和本公司的制度，要对吊卡的承受载荷部分和联结部分（吊环）进行检查。
3.4 Hoists(Winches / Tuggers)提升设备（各种绞车 / 各种卷扬机）A.Only those personnel, who through experience and training, are determined by the rig supervisor to be competent should be allowed to operate the rig floor hoist(s).只有具有经验，受过培训并且得到监督认可的人员才能够操作钻台上的绞车。B.All hoists should be equipped with a drum guard and line guide.所有的绞车都必须配备刹车鼓护罩和排绳器。
C.The hoist operator should check the hoist mechanism, brake, drum guard, and line guard to ensure proper working order prior to each lift.绞车操作人员在作业前，应该检查绞车结构、刹车系统、刹车鼓罩、钢丝绳罩等部位，确保工作正常。
D.The hoisting line should not be in contact with any derrick member.绞车钢丝绳不能与井架的任何部分接触。
D.Loads lifted by the hoist and wire rope should not exceed the manufacturer’s recommendation.绞车提升的载荷量不能超过绞车生产厂家的规定。F.Rig personnel should stand clear of suspended loads.钻台上的工作人员要躲避远离提升物。
G.The hoist operator should set the drum brake anytime a load is in suspension.The operator should not leave the hoist unattended.绞车操作人员在提升过程中，随时可能刹车，操作人员不应能离开绞车。H.The hoist-operating lever should return to the neutral locked position when the operator releases it.要保证操作人员松开时，刹车操纵杆能够自动返回原位。
I.The hoist should be equipped with an emergency shut-off valve within easy reach of the operator.绞车必须配备紧急停车装置，并且操作人员容易控制它。
J.The hoist operator should raise the load at a slow, steady rate and stay alert to the situation and flagman at all times.绞车操作员提升载荷时要慢速、平稳，要密切关注周围环境和指挥人员。K.Continuous communications should be maintained either through direct sight, through a flagman or via two-way radio.在提升作业中要不断与现场工作人员交流配合，交流可以是直接的，可以通过指挥人员，也可以通过通讯工具。
3.5 Pipe Tongs and Lines 管钳和绳索 A.Snub lines should be installed on makeup and breakout tongs and secured to a structural part of the rig floor or derrick.内钳和外钳上必须系上缓冲保护绳，并将该绳股固定在钻台或者井架上。B.Tong counterbalance and components should be restrained, guarded or located so as to prevent them from falling on or striking crewmembers.Makeshift weights such as tools, pipe protectors, bits, etc.should not be added to the counterbalance weights or tongs.大钳的平衡块要放置妥当，防止它坠落或者伤人。不要把各种工具、护丝、钻头等物品当作临时性的重量平衡块来使用。C.Tong die slots should be properly maintained.大钳的板牙槽部分要经常维护。
D.Tongs should be provided with sharp dies at all times and properly pinned in die slots.Die drives should be used to remove tong dies.随时保证大钳板牙锋利，往板牙槽里装板牙时要正确妥当，要使用专用工具来装板牙。
E.Tongs should be properly secured when not in use.不使用大钳时，要妥善固定。
F.The rotary table should not be used for final making up or initial breaking out of a pipe connection.Two tongs should be used during makeup and breakout.转盘不能用来紧扣和松扣，应该使用大钳完成此操作。
G.When greater-than-normal pull is needed to break a tight joint, all floor crewmen should move away from the rotary, and out of the path of the tongs before torque is applied.(Maximum rating of tongs or lines should not be exceeded.)当使用过大力量来松扣时，钻台上的人员要远离转盘，躲开大钳周围的危险区域，施加的力量不要超过规定最大载荷。
H.Employees should not stand between the two pipe tongs while the driller is making up or breaking out pipe or collars.当司钻在进行钻杆和钻铤的紧扣和松扣操作时，其他人员不要站在大钳之间。I.All bolts/pins used to secure tong jaws should be kept in place, with nuts and secured with cotter pins or safety pins.所有固定大钳巴掌的螺栓/销子都要用螺母、开尾销或者安全销固定就位。
J.The lockout / tagout procedure should be used when working on power tongs.当维护维修动力大钳的时候，要采取安全保险措施（锁死），并且有警示标志。
J.Tongs should be inspected for stress cracks as per manufacturer’s recommended inspection and maintenance programs.Qualified inspectors should carry out tong inspections.要按照生产厂家的要求来检查大钳，防止出现应力裂纹。必需安排合格人员检查大钳。
K.Drawworks Line Pull Level – Line pull should be level with tong to reduce stress on the tong from this operation.Breakout/makeup tong arm should be as close as possible to a 90-degree angle to the line of pull.拉绳要摆平---大钳上的上卸扣拉绳要尽量和大钳对平，以减少操作中大钳的应力。上扣和卸扣时，大钳臂要尽量与拉绳摆成90度。
3.6 Rotary Table Area 转盘区域
A.The rotary table area should be constructed or covered with a non-skid material.转盘附近的区域应该是用防滑材料建造。
B.Hoses, ropes and lines should be clear of the rotary table and adjoining rotating equipment while it is in motion.转盘附近不要放置软管、绳索和钢丝绳等，因为转盘一旦工作，这些东西会被转盘缠住。
C.When not in use, the pipe tongs should be secured away from the rotary table.当不使用大钳的时候，大钳要远离转盘并且固定住。
D.If the rotary table is removed, the pick-up lines should be of sufficient strength and condition, and placed evenly around the block hook to ensure a level lift.吊装转盘时，提升钢丝绳要有足够的强度，往大钩上挂钢丝绳时，要确保水平起吊。
E.Rotary and motion compensator hoses should be equipped with safety lines at both ends.要把水龙带和其它运动的补偿软管（带）的两端用安全绳链固定绑牢。F.Safety lines should be used to secure cementing or fracturing bumper hoses to an immovable object such as pump base or sub base.在进行固井或者井下压裂作业时，要确保缓冲软管与固定设备连接，比如泵底座、井架底座。
G.Hoses should be inspected periodically and maintained to manufacturer’s specifications.要定期检查各种软管与水龙带，并为达到厂家的技术规范。
H.Rotary slip bushings should be locked in the rotary at all times.转盘的卡瓦补芯要始终放在转盘内。
3.7 Equipment Guarding 设备防护
A.All moving machinery that presents a hazard to employees working in its proximity should be adequately guarded.所有运动机械设备，如果对工作人员造成危险，就应该加护罩。B.Any removed guard should be replaced before the machinery is returned to operation.任何挪走的护罩，在设备开动前，必须恢复就位。
C.Lockout and or tag-out procedures should be used before removing guards.在挪动护罩前，要采取安全保护措施，并且有警示标志。D.All piping that could cause burns should be insulated or guarded.所有可能导致起火和燃烧的管子都必须采取绝缘和加罩。
E.All portable tools with exposed moving parts should be equipped with proper guards.所有的可以移动的工具中，如果有运动部分或者运动件，对必须加防护罩。L.If expanded metal is used to fabricate equipment guards, the openings should be of a size(1/2 inch)that will prevent a person’s fingers from going through it.如果用铁皮等软质材料来做设备的护罩，则护罩开口缝隙尺寸不能让人的手指进入通过（1/2英寸）。
3.8 Derricks and Masts 井架（塔形井架与A形井架）
A.Inspections of the derrick or masts should be performed periodically.定期检查井架
B.The pipe racking fingers should be kept straight and properly secured.A safety cable or chain should be attached to each finger.各种管架的横挡要平直、稳固，必要时要使用安全绳（链）将每个横挡固定好。
C.Drill collar tieback ropes should be secured to a derrick or mast member.拉钻铤的绳索必须固定在井架上。
D.As each stand of drill pipe is set in the fingers it should be tied back or secured in the finger.当把每一根钻杆立柱往管架上拉靠后，要将立柱固定好。
E.Personnel should not be in the mast or derrick when pulling or jarring on stuck pipe.当进行解卡作业时，无关的工作人员不要滞留在井架内。
B.The derrick escape device should be visually checked by the derrickman before each trip.在每次进行起下钻操作时，必须用肉眼检查检查井架工的逃生装置。C.Safety lines should be attached to all sheaves hanging in the derrick(i.e.tong, hoist, catline, etc.)These lines should be inspected frequently.各种安全绳索（大钳上的、提升设备上的和猫头绳等），必须装在悬挂于井架上的滑轮中，这些绳索必须经常检查。
D.A full body safety harness and lifeline should be provided and used by each employee who works more than six feet above the drill floor.如果员工在钻台面六英尺以上高空作业，必须穿戴完备，系上保险绳。E.The derrickman should wear a full body harness that is attached to a fall arrest device as well as positioning rope.All derrick safety harnesses should be the full-body type and inspected frequently.A backup should be provided if the one in use becomes defective.井架工作业时，必须穿戴完备，系上保险绳。所有的安全保护措施必须齐备，并且经常检查。同时必须有一套备用。
F.The derrickman should inspect the monkey board before its use.井架工在作业之前，必须检查井架二层台。
K Any time the derrickman plans to connect to the ladder-climber assist/anti-fall device, or do anything other than routine operations, the driller should be notified.如果井架工在井架上安装梯子护栏 / 防止摔落安全设施，或者进行其它非正常的操作，司钻要密切关注，以防意外。
3.9 Pipe Racks and Bins 管子架与储存盒
A.Each layer of tubulars should be secured to avoid movement.管子的每一层都必须固定好，避免移动。B.Pipe racks should be inspected periodically.定期检查管子支架。
C.Pipe racks and bins should be level.管子架和管子盒应该放平。
D.Personnel should not be on the catwalk when tubulars or other equipment is being hoisted to the rig floor.当往钻台上起吊各种管子和其它设备时，员工不要站在坡（猫）道上。3.10 Derrickman’s Escape Device 井架工逃生装置
A.Derrickman’s escape device should be installed during rig up and should be operable when the mast is raised.在安装钻机时，必须安装井架工逃生装置，一旦井架安装完毕，该设施就应该能够使用。
B.The derrickman should perform a visual inspection of the escape device and escape line before each trip in or out of the hole.井架工在进行起下钻作业之前，必须用肉眼检查逃生装置和逃生路线。C.The device should be used only in the event of an emergency.该设施仅在紧急情况下使用。
D.The safety device should be inspected prior to rigging up and periodically 该设施在安装前要检查，并且定期检查。
3.11 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 大绳、天车和游车 A.Derrickmen should never touch the active line while traveling blocks are moving.当游动滑车运动，井架工不要摸活绳。
B.Drilling lines should be visually inspected daily for wear and breaks.每天用肉眼检查钻井大绳磨损和断丝情况。
C.The drilling line should not be allowed to rub against other objects that may cause damage.钻井大绳不允许其它物品摩擦，避免损伤。D.Drilling line is stiff and can flip when being cut.在切割大绳时，钢丝很坚硬，会弹起来伤人。
E.The deadline anchor bolts should be checked periodically to ensure that they are properly torqued.定期检查死绳固定器螺栓，确保其拧紧。
F.All excess drilling line should be spooled up off the ground or deck.所有剩余的钢丝绳要盘起来，不要堆在地上或者台面上。
G.Crown sheaves and traveling block should be inspected and lubricated each day.每天都要检查和润滑天车滑轮和游动滑车。
H.A slip-and cut-program should be followed.Calculate the ton-miles and follow the slip-and-cut program as recommended by the drilling line manufacturer.按照规定程序步骤进行倒大绳作业，按照钢丝绳生产厂家的要求计算吨-英里载荷量。
I.The line guide cable and rollers should be inspected each tour to determine their condition.每个工作班都要排绳器的绳索和滑轮滚子，确保其状态良好。3.12 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches 绞车、刹车、离合器
A.All rig personnel should be instructed in how to shut down the drawworks and rotary table in the event of an emergency.所有的井队人员都要学会在紧急情况下关掉绞车和转盘。
B.All guards should remain in place at all times and be kept in good condition.Guards should only be removed for maintenance or repair(follow lockout/tagout procedures)and replaced prior to putting back in operation.所有的设备护罩都必须就位完好，只有在进行维护和维修的时候才能取下，应该在作业之前更换各种护罩（按照 锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志 要求实施）。C.Only designated personnel should operate the drawworks.只有指定人员才能操作绞车。
D.While operating the drawworks, the operator should not be distracted.操作绞车时，操作人员不允许走神，必须专心。
E.The driller should supervise all drawwork repairs.Do not start up other operations until repairs are completed and guards are in place.司钻必须监督所有的绞车维修工作，维修完成，护罩就位后才能重新操作。F.Defective zerk and alemite fittings should be replaced.及时更换各种损坏、实效的联结部件。
G.The brake blocks, linkage, pins, cotter keys, etc.should be checked periodically.定期检查刹车部分、刹车带、各种固定销健等。
H.The crown-o-matic should be visually checked at tour change and function tested at first opportunity.It should be reset and checked after drill line is cut and slipped.每次换班时，要用肉眼检查防碰天车装置，并测试。每次倒完大绳；应该重新调试防碰天车。
3.13 Mud Pumps and Equipment 泥浆泵与设备
A.Caution should be used when working around high-pressure components.在高压设备附近工作要有相应的防范预警措施。
B.Lockout/tagout procedures should be used when repairing or maintaining equipment.当修理和维护设备时，要采取安全保险和警示措施。
C.Mud pumps should have pressure relieving safety(pop off valve)devices.There should not be any valves or other restrictions placed in the pressure release relief line.Shear pins recommended by the manufacturer are the only pins that are to be used in shear pin type pop off valves.Pressure relief device cover should be in place.泥浆泵应该有安全阀（泄压阀），在安全泄压管线上不能有任何阀和障碍。安全阀上的安全销子必须使用厂家推荐的，安全阀的防护盖必须就位完好。D.Liners should not be removed from or seated in a pump by running the pump or by applying hydraulic, pneumatic or gas pressure.不能在泵运行，或者有液体压力、气体压力情况下装卸泥浆泵缸套。E.Guards should be in place and secured while a pump is in operation.当泥浆泵工作时，泥浆泵护罩必须就位固定好
F.Studs and nuts on the fluid end should be maintained in good condition and kept tight.泥浆泵液力端的各种螺栓和螺母必须完好，紧固。
G.Good housekeeping and lighting should be maintained around the mud pumps.泥浆泵附近的泵房设施和照明必须完备良好。
H.Discharge lines coming from the pump should be snubbed off.泥浆泵的排出管线必须平滑。
3.14 Mud Pits and Equipment 泥浆池与设备
A.Mud pits may be considered confined spaces so proper precautions should be taken.32 泥浆罐之间要有合理的间距，以便采取各种防范措施。
B.High-pressure fittings and lines should be properly rated for the expected working pressures.各种承受高压的接头何管线，必需满足工作压力的要求。C.Mud gun unions and connections should be kept tight.各种泥浆搅拌设备的联结部件必须紧密。
D.Only designated employees should be allowed to operate mud guns.泥浆搅拌设备必须由专人来操作。
E.Walkways should be kept clear of tripping hazards.泥浆罐上的通道不能有障碍物。
F.Electrical equipment should be located to prevent contact with fluids.避免电器设备与钻井液接触。
G.Caustic soda should be added to water slowly to avoid splashing and should be mixed using a mixture tank or barrel.往水里加入烧碱的时候，要慢慢加入，避免溅出伤人。要使用搅拌桶或者搅拌罐。
H.When mixing chemicals employees should follow precautions as stated on the manufacturer’s MSDS and warning labels.Chemicals that are not compatible should not be mixed together.在搅拌处理泥浆用的化学品时，操作人员必须按照产品生产厂家安全数据表上的要求或者说明书要求进行，不相容的化学品不能混合。
I.Approved explosion-proof lighting fixtures should be installed on mud pits.泥浆罐上要安装有安全许可的防爆照明设备。
J.The agitator’s power source should be isolated and locked out before entering the mud pits.搅拌设备必须绝缘良好，进入泥浆罐的电线必须有安全保险措施（安全锁）。K.At the mud mixing hopper or mixing location, the following items should be available for the employee’s use:
再混合漏斗和混合作业场地，必须为操作人员提供下列内容： 1.Eye protection.眼部防护用具 2.Face protection.面部防护用具
3.Proper respiratory protection.呼吸道防护用具
4.Rubber gloves and apron.防护橡胶手套和围裙 5.Eyewash station / shower, and 洗眼站和冲洗设施
6.Appropriate caution and/or danger signs.及时的安全提示和危险标记。7.MSDS for chemicals.各种化学品的安全数据表。3.15 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 高压管汇和配件
A.Employees should not attempt to tighten or loosen unions or other connections under pressure.Never hammer on a pipe or connection that is under pressure.操作人员在有压力的情况下，不要上紧或者松开联结部分，不要用榔头敲打管线或者联结部分。
B.Pressure relief valves should be checked periodically as manufacturer’s recommendation.安全阀必须按照厂家的要求，定期检查。
C.Lines or piping systems that may kick under pressure should be secured.那些在有压力的情况下，容易产生爆裂的管线要妥善固定。
D.Care must be taken to ensure proper halves of hammer type unions are mated together.“1502“ threads in a two inch wing nut will appear to be completely made up to the ”602" threads on the female half but will come apart when the line is pressured up.在使用锤打联结式的尤任连接时，要保证联结紧密，蝶形螺母上的1502型丝口要与对接的602型丝扣完全配合，要保证在管线充压力以后，尤任连接不出现问题。
E.High-pressure lines should be fitted with high-pressure fittings.高压管线要准备承受高压的联接件。
F.All personnel should stand clear of high-pressure lines being used during cementing, acidizing, well testing procedures, etc.在进行固井作业、酸化作业、试井作业时，无关人员要远离高压管线。G.Chicsan sections in high-pressure lines should be watched for leaks.Chicsan connections should be secured with a safety line.密切观察各种高压管汇的旋转部分，防止渗漏。必要时旋转部分用安全绳索固定。
H.Do not stand in front of valves or bull-plugs when they are under pressure.34 在有压力的情况下，不要站在各种高压阀门和高压堵头面前。
I.Snub each end of high-pressure lines.Where possible, high-pressure lines should be snubbed to a structural part and not back to other parts of the high-pressure line.要注意让高压管线有缓冲，如果可能，要尽量让高压管线缓冲地进入其它设施，不要返回到高压管线的其它部分。3.16 Engines 动力设备
A.Positive lockout measures should be provided to ensure that the source of power is not activated during the engine repair, inspection or adjustments.在设备维修、检查或者调整时，采取有效的安全锁死措施来保证设备不能被启动。
B.All exposed revolving parts such as radiator or cooling fans, belts, flexible drives, generators, water pump pulley, shafts, couplings and other moving parts should be provided with adequate guarding to prevent contact or items being caught in moving parts.Guarding removed for maintenance purposes should be replaced as soon as possible.对于一些设备，它们暴露在外运动部件，比如散热器、风扇、皮带、万向轴、发电机、水泵驱动轮、运动轴、联轴器等，要有相应的防护措施，避免与运动件接触。各种护罩在打开后，必须尽快恢复就位。
C.Spark arresting devices should be installed in engine exhaust systems.在动力设备的排出口上要安装火焰火花阻挡装置。
D.Engines should be equipped with safety alarms and/or automatic shutdown controls to be activated during emergencies or operational difficulties such as overheating, low oil pressure and over speeding.动力设备应该配备有安全报警装置/或者是紧急情况下或者人工操作困难情况下的自动关闭装置。这些情况如：过热、油压过低、速度过高等。
E.Exhaust manifolds and piping should be constructed, installed and maintained to prevent exhaust gases from leaking between the engine and the discharge line.废气排出管汇和管线维护良好，避免废气从动力设备与排出管线之间泄漏。F.Areas below engine skids and beneath the sub base should be kept clear of drained motor oil and debris.动力设备底座下面的区域应该保持干净，没有各种污油和杂物。G.“Caution High Noise Area” signs should be posted and hearing protection
available in the engine area.Personnel working in high noise areas should wear adequate hearing protection.要放置“高噪声区域”的标志，要提供听力保护用具，工作在高噪声区域的人员要戴听力保护用具。
3.17 Air-Operated Equipment 气动气控设备
A.Air tanks should be drained frequently to prevent accumulation of moisture.各种气灌和气瓶要经常清理排水，防止积水过多。
B.A valve should not be installed between the tank/compressor and the pressure relief valve.在气罐和空气压缩机、安全阀之间不要安装其它阀。
B.Compressed air used for cleaning purposes should be regulated to limit pressure.用于清洗目的压缩空气，要限制压力值，避免过大。
C.Each air line should be secured to prevent it from coming loose at the connections.每一条气管线，必须固定良好，防止在联结部位松动。3.18 Blowout Prevention Equipment 防喷器设备
A.Pick-up lines, eyes and shackles should be inspected for strength and condition before lifting a blowout preventer or the entire stack.在吊装防喷器和整个防喷器组之前，要检查吊装绳索、吊装扣眼和各种联接件的强度和完好情况。
B.Check with the manufacturer before using any padeyes on the annular for picking up the annular and other BOP units.Most annular padeyes are designed only for picking up the weight of the annular itself.在要使用环形防喷器上的各种座眼和吊扣来吊装防喷器和其它防喷器组前，要与设备生产厂家一起检查，因为这些座眼和吊扣只能用来吊装设备本身的重量。C.Blowout preventers and components should not be climbed on until they are set on the wellhead flange, the test stump, flange of another blowout preventer unit or in the stowed position.When climbing on BOP stacks, fall protection should be utilized, but not attached to the BOP.在防喷器被安装到井口法兰上、试油设备上、其它防喷器上或者安装就位之前，不要在防喷器上爬上爬下。当需要爬上防喷器时，要采取防摔到措施，并且防摔到设施不能与防喷器联在一起。
D.While hammering up the blowout preventer, bolts and nuts, closed socket hammer wrenches of correct size, as well as sledgehammers of suitable weight and size should
be used for agility and accuracy.当使用工具紧固防喷器、螺栓和螺母时，要选用大小合适的套筒搬手和手用大锤。
E.A rope or rubber “O” ring should be used on the hammer wrench to hold it in place when hammering.必要时，要在套筒搬手上软绳或者橡胶圈防滑。
F.Employees should not be permitted on the blowout preventer when the stack is being pressure-tested.If during pressure testing the BOP stack, it is discovered that repairs are required, all pressure to the stack should be released before repair work is begun.当防喷器组在进行试压时，员工不要站在防喷器附近。如果发现有必要对防喷器进行维修时，必须先将压力释放掉。
G.When nippling down the blowout preventer, all hydraulic lines should be bled to zero pressure before hammering is permitted on the hydraulic unions.在拆卸防喷器时，必须先将液压管线里的压力全部泄掉，压力显示为零。H.Scaffolding and work platforms should be inspected before being utilized for access to BOP stack.为操作、维护防喷器所搭建的脚手架和工作台要定期检查。
I.Choke and Kill lines should be snubbed off at each end and at each connection on long vertical installations.在垂直安装设备上连接的节流管线和压井管线，必须有内控管线妥善缓冲释放。
J.BOP bolts should be long enough to allow for a full nut when fully tightened.防喷器的螺栓必须足够长，便于螺母紧到位。
K.Be sure that the proper ring gasket is used.Ring gaskets should not be reused.使用大小合适的密封圈，密封圈不能重复使用。
3.19 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners
防喷气蓄能器、蓄能器胶囊（空气包）
A.Rig supervisors should ensure that personnel are instructed in the proper use and maintenance of accumulators, pulsation and suction dampeners.监督必须确保有关人员正确地使用和维护防喷气蓄能器、各种蓄能器胶囊（空气 37 包）。
B.Toolpusher should charge accumulators and high-pressure pulsation dampeners.The pre-charge should be checked as per company policies and procedures developed in consideration of manufacturer’s specifications.队长负责给蓄能器和各种蓄能器胶囊（空气包）预充压力操作，预充压力的步骤和压力值大小要按照公司的有关要求和生产厂家的要求来执行。
C.Each control on the BOP accumulator and each BOP remote unit should be clearly marked as to its exact function.防喷器蓄能器和远程控制装置上的每一个控制阀都要注明外部功能。D.After a ram is placed in open or closed position, flag the controls;do not leave controls in neutral position.在防喷器闸板位于打开和关闭位置后，要将控制阀固定住，避免它回到自然位置。F.The blind / shear ram control handles should be protected in a way to prevent against accidental closure.(Accumulator and Drill Floor Remote Control Units)防喷器闸板和剪切闸板的控制手柄要有安全保护措施，防止意外关闭。（蓄能器和防喷器远程控制台也同样如此要求。）
F.Suction and mud pump pulsation dampeners should be charged by qualified personnel as per procedures developed in consideration of manufacturer’s recommendations.吸入端和泥浆泵空气包预充压力要由合格人员来操作，并且按照厂家的要求执行。
3.20 Stabbing Board（套管）扶正对扣台
A.Stabbing board and components should be inspected periodically and prior to use.套管对扣扶正台及相关设备部件，要定期检查，在使用以前还要检查。B.The stabbing board is to be properly installed and safety lines attached as required.对扣台要安装稳当，必要时，要配备安全绳。
C.Stabbing board locking devices should be provided such that: 对扣台的锁紧装置应该按照下面的要求来设置：
1.One locking device operates when the lifting handle is in neutral.当提升操作手柄处于自然位置时，一个锁紧装置作用。2.One locking device operates if the hoisting mechanism fails.当提升操作没有成功，另一个锁紧装置作用。
3.Both devices are independent of each other.两个锁紧装置是相互独立的。3.21 Handling Tubulars 操作各种管子
A.When stabbing tubulars, personnel are to keep their hands and fingers from between the pin and box of the two joints of tubulars.在进行管子对扣作业时，操作人员不要将手和手指放在接头公扣和母扣之间。B.Joints of drill pipe that are to be added to or removed from the drill string should not be allowed to remain in the mousehole while hoisting or lowering pipe during a trip.在进行起下钻作业时，不要把将下入或者起出的钻杆放在小鼠洞内。C.Each stand of drill pipe being hoisted from the rig floor should be held back as the pipe is lifted so it will not swing freely across the rig floor.起钻时，起出的立根要扶着就位，不要让它在钻台上自由晃动。
D As the person tailing the pipe gives the stand to the stabber, each should keep their hands from between the tongs and pipe.当操作人员拖着管子对扣的时候，不要把手放在大钳和管子之间。
E.The driller’s view of the drill pipe in the rotary table should not be obstructed at any time.在任何时候不要阻挡司钻对转盘内钻杆的视线。
F.When setting pipe back, it should be racked by pushing against the outer face of the pipe.Do not get fingers caught in between pipes(collars).Feet should be kept away from beneath the pipe as it is set down.当推动钻杆进入钻杆盒内时，要推钻杆向外的一侧，不要把手放在管子之间，管子下放就位时，脚下要躲开。
G.Feet should not be placed beneath the pipe when rabbiting drill pipe or tubing.Never put feet directly under pipe, especially when using YT type elevators.当通钻杆或者其它管子时，脚不要放在管子下面。尤其在使用YT型吊卡时，不要把脚放在管子下面。
H.When rabbiting tubulars, crewmen should face away from the pipe rack to avoid possible eye injury, even though eye protection is being worn during this operation.尽管在进行通管作业时，操作人员戴有护目器具，但是，还要注意与管架保持距离，避免伤害眼睛。
I.Feet, knees and hands should not be placed on the underside of a drill collar clamp while the clamp is being tightened onto a drill collar in the rotary table.当用钻链安全卡瓦对转盘内的钻铤紧扣时，脚、膝盖和手不要放在卡瓦的下面。J.A drill collar clamp secured to a drill collar should be removed prior to hoisting the collar so as not be hoisted overhead height into the derrick.在起吊钻铤之前，要将钻铤用安全卡瓦拿开，起吊钻铤高度不要超过头顶。K.When setting the drill bit into a bit breaker, hands and feet should not be placed on the bit breaker while the bit and collar are guided into the bit breaker opening.Feet should not be used to adjust the lock on the bit breaker.当把钻头和钻铤往钻头盒里引导时，手和脚不要往上放，不要用脚来调整钻头盒上的固定装置。
L.Stabilizers, wall scrapers or pup joints being added into the drill string should be set on the rotary table unsupported by a hoist line.通过转盘往钻具上安装扶正器、井眼刮泥器和各种短节，不使用提升机械钢丝绳。M.Tools added or removed from the drill string should be handled with a hoist line.Tools should not be thrown or allowed to fall onto the rig floor, but laid down with a hoist line.往钻具上装卸各种井下工具的时候，要用提升机械钢丝绳吊装和下放到钻台上，不允许往钻台上扔甩。
N.Formation mud should be scraped off the drill collars or stabilizer before it is hoisted into derrick.要及时将钻铤和扶正器上的泥浆刮掉。
O.Employees should not peer into the bell nipple or through the rotary table when the BOP is operated.In addition, the supervisor should make sure that everyone is well away from the rotary table when the blind rams are operated.当操作防喷器的时候，人员不要从转盘去探头看防喷器顶部的钟形导向短节（导管，又称喇叭口），当操作防喷器闸板的时候，监督要确保人员远离转盘。P.Casing equipment should not be rigged up until the drill pipe has been completely hoisted out of the wellbore.钻杆全部从井眼内全部起出后，才可以安装下套管设备。
Q.The casing-tong safety door should not be removed so that hands and limbs will be protected from the tong’s drive works.40 不要移走套管钳的安全口，这样可以保护手和身体。
R.A work scaffolding or platform should be constructed around the casing spider to prevent overstretching or becoming off balance in order to reach the equipment.在套管顶部位置搭建一个工作台，防止操作人员为了勾套管失去平衡跌落。S.Hands should not be placed on top of the casing collar joint protruding from the casing slips when another joint of casing is being stabbed.Hands should be kept on the outside of the casing at all times.当套管接头对扣时，手不要放在从套管卡瓦伸出来的套管上方，手随时都要放在套管的外面。
T.When lowering the casing elevators over a joint of casing in the derrick, the driller should be aware of the derrick stabber’s hands to prevent catching them between the elevators and the joint of casing.当下放套管吊卡到套管单根的时候，司钻要小心不要把对扣人员的手夹在吊卡和套管接头之间。
U.Single joint casing pick-up elevators of the correct size should be used and should have a safety pin attached by chain.使用正确尺寸的套管吊卡，用保险链条将吊卡安全销固定好。
V.When removing cores from a core barrel on the drill floor, employees should not place their hands or feet under the core barrel opening.当把岩芯从岩芯筒内取出时，操作人员的手和脚不要放在取芯筒的开口下面。SECTION FOUR – FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL
第四部分：火灾预防、灭火和控制 4.0 Fire Prevention 火灾预防
A.Smoking should only be allowed in the designated areas.These areas should be established after a review of the rig or location(100 feet from well bore when possible.)Signs printed in English and the predominant local language should be present in these areas.All employees and visitors should observe “No-Smoking” rules.只能在指定场所吸烟，对井场考察后，专门划定吸烟场所（如果可能，在离井口100英尺以外），用英语和当地主要语言指示说明，所有的员工都要遵守不随意吸烟的规定。
B.Welding or burning should not be done outside the designed welding area without a hot work permit.All hot work, including welding, should cease in the event that hazardous conditions develop.没有特殊允许，不要在指定区域以外进行电焊或者见火作业。因为电焊之类的见火作业，会引发危险事故。
C.A fire watch with a fire extinguisher should be present during welding and cutting operations that are done outside the designated welding area.在指定区域以外进行电焊、切割等操作时，防火员要在现场，准备好灭火器。D.Oil, diesel or petrochemicals that can ignite should be prevented from collecting beneath engine skids, in cellars or in other areas.在动力设备底座下、库房和其它重要区域，不要集中存放各种易燃易爆的油品、石油化学品等。
E.Explosion-proof covers on fixtures should be maintained in proper working order.各种固定的防暴护罩必须完备良好。
E.Refueling operations should include a bonding and grounding system.All piping and connections should be checked to ensure against leakage.加油作业要接地线（防静电），所有的管线和联接件都必须检查确保没有泄漏。G.Electrical circuits should not be overloaded.Vapor-proof lighting with clean gasketted cover-globes and safety lines should be used.各种电路不要过载，防水照明设施要干净，线路要安全可靠。
H.Only approved rig heaters or fans that are appropriate for the hazard classification of the area should be used.No direct or open flame heating devices should be used on or near the rig floor.合格的加热器和风扇只能在符合安全要求的区域使用，在钻台附近不能使用明火加热器装置。
J.Keep supply, storage, and changing rooms clean and in order.Greasy clothing, rags, paper, or any other combustible material should be removed from these areas and cleaned or properly disposed of.Good housekeeping should be enforced.保持材料供应间、存放间和换衣间等场合干净，整齐。管理或处理好各种带有油污的衣服、抹布、纸张或者其它易燃易爆物品，加强房间的有序管理。L.Investigate any unusual odor, especially smoke or gas.警觉和分析任何异味，尤其是烟味和天燃气味。
L.All storage tanks that contain combustible or flammable liquids or gasses should be located so they will not add to a fire on the rig.All tanks should be labeled as to contents and properly grounded.所有装有易燃易爆液体和气体的瓶灌，应该远离钻机设备，对设备不造成危险。注明灌内的材料名称，并且接地线（防止静电）。
M.Material used for cleaning should have a flash point of not less than 100o F(38o C)用于清洁的各种材料的闪电点应该在华氏100度（摄氏38度以上）。N.Burning of trash should not be allowed on the rig or location.Where permitted, approved incinerators should be used.在钻机和井场上，不允许烧垃圾。如果必须烧，要使用焚烧装置。O.Areas affected by the flare should be free of combustibles.Where possible a minimum 100ft safety zone should be established.受火焰影响的区域杜绝任何易爆材料，如果可能，应该建立一个最小 100 英尺的安全区。4.1 Fire Protection 火灾预防
A.Fire protection equipment should be kept in good condition and should not be tampered with.防火设备要齐备良好，不能有任何损坏。
B.The following recommendations are aimed at maintaining the highest possible level of fire emergency preparedness.为了保持高度的戒备状态，下面提供一些建议：
1.Training in the use and care of available fire fighting equipment should be conducted at initial employment and annually thereafter.As a minimum, one different item of fire fighting equipment should be reviewed during each fire drill that is conducted on a periodic basis.新员工要培训防火设备的使用和维护，往后一年一次。作为最低要求，每一件防火设备在演习时，要检查一次。防火演习要定期举行。
2.The supervisor should ensure that the rig has emergency procedures and employees are familiar with their duties.监督要保证钻机设备有紧急抢救预案，每个员工对预案中自己的岗位和职责要熟悉。
3.Fire drills should be conducted in accordance with the stated procedures and should be held periodically with a record of the activity maintained.要按照预先规定的步骤进行防火演习，演习要定期举行，并记录演习情况。
4.All fire fighting equipment should be inspected periodically, tagged, and the conditions of the equipment recorded.Portable fire extinguishers and extinguishing systems should be serviced according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.Once an extinguisher is discharged, it should be replaced and taken out of service immediately until it is re-serviced.所有的防火设备要定期检查，标注检查时间，记录设备的状况。要按照生产厂家的建议来使用便携式灭火器或其它灭火设备。一旦灭火器泄漏，要更换，在修好以前，不要使用。
5.Quick access to fire fighting equipment should be available at all times and materials should not be placed on or in front of the hose stations, water monitors or extinguishers.保证随时能够快捷地拿到各种防火设备，在水龙带、防火水源和灭火器前面，不要堆放物品。
6.Fire blankets should be located in the galley, welding shop and/or other designed areas.在厨房、电焊间和其它指定的地方要放置防火的罩布等用具。7.During inspections, close attention should be paid to the underside of fire extinguishers.Moisture can cause this area to rust and, if left unchecked, the bottom can blow out, causing serious injury.检查防火设备，要特别注意灭火器的底部，潮湿容易使底部生锈，如果不检查，严重时，底部会泄漏，造成严重伤害。
8.Fire extinguishers should be hung up or placed in brackets designed for the extinguisher.灭火器要悬挂或者放置在专用的支架上。4.2 Fire Control 火灾控制
Using a portable fire extinguisher use the P A S S system – it can be a helpful reminder of the correct steps to follow when attempting to extinguish a fire: 遵照PASS操作系统的要求来使用便携式灭火器，这样在灭火的时候，能够保证操作步骤正确：
1.Pull the pin 拔安全销
2.Aim low;point at the base of the fire 低放，对准火焰底部 3.Squeeze the handle 按动手柄
4.Sweep from side to side keeping the extinguisher aimed at the base of the fire.对着火焰根部，从一侧向另一侧扑灭。
SECTION FIVE – WELDING, CUTTING AND COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS
第五部分：焊接、切割和压缩空气 / 氧气瓶
5.0 General Precautions – Welding, Cutting and Other Spark/Flame Producing Operations 一般预防：电焊、气焊切割、其它遭遇火花 / 火焰的作业/
A.All welding, grinding and cutting operations should be prohibited during certain operations, such as when encountering well control problems or testing, unless it can be determined by the operator’s representative or contractor’s representative that such an operation could be carried out safely.Hot Work Program should be followed.在进行某些作业如：井控作业和测试等，要禁止电焊、磨碎（容易起火花）和切割等工作，除非得到甲方或者乙方代表的许可，在这种情况下，要按照有关作业要求来进行。
E.To control or eliminate fire hazards, good housekeeping should be maintained in and around areas of welding, cutting or grinding.为了消除火灾危险，在电焊、磨碎和切割等工作现场附近，要摆放和管理好各种物品。，C.In the event that the work area is located in a confined space, ventilation and other safety systems should be provided to ensure the area is safe.A Confined Space Entry Permit should be issued and include initial and on going atmospheric testing.如果在危险区域内作业，要有通风和其它措施，以确保安全。要履行相关的登记手续，作业前和作业中，要对大气进行安全检测。
F.Welding or burning should not be allowed on any structural member of a rig, mast, well control equipment, tubulars, high-pressure systems or lifting apparatus without management approval.没有特别许可，不允许在下列设备上面进行电焊、燃烧等作业，它们是：钻机设备、井架、井控设备、各种管子、高压系统、提升设备等。
E.Fire prevention equipment should be located in the proximity of the welding and cutting operating area.An employee trained as a Fire Watch should be present and be ready to use the extinguisher if needed.45 在进行电焊、切割作业时，附近要有防火设备，同时工作现场要有一名防火员，随时准备需要时用灭火器扑火。
F.Fumes, gases and dust fumes produced by the electric welding process can be toxic and may require local source extraction.电焊作业中产生的各种烟雾、气体和烟尘具有毒性，需要妥善处理。G.A welding process generates a tremendous amount of heat.A welder may be exposed to a heat stress situation as a result of the process.电焊作业会产生大量的热，电焊工会遭遇受热高温作业。
H.The welding area should always be equipped with a fire blanket and a well-stocked first aid kit.电焊作业现场应该随时配备灭火毯和急救箱等。5.1 Protective Equipment 预防设备
A.When arc welding, the welder should use a shield or helmet that will protect both the eyes and the skin.The proper shade shield should be used based on the particular operation being performed.在进行电弧焊作业时，电焊工要穿戴防护面罩和眼镜来保护皮肤和眼睛。根据特定的作业，配备相应的遮阳光器具。
B.Proper welding gloves, arm coverings, and aprons should be used at all times.Safety footwear should also be worn to protect the feet from contact with heat and sparks.穿戴专用手套、袖套和围裙，穿安全靴，防止热和火花伤脚。
C.Ears should be protected from sparks or slag entering the ear to the degree possible.佩戴耳朵防护用具，预防火花和焊渣进入耳部。
D.Ventilation or proper respiratory protection should be utilized when cutting or welding on metals that might produce harmful fumes.在切割或者焊接金属的时候，会产生有毒烟雾，要注意通风或者配备呼吸保护设施。
5.2 Preparatory – Precautions 事先预防：提示警告
A.The welder should do his best to prevent sparks, flames or hot slag from being blown into or falling upon any combustible material or equipment likely to be ignited or damaged.在作业中，电焊工要尽量避免火化、烟雾和热电焊渣落到易燃易爆材料和设备上，46 引发火灾或者损失。
B.Areas saturated with oil should be washed down and cleaned thoroughly to remove any ignitable substances.A gas test should be made to determine that no combustible vapors are present.在含油的场所，要将油清洗干净，移走易燃易爆材料，检查测试作业现场是否有易燃易爆气体。
C.Cutting or welding should not be conducted on pipelines, containers, tanks, or other vessels which may have contained flammable substances until they have been thoroughly cleaned.不要在装有易燃材料的管线、容器、罐等设施上进行切割或者电焊作业。D.In confined areas where there is a possibility of combustible vapors being present, gas tests should be made before approval is given to begin work.Periodic gas tests should be made during the time the work is in progress.在封闭的环境内作业前，要检查测试是否有易燃易爆气体存在，在作业进行中还有定期检查测试。
E.When cutting or welding, a fire watch should be assigned.在进行切割和电焊作业时，防火员应该在现场。
F.When cutting or welding has to be done on bulkheads or overhead structures, the adjacent spaces should be cleared of combustibles and/or flammables before allowing the work to begin.当在一些复杂结构场合作业时，作业前要将附近的易燃易爆材料和物品清理干净。
G.Whenever Perforating Guns, Jet Cutters, Chemical Cutters, etc., are being armed, welding operations should be suspended and machines turned off until these pieces of equipment are well below the mud line.The wire line operator in charge should notify everyone when it is safe to continue work.The same procedure should be followed when the equipment is pulled out of the hole.当使用长电焊枪、喷射聚能切割枪、化学切割枪等特殊电焊作业设备的时候，要采用悬空式的电焊作业手段，要先关掉各种电焊设备，等把电焊设备摆放在泥浆管线的下方以后，方可开始作业。有关人员要及时通报给每个人什么时候作业才安全。当各种井下工具从井内起出以后，进行此类电焊作业时，也要按此要求来执行。
5.3 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 特殊提示：电弧焊
A.All rig personnel should be advised not to watch the arc, or the reflections off the wall as this can also cause eye burns.In order to prevent eye injuries, the welder should give the workers nearby a warning and time to protect their eyes before striking an arc.提醒所有的人员不要看电焊弧光，以及弧光从墙上反射回来的光线，避免伤害眼睛。为了保护眼睛，电焊工在作业前，要提醒周围的人员，并给他们留出准备防护的时间。
B.All work to be arc welded should be adequately grounded.The earth return lead should be hooked up between the electric welding plant and the point of welding.It should not be permitted to use any part of the rig structure as a return lead.所有的焊接件都要接好地线，在电焊设备和焊点之间挂好地线导线。C.The rod should not be left in the electrode holder when laid down.The stub ends should be placed in a suitable container and not on the floor.不使用电焊枪的时候，电焊条不要留在电焊枪上，电焊条残余要放入专门的箱内，不允许扔在地上。
D.If an electrode holder becomes too hot to be used, an extra holder should be provided so that one can cool while the other is in use.当电焊枪的头部过热，要换一把电焊枪，待过热的电焊枪冷却后再使用。E.The welder should keep welding cables dry and free of grease and oil to prevent premature breakdown of the insulation.电焊工要要保持电焊设备电线干燥，避免遭受油污，使电线绝缘部分过早老化。F.The welding machine should be turned off or leads disconnected from the welding machine when the equipment is not in use.当不使用电焊设备的时候，关掉电焊机，断开导线。5.4 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 特殊提示：气焊与燃烧
A.When opening valves on fuel gas cylinders, the fuel gas cylinders should be opened one quarter turn only.The oxygen cylinder valve should be fully open.A valve wrench should be kept in close proximity while using these cylinders.打开天燃气瓶的时候，只拧开四分之一圈。打开氧气瓶的时候，要全部打开。气 48 瓶附近要随时备有搬手工具。
B.In order to prevent eye injuries, welders should give workers nearby a warning and time to protect their eyes.未了避免伤害眼睛，电焊工在作业前要提醒附近的人员，给他们留出准备防护的时间。
C.When discontinuing gas welding or cutting for a short time, close the oxygen and acetylene cylinder valves, bleed the line and close the torch valve.When welding or cutting is to be stopped for a longer period, you should proceed as follows: 当断断续续地进行电焊和切割作业的时候，要注意关好氧气和乙炔气瓶阀门，放空软管线管和焊枪。如果长时间不作业，应该采取以下步骤： 1.Close oxygen and acetylene cylinder valves.关闭氧气和乙炔气瓶阀门。
2.Open torch valves to release all gas pressure from hoses and regulators.打开焊枪的阀门，将所有的压力气体从软管和调节阀中释放。3.Close torch valves and release regulator pressure adjusting screws.关闭焊枪阀门，松开调节阀压力调节螺丝。
E.If welding over a drip pan, the drain line to the sump should be plugged.如果是在漏盘（斗）上进行焊接作业，通向排泄池的管线要堵上。
F.Oxygen and acetylene valve connections should be kept clean.Do not use oil on oxygen valves or hose connections.氧气瓶和乙炔气瓶的阀门联结部分要保持干净，不要在氧气阀门或者软管联结部分抹油。
F.To prevent flash backs, cylinders should have an anti-reverse flow-check valve(flame arrester)located between the regulator and hose.未了防止闪火回流，在调节器和软管之间要安装防止回流的单项阀（挡火阀）。5.5 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 压缩空气瓶和氧气瓶：存放 A.Cylinders should be properly secured in an upright position with protective caps in place at all times, except when the cylinder is in use.在不使用的时候，各种气瓶必须垂直安全摆放，装上防护罩。B.Stored Oxygen cylinders should be separated from fuel gas cylinders or combustible materials a minimum distance of 20 feet(6 m)or by a non-combustible barrier at least five feet high.49 备用的氧气瓶必须与各种天燃气瓶或者易燃易爆材料分开，最少保持20英尺（6米距离），或者与非燃容器保持至少5英尺空间距离。
C.Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders should be protected from direct sunlight and excessive heat.氧气瓶和天燃气瓶要避免阳光直接照射和过热。
D.Defective cylinders should be labeled and sent back on the next available transportation.有问题的气瓶要标明，下次运输时送回。
E.Cylinders should be stored so they do not stand or lie in water.不要将气瓶直立或者平躺在水中。
F.Cylinders in storage should have the protective caps placed over the valves, if so equipped.如果有保护帽，存放的气瓶在阀门上要装保护帽，5.6 Cylinder Handling 气瓶搬运与安放
A.Cylinders should be labeled as to their contents.If in doubt as to the contents, test the gas.要标注气瓶内气体的名称，如果有疑问，一定要检测一下。
B.Cylinders should be handled with care.Do not roll cylinders on their side.They should not be handled roughly, dropped, knocked around or used as rollers or supports.要搬运气瓶要小心，不允许放倒在地上滚动，不允许野蛮搬运、摔扔、敲打或者把气瓶当作滚动和支撑用工具。
C.Protective caps should always be in place on both full and empty cylinders while they are being moved, transported or stored.在搬运、运输和存放过程中，无论气瓶有气还是空瓶，阀门保护帽都要戴上。G.A special rack should be built for the purpose of transporting and storing oxygen and acetylene cylinders.在运输和存放氧气瓶和乙炔气瓶时，要配备专用架子。
G.Empty cylinders should have the valve closed, valve protection cap replaced, marked empty and returned to the vendor.空气瓶要将阀门关好，更换阀门保护帽，标注清楚然后送回。
F.Oil and grease should never be used to lubricate the threads on the cylinders or caps.不要用油或者机油来润滑气瓶的丝扣或者保护帽。
第五篇：《常识》
现今，相对于大陆的知识分子，港台的知识分子往往更具有独立的思想。原因有很多，我想最主要的因素是环境。在那么多独立的思考者中，梁文道就是其中的一位。
我所知道的梁文道是以电视为载体而为人所知。凤凰卫视、《南方周末》和牛博网则是三个最为重要的载体。其中不得不提的是《南方周末》，其中发表的很多文章都是删减版，我相信这使得梁先生更加了解所谓的国情了。
本书的文章都是时评，梁先生用“常识”一词来总领，着实贴切。梁先生自己谦虚，说是“卑之无甚高论”，然而，亦如梁文道说的那样，“若觉可怪，是因为此乃一个常识稀缺的时代”。常识一词给人的第一印象是毫无深度，但是现在却并非如此，我想大抵是因为环境的差异吧。常识之所以成为常识是因为它的普片性，为大众所公认。《常识》一书中多为梁先生时评的收录。要做这一本书的评论实在困难，只能挑其中某个主题略做些自己的总结。
自从汶川地震以来，中国的哀悼日几乎成为了每年的传统。而不同的是，汶川地震时的哀悼是全国人民自愿的，各大门户网站自动将主页调成黑白；而玉树、舟曲灾难的哀悼日，却适逢后奥运时期和世博时期，难免存在树立形象而由政府强制设立之嫌。8月15日，作为抗战胜利的纪念日，却鲜有举行纪念仪式，甚至有时候显得低调得有些恐怖。在无知的情况下，学生在谈论、义愤填膺，没有比这更让人感到可悲的了。而为何不大张旗鼓纪念抗战胜利，我想这或多或少与执政党有关。这个胜利究竟属于共产党还是属于国民党，我们没有资格、也没有可能在正式出版物中去探讨。《常识》一书中，有许多时评是关于抗战。这一段历史，我们这一代几乎都不甚清楚它的全貌，但是，胜利者的姿态却从未真正意义上的出现过。我认为所谓的胜利者的姿态绝非是对于日本这一国的蔑视，至少
我们没有实力去这么做；而是一种自尊、自强的体现，这么说看似很虚，但是中国对于日本的确部分存在一种卑躬屈膝的姿态，尽管在很多情况下我们以“小日本”作为“居高临下”的托词。自尊并非踩着他人的头颅，自强也不是比别人都强。中国一直以大国自居，但是所谓的五千年传统美德似乎随着近代的受辱时期而消失殆尽。这一点值得我们所有人，尤其是学生的重视。
在中国有很奇特的现象是，许多新闻的产生仰赖了太多的人为因素。在本书中有所提及。为了完成一个政治的目的而捏造一些新闻，当然政治的目的并非一定是政府捏造，因为社会上还存在着这样一群人——愤青。我之所以要提这一点，实际上是想为日本“正身”。许多中国人都爱拿日本与德国作比，无限夸大了德国忏悔的“伟大”以及日本首相参拜靖国神社的“卑劣”。首先是德国，作为德国二战最大的受害国之一的法国，在境内设置了德国阵亡纳粹分子的墓地以纪念死者，而德国首相前往法国交流之前必定会去该墓地纪念亡灵，甚至态度傲慢。但是我们却从不会去说这些，原因是德国的表面“一跪”足以让大部分世人动容。反观日本，被指在东南亚态度傲慢，不为战争中的反人道行为而道歉，实则这种指责在西方媒体中却少有出现。中国人常常将日本人描绘为丑恶、变态的代表，但在国际上，日本的形象却远胜于中国，我们却很少从中去反思，最大的反思也仅仅限于日本人的礼节比我们强，却从未发现我们的劣根性。有一个很有趣的现象，在中国，小泉纯一郎被描述成一个军国主义者；而在西方媒体却视他作为一个和平爱好者。这截然不同的评价都有其中的道理，只是战争带给中国人的仇恨，远远大于理性的判断。我们经常在网络上听到一些不和谐的声音，政府作为国家机器经常是“和谐”这些评论并且制造一些事件去转移大众的视线。在这些转移大众视线的事件中，日本便是很大的“贡献者”。
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