各类从句讲解

第一篇：各类从句讲解

各类从句详解

英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类：下面我们逐一进行说明：

一、名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）

主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下：

①

主从连词：that(无意义), whether(是否), if(是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分）②

连接代词：who(谁), whom(谁), whose(谁的), what(什么), which(哪一个)③

连接副词：when(什么时候), where(什么地方), how(怎样), why(为什么)主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。

下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍

（一）主语从句（subject clause）

在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如：

That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。

That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟知的。

When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.会议什么时候召开还没有决定。主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为： It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.下面再举一些例句：

What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。Who did the work is unknown.谁干了这工作无人知道。Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。Which way is more effective is still a question.It is still a question which way is more effective.哪种办法效率更高还是个问题。

（二）表语从句（predicative clause）

在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。

One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。

My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。

That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。

It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。

（三）宾语从句（object clause）

在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。（1）动词后的宾语从句

We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。

Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句）The club will give whoever wins a prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。A little observation will show how the temperature changes.稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的。

Do you know who lives in this room?你知道谁住在这房间里吗？（2）介词后的宾语从句

He laughed at what they said.她对他们说的话一笑置之。

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存在分歧。

（3）形容词的宾语从句

有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。

“害怕，惊讶，震惊，意识，确定，自信，高兴，高兴，高兴，高兴，自豪，伤心，对不起，当然，惊讶” 例如：

I am glad that you have come.你来了，我真高兴。

I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。

He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通过这个考试。

（四）同位词从句（apposition clause）

同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构。

主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence证据, idea, fact, hope, news, possibility, question, thought等，可以用that、连接代词和连接副词引出同位语从句。

There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery.毫无疑问，有许多人得益于心脏外科手术。

I have an idea that parents should monitor监控the kind of television their children watch.我有一个想法，父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容。

There is the news that some British customers will visit our company.有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观。

Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals? 是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？ We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。注意：虽然that在同位语从句中没有什么意义，但不能省略。区别：尽管由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句很相似，但两者有明显的区别。

(a)

that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，不能在从句中充当成分；而用that引导的定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，并有词意。

(b)

同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上有“主系表”的关系，例如上面的第一句可以理解为：“许多人得益于心脏外科手术是毫无疑问的”上述其它各句也是如此，而定语从句则没有这种关系。

（五）只可用whether但不可用if的情况 if, whether引导的名词性从句表示“是否”，其异同点如下： 相同点：

(a)用作宾语从句时，它们可互相替换。例如：

I wonder if/whether you can help me.我想知道你是否能帮助我。

(b)都可与or连用。例如：

Please tell me if/whether they are Swedish or Danish.诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。不同点：（只可用whether但不可用if的情况）

(a)if不能用于在句首的主语从句。例如：

Whether John will go remains a question.约翰是否去还是一个问题。

Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.她是否喜欢礼物我还不清楚。但可以说

It’s not clear to me if/whether she likes the present.（因为没有在句首，所以可以用if）

(b)if不能用于表语从句

The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。

(c)if不能引导介词的宾语从句

I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。

(d)if不能引导同位语从句

They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。

(e)if后不能接or not I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。

是用if还是用whether是一个考点，但能用if的场合一定能用whether，反之则不然。

二、定语从句

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句（attributive clause）被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。

定语从句一般由关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词：when, where, why引出。

注意区别：在名词性从句中，that是连词，在句中不充当任何成分，且没有任何意义；而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在句中充当一定成分，并有词意。

（一）由关系代词引出的定语从句

关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在从句中作主语或宾语。whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。例如：

1.There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意义但不是词。（which/that在从句中作主语）

2.The few points which/that the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（which/that在从句中作宾语）

3.Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很成功的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who/that在从句中作主语）

4.Here is the man whom/who/that you’ve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。（whom/who/that在从句中作宾语）

5.She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。（whose指物，在从句中作定语）

6.How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作。（whose指人，在从句中作定语）

注意，在定语从句中的关系代词which, who, whom, that等，如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改为：

The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.Here is the man you’ve been looking for.●介词提前 在从句中，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句之前。（但that, who不适用）例如：

The girl to whom you spoke is my sister.（＝The girl whom you spoke to is my sister.）跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。

前面说过，在定语从句中，如果关系代词做宾语可以省略，但是如果是介词的宾语，则关系代词省略后，介词不能提前，例如上句可改写为：

The girl you spoke to is my sister.（如果关系代词省略，to不能提前了）

（二）关系副词引出的定语从句 关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。例如：

1.At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。

2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。可以用介词＋which结构替换关系副词。其中： when ＝ at/in/on/during which 表示时间 where ＝ in/at which 表示地点 why ＝ for which 表示原因

1.Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？

2.He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他将永远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天。

3.This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。4.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。

5.I don’t know the reason why/for which he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。

（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。

1.The distance that light travels in one second is 300thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟所走的距离为30万公里。

2.Those who want to go please sign their names here.想去的人在这里签名。

3.This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out.这里是抗日战争爆发的地方。此外，前面所给出的例句均为限制性定语从句。

非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句。例如：

1.Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.钢有许多有用的特性，所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用。

2.Mr.Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.布朗先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。

3.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。

（四）as引出的定语从句

as常在such„as和same„as的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。例如：

1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。2.Let us discuss only such question as concern everyone of us.我们只讨论与我们每个人有关的问题吧。

3.I feel just the same as you do.我的感觉和你一样。

4.My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.在这个问题上，我的立场和四年前一样。

（五）关系代词that与which的比较

在定语从句中，当先行词是物时，引导词that和which常常可以通用，但以下几种情况需注意。

注意1 只宜于用which，不用that的情况。(1)先行词为that，those时。

What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那个是什么？(2)引导词（关系代词）前有介词时。

This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。

注意2 只宜于用that，不用which的情况。

(1)先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。

The film is the most interesting that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最有趣的一部。English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.英语会是这些年你学的最难的科目。

(2)先行词是序数词或它的前面有last或序数词修饰时。

It’s the first film that I saw this year.这是我今年看的第一部电影。

Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom.Tom总是第一个到教室的人。(3)主句以疑问词who，which开头时，不用which或who，以避免重复。Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？(4)先行词既有人又有物时。

They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday.他们正在谈论昨天访问的学生和学校。

(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时。You should hand in all that you have.你应该把你有的所有上交。

We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能提供给你。

Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 这所学校是我们明天要参观的那个吗？

Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的东西吗？

(6)先行词前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等词修饰时。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们能做的唯一的事就是给你一些钱。

There are no children that don’t love their parents.没有孩子不爱他们的父母。

三、状语从句

在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句（adverbial clause）。状语从句按其意义可以分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步等类别。下面就按状语从句的类别逐一介绍。

（一）时间状语从句

时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：when, whenever, as, while, since, till, until, before, after, once, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when等

例如：

I will discuss this with you when we meet.我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。

Come and see me whenever you want to.任何时候想来就来看看我。

We must strike while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。

As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon.当他在做实验时，他观察到这个物理现象。

I watched her until she disappeared from sight in the distance.我看着她直到她远远地消失在视野中。

You haven’t changed much since we met last year.自从去年我们见面以来，你变化不大。

He had learned English for three years before he went to London.他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。

The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.暴风雨过后不久，太阳出来了。

I’ll send you the sample as soon as it is made ready.一旦样品制好，我马上给你寄去。

●注意：when, as, while的区别

区别1: when, as, while都可以表示一段持续性时间，但表示一个时间点时，要用when, as而不能用while。

例如：

He entered the room when/as/while the meeting was going on.正当开会的时候他走进了房间。（开会是一个持续性时间）

但是：

When/as he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.当他讲话结束时，听从掌声雷动。（讲话结束是一个时间点，不能用while）

区别2：when除有“当„的时候”之意外，还有“当„之后，然后”之意，因此从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，只能用when 引导从句，不可用as 或 while。

例如：

When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.当你干完活后，你可以休息一下。（从句动作在主句前，只能用when）

此外，时间状语从句还可以由一些名词引导，如：the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the day, every time等。此外有些副词也可以引导时间状语从句，如：instantly, directly, immediately等。

例如：

I’ll telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即给你打电话。

Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.我一感冒就流鼻涕。

I came immediately I'd eaten.我一吃完饭就来了。

（二）地点状语从句

地点状语从句主要由：where, wherever引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。

You have the right to live where you want.你有权居住在你想住的地方。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

Sit wherever you like.你想坐在哪里就坐在那里。

Wherever you go you will see great changes that have taken place in that city.不管你走到哪里，你都会看到那座城市发生的巨大变化。

（三）原因状语从句

原因状语从句经常由下列连词引导：because, as, since, for, in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that), not that„but that等。其中because通常放在主句后面（有时也可放在句首）；其语气比as, since要强，在回答why引导的疑问句时，必须用because回答；since通常放在句首，常表示已为人们所知的原因或理由；语气比because要弱；as可放在句首或句末，语气相对更弱；for不能用于句首，只能用于主句后，for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是一种解释，语气要比because弱得多。

例如：

She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed.因为汽车时刻表变了，她没有赶上汽车。

As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。

Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him.既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了。

He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他没有感到恐惧，因为他很勇敢。(for不能用在句首)

in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that)这几个连词与as, since的意义相近，都有“鉴于某种事实，原因是”的意思，例如：

A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。

Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion.既然全都出席了，我们就开始讨论。

Seeing(that)she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.鉴于她病情严重，他们派人请了医生。

not that„but that表示：“不是(因为)，而是(因为)”。

He left a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.他有些着急，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。

注意：原因状语从句与结果状语从句常可互换：例如：

John flew into a rage because I took no notice of him.因为我没有注意到约翰，他生气了。

I took no notice of John, so that he flew into a rage.我没有注意到约翰，结果他生气了。

上面可以看出，原来的原因状语从句变为了主句，而原来的主句变为了结果状语从句。

（四）目的状语从句

目的状语从句通常由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that等引导

例如：

They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.他们很早就出发了，以便及时赶到车站。

Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得更清楚一些。

We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。

He took his umbrella with him lest it rain.他带了雨伞，以防下雨。

Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away.电池一定要放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。注意有时目的状语从句要用虚拟语气，例句请参考有关“虚拟语气”的章节。

（五）结果状语从句

结果状语从句通常由：so that, so„that, such„that等引导。

例如：

He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他作了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。

The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out.这道题这么复杂，我们要用很多时间才能解决。

The mountain is so high that she can't climb it up to the top.那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。

He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch up with him.他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。

The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.飞机飞行的高度是这么的高，以致于我们几乎看不到它。

He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。

（六）条件状语从句

条件状语从句可由下列连词引导：if, unless, on condition(that), suppose/supposing(that), provided/providing(that), as/so long as, in case等。

If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.明天如果下雪，我们就堆雪人。

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.如果你不太累，我们去散散步。

You’ll be late unless you hurry.如果不赶快的话，你会迟到的。（unless ＝ if„not）

I’ll lend you my computer on condition(that)you keep it in good shape.如果你能保持我的计算机的良好状态，我就可以借给你用。

Suppose we are late, what will he say?

假如我们迟到，他会说什么？

Supposing we can’t get the necessary data, what shall we do?

假如我们弄不到必要的数据，那我们怎么办呢？

Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密讲给你听。

In case it rains, do not expect me.万一下雨，就不要等我了。

He will do anything as long as it is interesting.只要有意义，他什么都愿意干。

有些条件状语从句可以或必须使用虚拟语气，详见“虚拟语气”。

（七）比较状语从句

比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：than, as„as, not so/as„as, the„the„等。

Bill is taller than Bob(is).比尔比鲍勃高。

I can walk faster than you can run.我走得比你跑得还要快。

He is a greater painter than people suppose(he is).他是一个比人们想像的更伟大的画家。

Tom works as hard as John(dose).汤姆和约翰工作一样努力。

Her mother is not as tall as she(is).她妈妈没有她高.注意：than, as„as从句与主句结构上相同的部分常省略，只留下相比较的部分。如：

I know you better than he(knows you).我比他更了解你。

注意区别：

I know you better than him.我了解你比了解他更多。

说明：本句中的than是介词，后面要用代词的宾格him，而上一句的than是连词，引导的是比较状语从句，即使后面的成分省略，代词也要用主格he。

但是，有时虽然从句与主句结构相同，但意义不同，从句一般不能省略，例如：

The house is much taller than it is wide.这房子的高度比宽度大的多。

the„the„句型表示“越„越„”

The sooner, the better.越快越好。The Greater the mass of a body, the greater is its inertia.物体的质量越大，它的惯性就越大。

Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.事实上，他越忙越高兴。

（八）方式状语从句

比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：as, as if/though

I did just as you told me.我正是按照你说的办的。

Please state the facts as they are.请如实地陈述事实。

It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.看起来好像要下雨了。

注意：as if引导的从句，即可以是陈述语气，也可以是虚拟语气。但两者表达的意思不同。

例如：

He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了。（陈述语气，有可能真的喝醉了）

He walk as if her were drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了似的。（虚拟语气，在说话人看来，他并没有喝醉）

（九）让步状语从句

让步状语从句可由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter how/what/where/when, whether„or等

although与though意义基本相同，都表示“虽然”，只是although语气更重，常用于句首。

例如：

Although he is poor, he is honest.他虽然空，但是诚实。

Air has weight, though it is very light.虽然空气很轻，但它有重量。

注意，although, though用于引导状语从句，but用于引导并列句，although, though与but不能同时使用。

Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.尽管我可以试一试，但我不可能举起那块石头。（要倒装）

Even though you say so, I do not believe it.即使你这样说，我也不相信。

However hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他做出努力，但他似乎从来不能令人满意地完成工作。

Whatever you say she never listens.不管你说什么，她都不听。

No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity.无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。

He keeps on with his physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.不管冬天天气多冷，他总是坚持体育锻炼。

We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。

第二篇：定语从句讲解

定语从句专题讲解

一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which，as 关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：

1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：

The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。

3． 作定语用whose, 如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)4． 作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：

This is the place(where)we met yesterday.3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点：

1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on(in, at, during„)+ which;where = in(at, on„)+ which;why = for which.如：

I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why(=for which)we did it.2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything(that)I can do for you? 2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：

This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。

另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：

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I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.（只有一个）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个）

4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。当整个主句（先行词）在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。

eg: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.He has left here, which greatly upsets me.注：

（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象„ „那样”。

（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用或当非限制定语从句为否定时，则常用which，而不用as，如：

She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn’t like at all.5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：

The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way(in which)he spoke to us was suspicious.I don’t like the way(that)you laugh at her.四．关系词的选择

1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。

2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：

Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?

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Do you know the boy(that)she was talking to? The pencil(which/that)he was writing with suddenly broke.3． 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1)当先行词是all, a lot,(a)little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2)当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容

词最高级同时修饰时，如：

Is that the best that you can do? That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5)当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find.(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：

The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7)当主句是以which，who,what开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? Who is the person that is making this lecture? 4.用which而不用that的情况：

①引导非限制性定语从句； ②代表整个主句的意思； ③介词+关系代词。e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。

5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。

但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：

(1)当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：

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Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)(2)当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that„。如： He that promises too much means nothing.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：

Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4)在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：

A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：

She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.6.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(1)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me.7.当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。

如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have.这里要注意的是：

（1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中 的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2)在“the same„that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。

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that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在“the same„as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。

(3)当“the same„that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。

如：He lives in the same building that I live.= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 8.当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：

This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）

This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）

9.as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：

as is known to all,as is said,as is reported, as is announced,as we all know,as I expect等。

Eg：As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。

第三篇：定语从句讲解

定语从句讲解

一、定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行

词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

如：

He is the boy

who often goes to school late.先行词

关系词

定语从句

二、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）

The coat（that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）

2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）

The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）

3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）

Who is the teacher（whom）Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）

注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：

This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。

（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

（4）关系词只能用that的情况：

a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：

Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？

f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

a.先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that.例如：

What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？

b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：

This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。

c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：

Tom came back，which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：

This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

第四篇：定语从句讲解

定语从句讲解

一个美丽的女孩

a beautiful girl（形容词作前置定语）一个穿白色衣服的女孩

a girl in white（介词短语作后置定语）一个正唱歌的女孩

a girl who is singing(定语从句，修饰或限定名词girl）

一、概念: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.Harry Porter is a smart boy.形容词作定语 Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.句子作定语,修饰boy, 叫做定语从句 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词 分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词：who whom whose which that as

关系代词 ：when where why 先行词和关系词的关系

1.A plane is a machine that can fly.the machine = that 2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.the boy =who 3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.the boy’s =whose The school where I study is far from my home.in the school = where 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指

关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格 关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词 关系代词的作用

1.代替先行词;

２.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分;

3.同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句.（把主句和从句连起来）

关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的 人称、数必须和先行词一致。

① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.分解

作主语 The man is a worker.The man is speaking at the meeting.The man(who)I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.作宾语分解、The woman is a teacher.They wanted to visit the woman.The man(whom)I nodded to is Mr.Li.③ which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

This is a truck which / that is made in China.分解 This is a truck.The truck is made in China.These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using is made in Japan.The TV set(which)he bought yesterday is made in Japan.Is this the library(which)you borrow books from? ④that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。

The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.作主语 分解 The man is a worker.The man is speaking at the meeting.A plane is a machine that can fly.He is the man(that)I told you about.⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.分解 I know the girl.The girl’s mother is a teacher.This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.We live in a house whose windows face south.I saw a woman.Her bag was stolen.I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.Please show me the book.Its cover is red.Please show me the book whose cover is red.定语从句三步：

第一找出先行词

第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状

语）

第三选择合适的关系词 关系代词的用法注意点

(1)that和which都可以指物，但以下5种情况只能用that 不能用which。①当先行词中有人又有物时。如：

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? ②当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。如：

This is all that I want from the school.③当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如： This is the very book that I am looking for these days.④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：

The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.由wh-开头的特殊疑问句

Who is the man that you are talking about? 练习：that 与 which 1)Do you have anything ______ you don’t understand? 2)The only thing _____ we can do is to give you some advice.3)Who is the man _____ is standing there? 4)Her bag, in ________ she put all her money, has been stolen.5)She heard a terrible noise，______ brought her heart into her mouth.(2)that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如： All who heard the news were excited.②先行词为those, he和people时。如：

Those who want to go please sign your names here.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.定语从句练习

The foreign guests，were scientists, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A．most of them

B．most of whom

C．most of that

D．most of those He was the very one of the students who

praised at the class meeting.A．was

B．were C．is

D．are The balls are solid，makes them very heavy.it

B．what C．which D．that

The scientist and his achievements

you told me about are admired by us.who

B．that

C．which D． /

He is working hard，will make him pass the final exam.who

B．that

C．which D．it

The museum

we are going to visit is far form our school.where B．that

C．it

D．as

Which of the two sheep

you keep produces more milk?

that

B．which C．what D．they

The weather turned out to be very good，was more than we could expect.B．which

C．that

D．it

Finally, the thief handed everything

he had stolen to the police.which B．what

C．whatever D．that

Tom as well as his friends who

football matches

to school today.likes;hasn’t gone

B．likes;haven’t gone

C．like;hasn’t gone

D．like;haven’t gone We should learn from those

are ready to help others.A．what

A．who

B．whom C．whose D．they 12.I have two brothers，are doctors.A．both of them

B．both of who

C．both of whom

D．both of they 13.Everything

can be done should be done.A．which B．that

C．all

D．where 14.Is oxygen the only gas

helps fire burn?

A．that

B．/

C．which D．what

15.The first place

we visited in that city was a big factory.A．where B．in which C．that

D．which

16.Which is the largest bridge

was built across the river?

A．that

B．which C．where D．on which 17.Please pass me the dictionary

cover is black.A．which B．its

C．whose D．which of 18.This is the very place

I’m wishing to live in.A．where B．which C．that

D．in which 19.She always gives in to those _____ have money.A．in which B．who

C．that

D．which

二、从下框中选择合适的关系代词填空。

that;which;who;whose;不填

This is the village ______ I ever visited last year.I will always remember the days ______ we spent in the village.I will never forget the boy ______ ever helped me.He lives in the room ______ door is green.This is the best movie ______ we have seen this year.The trees _____ stand by the river have been green.These are the very books _____ I am looking for.It was the largest map _____ I had even seen.He made notes of everything _____ he read.10.Yesterday I met the teacher _____ once taught us maths.

第五篇：讲解宾语从句

讲解宾语从句，定语从句，表语从句，状语从句

浏览次数：1378次悬赏分：0 | 解决时间：2009-6-13 17:26 | 提问者：鱼台问问

详细讲解

最佳答案

一、状语从句分类及常用连词：

类别 连 词

时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.地点状语从句 where,wherever

原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that, etc.结果状语从句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.条件状语从句 if, unless, as(so)long as, etc.让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, etc.二、相似连词的用法区别

1.when, while, as，while表时间，从句需用延续性动词，切不可用瞬间动词。

when表时间，从句既可以用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词。

as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。

when, while后可以接分词短语。

2.because, as, since, for

语气 位置 意义

because 最强 前或后 “原因”；表客观因果关系；回答“” as 较强 前 “由于”；把众人所知的事实当作理由

since 较弱 前 “既然”；就对方陈述的事实作为理由

for 最弱 后 “理由”；对某一事实进行推断的理由

注：上面所说的“前”，指从句在主句之前；“后”，指从句在主句之后。

3.so that, so…that, such…that

so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。

so…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于： 1.so+形／副＋that 2.so+形＋a(an)＋单数名词＋that 3.so＋many/much＋复数名词（不可数名词）+that

such…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于：

1.such＋a(an)＋形＋名词＋that 2.such＋形＋复数名词／不可数名词＋that

4.though, although, as，though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。

下列情况只能用though：

▲ as though(=as if);even if(=even though)▲ 在句末表示“然而”

as表示“尽管”，从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。

5.whatever, however,wherever, whenever

它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。分别等于：

no matter what, no matter how no matter where, no matter when

二宾语从句

1.肯定句

结构:主句+that（可有可无）+肯定句

2.一般疑问句

结构:主句+if+一般疑问句

3.特殊疑问句

结构:主句+疑问词+肯定句。

宾语从句的时态

1.主现从不限（主句是一般现在时，从句的时态不限）

2.主过从四过（主居是一般过去时，从句的时态应是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时或者过去进行时）

在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句，它内容完整，句型结构较为复杂，主句和从句时态搭配要求严格，在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：

第一关，选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）。

引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。

1．连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如：

1）He knew（that）he should work hard．

2）I am glad（that）you've passed the exam． 2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。例如：

3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？（注：2002上海市徐汇区中考试题填上答案后的句子。以下再有这种例句，都为2002年中考题，只写某地。）

4）Tom didn't know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．

作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大，同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如：

5）He asked me whether or not I was coming．他问我是否要来。（该句中的whether不能换成if，因为if不能与or连用。）

3．连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意义。例如：

6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）

7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for？（天津市）

4．连接副词when，where，why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有其自己的意义。例如：

8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。）

9）He didn't tell me how old his friend was．（四川省）（how引导宾语从句，作程度状语，修饰old，意为“怎样；如何”等意。）

第二关，牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”。这里特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序，不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如：

10）You must remember what your teacher said．（河南省）

11）—Dad，do you know when the football game will start？

—In half an hour．（宁波市）

12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我，我们去看望谁？

误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see？

正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see？

错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句，如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris？就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris？”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了，我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris？”了。

第三关，注意时态的呼应。

宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如：

13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的。

误：I thought（that）you are free today．

正：I thought（that）you would be free today． 错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today，但因为主句谓语是thought，所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。

这种时态的呼应，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，如上述例句2），3），7），8），10），11），12）。如果主句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。例如：

14）He thought he was working for the people．

15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．

16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．

但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化：

17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun

定语从句

定语从句

内容提要

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。

一、限定性定语从句

1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6.when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time“一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3.有时as也可用作关系代词

4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物

三、定语从句结构错误

1.缺关系词

2.从句中缺成分

最佳答案

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。

一、限定性定语从句

1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢 掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6.when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3.有时as也可用作关系代词

4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物

状语从句

§ 1状语从句的种类

用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：

1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time)

2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place)

3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause)

4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition)

5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose)

6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession)7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison)

8.程度状语从句；(adverbial clause of degree)

9.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner)

10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)

§2状语从句的时态特点

一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.我一到北京就给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive）

As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home.我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished）

If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，决不可用will come back）

二 时间状语从句

§3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）

1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如：

When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！

Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。

Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim.我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。

You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it.当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。

Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。

【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如：

When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）

We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.(was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)

I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）

As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：

We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”）

As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）

2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：

It will be four days before they come back.他们要过四天才能回来。

Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。

My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

They had not been married four months before they were divorced.他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。

After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。

After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）

3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：

I didn't go to bed until（till）my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。

It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。

I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。

I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。

Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。

4.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：

I have been in Beijing since you left.自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。

Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？

It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing.我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。

It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。

5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如：

I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast.吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。

The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。

As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。

【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：

He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。

No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。

Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。

He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。

6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：

By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。

By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work.你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。

7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如：

Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me.他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。

Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。

You grow younger every time I see you.每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。

8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如：

You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark.你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。

I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body!只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。

三 地点状语从句

§4地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：

句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。

【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。

They were good persons.Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it.你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。

句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。

【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如：

Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员

同位语

一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。

1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。

Mr.Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。

Mr.Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。

Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。

a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。

2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。

himself和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。

Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr.James.昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。

同位语Mr.James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。

3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。

We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

He is interested in sports, especially ball games.他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。

同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief(信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)，suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought(想法)等后面。例如： He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health.His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time.I had no idea that you were here.She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.He made a promise that he would never come late.注意： that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句，其区别在于：同位语从句由连接词that引导，连接词that本身无意义，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他词替代；定语从句由关系代词that引导，关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分，作宾语时可省略，由when, why, where引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于： 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用，没有指代作用； 定语从句由关系副词引导，关系副词具有指代先行词的作用，常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met.（同位语从句, when为连接词）That is the special day(which/that)I will never forget.（定语从句，which/that为关系副词）This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago.（同位语从句, where为连接词）This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago.（定语从句，where为关系副词）

区分表语从句和同位语从句

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

主语从句用作主语，如：：

That the earth is round is true.地球为圆的是真实的。

宾语从句用作宾语。如：

Do you know where he lives?

表语从句用作表语，如：

My opinion is that you should not go alone.我的意见是你不应单独前往。

同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：

The fact that the earth is round is true.地球是圆的的事实是真实的。（that从句用于解释说明the fact）

定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：

The student who answered the question was John.回答问题的学生是John.状语从句相当于一个副词，如：

When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）

If he comes tomorrow, you will see him.如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，＋主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。

主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：

I am a teacher.其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。

He likes playing football very mucy.其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。

参考资料：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/45927224.html?fr=qrl