第一篇:翻译法-同化翻译和异化翻译
对于非政治或是法律上的翻译,原则上可以清楚表达意思就可以了,不一定是一样才正确。你们餐馆的翻译很形象,比我上面举的例子要生动好多。
Stir fry rice感觉比fry rice 生动些,因为好的炒饭,是一颗颗的米饭,不是整团的,所以这个stir有强调烹饪时的搅拌和抛起的过程。Good!Sizzling体现是上菜时的效果,吱吱的声音,让人感觉很热乎很好吃。hot plate/pot则交代的是用什么容器烹饪,着重在解释。让有文化差异的人,更容易理解点的是什么样的一道菜。
下面顺带上上我的翻译课笔记。
翻译法:
归化翻译和异化翻译Assimilation and Dissimilation in Translation
归化翻译:改造外来文化,就是本民族化,本土化。是以目的语文化为归宿,主张译文尽量适应、照顾目的语的文化习惯,为读者着想,替读者扫除语言文化障碍。
异化翻译:就是接受外来文化或是外国化。是以源文化为归宿,提倡译文应当尽量去适应照顾源语的文化及原作者的遣词用字习惯。
Function:归化的翻译,在理论上把语言看作是交际的工具,实践中要使译文通顺,要让译文读者读起来像是读母语的创作,就要把文化因素的差异尽量缩小,要改变、要调整原文,追求的是译文的通顺自然。
异化的翻译,目的是尽量保留源语的语言与文化特点,要通过移植达到文化交流的目的,要通过异化的译文让读者了解异国风情、异国的先进文化和异国语言的特点,以补充本民族文化之不足,以丰富本民族语言的表达法。
example:
Shakespeare„s Sonnet 18十四行诗18首
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
[归化译法]能否把你比作春日璀璨?
[异化译法]能否把你比作夏日璀璨?
译语国家的夏天酷热难耐,一点也不柔和可爱,那么莎士比亚十四行诗中的“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day”能否将夏天按词义直译出来呢?从语义加文学的角度表达了自己的观点,但读者是有想象力的,读这首诗可以获得鲜明的印象,知道英格兰的夏天是美好的,因此不会产生误会,反而会加深对英国文化的理解。
2)名词的异化和归化翻译
Spicybean curd&Ma po dou fu
Dunpline & Jiao zi
Peking & Beijing
中国文化传播越来越广泛,中国国际地位的提升,许多的叫法都因这些影响的不断深入发生着变化。
如:麻婆豆腐,开始译为辣豆腐;而后其的广泛推广,中国人也不需迁就foreignor的叫法顺口,进而都用拼音读法。(学日语的同学都知道,小日本也管这个叫 Mabodoufu)。
Peking 北京,在80年代的时候,老外都管我们的首都叫“peking”,而现在几乎没有这种叫法了。
Dunpine:这个和老外的dunpline不是一回事。(小日本也管饺子-jiaoza)而现在也不怎么叫dunpline,改叫Jiaozi。
第二篇:俗语翻译法
习语大都具有鲜明代形象,适宜用来比喻事物,因而往往带有浓厚的民族色彩和地方色彩。不少习语前后对称,音节优美,韵律协调。由于习语具有这些特点,翻译时就应当尽量保持这些特点。译者除了忠实地表达原文习语的意义外,还应尽可能保持原文习语的形象比喻,丰富联想,修辞效果以及其民族,地方特点等。
英语习语就其广义而言,包括俗语,谚语,俚语等。
习语的英译汉有三种主要方法:直译法,套用法,意译法,直译加注法 一,直译法
To fight to the last man To break the record Under one’s nose Armed to the teeth Packed like sardines A die-hard
An gentleman’s agreement An olive branch The heel of Achilles The open-door policy The most-favored-nation 血浓于水 吠犬不咬人 滚石不生苔
海内存知己,天涯若比邻 兼听则明,偏听则暗
以眼还眼,以牙还牙 引狼入室 自助者天助
千里之行,始于足下
The gift itself may be as light as a feather, but sent from afar, it conveys deep feelings. A gentleman uses his tongue, not his fists. Good medicine is bitter in the mouth, but good for the disease.套用法
也称为以习语译习语
Constant dripping wears the stone 滴水穿石
To burn one’s boats 破釜沉舟
Walls have ears 隔墙有耳
Many a little makes a mickle 积少成多
Look before you leap
三思而后行
There is no smoke without fire 无风不起浪
谋事在人,成事在天
The burnt child dreads the fire 一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草绳
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头,勿为牛尾
Where there’s a will, there’s a way 有志者,事竟成 杀机取卵
To kill the goose that lays golden eggs 成热打铁 缘木求鱼
To fish in the air
Don’t wash your dirty linen in public 家丑不可外扬
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit 吃一堑,长一智
Hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings 饥不择食
Some idioms which exhibit strong national or cultural characteristics can neither be handled by borrowing idioms from the target language nor translated literally because it would cause misunderstanding or could not be easily accepted by native speakers of the other language.In this case, it is necessary to resort to paraphrasing according to the context.To be going from bad to worse;to be deteriorating.To know practically nothing about
What’s done is done, and cannot be undone.Regardless of the consequences To be simply nothing compared to In a turmoil;to be extremely upset A fly on the wheel A bull in a china shop
(an area)flowing with milk and honey By hook or crook
To carry fire in one hand and water in the other hand Every dog had its day
This approach is used when certain idioms, particularly those with historical stories or names involved, can hardly be understood and accepted by the listener, and the translator cannot find their proper equivalents in the target language.If literal translation were used, they would lose their original vividness.杀鸡给猴看 To kill the chicken to frighten the monkey– to punish somebody as a warning to others. 班门弄斧
To show off one’s skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter-to display one’s slight skill before an expert/ To teach your grandma to such eggs To offer to teach fish to swim 三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮
Three cobblers with their wits combined surpass Zhu geLiang the mastermind-to heads are better than one Principles for translating idioms
1.retain the vividness and forceful effect 既往不咎
Let bygones be bygones 有钱能使鬼推磨
Money makes the mare go;money talks The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak 物以类聚,人以群分
Birds of a feather flock together Once bitten, twice shy 2.retain the image
A stitch in time saves nine
Man proposes, God/Heaven disposes A gentleman uses his tongue, not his fists 3.achieve brevity
The unexpected always happens
Give him an inch and he will take an ell 天网恢恢,疏而不漏 Justice has long arms
To have eyes but fail to see Taishan Mountain To entertain an angel unawares You can’t eat your words You can’t break your promise You are pulling my leg
A horse stumbles that has four legs He’s leading a dog’s life I am dead-beat today To take French leave A stony heart
At one’s fingertips
To have a hand like a foot As mute as a fish
To return good for evil
To shut one’s eyes against
To talk black into white To turn a deaf ear to Practice makes perfect To face the music Plain sailing To be dead drunk Laugh and grow fat To fly into a rage
To look for a needle in a haystack A leap in the dark
To show one’s colors
To make a noise in the world More haste, less speed Neither fish nor flesh To pick holes in
To mind one’s P’s and Q’s
To be at the end of one’s rope To flog a dead horse To turn over a new leaf
To put all one’s eggs in one basket He just had forty winks.His wife held the purse string.You should keep your nose out of here.That night he slept like a top, and woke with his knee of almost normal size.I am not talking about castles in the air-the donkey’s carrot.Mother said, “John, you’re talking through your hat.You’re craze”.His accent gave him away.The Nazis in Berlin became desperate and tried to make hell while the sun was shining.As blind as a bat
As cool as a cucumber
Between the devil and the blue sea To call a spade a spade Now or never
Much cry and little wool With tongue in cheek
To wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve The leopard cannot change its spots
As the touchstone tries gold, so gold tires men.The proof of pudding is in the eating
One cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.The mills of God grind slowly.He laughs best who laughs last.
Nothing venture, nothing gain.Fish begins to stink at the head.Speech is silver, silence is gold.远亲不如近邻
Neighbors are dearer than distant relatives/ Neighbors are more helpful than relatives/
a remote kinsfolk is not as good as a near neighbor 情人眼里出西施
Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder/
love sees no fault/
Love blinds a man to imperfections 有缘千里来相会,无缘对面不相逢
Those who are meant to meet will meet even if they are separated by a thousand miles;those who are not meant to meet will not get acquainted even if they brush shoulders with one another.醉翁之意不在酒
Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake
The drinker’s heart is not in his cup-he has something else in his mind.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福
Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.The weather and human life are both unpredictable
第三篇:文言翻译五字法
文言翻译五字法
王钟秀
留:国号、年号、地名、人名、官名、书名。
替:用现代汉语词替换古代文言词。
调:调整句子次序,使之符合现代汉语的说法。
补:补充出句中省略的内容。
删:删去没有实在意义的词。
第四篇:文言文翻译五字法
文言文翻译五字法
文言文翻译要做到“信、达、雅”三个字。文言文的翻译技巧,可用“留、补、调、删、换”五个字来概括。
一、留,就是保留不译。凡是古今意义相同以及国号、年号、人名、地名、官名、建筑物名等,可不翻译,直接保留。例如“楚人有涉江者。”这里的“楚”是国名保留不译。再如“人知从太守游而乐,而不知太守之乐其乐也”,“太守”是官名也保留不译。
二、补,增补,补充原文中被省略的成分以及量词。如“舟止,从其所契者入水求之”,这句“从其所„„”前省略了主语“他”。翻译时就应补充出来,译为:船停了,他从刻记号的地方下水找剑。
三、调,即调整词序。调整倒装句的语序,如宾语前置、介宾短语后置、定语后置等,这些特殊的句式与现代汉语不一致,翻译时应按现代汉语的语法规范调整词序。如《童趣》中“徐喷以烟”一句,就应该调整语序理解为“以烟徐喷”,译为:用烟慢慢地喷它。
四、删,即删除的意思。有些文言虚词在句中只起某种语法作用,没有实在意义,翻译时要删去。如“则或千或百果然鹤也”,这里的“也”表示肯定语气,没有实在意义。再如“明天子在上,可以出而仕矣。”中的“而”连接两个动词,没有实在意义。
五、换,即替换之意。不少的文言词表示的意义在现代汉语中已发生了很大的变化,翻译时应换用现代汉语的某个词语。如“环堵萧然,不避风日”中的“堵”在古文中是墙壁的意思,而不是“堵塞”。
总之,在翻译过程中,必须遵循“字字着落,直译、意译相结合,以直译为主”的原则。在平时的学习中,我们要加强这方面的训练,注意特殊句式和特殊词语,努力提高自己的古文涵养。到那时,我们就一定会得心应手。
第五篇:九法翻译文言文
导语:翻译文言文要做到“信、达、雅”三个字。“信”是指译文要准确无误,就是要使译文忠于原文,如实地、恰当地运用现代汉语把原文翻译出来。下面是小编给大家整理的九法翻译文言文内容,希望能给你带来帮助!
替换法
翻译时应把古词换成现代词。例如:
而翁归,自与汝复算耳!(《促织》)
——“而”“翁”“汝”应分别换成“你”“爹”“你”。全句可译为“你 爹回来,自会和你再算账的”
邦分崩离析而不能守也。(《季氏将伐颛臾》)
——“邦”应换成“国家”。全句可译为“国家四分五裂而不能好好把守“
调整法
文言文中变式句(谓语前置、定语后置、宾语前置、介宾结构后置等)较多,翻译时,这些句子的词序需要调整。例如:
古之人不余欺也。(《石钟山记》)
——“不余欺”调整为“不欺余”。全句可译为“古人没有欺骗我啊。”
大阉之乱,缙绅而能不易其志者,四海之大,有几人欤?(《五人墓碑记》)
——“缙绅而能不易其志者”调整为“能不易其志之缙绅”,全句译为“大宦官魏忠贤作乱时,能不改变自己志节的官吏,中国这么大,能有几人呢?”
选择法
文言文中一词多义的现象较为常见,因此,选择恰当的词义进行翻译,成为文言文翻译的难点。例如:
斩木为兵,揭竿为旗。(《过秦论》)
——“兵”是一个多义词,它的义项共五条:a.兵器; b.士兵; c.军队; d.军事; e.战争。这个句子用a项最恰当。全句译为“砍下树木作为兵器,举起竹竿作旗帜”。
去今之墓而葬焉,时止十有一月耳。(《五人墓碑记》)
——“去”是一个多义词,它的义项共四条:a.离开;b.废除;c.距离;d.前往。这个句子用C项最恰当。全句可译为“距现在修墓并将他们安葬在这里,那时间只有十一个月罢了。”
灵活法
遇到活用词时,应灵活地译出该词的活用意义。例如:
假舟楫者,非能水也,而绝江河。(《劝学》)
——“水”译为“游泳”。名词活用为动词,全句可译为“借助船只远行的人并不是会游泳却能横渡江河。”
六王毕,四海一。(《阿房宫赋》)
——“一”译为“统一”,数词活用为动词全句可译为“六国灭亡了,天下统一了。”
固定法
文言文中的固定格式有固定的译法。例如:
无乃尔是过与?(《季氏将伐颛臾》)
——“无乃……与”是固定格式,译为恐怕……吧”全句可译为“恐怕应该责备你吧?”
其李将军之谓也?(《李将军列传》
——“……之谓也”是固定格式,译为“说的就是……吧!”全句可译为“大概说得就是李将军吧?”
意译法
文言文中的比喻,借代、引申等意义,直译会不明确,应用意译。例如:
振长策而御宇内。(《过秦论》)——举起马鞭子驾御天下。(直译)——用武力来统绐各国.(意译)
秋毫不敢有所近.(<鸿门宴>)——连秋天里野兽的毫毛也不敢接近.(直译)——财物丝毫不敢据为已有.(意译)
在实际运用中,上述九种翻译的方法往往要结合使用,要注意各个不同方面的要求,才能辩清词义,译出忠实原文、表意明确语言而又通畅的好句子来。
保留法
专有名词、国号、年号、人名、地名、官名、器具等,可保留不变。例如: 越王勾践栖于会稽之上。(《勾践灭吴》)——“越王”是官名,“勾践”是人名,“会稽”是山名,翻译时保留不变。全句可译为“越王勾践退守在会稽山上” 庆历四年春,滕子京谪守巴陵郡。(《岳阳楼记》)——“庆历四年春”是时间,“滕子京”是人名,“巴陵郡”是地名。全句可译为“庆历四年的春季,滕子京被贬到巴陵郡做太守”
补充法
古代汉语中有很多省略现象,翻译时应补出省略的成份。例如:
项伯乃夜驰之沛公军,私见张良,具告(之)以事。(《鸿门宴》)
——动词“告”的后边省略了代词“之”,全句可译为“项伯于是连夜骑马奔驰到刘邦的军营,把事情全都告诉了他。”
荆州之民附曹者,逼(于)兵势耳。(《赤壁之战》)
——动词“逼”后边省略了介词“于”,全句可译为“荆州的百姓依附曹操的原因,是被他的兵势所逼罢了”
删除法
删去不译的词。例如:
夫晋,何厌之有?(《烛之武退秦师》)
——“夫”是发语词,译时应删去。全句可译为“晋国,有什么满足的呢”
鹏之徙于南冥也,水击三千里。(《逍遥游》)
——“之”位于主语和谓语之间,取消句子的独立性,不译,应删去,句可译为“鹏鸟飞往南海时,激起的水花达三千里。”