第一篇:英语课堂活动演讲稿
我最喜欢的运动:羽毛球
(吴宣言)The ladies and gentlemen:
女生们,先生们:
Good morning!Nice to share my hobbies with you,my favorite sport is badminton, and I hope you can join us.Let's listen to Fu Bo tell us “the history of badminton “
你们上午好!今天很高兴站在这里给大家分享我的兴趣爱好,我最喜欢的运动是羽毛球,希望你们能加入我们的行列。让我们先来听一听付博给我们讲一下“羽毛球的历史”
(付博)Two thousand years ago,badminton was spread in China, India and other countries.Eighteen seventies, British soldiers in India will learn Pune game back as the leisure entertainment.As reportedly, at the end of fourteenth Century, Japan start to put the cherry speared the beautiful feather, two people boarded and kumite movement.This is the badminton.早在两千多年前,羽毛球运动的游戏就在中国,印度等国出现。十九世纪七
十年代,英国军人将在印度学到的浦那游戏带回国,作为茶余饭后的消遣娱乐活动。据传,在14世纪末,日本出现了把樱桃插上美丽的羽毛当球,两人用木板来回对打的运动。这便是羽毛球运动的原形。
In 1992, the badminton is listed as an official event in the Barcelona Olympic Games.every badminton competition time and place are changed constantly: like the Thomas cup, and the Uber Cup World badminton championships.1992年,羽毛球在巴塞罗那奥运会上被列为正式比赛项目.每届羽毛球赛事的时间地点均有不断的变化:像汤姆斯杯、尤伯杯以及世界羽毛球锦标赛。
(邓诗轩)Next,Wu Xuanyan will talk about ”badminton development in China“ and Zhu Zhongfeng will share universal ”badminton"with us.接下来有请吴宣言讲一讲“羽毛球在中国的发展”和朱仲丰给我们分享“羽
毛球的普及”
(吴宣言)Badminton movement about entering China in 1920, after the liberation of rapid development.Nineteen seventies Chinese badminton team has been one of the strongest teams in the world, the international badminton football is Indonesia and China go halves on a fifty-fifty basis.In 1981 May, the International Badminton Federation restoring China's legitimate seat in the IBF, and has opened a new chapter in the history of the international badminton.羽毛球运动约于1920年传入我国,解放后得到迅速发展。20世纪70年
代我国羽毛球队已跻身于世界强队之列,国际羽毛球坛是印度尼西亚与我国平分秋色。1981年5月国际羽毛球联合会重新恢复了中国在国际羽联的合法席位,从此揭开了国际羽坛历史上新的一页.(朱仲丰)Today, as a good exercise for both young and old,tennis is very popular.The park, school, community, the stadium can be seen everywhere in the powerful figure and agile movements.According to the
survey, tennis is popular in school, more than 80% of the students thave the interest of tennis, and many families regard badminton as a family first outdoor sports.如今,作为一项老少皆宜的运动,羽毛球很受人们的喜爱。公园里、学校里、社区里、体育馆里到处可见那矫健的身影和灵活的动作。根据有关调查,羽毛球是学校受欢迎排名第三的运动,八成以上的学生都对羽毛球敢兴趣或很感兴趣,而很多家庭也把羽毛球作为家庭户外第一运动。
(邓诗轩)Do you like badminton? Why? Let's listen to Wu declaration to share his love of badminton :
你喜欢羽毛球吗?为什么?让我们先来听听吴宣言给我们分享他喜欢羽毛球的原因:(吴宣言)1.Playing badminton,and youcan exerciseyour a
person's perseverance, stubborn character, because tennis
can help you familiar with the opponent in your opponents
weaknesses, so you can bevery easy to be temporarily
suppressed, if you do not have perseverance character,estimated that people kill you several goals, you have no
faith with the opponent, even all have no confidence, how
can we talk about?
1.打羽毛球,能锻炼一个人的坚毅、顽强的品格,因为羽毛球在单打时,在你熟悉对手,知道对手弱点之前,很容易被暂时的压制,如果你没有坚毅顽
强的品格,估计人家杀你几个球,你就已经没有信心跟对手较量了,连信心
都没有,一切又从何谈起呢?Badminton can know a lot of friends, a good friend is
the wealth of your life.2.打羽毛球能认识很多朋友,好朋友是你一生的财富。
(邓诗轩)Any other classmates to share why he likes badminton with us?
有没有其他同学与我们分享他喜欢羽毛球的原因
第二篇:英语课堂演讲稿
English speech
Today I want to share the differences of Family Education between Chinese and American culture.when it comes to family education.What do you think?
The relationship: In China, today most families have only one child, so children become the focus.The parents take the attitude of compliance(服从)with the children and let their children enjoy themselves.They meet any of the children need ,too preferential(优先)treatment for children in life.Too much emphasis on economic.This can make the family relations of inequality(不平等).But in America parents pay more attention to get along with of there children and treat them with freedom and equality.They respect there child from the birth, pay attention to the personal autonomy(自主权)to the child, lets the child learn to make their own decisions in society and solve their kinds of problems which they faced independently.Then concept of educating the children: Chinese family education tends to focus on whether children have ambition, can find a good job, and whether go through in prosperity.Based on this wish, in the growing process of children, besides the meticulous(一丝不苟)care on life, they particularly concerned about the child's IQ, in order to get their children(望子成龙,望女成凤), in addition to study, don't let the children do all the things.The American family is different from the Chinese family, their starting point is to improve the child’s ability to adapt to the environment and survive independently.Based on this concept, they attach to the child's own exercise.They generally thought that a child's growth must rely on their own strength.So since the
childhood they pay attention to the independent consciousness(意识)of children.Education mode: In China, parents arrange everything in life.There exists this phenomenon: parents take pupils to school and pick up them home after school.Parents wash the clothes for middle school students.Parents escorted(陪伴)the college students to the university.Parents set free for the children on economic.Therefore many pupils have mobile phones, digital cameras, MP3 of high-grade consumer goods, these virtually(实质上)contributed to their luxury wasteful habit.Through the ages, exam-oriented education has been deeply shackles of Chinese parents thought.American children show strong independent life ability since the childhood.They have the strong independent ability.Most children over the age of 18,make money by themselves.Their mind is adapted to the market economy.They have the ability to adapt to the social environment.Because of hard training since childhood, the American children, with perseverance and courage to overcome difficulties.Altogether, it is easy to see different relations with family members, children rearing(抚养)and education methods which produced two very different education results, which is better is very clear.So we should not only bring honor to the Chinese nation in thousands of year’s splendid civilization, but also learn from western culture, especially family education.We should change the backward(落后)ideas, extend family education field, rich family education content, improve education methods, and cast the ancient and modern, combine Chinese and western.Only in this way can we make a special next generation.
第三篇:小学英语课堂活动
小学英语课堂活动
设计与艺术
小学英语课堂活动
热身——复习——导入——呈现 操练——拓展——巩固——作业——板书
人与人的差距:一
老师播放歌曲,导入今天主题
向学生展示节日图片,让学生用英文说出月份。如:教师展示新年的图片,学生说出“January”,对于没有学生熟悉的节日的月份,教师可使用“after…”或“before…”进行启发引导。
人与人的差距:二
老师播放歌曲,导入今天的主题trip 1.Enjoy some pictures about students’ trips. 2.Free Talk T: Hello, boys and girls.I’m Miss Wang.It is the first time we learn English together.Hope we will have a good time. I’m new here.Would you please tell me your name? … 3: Information Card T: I’m going to introduce myself by an information card.Can you get some information from the card? S1: Your name is… S2: Your English name is… S3: You like to read books. S4: You like to take a trip.人与人的差距:三
老师将句子What do you like after class?写在黑板上,并讲解该句的意思。 T请学生看黑板上的句型:what do you usually do after class? I like playing ping-pong.I like playing computer games. T:当你想了解对方业余生活的时候,你怎么问?(指着黑板上的句子) 学生心领神会地回答What do you like after class? T听后对学生竖起大拇指
教师让学生看PPT上的weekend一词,尽可能多用英语说出能想到的周末活动,如go swimming等,接着用学生已经学过的句型what do you usually do at the weekends?提问,并呈现本课重点句型How do you spend your weekends? T: What do you usually do at the weekend? Ss: I usually… Sometimes I …
T: How about you? How do you spend your weekends? S: I often…
T:(转向另一个学生)How do you spend your weekends? …
人与人的差距:四
板书单词,并带读几遍
在师生互动交流的基础上,教师为学生提供时间空间,让学生在模仿的基础上进行自由交流,互动表演,并选2-3组进行展示。 T: Now please talk about your weekends in pairs.人与人的差距:五
T指着黑板上的答句,让学生做两个词组替换问答的练习。教师让学生两两活动,要求学生运用黑板上的句型。
教师介绍:Oh, their weekends are so wonderful.How about your weekend? 用PPT呈现任务后,教师提出采访和写报告的要求:Please interview your classmates or teachers.要求学生尽可能多地运用所学的句型进行采访。人与人的差距:六
老师要学生翻开书,一边听磁带一边读课文。
(1)教师出示一张有12个月份的年历,其中12月份里有一颗红心。教师问学生Why is there a red heart in December? 启发学生猜测,不追求正确答案。重在启发学生的思考和想象,鼓励学生大胆表达个人猜测。(2)教师告诉学生,下面听一个故事,从故事中他们可以找到问题的答案。教师先让学生听第一段,回答两个问题:Who is Amy? Who is Sam? (3)学生回答完前面两个问题后,教师继续播放故事,学生继续回答问题:When is Amy’s birthday? When is her Dad’s birthday? When is her Mum’s birthday? Why is there a red heart in December?
差距在哪里?
设计的艺术+表述的艺术
导入与单词呈现的设计
功能:活跃课堂气氛,调动学生积极性,拉近师生心理距离,活跃学生思维,复习已有知识,为学习新知识做好准备 直观,形象,生动,自然,有效……
常见的设计套路
确定导入引出的第一个内容(主题词) 反推与该主题词相关的内容(以便复习) 在复习旧知识的同时通过师生互动引出新知识
案例一
1.热身及复习。
(1)向学生展示节日图片,让学生用英文说出月份。如:教师展示新年的图片,学生说出“January”。
(2)做关于“月份”的英文单词游戏:教师从12个月份的单词卡中抽出一张,展示给学生(自己不看),并随机说出一个月份的名称。如果教师说的月份与单词卡上的月份一致,学生跟读单词;如果不一致,学生保持沉默。 2.新课学习。
(1)教师出示一张有12个月份的年历,其中12月份里有一颗红心。教师问学生Why is there a red heart in December?教师启发学生猜测,不追求正确答案。重在启发学生的思考和想象,鼓励学生大胆表达个人猜测。
案例二
1.猜图游戏
教师用多媒体课件展示模糊的马赛克图片,鼓励学生猜测是什么场所,并引出图片是学校,进而让学生猜测学校里有什么设施。
T: Yes, it’s a school.It’s my school in Wuhan.Can you guess what’s in the school? 教师引导学生使用there be 句型表达,猜测学校里可能有的设施。 在学生进行了适当的猜测后,教师提示出学校的部分设施,但仍有三处打有马赛克,让学生根据教师的引导继续猜测。
T: How about the blue part? What’s this? There is some water in it and we can swim here. 教师引导学生猜出蓝色的区域是游泳池,并板书领读单词swimming pool.案例三
师生共唱英文歌曲wish you happy every day 歌词:We say hello from Sunday to Saturday.We wish you happy every day.Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. 师生自由谈论,用学过的句型自然引出本课重点单词weekend. T: Do you like this song? Ss: Yes. T: How many days are there in a week? Ss: Seven. T: What day is it today? Ss: It’s Friday. T: Oh, tomorrow is the weekend.The weekend is coming.套路总结
老师向学生呈现与……有关的图片,如……,引导大家复习学过的单词。 T: OK, boys and girls.Look, here are some pictures.What can you say when you see them? S1: 接着,老师与同学轻松互动,引导学生猜测老师最喜欢的是什么。 T: You have done a good job.Now, I have a question.Do you like …? Which one do you like best? Do you know what is my favorite? You may guess. S1: 在适当的时候,老师展示……等图片,同时呈现单词……,并转身板书。 Look.I have got… here.Yes, it is ….Read after me. 设计意图:用直观图片复习了关于……的旧知识,然后在互动过程中自然引出新单词……,这样活跃了课堂气氛,吸引了学生注意力。在这样的基础上,学生接触学习新知识比较自然。
实战
Unit 8 Summer Vacation 8A
Summer vacation is coming.What will you do in summer? I will go to see my grandma.They live in the UK.I will go by plane.That’s cool.What will you do in London? I will visit Big Ben. Unit 4 Buying New Clothes 4A
Can I help you, madam? Yes, please.My daughter wants a dress.And my son wants a pair of shorts.I want a cap, too.What about this pink dress? I like the color.Can I try it on? She looks beautiful in her new dress.I’ll buy it.单词词组的操练的设计
Read books T: I read books.I like reading books.Do you like reading books? S1: Yes. T: Great!So you can say, “I like reading books.” Once again. S1: I like reading books. T: I like reading books.I have a lot of books in my study. 教师向学生呈现一些关于书籍的图片
T: Look.I have science books, picture books, animal books… I like reading animal books.What kind of books do you like? Ss: I like reading…
单词词组的操练设计套路
替换 拓展 情境对话 看图说话
课文(句型)的呈现设计
课文内容
In my dream school there are many chocolate trees and cola pools.I have candy desks and pizza chairs.
I can fly, play toys and ride a horse.I sometimes dream that there are no teachers.I often dream of magic books.When I read books, I can see the stories in front of me.
In my dream school I am very happy. 教师向学生介绍,今天要参观另一所学校,比这个学校更好,引出本节课的内容。
T: There is a school in the boy’s dream.It’s not an ordinary school.It’s a dream school.Today we will talk about My Dream School. Now, let’s guess what’s in the boy’s dream school.I’ll give you some hints… 3.听录音,回答问题
T: Let’s listen and get some information.Listen for the first time and answer the question: What’s in his dream school?
T: Now let’s listen for the second time and answer the second question: What can he do in his dream school? 课文内容
Narrator: Amy is a pretty girl.She has a dog.Its name is Sam.Today, Amy finds a red heart in December. Amy: Why? It isn’t my birthday.My birthday is in May.Is it Dad’s birthday? Dad, when is your birthday? Dad: My birthday is in July. Amy: Mum, when is your birthday? Mum: My birthday is in September. Amy: But, whose birthday is in December? Sam:Woof!Woof! Amy: Wow, I know it.It’s Sam’s birthday.Happy birthday, Sam.(1)教师出示一张有12个月份的年历,其中12月份里有一颗红心。教师问学生Why is there a red heart in December?教师启发学生猜测,不追求正确答案。重在启发学生的思考和想象,鼓励学生大胆表达个人猜测。(2)教师告诉学生,下面听一个故事,从故事中他们可以找到问题的答案。教师先让学生听第一段,回答两个问题:Who is Amy? Who is Sam? (3)学生回答完前面两个问题后,教师继续播放故事,学生继续回答问题:When is Amy’s birthday? When is her Dad’s birthday? When is her Mum’s birthday? Why is there a red heart in December?
课文与句型呈现设计套路
一:设置悬念 二:呈现问题
三:带着问题听录音(读课文) 四:回答问题 五:提炼句型
悬念的艺术
T: What a beautiful school you have!But, there is a school more beautiful.Do you want to know something about it? T: OK.What is in this school? You may guess.I will give you some hints. T: Very good.You have wonderful imagination.Now, let’s listen to the tape and find out the answers.Here are some questions.You can answer the questions after listening.回答问题的艺术
Q1: What is in the boy’s dream school? Q2: What can he do in this school? Q3: He often dreams that there are _____ teachers. Q4: He sometimes dreams of _____ books.设计意图的表述
悬念:引起学生兴趣,激发学生的好奇心与求知欲,为接下来呈现课文做了准备。
带着问题听录音读课文:学生能够学会集中注意力,练习在听或读的过程中捕捉重要信息。
回答问题:进一步操练巩固所学单词,并同时提炼出重点句型,为接下来的句型操练做了准备。
实战训练一
Unit 7 Today is Monday.阅读Mike’s week(What does he/she do…?) Mike is a Canadian boy.From Monday to Friday, he goes to school.After school, he does many things. On Monday, he goes to the library.He loves reading.Every Tuesday evening, Mike has violin class.On Wednesday afternoon, he plays football with his friends. Then after school on Thursday, he watches TV at home.On Friday evening, Mike goes to the movie theater. On Saturday and Sunday, Mike doesn’t go to school.He goes out with his family.实战训练二
Chinese New Year Dear Su Hi, How are you? It’s going to be Chinese New Year next week.I’m very excited. Tomorrow, my family and I are going to buy some new clothes and food.Then, in the evening, we’re going to make some cakes and tangyuan. On Chinese New Year’s Eve, we’re going to have dinner with my grandparents, my aunt and uncle and my cousin.Then, we’re going to buy some flowers. On Chinese New Years Day, my parents are going to give me red packets.Then, we’re going to watch a lion dance in the afternoon. On the second day of Chinese New Year, we’re going to watch fireworks in the evening. What are you going to do at Chinese New Year? 课文(句型)的操练、拓展与巩固
1.在学生回答问题的过程中,教师有目的地张贴或板书本课人物头像和部分任务的周末活动图片,为帮助学生深入学习课文做好铺垫。
2.学生阅读课文,完成图示填空练习,并根据图示进行更多的互动问答。 设计意图:根据图示内容,在师生示范的基础上,教师为学生提供生生之间操练和展示的机会。学生操练时,教师引导学生尽可能多地使用学过的不同句型,进一步突出了本课重点内容的学习、运用和掌握,提高了教学环节的针对性和有效性。
课文与句型的操练
1.机械——带读,跟读,分角色读 2.意义——情境,看图替换 3.交际——对话,同桌互动 4.任务——交际,小组任务
意义
1.机械——带读,跟读,分角色读 2.意义——情境,看图替换 3.交际——对话,同桌互动 4.任务——交际,小组任务
交际
T: You have done a good job.So, here let’s do a brainstorming.When you see …, what will you think of? Try to say as many as possible. 教师将学生的回答以板书行书体现在黑板上,并要求学生根据自身实际情况与同桌进行英语交际。
T: Now, you can practice the dialogue with your deskmates.You can use the phrases on the blackboard.If you have problems, please ask me for help. 设计意图:
任务——精髓是交际有结果
Interview Survey Discussion Plan making Letter Post 实战训练
Unit 9 Day and night Today is Sunday.Ann and Ken are very happy.They don’t have to go to school.They get up late and eat breakfast at 9 o’clock.Ann and Ken go out at 10 o’clock.They go to the bookstore at 11 o’clock.Then they eat lunch in a restaurant at one o’clock.They go to the supermarket at 2:15.Then they go swimming at 4 o’clock.Splash!They have fun there. Ann and Ken get home at 5 o’clock.They are very hungry. Unit 9 A football game
Hi, my dear friends.My name is Billy and my birthday is on March 7th.I am from Brazil.My favorite game is football.I like football very much, but I am not a player on my school team.I play football every day with my friends after school.We have a very big and nice football field at our school.Sometimes there are football games between schools.I often go and cheer for them. What’s your favorite game? When and where do you play? Please e-mail me about it. Unit 7 The mountain bike race
There is a mountain bike race next Saturday.Do you want to enter? You must be more than 10 years old.You must have a good mountain bike.You must mail the entry form before Wednesday. You have to wear a helmet… You must check your bikes.Always check the tires before you ride.Never ride with a flat tire.All competitors must read the sign, too.板书设计
Moudle8 School Unit1 What time does school start? before What time do you get up? exercise I get up at six o’clock. playground skip
What time does school start? My school starts at eight o’clock.板书设计一
What are you going to do? I am going to watch TV.
do my homework.go shopping.have lunch. 设计意图
板书设计二
I dream that
I dream of there are no teachers.magic books.I can play all the day.a large library.there is no homework.a computer room.设计意图 板书设计三
设计的艺术
套路+用心
第四篇:英语课堂小活动
1. Mingle 交错: Find someone who.学生的信息跃然纸上,然后互相问答找到这个信息的主人。新学期的自我介绍 四
个人拿着
2. Splat.拍.用这个活动学习新的单词。如:老师说英文学生拍图片。学习单词
3. 笑脸,哭脸,lost chance ,have a chance 给学生活动添加了很多乐趣。无论是pair work 还是 group work.增加活动的趣味性。
4. 扔球认人:学生站成圈,例如: I’m Michelle, what’s your name ? 扔给另一个学生。学生在经过一段的熟悉后(记住
同圈伙伴的名字),然后开始扔给自己记住名字的人,首先是叫出对方的名字。如:Hi,Helen.Helen 接着扔给自己记住名字的人。新学期的自我介绍
5. Jump in jump out introduce yourself.围成一圈,学生向前跳,向后跳,然后介绍自己。一个接一个的做。新学期的自我介绍除自我介绍还能用于介绍展示其他的东西。
6.hot chairfor describing。新知识的学习
7. Introduce ourselves in two circles.两圈同时相反方向行走,指令停止后跟自己相对应的内外圈互相介绍。然后回来
后叙述自己刚得到的信息。(机器人表格)新学期的自我介绍除自我介绍还能用于介绍展示其他的东西。
8. Boat race 给出主要单词,每个人造一句,构成一个故事。用于写作
9. Detective学生用于新单词的熟悉,给出一个单词。大家齐念。找一个学生做侦探(出门),进入教室发现做小动
作的人。找出做小动作的人。提前做小动作的人会和其他学生沟通好。悄悄的出示小动作。其他学生一看到,学生就停止单词的朗读。当然侦探需要在停止前发现做小动作的人。音标学习也可。学习单词
10. 音标学习的 射击:老师给音标,学生说单词。两列学生分别朝不同的方向前进,听到老师所报的单词中发音
和其他不同的一个,则马上扭头射击。看谁反应速度快。Boxes of sound, pass it around.口诀停到谁那里需想出一个发此音标的单词。新知识的学习。判断正确还是错误。
11. 一个描述,一个画画。There be 句型,或是介词学习时。新知识的学习。
12. Bingo 学习单词。
13. 台风 回答问题,14. Row or column.横排还是数列。回答问题
15. What time is Mr.wolf? 用于分类,比如 水果,蔬菜,肉。新句型的学习。单词句型的学习。新知识的学习。
16. 两个学生对话,不能磕巴,一旦磕巴换成下个人。增加活动的趣味性。
17. 不同情绪的读课文。能够引起学生的兴趣。新知识的学习。
18. Give one.get one新知识的学习。
19. Listen to music, when music stops, try to discuss with the person who is close to you.A small talk.练习对话时。增
加活动的趣味性。
第五篇:英语课堂活动设计
创设真实有效的课堂活动
--国培听课活动心得体会陶村小学 贠怡洁我有幸参加了国培计划农村骨干教师培训活动,今天听了几位老师的公开课,感受颇多,听课的同时发现这几位老师都在课堂上设计了丰富的课堂活动,让我受益颇丰。
小学英语教学的主要途径是课堂教学,而课堂教学又是在教学活动中得以体现的。因此有效的课堂教学活动是顺利达到教学目标的可靠保障。通过聆听这几位优秀教师的课,让我深深的感到新课程标准下的小学英语课堂教学活动必须体现“以人为本”的教学思想,以学生为主体,以活动为中心的教学理念。概括这四节观摩课,发现教师设计的课堂教学活动有以下特点:
①课堂活动的真实性。英语课堂教学要避免机械的重复,要将所学融汇到生活当中,使学生做到能真真正正用英语交流。教师在设计教学活动时选择了贴近小学生生活的内容和场景,如一教师在介绍水果时,出示了真实的水果,当学生见到了自己经常吃的东西出现在课堂上,学习的热情和积极性就被充分地调动。
②活动的趣味性,关注学生的情感态度。利用各种手段充分调动学生的情感因素。从设计活动入手,采用适合学生年龄特点的如:唱歌、画画、猜谜、游戏等活动,以激发其学习兴趣。
③突出学生的主体地位。课堂教学时可以设计安排多种组织形式的活动,有个人的、多人小组的、全班性的;也有教师指导性的、学生合作完成的。在活动中,教师要以教导学,以教促学,让学生能够积极参与各项活动且活动密度大,使学生能努力实践与展示自己。
④注重活动的层次与梯度。整堂课可以是由多个相对独立的教学活动组成,但各活动要形成一个承前启后,互为依存的序列,衔接自然,步骤清楚。如一教师在整节课堂中先由易到难学习了有关食物的单词,然后将单词扩张成句子“What would you like? I’d like some„”,最后将句子放到超市情景当中,让学生对话活动练习,做到了词不离句,句不离境,而且各教学活动的内容和活动形式体现了层次与梯度,使各教学活动由简到繁,由易到难,逐步把以课本为中心的练习活动向以生活为中心的实践活动转化。