美国总统高校演讲分析-终稿

第一篇：美国总统高校演讲分析-终稿

美国总统高校演讲分析

--从语境角度看演讲语篇的顺应性

刘晓冰1宋书渊2

（1河北科技师范学院欧美学院，河北 秦皇岛066004；2秦皇岛职业技术学院，河北 秦皇岛 066100）

摘要: 随着全球化的发展和国际间跨文化交际活动的日益频繁，各国领导人之间的高层访问也越来越多。本文所选择的语料就是三篇美国领导人来访中国时，在三所中国的知名高校所做的演讲。作者运用Verschueren 在1999年提出的顺应论（Adaptation Theory）对三篇演讲稿进行分析。

关键词：语境演讲语篇顺应性

在语言学界对演讲语篇的研究从未停止过，研究的角度也不尽相同，有的是对演讲语篇的文体进行研究，有的是对语篇的内容或者功能进行研究，还有的是进行中英文语篇的对比研究。无论从哪个角度进行研究，目的无非是使演讲语篇理解起来更容易更透彻。基于演讲语篇的一些特点和目前对演讲语篇的研究现状，本文选择从语境入手，对演讲语篇中语言使用的顺应性进行研究。语境是一个受到学术界广泛关注和普遍研究的概念，许多语言学家都对此做过研究，如 Malinowski, Firth, Halliday, Verschueren等等。Verschueren 在1999年提出的顺应论（Adaptation Theory）中，从语用综观的角度对语境的概念进行了阐述，他认为语言的使用是一种选择，而且是对语境的一种顺应性的选择，这一过程是一个持续性的，动态的过程。考虑到理论研究的角度和理论的特点，本文以语境顺应论为理论基础，从语言使用的不同层面对演讲语篇进行分析。Verschureren把语境分为交际语境(communicative context)和语言语境(linguistic context)，其中交际语境除语言使用者(utterer)外还包括社交世界(social world)，心理世界(mental world)和物理世界(physical world)三个部分。语境对语言使用的影响贯穿语言使用的整个过程，使语言使用者对其进行顺应从而作出

语言选择。三位领导人来访时间和演讲地点各不相同，这使得他们演讲的语境因素也有所差异。【1】

从社交世界来讲，里根是第一个在任期间访华的美国总统，他的来访是在十九世纪八十年代，当时中国正处在改革开放初期，整个社会的经济和文化都刚从之前相对封闭的体制中走出来，中美两国正式建立外交关系不久，彼此之间的经贸往来，文化交流并不多； 克林顿北大演讲处在十九世纪末，改革开放的显著成果使中国社会面貌焕然一新，经济的高速发展给社会带来了积极的进步； 布什来访正值二十世纪初，当时中美关系已发展成熟，两国之间交流也日渐频繁，而且中国加入了WTO同时又将在2008年举办奥运会，这一切都表明中国强大了。三位领导人的心理世界有着一个共同点，那就是他们的来访都有相同的目的：让中国更多的了解美国同时发展中美关系。从物理世界来讲，他们虽然选择演讲的高校不同但是三位领导人选择的都是中国国内的著名学府，原因有两个： 一是选择高校作演讲气氛缓和且政治色彩不浓； 二是这些著名学府的学生很有可能成为中国未来的领导人。以上所述主要是对交际语境所作的分析，这三个交际因素共同作用使得三篇演讲稿的总体结构和内容有些相似之处，每篇演讲稿大致都可分为四个部分： 引言，谈论中国，谈论美国，谈论中美关系。这四个部分各形成一个语言语境，演讲者在对交际语境进行顺应的同时对语言语境也进行顺应，这些语境因素对语言选择的影响强弱各有不同，具体还要根据演讲的内容而定。

演讲者在上述的特定语境中所做出的语言选择是对语境的一种顺应，本文从四个方面做了具体分析，演讲者对第一人称代词的选择，对时态和语态的选择以及对平行结构的选择。

三位领导人在演讲的引言部分都大量地使用人称代词“I(my, me)”来表达自己来访的心情和目的, 在谈论美国时大量地使用了排他性“we(our, us)”而在谈论中国时主要选择了包含性“we(our, us)”，因为人称代词“I(my, me)”指代总统本人，排他性“we(our, us)”指代美国人民，包含性“we(our, us)”指代中美两国人民。演讲者对第一人称代词的选择主要是对语言语境顺应的结果，演讲语篇中各个部分的话题不同谈论的内容也不同，所以形成了不同的语言语境使语言的选择有所侧重。

在语言语境相同的情况下三个演讲者对时态的选择也体现着语言使用者对语境的顺应。【2】在谈论中国时克林顿选择了过去时与现在时交替使用，产生对比效果来说明中国改革开放的显著成效； 而布什则用完成时来说明中国已经取得的成就，在展望中国未来发展时用将来时表达他的信心。在谈论美国时里根选择过去时与现在时对比介绍美国的现实情况，而布什用现在时描述美国的现状，这是因为里根来访时中国人民对美国了解较少，选用过去时能更有利的证明他所说的是已经发生了的事实，布什选择现在时是因为他认为介绍美国是在陈述一个事实。这些时态的使用主要是演讲者对交际语境中的社交世界顺应的结果。

语态主要分为主动语态和被动语态，在谈论美国时里根和布什都倾向于交替使用主动语态和被动语态来突出每一句话甚至是每一段的重点，自由、平等及美国人民的价值观和美国的人权成为他们谈论的核心内容。【3】语态的使用可以说是演讲者对现实状况即社交世界的一种顺应性的选择。

平行结构的应用是在语篇的组织上体现出来的，比较有代表性的是：里根的 “must never”，“friendship”平行结构； 克林顿的 “21st century”平行结构；布什的 “you can”，“strong”平行结构等等。这些平行结构的应用体现了三位领导人来访及演讲的目的： 和中国建立友谊，更好的发展外交关系，与中国并肩作战，反对核武器，反对核战争，同时希望中美两国能够共同努力共同发展。对于平行结构的选择是对交际语境中社交世界和心理世界同时顺应的结果。由于篇幅有限本文只选择了四个方面分析语言使用者的语言选择，但是从整体上来看这些选择是贯穿整个语篇的。从另一个角度来说，语言的使用过程就是一个不断进行选择的动态过程。从语料的分析可以得出全文的结论，语境顺应论对于演讲语篇来说也是适用的，即演讲者使用语言的过程是一个选择的过程，而且是对语境的一种不间断的动态顺应过程。这一结论不仅有助于我们对演讲语篇的理解，而且可以帮助我们更好的撰写和发表演讲稿，也希望对英语教师在日后有关演讲语篇的教学中有所帮助。本文是语境顺应论在演讲语篇分析中的一次应用性的尝试，由于所用语料有限，若要得出一个更广义范围的结论，还有待于做进一步的研究。

【1】.Verschueren.J.1999.Understanding Pragmatics.London: Edward Arnold.【2】.任绍曾，1995，英语时态的语篇功能，《外国语》，第三期。

【3】.朱永生，2005，《语境动态研究》北京：北京大学出版社。

【4】.【5】.www.xiexiebang.com

第二篇：美国总统演讲分析

美国总统演讲风格分析

公众演讲作为一种极为特殊的文体,既不同于日常谈话、即席演说等口语体裁,又不同于小说、戏剧、诗歌等文学体裁。它兼具口语和书面语两种文体的语言特点,同时,又和这两种文体有着明显的差异。它扬口语浅显易懂之长,弃口语松散杂乱之短;既保留了书面语庄重文雅之风,又不失口语生动感人之韵,使人听来感到铿锵悦耳,感情充沛,极富感染力和号召力。就语言文体风格方面,从修辞特征、语篇风格等方面对美国总统的演作一些具体的分析。

一、修辞特征

政治演说的目的主要在于向听众宣扬政治主张,使他们信服并按演说者的意图采取行动。这样的演说、必需有力，且具有强烈的煽动性。为达此效果演讲者常常借助于修辞手段。

排比（Parallelism）：由三项或以上的词语或句子构成，其并列的结构相同或类似，意义相关，语气连贯。排比句结构平衡,音韵和谐,语义紧凑,高潮迭起,极富感召力与鼓动性。排比手法常与反复,层进等修辞手法结合使用以增强表达效果。

（1）Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of individuals or a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America.“我们是,我们永远是美利坚合众国”是极度富有感染力的,演讲在这里达一个高潮。（奥巴马）

（2）I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain.He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he’s fought even longer and harder for the country he loves.He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader...在这一段奥巴马高度赞扬了自己的竞选对手美国共和党总统候选人麦凯恩参议员,而且是极其诚恳和足够力度的评价,不带半点讽刺。（奥巴马）

（3）Tonight I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened.这句话透露出布什总统对遇难者的深深地哀悼，情感真切。（布什）

（4）I ask you to share mu prayer that God will search me and know my heart ,try me and know my anxious thought, see if there is any hurtfulness in me ,and lead me toward the life everlasting.这段话情真意切，流露出克林顿总统的悔改之心。（克林顿）

从以上例子我们也可以看出, 演讲中排比句的使用成功地加强了语势, 阐明了观点, 层层递进。用来抒情时, 由浅入深地抒发感情, 节奏和谐, 显得感情洋溢;用来说理时, 条理清晰, 鼓动性强.对比可以使听众更好地理解演讲者的意图, 突出其讲话的重点。演讲中也不时地运用对比手段来进一步阐释演讲者的观点,例如:(1)It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian ,Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...这里将年轻人和老人,有钱人和没钱人,民主党的和共和党的,黑人,白人,西班牙裔人,亚裔人,美国本土人,同性恋,异性恋,残疾的和不残疾的进行罗列对比,这在各类公众演讲中都实属罕见。这种对比的使用显示了奥巴马仁慈、博大的心胸以及人人平等的美国基本理念。（奥巴马）

(2)It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation’s apathy;who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep;from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers.这里将young people与not so young people进行对比。（奥巴马）

暗喻(metaphor)暗喻作为一种非常重要的修辞手段, 是将两种本质不同的事物进行比较, 从而突出其共性的手法。在奥巴马的演讲中也有一些运用,例如:(1)It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen;by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different;that their voice could be that difference.这里“声音”用来暗喻“民主”、“民声”。（奥巴马）

(2)America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world.And no one will keep that light from shining.这里“beacon”用来比喻美国，强调美国充满自由、机遇。（布什）

二、语篇风格 宗教是西方社会文化的重要组成部分,西方社会继承了古罗马基督教的传统,许多西方人信仰上帝,将《圣经》律条作为精神支柱。因此,不少政治演说家都运用基督教义,借助上帝的力量,使其演讲更具感召力。总统就职演说辞也具有浓郁的宗教色彩。

（1）And I pray they will be comforted by a power greater than any of us spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: 'Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil for you are with me.'运用《圣经》的格言，布什向人民传达一个信念：我与你们一起打击恐怖主义，一起维护国家的安全。（布什）（2）„the father of our nation ordered these words198be read to the people:“Let it be told to the future world„that in the depth of winter ,when nothing but hope and virtue could survive„that the city and the country，alarmed at one common danger ,came forth to meet(it).”我们的国父们这样说：“我们要让未来的世界知道„在深冬的严寒里，唯有希望和勇气才能让我们存活下去„面对共同的危险时，我们的城市和国家要敢于上前去面对。”（奥巴马）（3）“Now is the time for turning.The leaves beginning to turn green to red to orange.The birds „ But unless we turn, we will be trapped forever in yesterday’s ways.Lord help us to turn ,from callousness to sensitivity, from hostility„”这段话引用《圣经》，克林顿用它为自己的行为从宗教上进行辩护，自己可以摆脱“旧习俗”,请求别人的原谅。（克林顿）

以上可以看出，美国总统的演说从形式到内容都具有浓郁的宗教色彩。这些祷词、《圣经》引语、及宗教说教等,有助于使演讲得到听众的同情与支持,具有强烈的感召力。

在美国总统演说中有大量气势恢宏的排比句,也不缺乏掷地有声的单句与短语或单词,更不缺乏感染力极强的暗喻、对比等修辞手法的使用。美国总统将这些元素巧妙地搭配在一起就构成一篇篇激情磅礴的演讲

第三篇：美国总统演讲

乔治·华盛顿

美国人民的实验

Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:

Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order，and received on the 14th day of the present month.On the one hand，I was summoned by my Country，whose voice I can never hearbut with veneration and love,from a retreat which I hadchosen with the fondest predilection,and,in my flattering hopes,with an immutable decision,as the asylum of my declining years-a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to inclination ,and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time.On the other hand ,themagnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country called me,being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications,could not but overwhelm with despondence one who（inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration）ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies.In this conflict of emotions all I dare aver is that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected.All I dare hope is that if ,in executing this task ,I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances ,or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my fellow-citizens,and havethence too litter consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before me ,my error will be palliated bythe motives which mislead me,and its consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality in which they originated.Such being the impressions under which I have ,in obedience to the public summons,repaired to the present station ,it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe,who presides in the councils of nations,and whose providential aids can supply every human defect,that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes,and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge.In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good,I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own ,nor those of my fellow-citizens at large less than either.No people can be boundto acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United States.Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency,and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted cannot be compared with the means by which most governments have been established without some return of pious gratitude,along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage.These reflections,arising out of the present crisis,have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.You Will join with me ,I trust,in thinking that there are none under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can more auspiciously commence.By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the

President“to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.”The circumstances under which I now meet you Will acquit me from entering into that subject further than to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are assembled ,and which,in defining your powers ,designates the objects to which your attention is to be given.It will be more consistent with those circumstances,and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me ,to substitute ,in place of a recommendation of particular measures ,the tribute that is due to the talents ,the rectitude ,and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them.In those honorable qualifications I behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local prejudices,will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests,so , on another ,that the foundation of our national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality , and the preeminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the world.I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my country can inspire,since there is no truth more thoroughly established than that there exist in the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between virture and happiness.between duty and advantage.between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity.since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained.and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the tepublican model of government are justly considered,perhaps,as deeply ,as finally,staked on the experiment rntrusted to the hands of the American people.Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care ,it will remain with your judgement to decide how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the system ,or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them.Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject,in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities,I shall again give way to me entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good.for I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government,or which ought to await the future lessons of experience,a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen and a regard for the public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the questions how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.To the foregoing observations I have one to add ,which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives.It concerns myself ,and will therefore be aswbrief as possible.When I was first honored with a call into the service of my country ,then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties ,the light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation.From this resolution I have in no instance departed.and being still under the impressions which produced it ,I must decline as inapplicable to myself.any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department ,and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed may during my continuance in it belimited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been awaken by the occasion which brings us together ,I shall take my present leave.but not without resorting once more to the benign Parent of the Human Race in the humble supplication that ,since He has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquility ,and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security of their union and the advancement of their happiness ,so His divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views ,the temperate consultation ,and the wise measures on which the success of this Government must depend.译文

参议院和众议院的公民们:

在人生沉浮中，没有一件事能比本月十四日收到你们送达的通知更使我焦虑不安。一方面，国家召唤我出任总统一职，对于她的召唤，我只能肃然从命。而隐退是我以挚爱心情，满腔希望和坚定决心所选择的暮年归宿，由于爱好和习惯，且时光流逝，健康渐衰，时感体力不济，越来越感到隐退的必要和珍贵。另一方面，国家召唤我担负的责任如此巨大而艰巨，足以使国内最有才智和经验的人度德量力，而我天资愚钝，又没有民政管理经验，应该倍觉自己能力不足，因此必然感到难以担此重任。怀着这种矛盾的心情，我唯一敢断言的是，通过正确估计可能产生影响的各种情况来恪尽职责，乃是我忠贞不渝的努力目标。我唯一敢祈望的是，如果我在执行这项任务时因沉溺于往事，或因由衷感激公民们对我高度的信赖，因而过分受到了影响，以致在处理从未经历过的大事时，忽视了自己的无能和消极，我的错误将会出于使我误入歧途的各种动机而减轻，而大家在批判错误的后果时，也会适应包涵产生这些动机的偏见。

既然这就是我在遵奉公众召唤就任现职时的感想，那么，在此宣誓就职之际，如不热情地祈求全能的上帝将是一件非常不当的事，因为上帝统治着宇宙，主宰着各国政府，它的神助能弥补人类的任何不足。愿上帝赐福，保佑一个为了美国人民的自由和幸福而组建的政府，保佑它为这些基本目的而做出的贡献，保佑政治的各项行政措施在我负责之下都能成功的发挥作用。我相信，在向公众利益和私人利益的伟大缔造者献这份崇敬时，这些话也同样表了各位和广大公民的心声。没有人能比美国人民更坚定不移地承认和崇拜掌管人类事务的上帝。他们在迈向独立国家的进程中，似乎每一步都有某种天佑的现象。他们在刚刚完成的联邦政府体制的重大改革中，如果不是由虔诚的感恩而获得的某种回报，如果不是谦卑地期待着过去有所预示的赐福的到来，那么，通过众多截然不同的集团的平静思考和自愿赞同来完成改革，这种方式是难以同大多数政府在组建过程中所采用的方式相比的。在目前转折关头，我产生这些想法确实是深有所感而不能自己。我相信大家会和我怀有同感，即如果不能仰仗上帝的力量，一个新生的自由政府就无法做到一开始就事事如意。

根据设立行政部门的条款，总统有责任“将他认为必要而适宜的措施提请国会审议”。但在目前与各位见面的这个场合，恕我不进一步讨论这个问题，而只是提一下伟大的宪法，它使各位今天欢聚一堂，它规定了各位的权限，指出了各位应该注意的目标。在这样的场合，更恰当，也更能反应我内心的激情的做法不是提出具体措施，而是称颂将要规划和采纳这些措施的当选者的才能，正直和爱国心。我从这些高贵品格中看到了最可靠的保证：其一，任何地方偏见或地方感情，任何意见分歧或党派歧视，都不能使我们偏离全局的观念和公平观点，即必须维护这个由不同地区和不同利益所组建的大联合政权；因此，其二，我国的政策将会以纯正不够的个人道德原则为基础，而自由政府将会以赢得民心和全世界尊敬的一切特点而显示其优越性。

我对国家的一片热爱之心激励着我满怀喜悦地展望这幅远景，因为根据自然界法则和发展趋势，在美德与幸福之间，责任与利益之间，恪守诚实宽厚的政策与获得社会繁荣幸福的硕果之间，有着密不可分的关系；因为我们应该同样相信，上帝亲自规定了永恒的秩序和权利法则，他绝不可能对无视这些法则的国家慈颜欢笑；因为人们理所当然地，满怀深情地，也许是最后一次地把维护神圣的自由之火和共和制政府的命运，系于美国人所遵命进行的实验上。

除了提醒各位注意的一般事务外，在当前的时刻，根据激烈反对共和制的各种意见的性质，或根据引起这些意见的不同程度，在必要时行使宪法第五条授予的权利究竟有多大益处，将依靠你们来加以判断和决定。在这个问题上，我无法从过去担任过的职务中得到借鉴 因此我不提具体的建议，而是再一次完全信任各位对公众利益的辨别和追求；因为我相信，各位只要谨慎，避免做出任何可能危及团结而有效的政府利益的修订，或避免作出应该等待未来经验教训的修订，那么，各位对自由人特有权利的尊重和对社会安定的关注，就足以影响大家慎重考虑应在何种程度上坚定不移地加强前者，并有利无弊的促进后者。

除上述建议外，我还补充一点，而且觉得向众议院提出最恰当。这条意见与我有关，因此应当尽量讲得简短一些。我第一次荣幸地响应号召为国家效劳时，正值我国为自由而艰苦奋斗之际，我对我的职责的看法要求我必须放弃任何俸禄。我从未违背过这一决定。如今，促使我作出这一同样决定的想法仍然支配着我，因此，我必须拒绝对我来说不适宜的任何个人津贴可能被列入并成为政府部门常设基金不可分割的一部分。同样，我必须恳求各位，在估算我就任这个职位所需要的费用时，可以根据我的任期以公众利益所需的实际费用为限。

我已经把有感于这一聚会场合的想法告诉了各位，现在我就要向大家告辞；但在此以前，我还在一次以谦卑的心情祈求仁慈的上帝给予帮助。因为承蒙上帝的恩赐，美国人民有了深思熟虑的机会，有了为确保联邦的安全和促进幸福，用前所未有的一致意见来决定政府体制的意向；因而，同样明显的时，上帝将会保佑我们逐步扩大眼界，稳定地进行协商，并采取明智的措施，而这些都是本届政府取得成功所比不可缺少的依靠。

第四篇：美国总统演讲

1.1 Weekly Address: Making America Safer for Our Children 每周电视讲话：为子孙后代留下一个更安全的美国

WASHINGTON, DC — In this week's address, the Presidentreflected on the progress of the past year, and looked forwardto working on unfinished business in the coming year,particularly when it comes to the epidemic of gun violence.Ashe has many times before, the President reminded us thatCongress has repeatedly failed to take action and pass laws thatwould reduce gun violence.That’s why the President a few months ago tasked his White Houseteam with identifying new actions he can take to help reduce gun violence, and on Monday willmeet with the Attorney General to discuss the options.In his address, the President called oneveryone to join him in the fight to reduce gun violence, because it’s going to take all of us tomake America safer for our children.华盛顿：在本周的讲话中，奥巴马总统回顾了过去一年的成就，并展望了未来一年需要完成的事业，尤其是枪支暴力泛滥的问题。正如他以前多次提到的，总统提醒大家记住，国会再一次在立法减少枪支暴力事件上不作为。因此，几个月前，总统指示白宫的团队制定一些新的措施，帮助减少枪支暴力事件。下周一，总统将会见司法部长，与她讨论具体措施。在奥巴马总统的讲话中，他呼吁所有人都与他一起共同战斗，减少枪支暴力，因为这关系到我们每一个人，我们要给我们的孩子一个更安全的美国。

Happy New Year, everybody.I am fired up for the year that stretches out before us.That’sbecause of what we’ve accomplished together over the past seven.大家新年快乐！我满怀期待的心情迎接我们共同的新年。因为过去七年里我们共同取得了巨大的成就。

Seven years ago, our businesses were losing 800,000 jobs a month.They’ve nowcreated jobs for 69 straight months, driving the unemployment rate from a high of10% down to 5%.七年前，我们的企业一个月就有80万人失业。而今，他们已经连续69个月实现就业增长，将失业率从最高的10%降低到5%。

Seven years ago, too many Americans went without health insurance.We’ve nowcovered more than 17 million people, dropping the rate of the uninsured below 10%for the very first time.七年前，大量的美国人没有医疗保险。而今，我们的保险覆盖了1700多万人，使得未参保率第一次下降到10%以下。

Seven years ago, we were addicted to foreign oil.Now our oil imports have plummeted,our clean energy industry is booming, and America is a global leader in the fight againstclimate change.七年前，我们严重依赖海外石油。而今，我们的石油进口量直线下降，清洁能源产业欣欣向荣，美国已经成为全球抗击气候变化的领导者。Seven years ago, there were only two states in America with marriage equality.Andnow there are 50.七年前，全国只有两个州承认同性婚姻合法，而今50个州都认可了。

All of this progress is because of you.And we’ve got so much more to do.So my New Year’sresolution is to move forward on our unfinished business as much as I can.And I’ll be morefrequently asking for your help.That’s what this American project is all about.所有这些成绩的取得都离不开大家的付出。当然我们还有更多的事情要做。因此，我的新年愿景就是继续奋勇前行，尽我所能完成未竟的事业。我将经常性地寻求大家的帮助。因为这是关系到所有美国人民的事业。

That's especially true for one piece of unfinished business, that’s our epidemic of gun violence.对于这样一件事而言尤为如此，那就是当前枪支暴力泛滥的问题。

Last month, we remembered the third anniversary of Newtown.This Friday, I’ll be thinking aboutmy friend Gabby Giffords, five years into her recovery from the shooting in Tucson.And all acrossAmerica, survivors of gun violence and those who lost a child, a parent, a spouse to gun violenceare forced to mark such awful anniversaries every single day.上个月，我们还举行了新城惨案三周年纪念活动。本周五，我也会去看望嘉碧·吉福兹，她度过了图森惨案后五年时间的漫长恢复期。全美各地的枪支暴力案件的幸存者以及那些在枪支暴力事件中失去孩子、父母、配偶的人们，每一天，都不得不面对这种持续的痛苦。And yet Congress still hasn’t done anything to prevent what happened to them from happening toother families.Three years ago, a bipartisan, commonsense bill would have required backgroundchecks for virtually everyone who buys a gun.Keep in mind, this policy was supported by some90% of the American people.It was supported by a majority of NRA households.But the gunlobby mobilized against it.And the Senate blocked it.而现在国会却依然无动于衷，没有做出任何行动来防止此类事件发生在其他家庭身上。三年前，一份两党联合的基本法案本来要求对几乎所有枪支购买人员进行背景审查的。请大家记住，这份法案当时得到了90%的美国民众的支持，而且也得到了美国步枪协会大部分会员的支持。但是，枪支游说团体强烈反对。最后在参议院未获通过。

Since then, tens of thousands of our fellow Americans have been mowed down by gun violence.Tens of thousands.Each time, we’re told that commonsense reforms like background checksmight not have stopped the last massacre, or the one before that, so we shouldn’t do anything.自那时起，成千上万的美国同胞因枪支暴力惨遭杀害。成千上万的人啊。而每一次事件之后，他们总是会说，背景审查之类的普通改革并不一定能阻止这种屠杀事件的发生，也阻止不了以前的事件发生，因此，我们也不必要做任何事情。

We know that we can’t stop every act of violence.But what if we tried to stop even one? What ifCongress did something – anything – to protect our kids from gun violence? 我们都知道，我们是不能阻止每一起暴力事件。但哪怕我们能成功阻止一件呢？哪怕国会做点什么，保护我们的孩子免受枪支暴力威胁，做什么都行。

A few months ago, I directed my team at the White House to look into any new actions I can taketo help reduce gun violence.And on Monday, I’ll meet with our Attorney General, Loretta Lynch,to discuss our options.Because I get too many letters from parents, and teachers, and kids, to sitaround and do nothing.I get letters from responsible gun owners who grieve with us every timethese tragedies happen;who share my belief that the Second Amendment guarantees a right tobear arms;and who share my belief we can protect that right while keeping an irresponsible,dangerous few from inflicting harm on a massive scale.几个月前，我指示白宫的团队去研究，看看可以采用什么新的策略来降低枪支暴力的威胁。下周一，我将会见司法部长洛丽塔·林奇，与她讨论我们的方案。因为，我收到了大量的来信，有父母写的，老师写的，孩子写的，我不能坐视不管。我还收到一些有责任心的拥有枪支的人们的来信，他们说每次的惨案发生他们都深感悲痛。他们有着与我同样的信念，《第二修正案》确保大家有权拥有武器，但同时他们也坚信，我们可以让不负责任、危险的极少数人不能再继续制造屠杀制造杀害，同时保护大家享有这一权利。epidemic adj.流行的；传染性的/ n.传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行 plummet vi.垂直落下；（价格、水平等）骤然下跌 commonsense adj.常识的；具有常识的

inflict vt.造成；使遭受（损伤、痛苦等）；给予（打击等）

12.25 eekly Address: Merry Christmas from the President and First Lady 每周电视讲话：奥巴马总统携夫人祝大家圣诞节快乐！

WASHINGTON, DC — In this week's address, the President and First Lady wished Americans a Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays.They celebrated the values of the season, and in that spirit of gratitude honored all the brave men and women in uniform fighting to keep us safe, as well as the families that stand by them.The President and First Lady asked that everyone take time this holiday season to visit JoiningForces.gov, and find out how to give back to the troops, veterans, and military families in your community.华盛顿：在本周的讲话中，奥巴马总统携夫人祝美国人民圣诞快乐，假期快乐。他们本着共同庆祝节日传统的精神，向每一位身穿军装，保卫我们安全的男女将士以及在他们身后默默支持他们的家人们致敬。总统和第一夫人请大家抽时间登录JoiningForces.gov，网站上会告诉大家如何帮助我们的军人、退伍老兵以及大家所在社区的军属。

THE PRESIDENT: Merry Christmas, everybody!This is one of our favorite times of the year in the Obama household, filled with family and friends, warmth and good cheer.That’s even true when I spend all night chasing Bo and Sunny away from the cookies we leave for Santa.总统：大家圣诞快乐！在奥巴马家，这是一年里大家最喜欢的日子，家里高朋满座，到处洋溢着温暖和欢声笑语。而且我一晚上都得把波波和撒尼赶到一边，免得它们把留给圣诞老人的饼干吃掉了。

It’s also my favorite weekly address of the year, because I’m joined by a special holiday guest star: Mrs.Obama.这也是我一年里最喜欢的一次每周讲话，因为与我一起的还有一位特别的节日明星：奥巴马夫人。

THE FIRST LADY: Merry Christmas, everyone.Here at the White House, we’ve spent the past month helping everyone get into the holiday spirit.第一夫人：大家圣诞节快乐！在白宫，我们花了一个月的时间为大家准备，让大家感受到今年的节日气氛。

Our theme this year is ―A Timeless Tradition,‖ and the decorations in each room reflect some of our country’s most cherished pastimes – from saluting our troops and their families to helping children dream big dreams for their future.今年，我们的主题是“永远的传统”，每个房间的装饰都反映了我们国家一段最珍贵的传统，有向军人和军属致敬的主题，还有帮助儿童畅想未来的主题。

And we’ve invited thousands of families here to the White House to enjoy the festivities – because there’s no holiday tradition more timeless than opening our doors to others.我们还邀请了几千个家庭来到白宫，共同欢度节日，因为，没有什么传统比敞开家门迎接八方来客这个传统更悠久了。THE PRESIDENT: Today, like millions of Americans and Christians around the world, our family celebrates the birth of Jesus and the values He lived in his own life.Treating one another with love and compassion.Caring for those on society’s margins: the sick and the hungry, the poor and the persecuted, the stranger in need of shelter – or simply an act of kindness.总统：今天，与成千上万的美国人民，以及全世界的基督教徒一样，我们一起庆祝耶稣基督的生日，纪念他用一生实现的人生价值。对待他人充满爱和激情。关心生活在社会边缘的人士：病人和吃不上饭的人，穷人和造虐待的人，需要保护的陌生人，或是一个简单的善举。That’s the spirit that binds us together – not just as Christians, but as Americans of all faiths.It’s what the holidays are about: coming together as one American family to celebrate our blessings and the values we hold dear.这是将我们团结在一起的精神，不仅仅对基督徒如此，这也是各种信仰的美国人民所认可的精神。这正是节日的意义所在：像一个美国大家庭一样团结起来，共同庆祝我们的价值观，彼此祝福。

During this season, we also honor all who defend those values in our country’s uniform.Every day, the brave men and women of our military serve to keep us safe – and so do their families.在这个节日里，我们也向身穿军装，保卫我们的价值观的军人们致敬。每一天，英勇的男女将士以及他们的家人们都在为国服务，保卫我们的安全。

THE FIRST LADY: So as we sing carols and open presents, as we win snowball fights...第一夫人：所以，我们唱圣诞歌，收到礼物，打赢雪仗的时候„ THE PRESIDENT: Or lose snowball fights...总统：或者打输雪仗的时候„

THE FIRST LADY: Let’s also take time to pay tribute to those who have given our country so much.Go to JoiningForces.gov to see how you can serve the troops, veterans, and military families in your community.第一夫人：我们别忘了向所有这些为这个国家付出这么多的人们致敬。你可以登录JoningForces.gov,网站上会告诉你如何为军人、退伍老兵以及你所在社区的军属服务。And together, we can show them just how grateful we are for their sacrifice.That’s a tradition we all can embrace – today and every day.总之，我们可以向他们表达我们对他们付出的牺牲的感激之情。这是我们今天以及未来每一天都会保持下去的传统。

THE PRESIDENT: So on behalf of Malia, Sasha, Bo, Sunny, and everyone here at the White House – Merry Christmas.May God bless our troops and their families.And may God bless you all with peace and joy in the year ahead.总统：因此，我们谨代表玛莉亚、萨莎、波波、撒尼以及在白宫过节的所有人，祝大家圣诞节快乐！愿上帝保佑我们的军人以及他们的家人。愿上帝保佑大家在新的一年里平安吉祥！

第五篇：政治演讲资料终稿

竞争与合作事例

一，合作 利

(1)合作能够使自己和合作伙伴把一些难题很快的解决,提高效率.(2)合作可以加强你和合作者的感情.(3)合作可以使一些双方都很头痛的问题使自己的大脑转锝更快

弊

(1)彼此依赖，自主学习能力受到影响(2)互模仿，想象创造力受到抑制(3)缺乏主动，小组合作流于形式(4)缺乏平等，引发幼儿之间的矛盾

(5)小组合作，常因分歧造成合伙失败。

(6)合作有时容易造成工作纷乱，达不预期合作的目的。

事例：

利：一家人有五个儿子，但是五个儿子“各有千秋”，长子质朴，次子聪明，三子目盲，四子驼背，五子跛脚。如果按照常理看，这家人的日子一定过得相当艰难。可是出人意料的是，这家人的日子却过得挺顺当。有好奇的人一打听，才知道这家的五个儿子各有安排。让质朴的老大务农，让聪明的老二经商，老三目盲正好可以按摩，背驼的老四可以搓绳，跛足的老五便成了守家纺线的好手。这一家人各展其长，各尽其长，日子过得能不顺当么？

二，竞争 利

(1)可以不断的使自己和对手进步.(2)可以让自己有种优患意识.孟子说过生于忧患,死于安乐.(3)再竞争中对手和你可以互相学习互相改正自己的缺点.还可以让对手成为朋友.弊

(1)在竞争中对手为了取胜往往用一些卑鄙的手段(2)竞争会使人的心灵变的肮脏

事例 1.利

英国某空调公司一直处于低迷状态。

一天，总经理理查尔斯·史考勃走进工厂，问一位工人说：“请问，你们这一班今天制造了几部空调？”“6部。”工人答道。总经理没再说话，只是拿了一支粉笔在地板上写下一个大大的阿拉伯数字———“6”，然后转身离开车间。夜班工人接班时，看到那个“6”字，明白了老总的用意，交班时就把地板上的“6”改写成“7”字。日班工人接班时当然看到了那个很大的“7”字，于是他们决定给夜班工人点颜色看看，发奋抓紧干活，下班时，又把地板上的“7”字改成了颇具示威性的特大的“10”字。不久，空调公司顿现生机，重振雄风。

学营销：这个公司成功的奥秘在于总经理善于调动工人的积极性和创造力，使他们主动工作、乐于竞争。其实，一个企业就是一个小社会。把乐趣还给员工，员工将还给你一座银山、一座金矿。

2.弊

08年9月1日起相继报道称许多婴儿因吃三鹿奶粉而患肾结石，三鹿公司也承认奶粉受三聚氰胺污染。各地报告患儿共6244例 158人肾衰竭3人死亡。全国上下，一片哗然。

为何掺假？原因之一：生产奶粉的企业多、竞争激烈，而原料价格一涨再涨，为获得更多利润，只能用添加剂，以次充好，降低成本，不顾后果。相关责任人已按法律程序接受处罚和制裁！

三, 竞争与合作的关系 1.刘国梁与孔令辉在 场上是对手 场下是朋友（课本上）

2.辩论赛

四、“套话”： 1.竞争

优胜劣汰，适者生存”的格言。“竞争是社会发展的催化剂”，它是促进人类文明的动力。宇宙万物的发展变化过程证明了：“竞争（或矛盾斗争）是宇宙万物 发展的根本动力。竞争越强物质发展变化越快，反之则慢。“强者生存，弱者消亡。” 2.合作

俗话说“兄弟一心，齐力断金。”一个人的力量太小，只有拥有合作，才能拥抱成功。一人之力是站在海岸遥望海中已经看得见桅杆尖头了的一只航船，需要风浪的推动；一人之力是立于高山之巅远看东方已经光芒四射喷薄欲出的一轮朝日，需要朝霞的映衬；一人之力是躁动于母腹中的快要成熟了的婴儿，需要母体的滋养。

3.竞争与合作

不少人认为，竞争就是你死我活，竞争就不能有合作。竞争双方似乎注定是利益截然对立的“冤家”对头。其实，换一种思路看，情况并不一定是这样。

也就是说, 在做蛋糕的时候必须进行合作, 而在分蛋糕的时候必须进行竞争。如果竞争者拼死相争而将整个蛋糕都毁掉了,彼此什么都没得到, 这是双输或共输。同理, 如果只讲合作而不谈竞争, 己得不到的饼,也是不明智的, 这是你输他赢。从最终利益看, 由于群体的能力不是所有个体能力的简单加总, 它作为一个系统, 群体内个体力量的凝结和优势互补, 往往会使群体整体性发生质变,产生出与原来个体不同的新特性、新功能。正是互助与合作不可比拟的优势, 才使个体间的联合成为比竞争更普遍、意义更重大的自然与社会现象。