第一篇:2013年6月和12月英语六级考试作文真题及
2013年6月、12月英语六级考试作文真题及范文
2013年上半年的四六级考试已结束,网络课堂四六级辅导团队第一时间力邀四级、六级辅导名师对此次真题进行解析。以下是对六级写作的思路指导及范文,希望即将参加六级考试的同学能以此为借鉴,运用到自己的写作当中,举一反三。
Directions: For this part, you areallowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Asmile is the shortest distance between two people”.You may citesome examples to support you view.You should write at least 150 words but nomore than 200 words。
难度:
典型的谚语警句型的文章,相比其他三篇难度低很多,谚语本身非常好理解,并且是最好用谚语警句模板套用的一篇。
思路:
第一段:开篇引用+表义(微笑缩短了人与人的距离)+深意(生活中,我们应该微笑面对他人)
第二段:正能量(微笑的魔力,比如可以让我们交到更多朋友,可以化解尴尬,对于商家来说微笑可以带来更多商机等,还可反面论证一下,没有了微笑,生活就会失去温暖和色彩,等等)+举例(必须要举例!题目要求了。可以写某企业微笑服务取得成功,或者你自己参加面试因为微笑所以获得面试官认可等)
第三段:再次强调微笑的重要性+我们自己具体应该怎么做
范文:
A smile, asthe proverb has it, is the shortest distance between two people.In otherwords, a smile could serve as a bridge to connect two people and shorten thedistance between two hearts.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys athought-provoking notion that we should always be friendly and polite to otherpeople。
First andforemost,asmile proves to be the most effective way to break the ice between twostrangers.In addition, being warm-hearted and friendly could promote mutualunderstanding and friendship.Those who always wear a warm smile are sure to bemore popular than those who treat others with coldness and indifference.ZhuDan is a case in point.She is said to practice smiling in front of the mirrorfor hours everyday before walking up onto the stage.Finally, she becomes oneof the most famous hostesses in China。
To conclude,nothing can be more effective than a warm smile in bringing people closer.Hence, it is advisable for people to open their mind and treat others withsincerity and warmth.Only in this way can we win more friends。
2013年上半年的六级考试已结束,以下是对六级写作的思路指导及范文,希望即将参加英语六级考试的同学能以此为借鉴,运用到自己的写作当中,举一反三。
Directions: For this part, you areallowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark zk.hushine.com “Goodhabits result from resisting temptation”.You may cite someexamples support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than200 words。
难度:
谚语本身的难度大于上一个题目,resist和temptation两个词对部分学生有一定难度,但其实都是四六级词汇啊!
思路:
第一段:开篇引用+深意(这里直接写深意就可以了:生活中充满了各种诱惑,抵御诱惑才能养成好习惯或者我们应该学会抵御诱惑)
第二段:正能量(抵御诱惑的益处,比如:让我们能专心致志去做更有意义的事情等)+举例(必须要举例!题目要求了。)
第三段:再次强调抵御诱惑对于培养好习惯很重要+我们自己具体应该怎么做
范文:
Good habits,so the proverb has it, result from resisting temptation.Or, to put it anotherway, in a dazzling world of myriad temptations,onecan foster good habits only if his excessive desire is controlled and thetemptation is resisted。
It is easy forthose who fail to resist temptation to go astray or get into bad habits underthe influence of evil companies.Arecent survey reveals that teens smoke, takedrugs, and ride with drunk drivers not because they haven't thought about therisks, but because they are tempted by their peers to try new things.By contrast,those who succeed in resisting temptation can always devote themselves to moremeaningful things.Take college students for example.Only if we resist thetemptation of playing computer games or other meaningless entertainments can weform such good habits as reading, keeping good hours, to name just a few。
In short, infostering good habits, nothing can be more important than resisting temptation.Hence, it is essential that schools,educatorsand parents combine efforts to cultivate young people’s ability of tellingright from wrong as well as guide them in fostering correct views on life andvalues.Only in this way can good habits be formed。
Directions: For this part, you areallowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Earthprovides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’sgreed”.You may cite some examples support you view.You should write atleast 150 words but no more than 200 words。
难度:
谚语本身的难度一般,其中要注意greed, 即为greedy(贪婪)的名词。思路:
这题写成问题解决型,写人类过渡开发自然资源,破坏环境,资源危机等等,我个人认为也不偏题。当然,写成谚语题更好。
第一段:开篇引用+表义(我们的地球给我们人类提供了丰富的自然资源,但是因为人类的贪婪,我们的资源正慢慢枯竭等等)+深意(我们应该节约资源,保护地球)
第二段:正能量(节约资源有利于子孙后代可持续发展,否则。。还可反面论证下)+举例(用我们经常看到一些现象,把例子印出来:比如过渡开采煤矿造成资源紧缺,过渡捕鱼,捕猎造成生态失衡,围湖造田,比如一些旅游景点过度开发,环境被破坏都可以)
第三段:再次强调保护自然资源重要性+我们自己具体应该怎么做
范文:
Earth, as aremark has it, provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’sgreed.In other words, natural resources of the world are abundant enough tomeet the demand of human beings.Nevertheless, should people exploit naturalresources of the Earth recklessly and excessively, these resources would beexhausted one day.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys athought-provoking notion that we should effectively protect, rationally exploitand economize on natural resources。
Saving suchresources as water, coal, oil and wood could ensure the sustainable developmentof the society and environment.Otherwise, nothing would be left for the futuregeneration.The Amazon rainforest, which is called the lung of the Earth, is acase in point.Due to deforestation, the area of the Amazon rainforest has beendwindling year by year and many species there are endangered。
In short, wehave only one Earth.On no account could we exploit natural resourcesexcessively.Hence, it is imperative for us to cherish and protect the naturefor the benefit of future generations and ourselves.Only in this way can wepreserve a beautiful, harmonious, abundant and varied world。
2013,12
1.Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of information explosion by reffering to the saying “a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”.You can cite examples to illustrate your point and thenexplain what you can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【点评】
本次作文主题围绕“信息爆炸给大众带来的困扰”,难度较小。最近几年六级作文题都是紧扣时代特征,实用性较强,不会导致考生无话可说、无理可讲。
本题型还是按照三段式,第一段可从题中的谚语着手,引出论点。第二段主要辩证论点“信息爆炸反而给大众带来的注意力转移、无法集中等”,可以举出生活化的实例。第三段给出问题的解决方法。注意在写作过程中要有理有据、条理清晰即可。
【参考例文】
Ways to Get Over Information Explosion
As a famous saying goes, “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”.Nowadays we are in the Information Age.Some people keep complaining about distraction by the information explosion.Admittedly, the new information age has brought us so much convenience that we are allowed to get enough information just with a simple click sitting in front of the computers.Nevertheless, we are also confused, annoyed, distracted and upset by an incredibly large quantity of information.For example, when
searching for something online, people are easily carried away by irrelevant information and forget their original plan.Besides, some information often turns out to be useless and is actually advertisement.Therefore, it can be
time-consuming and troublesome to search information online.Then what we can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? Here I have some useful tips: Firstly, make a list of what you really want before your searching.This will help you to refuse some appealing, yet irrelevant
information.Secondly, find some trustful and professional sources or websites and then save and categorize them.In this case, you can easily leave some ads and useless information behind.2.Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.” You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【点评】
本次作文主题围绕“幸福的源泉”,难度不大。虽然表面有些抽象,但根据题干意义还是可以迅速地将本文分成2-3部分:1.总述幸福产生源泉,不是没有问题,而是处理问题的能力。
2.阐述自身有哪些解决问题、保持幸福的方法。
Happiness – Go for it
In this long journey we call “life”, everybody is in pursuit of happiness and has their own interpretation of happiness.An inspiring idea is that happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them, which reveals the very truth about happiness.It cannot be achieved through waiting, but only
through striving.There is no way that life always progresses as we wish.Problems may occur and we find ourselves in trouble, but it doesn't mean we are deprived of happiness.There are numerous examples for us to follow: disabled people overcoming obstacles, patients fighting against disease, poverty-stricken people achieving their dreams--all these inspiring heroes.Their lives are definitely not problem-free, but they have found happiness by courageously solving problems.Therefore, it is essential to develop the ability to deal with problems.We need to muster our courage and confidence to face the fact.Meanwhile, we need to find effective ways to cope with them.In a word, if we stay strong and approach problems effectively, there will be no storm in life that we cannot weather.And after the storm, happiness is within our reach.3.Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【点评】
本次作文主题围绕“有意义的生活”,由于本次主题有些抽象,难度稍大。以下是一条可行思路:1.由谚语引出话题,表述自己对生活的看法。2.引出具体例子,作为自己观点的支撑。
3.给出自己的行动方向,如何“过有意义的生活”。
Among all the highlighted topics, there is “how to live a meaning life?”
Everyone has his or her own opinion.As the saying has it, “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.” I cannot agree any more.If our life is just to pursue something for ourselves, we will surely feel fruitless and meaningless when we grow old.From Steve Jobs’s bibliography, we can get that the people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do.Steve Jobs has brought a great many changes to our world.His life, although short, definitely outlast.That’s a life worth living.Therefore, if there is a way to make my life meaningful, it should be to find something I’m interested in and also helpful to others or the whole society.Only in this way can I keep my passion throughout my life until I finally fulfil my life.
第二篇:2013年6月英语六级考试作文真题及
新东方在线:http://
2013年6月英语六级考试作文真题及范文(1)
新东方在线 2013年上半年的四六级考试已结束,新东方在线网络课堂四六级辅导团队第一时间力邀四级、六级辅导名师对此次真题进行解析。以下是对六级写作的思路指导及范文,希望即将参加六级考试的同学能以此为借鉴,运用到自己的写作当中,举一反三。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the
remark “A smile is the shortest distance between two people”.You may cite some examples to support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.难度:
典型的谚语警句型的文章,相比其他三篇难度低很多,谚语本身非常好理解,并且是最好用谚语警句模板套用的一篇。
思路:
第一段:开篇引用+表义(微笑缩短了人与人的距离)+深意(生活中,我们应该微笑面对他人)
第二段:正能量(微笑的魔力,比如可以让我们交到更多朋友,可以化解尴尬,对于商家来说微笑可以带来更多商机等,还可反面论证一下,没有了微笑,生活就会失去温暖和色彩,等等)+举例(必须要举例!题目要求了。可以写某企业微笑服务取得成功,或者你自己参加面试因为微笑所以获得面试官认可等)
第三段:再次强调微笑的重要性+我们自己具体应该怎么做
范文:
A smile, as the proverb has it, is the shortest distance between two people.In other words, a smile could serve as a bridge to connect two people and shorten the distance between two hearts.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys a thought-provoking notion that we should always be friendly and polite to other people.First and foremost,a smile proves to be the most effective way to break the ice between two strangers.In addition, being warm-hearted and friendly could promote mutual understanding and friendship.Those who always wear a warm smile are sure to be more popular than those who treat others with coldness and indifference.Zhu Dan is a case in point.She is said to practice smiling in front of the mirror for hours everyday before walking up onto the stage.Finally, she becomes one of the most famous hostesses in China.To conclude, nothing can be more effective than a warm smile in bringing people closer.Hence, it is advisable for people to open their mind and treat others with sincerity and warmth.Only in this way can we win more friends.(长沙新东方 高杰)
更多相关四六级真题答案及考试指导,请登陆新东方在线官方网站:
第三篇:2013年6月英语六级考试作文真题及
新东方在线:http://
2013年6月英语六级考试作文真题及范文(2)
新东方在线 2013年上半年的六级考试已结束,新东方在线网络课堂四六级辅导团队力邀六级辅导名师对此次真题进行解析。以下是对六级写作的思路指导及范文,希望即将参加英语六级考试的同学能以此为借鉴,运用到自己的写作当中,举一反三。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the
remark “Good habits result from resisting temptation”.You may cite some examples support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.难度:
谚语本身的难度大于上一个题目,resist和temptation两个词对部分学生有一定难度,但其实都是四六级词汇啊!
思路:
第一段:开篇引用+深意(这里直接写深意就可以了:生活中充满了各种诱惑,抵御诱惑才能养成好习惯或者我们应该学会抵御诱惑)
第二段:正能量(抵御诱惑的益处,比如:让我们能专心致志去做更有意义的事情等)+举例(必须要举例!题目要求了。)
第三段:再次强调抵御诱惑对于培养好习惯很重要+我们自己具体应该怎么做
范文:
Good habits, so the proverb has it, result from resisting temptation.Or, to put it another way, in a dazzling world of myriad temptations,one can foster good habits only if his excessive desire is controlled and the temptation is resisted.It is easy for those who fail to resist temptation to go astray or get into bad habits under the influence of evil companies.A recent survey reveals that teens smoke, take drugs, and ride with drunk drivers not because they haven't thought about the risks, but because they are tempted by their peers to try new things.By contrast, those who succeed in resisting temptation can always devote themselves to more meaningful things.Take college students for example.Only if we resist the temptation of playing computer games or other meaningless entertainments can we form such good habits as reading, keeping good hours, to name just a few.In short, in fostering good habits, nothing can be more important than resisting temptation.Hence, it is essential that schools,educators and parents combine efforts to cultivate young people’s ability of telling right from wrong as well as guide them in fostering correct views on life and values.Only in this way can good habits be formed.(长沙新东方 高杰)
更多相关四六级真题答案及考试指导,请登陆新东方在线官方网站:
第四篇:2013年6月英语六级考试作文真题及
新东方在线:http://
2013年6月英语六级考试作文真题及范文(3)
新东方在线 2013年上半年的六级考试已结束,新东方在线网络课堂四六级辅导团队力邀六级辅导名师对此次真题进行解析。以下是对六级写作的思路指导及范文,希望即将参加英语六级考试的同学能以此为借鉴,运用到自己的写作当中,举一反三。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”.You may cite some examples support you view.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.难度:
谚语本身的难度一般,其中要注意greed, 即为greedy(贪婪)的名词。
思路:
这题写成问题解决型,写人类过渡开发自然资源,破坏环境,资源危机等等,我个人认为也不偏题。当然,写成谚语题更好。
第一段:开篇引用+表义(我们的地球给我们人类提供了丰富的自然资源,但是因为人类的贪婪,我们的资源正慢慢枯竭等等)+深意(我们应该节约资源,保护地球)
第二段:正能量(节约资源有利于子孙后代可持续发展,否则。。还可反面论证下)+举例(用我们经常看到一些现象,把例子印出来:比如过渡开采煤矿造成资源紧缺,过渡捕鱼,捕猎造成生态失衡,围湖造田,比如一些旅游景点过度开发,环境被破坏都可以)
第三段:再次强调保护自然资源重要性+我们自己具体应该怎么做
范文:
Earth, as a remark has it, provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed.In other words, natural resources of the world are abundant enough to meet the demand of human beings.Nevertheless, should people exploit natural resources of the Earth recklessly and excessively, these resources would be exhausted one day.Simple as the remark may sound, it conveys a thought-provoking notion that we should effectively protect, rationally exploit and economize on natural resources.Saving such resources as water, coal, oil and wood could ensure the sustainable development of the society and environment.Otherwise, nothing would be left for the future generation.The Amazon rainforest, which is called the lung of the Earth, is a case in point.Due to deforestation, the area of the Amazon rainforest has been dwindling year by year and many species there are endangered.In short, we have only one Earth.On no account could we exploit natural resources excessively.Hence, it is imperative for us to cherish and protect the nature for the benefit of future generations and ourselves.Only in this way can we preserve a beautiful, harmonious, abundant and varied world.(长沙新东方 高杰)
更多相关四六级真题答案及考试指导,请登陆新东方在线官方网站:
第五篇:2010-10月历年真题和标准答案
2010 年 10 月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试
05624心理治疗
(一)试卷
一、单项选择题(每小题 1 分,共 20 分)1.个体心理治疗的理论和方法起源于(C)1-6 A.人本主义 B.行为主义 C.精神分析 D.认知理论 2.以集体潜意识作为最具特点理论的是(D)2-14 A.弗洛伊德 B.阿德勒 C.弗洛姆 D.荣格 3.不成熟心理防御机制包括(B)2-16 A.否认 B.退行 C.压抑 D.投射 4.俄狄浦斯情结期是指(C)2-18 A.0—1 B.2—4 C.4—6 D.6—10 5.社会学习理论的代表人物是(C)3-31 A.巴甫洛夫 B.斯金纳 C.班杜拉 D.桑代克 6.以下属于贝克常用认知治疗技术的是(A)4-57
A.角色扮演 B.自我对话 C.攻击羞愧感练习D.家庭作业 7.会心团体治疗活动时间一般安排在(B)5-71 A.周一 B.周末 C.月初 D.月末 8.格式塔治疗的创始人是(A)6-75
A.皮尔斯 B.韦特海默 C.苛勒 D.考夫特 9.现实治疗的理论基础是(B)7-92
A.交互分析理论 B.选择理论 C.格式塔理论 D.家庭理论 10.格式塔治疗认为,促进成长与改变的必要条件是(A)6-78 A.接触 B.此时此地 C.逃避 D.能量
11.在鲍恩家庭治疗系统的实践中有特定的技巧,其中包括(A)8-111 A.家庭代际图 B.家庭雕塑 C.再定义 D.表演技术 12.结构性自我状态包括(A)9-126
A.父母自我、成人自我和儿童自我 B.控制自我、儿童自我和自由自我 C.父母自我、儿童自我和自由自我 D.控制自我、成人自我和自由自我 13.伯恩认为交互分析理论的游戏是一系列连续进行的(D)9-132 A.互补沟通 B.交错沟通 C.隐藏沟通 D.互补隐藏式沟通
14.通过改变人的情绪,最终改变认知的艺术治疗方法是(D)10-148 A.自由绘画治疗 B.完形动作治疗 C.舞蹈治疗 D.音乐治疗 15.森田理论认为,神经质症发生的基础是(B)11-166 A.焦虑素质 B.疑病素质 C.强迫素质 D.忧郁素质
16.以寻找解决问题的方法为核心的短程系列治疗是(C)12-175 A.认知治疗 B.行为治疗 C.焦点解决治疗 D.家庭治疗 17.叙事治疗中打开个人与问题的空间是指(B)12-186 A.相关影响力的问话 B.问题外化的对话 C.独特结果的问句 D.替代故事的发展
18.一般来讲,一次心理治疗时间最好控制在(B)1-4
A.0.5 小时以内 B.1 小时以内 C.1—2 小时 D.2—3 小时 19.移情的常见表现形式是(D)2-23
A.迟到 B.失约 C.梦的遗失 D.矛盾情绪 20.满灌疗法又称(B)3-39
A.厌恶疗法 B.冲击疗法 C.示范疗法 D.放松训练
二、填空题(每空 1 分,共 10 分)21.精神分析学派认为梦的工作主要有4个作用:浓缩、置换、象征作用 和再度校正。2-21 22.由巴甫洛夫发展提出的一种行为治疗理论是 经典条件反射学说。3-29 23.认知治疗所用的方法是修正 错误的概念 和错误的自我暗示。4-55
24.罗斯杰认为个体自我概念的发展包括自我认定(或自我统合),自我评价和
自我理想 三方面内容。5-62
25.格式塔治疗的人性观是以 现象学 和存在主义为基础的,即看重的焦点在于来访者对现实环境的觉察和此时此地的真实体验。6-76
26.交互分析理论中戏剧三角形的三个角色为拯救者、迫害者 和受害者。9-134 27.结构派家庭治疗师用来表示家庭结构的图示,又称 家庭结构图。8-119 28.音乐治疗可分为三个层次;支持性的层次、认知和行为层次、心理分析和体验的层次。10-148 29.住院森田治疗通常分为四个期,依次是 绝对卧床期、轻工作期、普通工作期和生活训练期。11-171
30.焦点解决短期治疗中利用数值的评量协助来访者将抽象概念以具体方式描述的询问方式称作 评量询问。12-181
三、名词解释(每小题 2 分,共 20 分)31.自我 2-15 答:
自我是人格结构的表层,部分位于意识之中,部分位于潜意识之中。自我是在现实环境的反复教训下,从本我分化出来的一部分,它是现实化了的本我,是理性的、识时务的,它不会盲目地追求满足,而是在现实原则指导下,力争既回避痛苦,又获得满足。
32.晶体化 9-137 答:
晶体化:使用具体的陈述,使来访者拥有立即解除症状及社会控制的机会。
33.确认 9-136 答:
确认:通常紧随面质,是面质的延续。其目的依然是要增强成人自我状态的能力帮助来访者拥有一个坚强、明确并且胜任愉快的成人自我状态。
34.神经质症 11-166 答:
森田正马的学生、森田治疗的另一位代表人物高良武久先生对神经症下的定义是:“神经症是由心理作用引起的精神或身体、或二者兼有的一种功能障碍,一般表现为慢性固定状态。”
35.顺其自然 11-168 答:
“顺应自然”在森田治疗的理论中是指对出现的情绪和症状不在乎要着眼于自己的目的去做应该做的事情。
36.目标架构 12-178 答:
所谓目标架构,就是治疗师引导来访者进入治疗访谈,澄清他想要的目标,并建立治疗的工作目标。
37.例外架构 12-179 答:
例外架构就是引导来访者说他的问题何时不会发生,或是引导来访者发现自己想要的目标或已经存在的解决方式。38.替罪羊 8-108 答:
替罪羊是结构派治疗师常用的概念。在某些家庭中,会有某个成员(通常是孩子)表现出问题,将家庭冲突(通常是父母冲突,因为父母的关系破裂对于家庭的威胁实在太大了。)转移开,使家庭成员注意他的问题,而暂时避开父母的冲突。这个成为“来访者”的家庭成员就是替罪羊。
39.逃避 6-78 答:
逃避是一个与未完事务相关的概念。它指的是人们用来避免面对未完事务所引发的不愉快情绪所使用的工具。
40.潜意识 2-14 答:
潜意识是被压抑到意识下面的、无法从记忆中招回的部分,它们通常是被社会的风俗习惯、道德、法律所禁止的内容,包括个人原始的冲动和与本能有关的欲望等。
四、简答题(每小题 5 分,共 30 分)41.简述心理治疗的原则。1-3 答:
(1)保密原则(2)主体原则(3)转介原则
(4)时间限定原则(5)态度中立原则
(6)心理治疗与心理咨询、预防相结合的原则
42.简述精神分析治疗中对阻抗的分析过程。2-22 答:
(1)对阻抗的分析首先应该识别出阻抗,特别是阻抗比较隐秘或者阻抗与自我协调时,识别阻抗更为重要。
(2)认识到阻抗接着就应展示阻抗,因为在分析阻抗前,治疗师应告诉来访者将要分析什么,也就是来访者应该知道他是否在阻抗,他正在阻抗什么,为什么要阻抗,以及他是怎样阻抗的,治疗师在治疗过程中通过观察和通情来判断来访者的自我状态,决定需要多少证据,事态需要多清晰才能使来访者认清阻抗,只有当你判断来访者有能力面对阻抗时,才能引导来访者面对阻抗,否则只会增加来访者的否认和掩饰。
(3)为了使来访者更好地看清阻抗,有时可让阻抗进一步发展.一直到适当的时候才指出阻抗。弗洛伊德因此提出一个原则“先于内容解释阻抗”或“表面地解释”,也就是说处理阻抗第一步是向来访者指出他们在阻抗,使来访者注意到自己的阻抗,以后等适当的时机,治疗师再向来访者指出他为什么要采取阻抗,防御的是什么。
(4)认识、展示和澄清阻抗的目的最终是解释阻抗,在分析阻抗动机时,常需寻找引起阻抗的情感以及情感背后的根源。
43.简述行为主义的学习原理。3-29 答:
(1)经典性条件反射原理(2)操作性条件作用原理(3)班杜拉的社会学习理论 44.简述以人为中心治疗的主要思想。5-62 答:
一、自我发展的过程
在罗杰斯看来,个体自我概念的发展,主要包括以下3个方面的内容:
1、自我认定(或自我统合)
2、自我评价
3、自我理想
二、自我发展的机制
1、条件性积极关注
2、无条件积极关注
45.简述家庭治疗的常用技术。8-117 答:
(1)家庭代际图(2)家庭结构图(3)再定义
(4)反其道而行之(5)家庭雕塑(6)表演技术
46.简述艺术治疗中命题绘画的方法。10-156 答:
命题绘画的方法也就是借助绘画这一工具,可以把抽象的感觉、情绪具体化,也可以跨越时空,创造出具体的形象,如关于情绪,其指导语是:“请画出你1年来(半年来、3个月来等)最主要的情绪”;关于感觉,其指导语是:“请画出你的感觉(你最近的感觉、你过去的感觉、你最糟糕的感觉等)”;关于梦,其指导语是:“请画出你的一个梦(你印象最深刻的一个梦、最可怕的一个梦等)”;关于愿望,其指导语是:“请画出你的愿望(你过去的愿望、你现在的愿望、你将来的愿望等)”;关于经历,其指导语是:“请画出一次愉快的经历(一次不愉快的经历等)”;关于事件,其指导语是:“请画出你最幸福的一件事(最悲伤的一件事、最无助的一件事、最痛恨的一件事等)”;同时还可以有山、路、家的主题;自画像的主题;树木的主题等,通过以上方法,可以获得丰富的信息,作为治疗的切入点,治疗师可与来访者就其绘画作品进行讨论,并进行治疗干预。
五、论述题(每小题 10 分,共 20 分)
47.试述ABC理论的主要内容,并列举合理情绪治疗的常用技术。4-
45、4-49 答:
ABC理论的主要内容:
理性情绪行为治疗的基本理论主要为ABC理论。ABC来自于3个英文单词的首字母,A是指诱发性事件(Activating events),B指个体在遇到诱发事件之后相应而生的信念(Beliefs),C指在特定情景下,个体的情绪及行为的结果(Consequences)。通常,人们会认为人的情绪及行为反应是直接由诱发性事件A引起的,即是A引起了C,但理性情绪行为治疗不这样看。ABC理论认为,诱发性事件A只是引起情绪及行为反应的间接原因,而B——人们对诱发性事件所持的信念、看法、解释才是引起人的情绪及行为反应的更直接的原因。合理情绪治疗的常用技术:(1)认知技术(2)情感技术(3)行为技术
48.试述现实治疗中的WEDP系统。7-99 答:
一、W=愿望和需要(wants and needs)
1、第一步主要是探索愿望、需要和期望。治疗师通过有技巧的询问,鼓励来访者辨别和界定自己的需要,以及如何满足自己的需要。
2、有技巧的治疗师采用非批评的、接纳的方式进行治疗,以便来访者揭示出他们自己的特别世界。这种对需要、愿望、知觉的探索应该贯穿治疗过程,并伴随来访者图像的改变。
二、D=方向和行动(direction and doing)
1、现实治疗师强调当前的行为,只有当过去的行为影响到当前的行为时,才会关注过去的行为。
2、在治疗的早期,最根本的是与来访者讨论生活的总方向。
三、E=自我评价(evaluation)
1、要求来访者对整体行为的每一个成分都做出评价,是现实治疗的一个主要任务。治疗师的任务是让来访者判断他们行动的质量,帮助他们做出有效的选择。
2、治疗师会努力让来访者对每一个行为成分进行明确的评价。对整体行为的行动、思考、感受和生理成分进行评价的过程,是在来访者责任范围之列的。
3、在开始治疗时,治疗师对一些来访者可能会给予指导。这样做是帮助来访者认识到有些行为是无效的。
四、P-计划与承诺(planning and commitment)
1、帮助来访者辨别满足他们愿望和需要的具体方式是治疗过程中很重要的工作。一旦来访者决定了他们所想改变的,他们一般乐意探讨其他可能的行为,并形成行动计划。
2、伍伯丁讨论了计划和承诺的中心作用。他用缩略语“SAMIC3'’来抓住一个好的计划的实质:(1)简单的(simple&small)(2)可行的(attainable)(3)可测量的(measurable)(4)及时的(immediate)(5)由计划者控制的(controlled by the planner)、持续的(consistent)、承诺执行的(committed to)
3、让来访者决定他们自己要什么,自己进行评价、执行行动计划,就要帮助他们确定想花多大力气来获得所需要的变化。