第一篇:基于Freescale HCS12系列单片机设计和实现抢答器外文翻译
外文资料原文
Design and Implement of Responder Based on Freescale HCS12
Single Chip Microcomputer
Responder is also known as the first signal discriminator, which is widely used in various competitions.It can judge the number of the first player accurately, fairly and intuitively.Currently, a variety of quiz responder has emerged on the market, in which a small responder is commonly designed with small-scale digital integrated circuit.Although the technology hasbeenquitemature,but it is simple function, low intelligence, high fault, simple display, less flexibility, not convenience for upgrade, it has been unable to meet all kinds of requirements for intellectualcompetitionsandvariety shows.Therefore, it is necessary to develop some kinds of responder which are more suitable for applications.In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, the applications of single-chip microcomputer are becoming widely, which promotes the development of traditional measurement and control technology.In this paper, Freescale HCS12 [1-3] is designed as a core component to achieve an intelligent digital responder with 8-channel [4-8], it has some breakthroughs on technology, function and other aspects, comparing with the past responder.It is characterized by simple structure, powerful, good reliability, practicability, so that the competition can really carried out on just, fair and open rules.The basic functions of responder designed in this paper are:
(1)The system can limit the competition time and answer time of the alarm;
(2)The system can identify the answer signal and identify the player's number;
(3)The system can calculate score for each player and display the scores.Responder can accommodate 8 players numbered 1 to 8.In addition, LED digital tubes are designed to display the latched data.After race host clears the system, if participants press switch, and after answer is certificated whether it is correct or not,thenumberoffirstplayertoanswer in action is immediately shown by digital tubes.Responder should have a strong ability to distinguish players to answer in the action, its resolution reaches at least a few ms
After the requirements and functions of responder are analyzed, the following circuits are required in general:
1、Responder circuit
The circuit has two functions: one is to identify the number of the player who press button, and to save the number;the other is to prohibit the other players from buttoning or to make other1
buttons not available2、Timing circuits
Host can set competition time and answer time by the time pre-set-circuit.If nobody can answer question within the set time, all players will not get score, then the host will announce the answer.Besides, if someone gets the chance to answer the question, but does not give the right result before the allowable time, he or she won't get the score, the overtime signal will be also send, the host will declare the right answer.Freescale HCS12contains timer module, the timer module can be directly used.3、Overtime circuit
HCS12 will send overtime signal when time goes beyond the set time, this signal will be transferred to the PC computer by the serial port.The next question will be proceeded to answer.4、Scores count and display circuit.When host presses the answer key, it is time to start to answer, if one player presses the answer key, his or her number will be recorded, his or her score will be counted and displayed on the LED digital tubes.Bedside the circuits designed above, some necessary logic
designs are also necessary.The logic designs are as following:
First, the host will read the question which will show in the LCD;next, the PC computer will send letter “k”, which means that play is beginning to competition.At the same time, timing circuit starts to work, if nobody gets the chance to answer the question within permitted time, microcontroller will send the word “chao shi” to PC computer;If someone presses the competition key within the specified time, microcontroller will send his or her number.If the time goes beyond the permitted time, PC computer will send “next” which means turning to the next question, the next question will be automatically showed to answer.If some player gets the chance to answer the question, his or her number and scores will decrease 1 automatically and show in the digitaltubes,then microcontroller sends “next” to go on the next question.If the score is few than 0 after decreasing, player is eliminated.The right answer will show on the LCD.Finally, if all the questions are done, microcontroller will send “e” to end the game, then the scores of all players will be computed, the highest one will be shown on the digital tubes.Responder hardware is firstly designed;Responder hardware is taken directly from the hardware resources of Freescale HCS12 development board developed by Suzhou University.The development board takes MC9S12DG128 as the core, using modular design approach, it extracts part of I/O resources,and it also provides each module with a corresponding interface circuit.It also provides A/D input channels, PWM low-pass filter circuits, 16-key keyboard input channels,8-bit digital I/O circuits, SPI I/O circuits, SCI communication circuits,IC but I/O expansion
circuits and so.In this paper, the hardware modules, the pin connections and the corresponding interfaces of the development board are listed and unified to redesign by actual needs of the system.Before the start of the main program, the total interruptions are turned off and each module is initialized.The initialization of each module has been done in the corresponding initialization subprogram of each module.Here we only need call the corresponding initialization subprogram.After the initialization of each module is completed,the total interruptions should be turned on.The main body of the main program is a loop structure;there are also several sub-cycles in the main loop, which are used for the cycle waiting of each loop.After the completion of the initialization, the system has been waited for the signal of competition start with the circular mode until the signal comes.When this signal is received, the system checks whether the cycle time is overtime, if it is overtime, the system changes to the next question, otherwise, the system checks the competition signal, if some player competes to answer, then the system checks whether the answer time is out, if the time is not out, the system judges whether the result is true, if the result is right, the player is added 1 point, otherwise, the player is subtracted 1 point, and the system enters the next question.To the player whose score will be subtracted, the system needs to check whether the score is low than 0, if it does, this player's input channel is turned off.To be noted that, if the competition flag is 1, it should be cleared
Responder is one of the essential devices in various knowledge and intellectual contests, the development of better and more intelligent digital responder is very significant.Responder designed in this paper can achieve a responder's basic functions through experimental prototype testing.It reaches the design target with reasonable design, simple structure, good commonality, strong function, reliable answer and quick reaction.However, as hardware limitations of development board, some functions have not been able to achieve, such as the development board does not have enough LED digital tubes to display all player's scores simultaneously, the host can not adjust answer time according the difficulty of the question and so on.These issues will remain to be addressed in future development.外文资料译文
基于Freescale HCS12系列单片机设计和实现抢答器
抢答器也被称为第一信号鉴别器,它被广泛应用于各种比赛。它可以判断一个选手的数量准确,公正,直观。目前,有多种抢答器已经出现在市场上,在其中一个小的抢答器通常用小规模数字集成电路设计。虽然该技术已相当成熟,但它功能简单,智能低,高容错,显示简单,灵活性较差,不便于进行升级,它已经无法满足各种智力竞赛,综艺节目的要求。因此,有必要开发一些种类的抢答器,可以更适合的应用。
近年来,随着科学技术的飞速发展,单片机的应用正在变得广泛,从而促进传统的测量和控制技术的发展。在本文中,飞思卡尔的HCS12 [ 1-3 ]被设计成一个核心组成部分,实现了智能数字抢答器与8通道[ 4-8 ],但对技术,功能等方面有所突破,与过去相比响应。它的特点是结构简单,功能强大,可靠性好,实用性,从而使比赛能够真正进行了公正,公平,公开的规则。
抢答器的设计本文的基本功能是:
(1)该系统可以限制竞争时间和回答的报警时间;
(2)该系统能识别应答信号并确定该选手的号码;
(3)该系统可以计算每个选手的分数,并显示分数。
抢答器可容纳8名选手编号为1到8。此外,LED数码管的设计,显示锁存数据。之后的比赛主持人清除系统中,如果选手按下开关,无论之后的回答是否正确,第一个选手在行动回答的数目是由数码管立即显示。抢答器应具有较强的分辨能力的选手在动作来回答,其分辨率达到至少几毫秒后响应方的要求和功能进行了分析,下面的电路是必需的,一般:
1、抢答器电路
该电路有两个功能:一个是确定谁按下按钮,播放器的数量,并保存号码,另一种是从扣扣禁止的其他选手或作出其他按钮不可用
2时序电路
主机可以设置比赛时间和时间预先设定电路答题时间。如果没有人能在设定的时间内回答问题,所有选手都不会得到分数,那么主机将公布答案。此外,如果有人得到机会来回答这个问题,但在允许的时间之前没有给出正确的结果,他或她不会得到分数,加班的信号也会被发送,主机将宣布正确答案。飞思卡尔HCS12包含定时模块,定时模块,可直接使用。
3、加班电路
HCS12将发送超时信号,当时间超过设定的时间,这个信号将通过串口传送到PC机。接下来的问题将进行回答。
4、评分计数和显示电路。
当主持人按下了抢答键,表示开始回答,如果一个选手按下了抢答键,他或她的编号将
被记录,他或她的分数将计算并显示在LED数码管显示。
设计也是必要的。逻辑设计是如下:
首先,主机会读取这将在LCD显示的问题,其次,PC机将发送字母“K”,这意味着该剧开始竞争。与此同时,定时电路开始工作,如果没有人得到机会允许的时间内回答问题,微控制器会发出单词“超市”到PC电脑,如果有人按下指定时间内竞争的关键,单片机将送他或她的编号。如果时间超出了允许的时间,PC机将发送“下一步”,这意味着将目光转向了下一个问题,下一个问题将被自动显示来回答。如果某些选手都有机会来回答这个问题,他或她的编号和成绩将自动减少1,并显示在数码管,然后单片机发送“下一步”继续下一个问题。如果分数是几比0后下降,选手被淘汰。正确的答案将显示在LCD上。最后,如果所有的问题都做了,微控制器会发出“E”来结束比赛,然后所有选手的分数将被计算,最高的一位将在数码管显示。
抢答器的硬件首先设计;抢答器的硬件是由飞思卡尔HCS12开发板由苏州大学开发的硬件资源直接服用。该开发板采用MC9S12DG128为核心,采用模块化设计方法,它提取的I / O资源的一部分,而且还提供了每个模块有相应的接口电路。它还提供了A / D输入通道,PWM低通滤波电路,16键键盘输入通道,8位数字I / O电路,SPI的I / O电路,SCI通信电路,集成电路,但I / O扩展电路和所以在本文中,硬件模块的引脚连接和开发板的相应接口列,统一由系统的实际需要重新设计。
在主节目的开始之前,总中断被关闭,每个模块被初始化。每个模块的初始化中的每个模块的相应初始化子程序已经完成。在这里,我们只需要调用相应的初始化子程序。每个模块的初始化完成后,总的中断应当接通。主程序的主体是一个环结构;也有几个子周期在主循环中,其中用于每个循环的周期的等待。在完成初始化后,系统已经等待了比赛开始的信号与圆形模式,直到信号到来。当接收到此信号后,系统会检查周期时间是否加班,如果是加班时,系统切换到下一个问题,否则,系统会检查的竞争信号,如果一些选手竞争来回答,然后系统会检查是否答案时间是那样,如果时间不超时,则系统判定结果是否为真,如果结果是正确的,播放器中加入1点,否则,选手被减去1点,并且系统进入下一问题。给选手的分数将被减去,系统需要检查是否得分低是大于0,如果是的话,该选手的输入通道被关闭。要注意的是,如果在竞争标志为1时,它应该被清除。
抢答器是在不同的知识和智力竞赛的重要设备之一,更好,更智能数字应答的发展是非常显著。抢答器设计本文通过实验样机的测试实现了抢答器的基本功能。
它达到了设计目标具有设计合理,结构简单,通用性好,功能强,可靠的回应和快速反应。然而,由于开发板的硬件限制,有些功能未能实现,如开发板没有足够的LED数码管同时显示所有选手的分数,主机可以根据问题的难度不会调整答题时间等。这些问题将继续留在未来的发展加以解决。
第二篇:外文翻译-变速器设计
汽车变速器设计
----------外文翻译
我们知道,汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。
汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = wT,其中w是转动的角速度,T是扭距。当N固定的时候,w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。
一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。
当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。
当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。
当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时,拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置,又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上,使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮,通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1,输入轴转1.7圈,输出轴转1圈,是进一步的增速。
当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时,拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合,动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴,此时传动比1:1,即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴,又称直接档,该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。
换档时要先进入空档,变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上,它们不能带动输出轴转动,没有动力输出。
一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1-4档,通常设计者首先确定最低(1档)与最高(4档)传动比后,中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。另外,还有倒档和超速档,超速档又称为5档。
当汽车要加速超过同向汽车时司机选择5档,典型5档传动比是0.87:1,也就是用大齿轮带动小齿轮,当主动齿轮转0.87圈时,被动齿轮已经转完1圈了。
倒档时输出轴要向相反方向旋转。如果一对齿轮啮合时大家反向旋转,中间加上一个齿轮就会变成同向旋转。利用这个原理,倒档就要添加一个齿轮做“媒介”,将轴的转动方向调转,因此就有了一根倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳内,与中间轴平行,当轴上齿轮分别与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合时,输出
轴转向会相反。
通常倒档用的同步器也控制5档的接合,所以5档与倒档位置是在同一侧的。由于有中间齿轮,一般变速器倒档传动比大于1档传动比,增扭大,有些汽车遇到陡坡用前进档上不去就用倒档开上去。
从驾驶平顺性考虑,变速器档位越多越好,档位多相邻档间的传动比的比值变化小,换档容易而且平顺。但档位多的缺点就是变速器构造复杂,体积大,现在轻型汽车变速器一般是4-5档。同时,变速器传动比都不是整数,而是都带小数点的,这是因为啮合齿轮的齿数不是整倍数所致,两齿轮齿数是整倍数就会导致两齿轮啮合面磨损不均匀,使得轮齿表面质量产生较大的差异。
手动变速器与同步器
手动变速器是最常见的变速器,简称MT。它的基本构造用一句话概括,就是两轴一中轴,即指输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴,它们构成了变速器的主体,当然还有一根倒档轴。手动变速器又称手动齿轮式变速器,含有可以在轴向滑动的齿轮,通过不同齿轮的啮合达到变速变扭目的。典型的手动变速器结构及原理如下。
输入轴也称第一轴,它的前端花键直接与离合器从动盘的花键套配合,从而传递由发动机过来的扭矩。第一轴上的齿轮与中间轴齿轮常啮合,只要轴入轴一转,中间轴及其上的齿轮也随之转动。中间轴也称副轴,轴上固连多个大小不等的齿轮。输出轴又称第二轴,轴上套有各前进档齿轮,可随时在操纵装置的作用下与中间轴的对应齿轮啮合,从而改变本身的转速及扭矩。输出轴的尾端有花键与传动轴相联,通过传动轴将扭矩传送到驱动桥减速器。
由此可知,变速器前进档位的驱动路径是:输入轴常啮齿轮-中间轴常啮齿轮-中间轴对应齿轮-第二轴对应齿轮。倒车轴上的齿轮也可以由操纵装置拨动,在轴上移动,与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合,以相反的旋转方向输出。
多数汽车都有5个前进档和一个倒档,每个档位有一定的传动比,多数档位传动比大于1,第4档传动比为1,称为直接档,而传动比小于1的第5档称为加速档。空档时输出轴的齿轮处于非啮合位置,无法接受动力传输。
由于变速器输入轴与输出轴以各自的速度旋转,变换档位时合存在一个“同步”问题。两个旋转速度不一样齿轮强行啮合必然会发生冲击碰撞,损坏齿轮。因此,旧式变速器的换档要采用“两脚离合”的方式,升档在空档位置停留片刻,减档要在空档位置加油门,以减少齿轮的转速差。但这个操作比较复杂,难以掌握精确。因此设计师创造出“同步器”,通过同步器使将要啮合的齿轮达到一致的转速而顺利啮合。
目前全同步式变速器上采用的是惯性同步器,它主要由接合套、同步锁环等组成,它的特点是依靠摩擦作用实现同步。接合套、同步锁环和待接合齿轮的齿圈上均有倒角(锁止角),同步锁环的内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触产生摩擦。锁止角与锥面在设计时已作了适当选择,锥面摩擦使得待啮合的齿套与齿圈迅速同步,同时又会产生一种锁止作用,防止齿轮在同步前进行啮合。当同步锁环内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触后,在摩擦力矩的作用下齿轮转速迅速降低(或升高)到与同步锁环转速相等,两者同步旋转,齿轮相对于同步锁环的转
速为零,因而惯性力矩也同时消失,这时在作用力的推动下,接合套不受阻碍地与同步锁环齿圈接合,并进一步与待接合齿轮的齿圈接合而完成换档过程
自动变速器
自动变速器的选挡杆相当于手动变速器的变速杆,一般有以下几个挡位:P(停车)、R(倒挡)、N(空挡)、D(前进)、S(or2,即为2速挡)、L(or1,即为1速挡)。这几个挡位的正确使用对于驾驶自动变速器汽车的人来说尤其重要,下面就让我们一起来熟悉一下自动变速器各挡位的使用要领。
●P(停车挡)的使用
发动机运转时只要选挡杆在行驶位置上,自动变速器汽车就很容易地行走。而停放时,选挡杆必须扳入P位,从而通过变速器内部的停车制动装置将输出轴锁住,并拉紧手制动,防止汽车移动。
●R(倒挡)的使用
R位为倒挡,使用中要切记,自动变速器汽车不像手动变速器汽车那样能够使用半联动,故在倒车时要特别注意加速踏板的控制。
●N(空挡)的使用
N位相当于空挡,可在起动时或拖车时使用。在等待信号或堵车时常常将选挡杆保持在D位,同时踩下制动。若时间很短,这样做是允许的,但若停止时间长时最好换入N位,并拉紧手制动。因为选挡杆在行驶位置上,自动变速器汽车一般都有微弱的行驶趋势,长时间踩住制动等于强行制止这种趋势,使得变速器油温升高,油液容易变质。尤其在空调器工作、发动机怠速较高的情况下更为不利。有些驾驶员为了节油,在高速行驶或下坡时将选挡杆扳到N位滑行,这很容易烧坏变速器,因为这时变速器输出轴转速很高,而发动机却在怠速运转,油泵供油不足,润滑状况恶化,易烧坏变速器。
●D(前进挡)的使用
正常行驶时将选挡杆放在D位,汽车可在1~4挡(或3挡)之间自动换挡。D位是最常用的行驶位置。需要掌握的是:由于自动变速器是根据油门大小与车速高低来确定挡位的,所以加速踏板操作方法不同,换挡时的车速也不相同。如果起步时迅速将加速踏板踩下,升挡晚,加速能力强,到一定车速后,再将加速踏板很快松开,汽车就能立即升挡,这样发动机噪声小,舒适性好。
D位的另一个特点是强制低挡,便于高速时超车,在D位行驶中迅速将加速踏板踩到底,接通强制低挡开关就能自动减挡,汽车很快加速,超车之后松
开加速踏板又可自动升挡。
●S、L位低挡的使用
自动变速器在S位或L位上处于低挡范围,可以在坡道等情况下使用。下坡时换入S位或L位能充分利用发动机制动,避免车轮制动器过热,导致制动效能下降。但是从D位换入S位或L位时,车速不能高于相应的升挡车速,否则发动机会强烈振动,使变速器油温急剧上升,甚至会损坏变速器。
另外在雨雾天气时,若路面附着条件差,可以换入S位或L位,固定在某一低挡行驶,不要使用能自动换挡的位置,以免汽车打滑。同时必须牢记,打滑时可将选挡杆推入N位,切断发动机的动力,以保证行车安全。
原文:
Transmission design
As we all know,automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good.Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under.However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict.Transmission through this conflict to resolve.Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional.Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = wT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation, and T Niuju.When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the.Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase.Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions.General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis.Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed.Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed.For example Zhengzhourichan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1;stalls 2.202:1;stalls 1.414:1;stalls 1:1 5 stalls(speeding file)0.802: 1.When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft(red arrow).A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle.When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven.2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque.When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axisthe output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft.3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth.When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same.The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the
maximum transmission efficiency.Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy.Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they can not rotate the output shaft driven, not power output.General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum(one stall)and maximum(4 files)transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution.In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls.When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End.Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation.If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation.Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the “media” will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis.Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft.Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side.As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost.Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly.However, the shortcomings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls.At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference.Manual transmission and synchronizer
Manual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT.Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis.Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose.Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows.Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end Spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the Spline, by the transfer of torque from the engine.The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating.Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear.Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the
role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque.With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer.Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodentscorresponding intermediate shaft gear-the second axis corresponding gear.Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output.Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No.5 stall called accelerated stall.Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission.The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a “synchronous”.Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear.Therefore, the old transmission shift to a “feet-off” approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear.However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate.So designers create a “synchronized,” and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing.At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization.Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer(Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction.Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before.When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower(or higher)with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearbox The automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P(parking), R(pour to block), N(get empty to block), D(go forward), S(or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.(or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.The usage of the P(the parking blocks)The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole
must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.The usage of the R(pour to block)R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.The usage of the N(get empty to block)The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.
The usage of the D(go forward to block)Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 ~ 4 block(or 3 block)its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely.What demand control is:Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.The usage of the S, of L low the usage that block The automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc.circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon can't higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety.
第三篇:变速器设计-外文翻译
Dynamic Modeling of Vehicle Gearbox for Early Detection of Localized Tooth Defect
Helwan University ABSTRACT Dynamic modeling of the gear vibration is a useful tool to study the vibration response of a geared system under various gear parameters and operating conditions.An improved understanding of vibration signal is required for early detection of incipient gear failure to achieve high reliability.However, the aim of this work is to make use of a 6-degree-of-freedom gear dynamic model including localized tooth defect for early detection of gear failure.The model consists of a gear pair, two shafts, two inertias representing load and prime mover and bearings.The model incorporates the effects of time-varying mesh stiffness and damping, backlash, excitation due to gear errors and modifications.The results indicate that the simulated signal shows that as the defect size increases the amplitude of the acceleration signal increases.The crest factor and kurtosis values of the simulated signal increase as the fault increases.Though the crest factor and kurtosis values give similar trends, kurtosis is a better indicator as compared to crest factor.KEYWORDS:Vibration acceleration, system modeling, Crest Factor, Kurtosis value, defect size, gear meshing, pinion, gear NOMENCLATURE JD,J1,J2,JL
Drive motor, pinion, gear, and load mass moment of inertia
Nagwa Abd-elhalim, Nabil Hammed, Magdy Abdel-hady,Shawki Abouel-Seoud and Eid S.Mohamed
replacement decision in a suitable time.m1,mMasses of pinion and gear.TD
Driving motor torque.TL
Load torque.第 1 页
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TF1,TFFriction torque.C1,C2
Viscous damping coefficient of pinion and gear bearing.Cm
Gear mesh damping.Gear mesh stiffness.Km
K1,K2
Pinion and gear shaft stiffness.4
The variance square.N
The number of samples.f
The defect width in face direction.Unit width Hertzian stiffness.KhD,1,2,L Angular displacement of drive motor, pinion, gear and load.D,1,2,L Angular velocity of drive motor, pinion, gear and load.,,, Angular acceleration of drive motor, pinion, gear and load.D12LINTRODUCTION Much of the past research in the dynamic modeling area has concluded that an essential solution to the problem is to use a comprehensive computer modeling and simulation tool to aid the transmission design and experiments.These have been two major obstacles to such an approach:(1)Progress in understanding of the basic gear rattle phenomenon has been limited and slow.This is because the engine-clutch-transmission system involves some strong nonlinearities including gear backlash, multi-valued springs, dry friction, hysteresis, and the like.(2)The gear rattle is a system problem and not only problem of gear teeth.Even through the research and industrial community has discussed the difficulties in varies stages of the problem, yet no thorough frame work covering the entire investigation process of such problem currently exists.This is largely due o the complexity of the power train system, which
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may make a computer analysis tool inefficient, in particularly when many different elements and clearances are encountered(e.g., gears, bearings, splines, synchronizers, and clutch)[1-3].A comprehensive review of mathematical models used in gear dynamics, published before 1986, has been presented by [4].In this review, gear dynamic models without defects have been discussed.In the past few years, researchers have been working on the gear dynamic models which include defects like pitting, spalling, crack and broken tooth.A single-degree-of-freedom model is used which include the e4ffects of variable mesh stiffness, damping, gear errors, profile modifications and backlash.The effect of time-varying meshing damping is also included in this case, The solution is obtained by using the harmonic balance methods.A method of calculated the optimum profile modification has been proposed in order to obtain a zero vibration of the gear pair [5-7].They also proposed a linear approximate equation to mode the gear pair by using a single-degree-of freedom model Gear rattle vibration is a undesirable vibration for passenger cars and light trucks equipped with manual transmissions.Unlike automatic transmissions, manual transmission do not have the high viscous damping inherent to a hydrodynamic torque converter to suppress the impacting of gear teeth oscillating through their gear backlash.Therefore a significant level of vibration an be produced by the gear rattle and transmitted both inside the passenger compartment and outside the vehicle.Gear rattle, idle shake, and other vibration generated in the automobile driveline have become an important concern to automobile manufactures in their pursuit of an increased level of perception of high vibration quality.The torsional vibration o driveline is a major source of gear rattle vibration.The manual transmission produces gear rattle by the impacting of gear oscillating through their gear backlash.The impact collisions are transmitted to the transmission housing via shafts and bearings [8].The gear pair dynamic models including defects have been done by [9].The study
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suggests that little work has been done on modeling of gear vibration with defect and an accurate analytical procedure to predict gear vibrations in the presence of local tooth fault has yet to be developed.However, the purpose of this paper is to develop a multidegree-of-freedom nonlinear model for a gear pair that can be used to study the effect of lateral-torsional vibration coupling on vibration response in the presence of localized tooth defect.A typical fault signal is assumed to be impulsive in nature because of the way it is generated.The simulation artificially introduced pitting in gears in multi-stage automotive transmission gearbox at different operation conditions(load, speed, etc).The processing of simulated and experimental signals is also introduced.SIGNAL-PROCESSING TECHNIQUE Among various signal-processing techniques, crest factor and kurtosis analysis have been used for analyzing the whole vibration signal for the early detection of fault.In this section, crest factor and kurtosis value have been explained.MATHEMATICAL MODEL FORMULATION
Helical gears are almost always used in automotive transmissions.The meshing stiffness of a helical tooth pair is time-varying [10], and was modeled as a series of suggested spur gears so that the simulation techniques for spur gears can be applied.where M is Module(mm), b is Face width(mm), is pressure angle(deg), is helix angle(deg)and D1 is pitch diameter(mm).Fig.2 shows the equivalent gear system in the first gear-shift, where the main parameters for the gear system of Fiat-131 gearbox and the equivalent gear system in the first gear-shift are also shown in the figures.第 4 页
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汽车变速箱动态建模轮齿局部缺陷的早期检测
Nagwa Abd-elhalim, Nabil Hammed, Magdy Abdel-hady,Shawki Abouel-Seoud and Eid S.Mohamed
阿勒旺大学
摘要
在研究齿轮系统中各种齿轮参数的振动响应和操作条件时,齿轮振动的动态建模是一个非常有用的工具。对早期的齿轮检测提出了一种改进理解的振动信号,但还没达到高的可靠性。但是,这项工作的目的是利用一个6自由度的齿轮动力学模型对齿轮轮齿缺陷故障的早期检测。该模型包括一对齿轮副、两个轴、两个惯性负载、动力传动装置和轴承。由于齿轮的误差和变动,该模型被采用时受到时变啮合刚度、阻尼、反弹和励磁的影响。模拟信号显示的结果表明,随着缺陷尺寸的增加加速度信号的振幅增加。模拟信号的波峰因素和峰值随着缺陷的增加而增加。虽然波峰因素和峰值做同样的趋势,但和波峰因素相比峰值是一个比较好的指标。关键词:振动加速度、系统建模、波峰因素、峰值、缺陷大小、齿轮啮合、齿轮 专业术语
JD,J1,J2,JL
驱动电机、小齿轮、大齿轮和负载在一定时间内的惯性矩 m1,m
1大齿轮、小齿轮的模数 TD
发动机驱动转矩 TL
负载力矩 TF1,TF摩擦力矩
C1,C2
齿轮、轴承的粘滞阻尼系数
Cm
齿轮啮合阻尼
齿轮啮合刚度 Km
K1,K齿轮、齿轮轴的刚度
平方差
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N
样本数量
f
宽度方向的缺陷
单位宽度的刚度 KhD,1,2,L
驱动电机、小齿轮、大齿轮和负载的角位移 D,1,2,L
驱动电机、小齿轮、大齿轮和负载的角速度
,,,
驱动电机、小齿轮、大齿轮和负载的角加速度 D12L引言
在大多数过去的动态建模研究领域中,解决问题的重要办法是全面使用计算机建模和仿真工具来辅助变速器的设计和实验。这种方法有两种主要的障碍:(1)对齿轮传动中噪声基本认识的进展是有限的和缓慢的。这是因为发动机离合器传动系统中包括齿轮侧隙、多值弹簧、非线性滞后等等。(2)齿轮发出的噪声是一个系统问题,并不是齿轮的唯一问题。既使是工业研究领域已经讨论了这个问题在不同阶段所出现的不同问题,但并没有彻底覆盖工作的框架,整个研究过程中的问题依然存在。这主要是由于列车电力系统的复杂性,可能导致你的计算机的分析工具效率不高,尤其是工作中遇到许多不同的因素和间隙(例如:齿轮、轴承、花键、同步器和离合器)。
在1986年出版之前,对齿轮动力学中提出的齿轮动态建模进行了审查。这次审查中,对不存在齿轮缺陷的齿轮动力学模型进行了讨论。在过去的几年里,研究人员对齿轮的动态模型缺陷进行了研究,其中包括点蚀、剥落、裂缝和齿轮折断等。
单自由度系统模型中,对啮合刚度的影响包括4个方面的因素,阻尼、齿轮误差、轮廓变动和齿侧间隙,时变啮合阻尼效应也包含在这种情况中。解决问题的方法是利用谐波平衡的方法。为了实现齿轮副的零振动,提出了一种最优化的计算方法。他们还利用齿轮副单自由度模型提出了一个近似的线性方程模型。
齿轮噪声振动是轿车和轻型货车手动变速箱中的不良振动。不同于自动变速箱的是,手动变速箱没有一个固有的高粘性阻尼液力变矩器以制止通过齿轮侧隙造成的齿轮摆动的影响。因此,无论是在车厢内外由齿轮振动和传动产生的噪声,对车
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辆振动的影响都非常大。随着人们对汽车高性能振动的追求,齿轮松动、振动以及其他汽车传动系产生的噪声已成为人们关注的重点。传动系统中的扭转振动是齿轮振动的一种主要噪声来源。手动变速箱产生的齿轮噪声是由于齿轮受到齿轮间隙振动的影响。通过轴和轴承把碰撞产生的影响传输到变速箱壳体。
对齿轮副的动态模型缺陷的研究结果表明,对齿轮副动态模型缺陷已做了大量工作,用准确的分析方法对齿轮振动的检测在当时轮齿故障方面还没得到发展。然而,本研究的目的是建立一个多自由度非线性模型用于研究,结果表明轮齿局部缺陷的扭转振动是耦合振动的响应。由于他的产生一个典型的故障信号被假设为自然的脉冲信号。在不同操作条件下(负荷、转速等),模拟人工对多级汽车变速器齿轮缺陷进行了介绍。同时也对信号的仿真和实验处理进行了介绍。信号处理技术
在各种各样的信号处理技术中,波峰因素、峰值已用于分析整个振动信号的早期故障。在本节中,波峰因素和峰值已被解释。数学模型
汽车变速器中的齿轮大都是斜齿圆柱齿轮。被视为一系列齿轮仿真技术适用于螺旋状的轮齿时变啮合刚度。式中m是模数(毫米),b齿面宽(毫米),是压力角(度),是螺旋角(度),D1是直径(毫米)。图2的数据显示了等效齿轮系统在齿轮变动中变速箱齿轮系统的主要参数。
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第四篇:基于单片机的智能循迹小车外文翻译
摘要:本次设计的智能循迹小车是以单片机89c51为主控制器。运用反射式红外传感器来进行路径检测和速度监测模块。将检测数据传回单片机进行处理,同时,用单片机产生PWM波来控制小车的行进速度,并实时控制小车的行进状态。另外,在小车上还扩展了LCD作为人机交互界面,以便于实时了解小车个监测传感器的状态机小车的实时数据,由于本次设计的是智能自动循迹小车,整个任务过程无需人工的任何干预,故而没有进行键盘及遥控等的人工操作设备。用多路传感器的实时监测和算法的紧密配合来保证小车的顺畅完成任务。
关键字:80c51单片机,c/c++/汇编语言编程,电子智能小车,光电检测器
一、引言
智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。它在军事、民用和科学研究等方面已获得了应用,对解决道路交通安全提供了一种新的途径
随着汽车工业的迅速发展,关于汽车的研究也就越来越受人关注。全国电子大赛和省内电子大赛几乎每次都有智能小车这方面的题目,全国各高校也都很重视该题目的研究,许多国家已经把电子设计比赛作为创新教育的战略性手段。电子设计涉及到多个学科,机械电子、传感器技术、自动控制技术、人工智能控制、计算机与通信技术等等,是众多领域的高科技。电子设计技术,它是一个国家高科技实例的一个重要标准,可见其研究意义很大
本次设计虽然只是一个演示模型,但是具有充分的科学性和实用性。首先我们根据交通路面的复杂情况,按照适当的比例制作出一个路况模型,包括弯道、直道以及路面上设置的障碍物等。在弯、直道上,小车沿着预定轨道自由行使,当小车遇到障碍物时,脉冲调制的红外线传感器将检测到的信号发送给单片机,单片机根据程序发出相应的控制信号控制小车自动避开障碍物,进行倒车、前进、左转、右转等动作
二、主题部分
智能车辆是集环境感知、规划决策、多等级辅助驾驶等功能于一体的综合系统,是智能交通系统的一个重要组成部分。它在军事、民用、太空开发等领域有着广泛的应用前景。本次设计对智能小车的控制系统进行了研究,设计实现一个基于路径规划处理的智能小车控制系统 2.1 理论的提出
科技的进步带动了产品的智能化,单片机的应用更是加快了发展的步伐,它的应用范围日益广泛,已经远远的超出了计算机科学领域。小到玩具、信用卡,大到航天飞机、机器人,从实现数据采集、远程控制、模糊控制等智能系统带人类的日常生活,到处离不开单片机,此设计正是单片机的一个典型的应用。此设计通过实现了小车的无人驾驶,通过对路面的检测,由单片机来判断控制其小车的反应情况,使其变得智能化,实现自动的前进,转弯,停止功能,此系统还不断的完善后可以应用到道路检测,安全巡逻中,能满足社会的需求。
在设计上,使用连个传感器来检测路面的情况,传感器的心海比较微弱,采用一个放大器进行比较放大,并将其信号输入到控制器,在受控制端使用步进电机,因为步进电机是用电脉冲进行控制的,只要从控制器输出满足步进电机功过的固定控制字即可。此外步进电机的运作还要一个驱动电路,故电路中还要加入一个驱动电路,各个功能模块对电源电流的要求不同,对电源部分设置转换电路,从而满足各个部分的需要。经过元件的比较选择,设计出电路原理图和电路板,并做好硬件的调试,系统往往是软件和硬件两者相结合的有机整体。软件上,使用51单片机的定时器中断来控制路面检测间隔和小车的运动及速度。由于带那路比较简单,就采用较为传统的汇编语言进行程序设计。对于程序设计的正确性,用较常用的keil c51仿真软件进行仿真验证,最后便是软硬件的综合调试,证明本设计方案的正确性和可行性。2.2 电子智能小车的设计要求
①电动车能够能够按照行使路线跑完全程;
②电动车能存储并显示检测到的金属片数目以及金属片至起跑线的距离;
③要求电动车行使完全程后能够准确的显示电动车全程行使时间;
④电动车在行使过程中不能与障碍物碰撞。2.3计算摘要:
本次设计的智能循迹小车是以单片机89c51为主控制器。运用反射式红外传感器来进行路径检测和速度监测模块。将检测数据传回单片机进行处理,同时,用单片机产生PWM波来控制小车的行进速度,并实时控制小车的行进状态。另外,在小车上还扩展了LCD作为人机交互界面,以便于实时了解小车个监测传感器的状态机小车的实时数据,由于本次设计的是智能自动循迹小车,整个任务过程无需人工的任何干预,故而没有进行键盘及遥控等的人工操作设备。用多路传感器的实时监测和算法的紧密配合来保证小车的顺畅完成任务。
关键字:80c51单片机,c/c++/汇编语言编程,电子智能小车,光电检测器
三、引言
智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。它在军事、民用和科学研究等方面已获得了应用,对解决道路交通安全提供了一种新的途径
随着汽车工业的迅速发展,关于汽车的研究也就越来越受人关注。全国电子大赛和省内电子大赛几乎每次都有智能小车这方面的题目,全国各高校也都很重视该题目的研究,许多国家已经把电子设计比赛作为创新教育的战略性手段。电子设计涉及到多个学科,机械电子、传感器技术、自动控制技术、人工智能控制、计算机与通信技术等等,是众多领域的高科技。电子设计技术,它是一个国家高科技实例的一个重要标准,可见其研究意义很大
本次设计虽然只是一个演示模型,但是具有充分的科学性和实用性。首先我们根据交通路面的复杂情况,按照适当的比例制作出一个路况模型,包括弯道、直道以及路面上设置的障碍物等。在弯、直道上,小车沿着预定轨道自由行使,当小车遇到障碍物时,脉冲调制的红外线传感器将检测到的信号发送给单片机,单片机根据程序发出相应的控制信号控制小车自动避开障碍物,进行倒车、前进、左转、右转等动作
四、主题部分
智能车辆是集环境感知、规划决策、多等级辅助驾驶等功能于一体的综合系统,是智能交通系统的一个重要组成部分。它在军事、民用、太空开发等领域有着广泛的应用前景。本次设计对智能小车的控制系统进行了研究,设计实现一个基于路径规划处理的智能小车控制系统 4.1 理论的提出
科技的进步带动了产品的智能化,单片机的应用更是加快了发展的步伐,它的应用范围日益广泛,已经远远的超出了计算机科学领域。小到玩具、信用卡,大到航天飞机、机器人,从实现数据采集、远程控制、模糊控制等智能系统带人类的日常生活,到处离不开单片机,此设计正是单片机的一个典型的应用。此设计通过实现了小车的无人驾驶,通过对路面的检测,由单片机来判断控制其小车的反应情况,使其变得智能化,实现自动的前进,转弯,停止功能,此系统还不断的完善后可以应用到道路检测,安全巡逻中,能满足社会的需求。
在设计上,使用连个传感器来检测路面的情况,传感器的心海比较微弱,采用一个放大器进行比较放大,并将其信号输入到控制器,在受控制端使用步进电机,因为步进电机是用电脉冲进行控制的,只要从控制器输出满足步进电机功过的固定控制字即可。此外步进电机的运作还要一个驱动电路,故电路中还要加入一个驱动电路,各个功能模块对电源电流的要求不同,对电源部分设置转换电路,从而满足各个部分的需要。经过元件的比较选择,设计出电路原理图和电路板,并做好硬件的调试,系统往往是软件和硬件两者相结合的有机整体。软件上,使用51单片机的定时器中断来控制路面检测间隔和小车的运动及速度。由于带那路比较简单,就采用较为传统的汇编语言进行程序设计。对于程序设计的正确性,用较常用的keil c51仿真软件进行仿真验证,最后便是软硬件的综合调试,证明本设计方案的正确性和可行性。4.2 电子智能小车的设计要求
①电动车能够能够按照行使路线跑完全程;
②电动车能存储并显示检测到的金属片数目以及金属片至起跑线的距离;
③要求电动车行使完全程后能够准确的显示电动车全程行使时间;
④电动车在行使过程中不能与障碍物碰撞。4.3计算机网络教学网站的总体构思
采用89c51单片机作为小车的控制单元,在小车的前端就八路从外传感器,作为小车进入车库过程中黑带的检测元件,在小车的后端在接上八路红外线传感器作为小车退出车库时的黑带检测元件,采用LJ18A3-8-Z/BX电感式接近开关作为车库内铁片的检测元件,单片机接受到传感器检测到的信号后通过相应的程序控制小车的前进,后退,转弯,从而使小车的性能指标满足本次设计的要求。4.3.1 设计思路
智能小车是智能车辆研究的一个分支。它以车轮作为移动机构、能够实现自主 行驶,所以我们称之为智能小车。智能小车具有机器人的基本特征——易于编程。它与遥控小车的不同之处在于,后者需要操作员来控制其转向、启停和进退,比较 先进的遥控车还能控制其速度(常见的模型小车都属于这类遥控车);而智能小车 则可以通过计算机编程来实现其对小车启停、行驶方向以及速度的控制,无需人工 干预。操作员可以通过修改智能小车的计算机程序或者某些数据来改变它的行驶方 式。这种可以通过编程来控制、改变小车行驶方式的特性是智能小车的最大特点。智能小车控制系统的研究目的是使得小车行驶具有更高自主性。如果任意给定 小车一条无障路径,通过该系统,小车就可以得到系统对路径图形处理后的数据(位 移与转角),并能根据位移和转角信息按照预定路径行进 4.3.2 控制系统结构分析
根据上述设计思路,可将智能小车控制系统的结构分为两层
1、规划层
上位机控制系统,规划层提供的是小车行驶的全局信息,包括路径处理模块和 通信模块。它要解决的基本问题有
(1)使用什么工具处理小车的路径图形;
(2)建立小车的运动模型,计算出小车行驶所需的数据;(3)建立小车的运动模型,计算出小车行驶所需的数据;
2、行为层
下位机控制系统,行为层是智能小车控制系统的底层结构,实现对小车行驶的 实时控制,它包括通信模块、电机控制模块和数据采集模块。它要解决的基本问题 有:(1)接收、处理上位机发送的数据信息;(2)设计步进电机的控制系统;
(3)采集小车的位移和转角信息,定位小车姿态,分析系统控制误差;
4.3.3 总设计方案
由系统结构得到智能小车控制系统的命令流程:
(1)启动AutoCAD,绘制或选择一条封闭曲线为小车路径,拾取小车的起始路径图元(2)对选取的路径图形进行处理,使小车转弯处存在的棱角在最小转弯半径范围外以圆弧方式过渡
(3)生成新的路径图形,模拟小车的运动过程;
(4)计算出小车行驶所需要的位移和车轮转角,并将此数据发送给下位机(5)下位机接收数据后,通过软件编程控制小车车轮的转速和转角,使其按照 预定路径前进
一个完整的控制系统要求系统的各功能模块联系紧密,根据上述命令流程和它们之间的关系,可得系统的总设计方案。4.4设计主要有以下几个模块组成
1、信息采集模块:信息采集部分是由光电检测和运算放大模块组成,光电检测有寻迹检测和测速检测两个部分。将检测到的信号经过预算放大模块lm324放大整形后送给单片机处理,其核心部分是几个光电传感器。
2、控制处理模块:控制处理模块是一一片stc89c52单片机为核心,单片机将从采集到的信息进行判断后,按照预定的算法处理,把处理的结果送交电机驱动和液晶显示模块,使之做出相应的动作。
3、执行模块:执行模块是由液晶显示、电机驱动及电机、蜂鸣器三部分组成。液晶主要是将单片机处理的结果进行实时显示,方便及时用户了解系统当前的状态,电机驱动根据单片机的指令对两个电机进行动作,使之能够根据需要作出相应的加速、减速、转弯、停车等的动作,以达到预期的目的。蜂鸣器主要是根据要求在特定的位置作出出响应来报告位置。
五﹑
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[1]徐国华 主编,移动机器人的发展现状及其趋势[J].机器人技术与应用,2001(3)[2]党宏社 主编,智能车辆系统发展及其关键技术概述[J].公路交通科技,2002(4)[3]尹念东 主编,智能车辆的研究及前景[J].上海汽车,2002(2)[4]王荣本 主编,世界智能车辆研究概述[J].公路交通科技,2001(10 [5]王建农 主编.自主移动机器人的导航研究[R].机器人,199 [6]Dickmanns,E.D,A.Zapp.Auto high speed road vehicle guidance[J].computer,1987 [7]姚
佳 主编,智能小车的蔽障及路径规划[D].东南大学硕士论文.2005 [8]徐国华 主编,谭民移动机器人的发展现状及其趋势[J].机器人技术与应用,2001(3)[9]白井良明[同],机器人工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2001 [10]张毅刚 主编,新编MCS-51单片机应用设计,第一版,哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2003 [11]刘南平主编,电子产品设计与制作技术,科学出版社,2008 [12]杨
刚 主编,电子系统设计与实践,电子工业出版社,2009.3 [13]余祖俊 主编,微机监测与控制应用系统设计,北方交通大学出版社,2001.12 [14]温志明 主编,运动控制系统分析与应用,国防工业出版社,2008.2 [15]催维娜 主编,智能电子制作,科学出版社,2007 [16]李忠文 主编,实用电机控制电路,化学工业出版社,2003.4 [17]张红润 主编,智能技术——系统设计与开发,北京航空航天出版社,2007.2 [18]陈铁军 主编,智能控制理论及应用,清华大学出版社,2009.1 [19]刘少强 主编,传感器设计与应用实例,中国电力出版社,2008 [20]何立民 主编,单片机应用系统设计,北京:航天航空大学出版社 [21]李广弟 主编,单片机基础,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2001 [22]何希才 主编,新型实用电子电路400例,电子工业出版社,2000 [23]赵负图 主编,传感器集成电路手册,第一版,化学工业出版社,2004 [24]陈伯时 主编,电力拖动自动控制系统,第二版,北京:机械工业出版社,2000年6月 [25]http://www.xiexiebang.com/
Abstract: the design of intelligent tracking the car based on single chip microcomputer 89 c51 controller.Use reflective infrared sensor to test path and speed monitoring module.Will detect data back to the single chip microcomputer for processing, at the same time, using single-chip microcomputer to produce PWM wave to control the speed of the car, and real-time control of the car's moving state.In addition, also expanded the LCD on the car as the human-computer interaction interface, in order to understand the car a real-time monitoring of the real-time data of sensor state machine car, due to the design of intelligent automatic tracking the car, the whole process of task without any manual intervention, so no keyboard and remote control and manual operation of the equipment.With multiple sensors for real-time monitoring and algorithm closely to ensure that the car of complete the task smoothly.Key words: 80 c51, c/c + +, assembly language programming, electronic smart car photoelectric detector The introduction Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology.It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people.Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almost every time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education.Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many.Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is great The design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical.First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc.On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn right Subject parts Intelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect.The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system 2.1 theory is put forward The progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science.Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer.This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word.In operation of stepping motor and a driving circuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts.After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole.Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed.Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming.For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1)electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way;(2)electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance;(3)are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time;(4)electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching website Using 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside, in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-851 SCM application design, the first edition, Harbin industrial university press, 2003 [11] LiuNaPing editor, electronic product design and production technology, science press, 2008 [12] Yang just editor, electronic system design and practice of electronic industry press, 2009.3 [13] Yu Zujun editor, microcomputer monitoring and control system design, northern jiaotong university press, 2001.12 [14] WenZhiMing editor, movement control system analysis and application of national defense industry press, 2008.2 Reminder weina editor [15], and intelligent electronic production, science press, 2007 [16] Li Zhongwen editor, practical motor control circuit, chemical industry press, 2003.4 [17] Zhang Gongrun editor, intelligent technology, system design and development, Beijing aeronautics and astronautics press, 2007.2 [18] Chen Tiejun editor, intelligent control theory and applications, tsinghua university press, 2009.1 [19] LiuShaoJiang editor, sensor design and application instance, China electric power press, 2008 [20] He Limin editor, single chip microcomputer application system is designed, Beijing aerospace university press [21] Li Guangdi editor, microcontroller based, Beijing: Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics press, 2001 [22] He Xicai editor, a new practical electronic circuit 400 cases, the electronic industrial press, 2000 [23] zhao negative diagram editor, sensor IC manual, the first edition, chemical industry press, 2004 [24] Chen Boshi editor, electric drive automatic control system, the second edition, Beijing: mechanical industry press, June 2000 [25] HTTP: / / http://www.xiexiebang.com/
第五篇:毕业论文和外文翻译要求
沈阳农业大学本科生毕业论文(设计)撰写要求与格式规范(2008年7月修订)
毕业论文(设计)是培养学生综合运用所学知识 分析和解决实际问题
提高实践能力和创造能力的重要教学环节 是记录科学研究成果的重要文献 也是学生申请学位的基本依据
为保证本科生毕业论文(设计)质量 促进国内外学术交流
特制定《沈阳农业大学本科生毕业论文(设计)撰写要求与格式规范》
一、毕业论文(设计)的基本结构
毕业论文(设计)的基本结构是:
1.前置部分:包括封面、任务书、选题审批表、指导记录、考核表、中(外)文摘要、关键词和目录等
2.主体部分:包括前言、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢等
二、毕业论文(设计)的内容要求
(一)前置部分
1.封面
由学校统一设计
2.毕业论文(设计)任务书
毕业论文(设计)任务由各教学单位负责安排 并根据已确定的论文(设计)课题下达给学生
作为学生和指导教师共同从事毕业论文(设计)工作的依据
毕业论文(设计)任务书的内容包括课题名称、学生姓名、下发日期、论文(设计)的主要内容与要求、毕业论文(设计)的工作进度和起止时间等
3.论文(设计)选题审批表
4.论文(设计)指导记录
5.毕业论文(设计)考核表
指导教师评语、评阅人评审意见分别由指导教师和评阅人填写
答辩委员会意见、评定成绩以及是否授予学士学位的建议等材料应由答辩委员会填写
6.中(外)文摘要
摘要是毕业论文(设计)研究内容及结论的简明概述 具有独立性和自含性
其内容包括论文(设计)的主要内容、试(实)验方法、结果、结论和意义等 中文摘要不少于400字;英文摘要必须用第三人称 采用现在时态编写
7.关键词
关键词均应为专业名词(或词组)注意专业术语的通用性
数量一般为3-5个;外文关键词与中文关键词一一对应
8.目录
目录由论文(设计)的章、节、附录等序号、名称和页码组成
(二)主体部分
1.前言(引言或序言)
简要说明本项研究课题的提出及其研究意义(学术、实用价值)
本项研究的前人工作基础及其欲深入研究的方向和思路、方法以及要解决的主要问题等
2.正文
正文是毕业论文(设计)的核心部分 应占主要篇幅
正文内容必须实事求是
客观真切、准确完备、合乎逻辑、层次分明、语言流畅、结构严谨、书写工整 符合学科及本专业的有关要求
论文(设计)中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确 量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定 不得使用已废弃的单位
凡有法定符号代表量和单位的 均用法定符号表示 引用他人资料要有标注
(1)农科类
农科类毕业论文的正文部分 一般应包括:
a.材料与方法
材料主要描述用于试(实)验的生物、试剂、工具及主要配套用具等材料的规格、型号、数量
方法包括试验的设计方案和主要仪器安装 操作方法以及与试验有关的环境条件等
b.结果与分析
结果与分析部分指对本试(实)验观测所获得的数据(现象、图像)经过初步整理加工
对其结果进行逐项(条)分析 用文字加以表述
这部分是论文的核心内容 需要较详细、实事求是地阐述
c.结论与讨论
“结论”是指对试验结果分析后的概述 一般是按一定的逻辑关系 先后归纳成结论性条文
“讨论”通常是对某些不成熟的结论
或经过本试验尚不能做出明确结论的现象或问题 加以推断性的解释
有的甚至对与前人持有不同观点的结论 发表商榷性意见
同时还可以提出进一步研究的建议
农科类毕业论文总字数在10000字以上
(2)工科类
工科类毕业设计(论文)的正文部分 一般应包括:
a.设计方案论证:应说明设计原理 进行方案选择
论述方案选择的合理性及特点
b.计算部分:这部分在设计说明书中应占有相当的比例
一般应包括机器系统性能参数的选择与计算;主要零部件结构参数的选择与计算;各零件材料的选择等
在说明书中要列出各工作条件、给定的参数
计算公式以及各主要参数计算的详细步骤和计算结果 对应用计算机的设计还应包括各种软件设计
c.结构设计部分:应包括机械结构设计、各种电气控制线路设计及功能电路设计、计算机控制的硬件装置设计以及以上各种设计所绘制的图纸等
样机或试件的各种实验及测试情况:包括实验方法、线路及数据处理等
d.方案的校验:说明所设计的系统是否满足各项性能指标的要求 能否达到预期效果
e.结论:概括说明本设计的情况和价值 分析其优点、特色 有何创新
性能达到何水平
并应指出其中存在的问题和今后改进的方向
特别是对设计中遇到的重要问题要重点阐述并加以研究
工科类毕业设计(论文)字数在10000字以上 机械类专业学生还要至少要独立完成零号图纸2张
电气类专业学生要有完整的系统电气原理图或电气控制系统图
(3)经管类
经管类毕业论文
可以是理论性论文、应用软件设计或调查报告 论文选题新颖 符合专业学科要求
具有逻辑性、结构严谨、论点明确、论据充分、资料翔实、数据准确、研究与写作方法规范
经管类毕业论文字数在10000字以上
3.参考文献
列出的参考文献限于作者直接阅读过的、最主要的且发表在正式出版物上的文献 参考文献的著录按在论文中出现的先后顺序编号
期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人 多者用等或etal表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名 出版年
卷次(期次):起止页次.图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止页次.论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止页次.学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称 年份.电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者.题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者
出版年(更新或修改日期)[引用日期].获取和访问途径.参考文献应在15篇以上
4.附录
附录的主要内容有:某些重要的原始数据 数学推导 计算程序 框图 结构图 装配图等
5.致谢
向指导教师
曾经支持和协助自己完成论文课题研究工作的教师、技术人员以及合作伙伴等人表示谢意 “致谢”写在毕业论文的最后
三、毕业论文(设计)撰写与装订的格式规范
第一部分:封面
1.封面:由学校统一设计
2.封皮颜色按学位种类划分 农科类用绿色封皮 工科类用黄色封皮 理科类用灰色封皮 管理学用粉色封皮
3.需填写的项目一律电脑打印 不得手写
第二部分:目录
目录(三号 宋体 加粗 居中)
中文摘要(关键词)(小四号 宋体
下同)...(页码)
外文摘要(关键词)....................................(页码)
前言.........................................................(页码)XXXXXX(一级标题).................................(页码)
1.1 XXXXXX(二级标题)..............................(页码)
1.1.1 xxxxxx(三级标题)..............................(页码)
1.1.1.1 xxxxxx(四级标题)...........................(页码)
参考文献...................................................(页码)
致谢.........................................................(页码)
第三部分:摘要与关键词
1.中文摘要与关键词(单独用页)
摘要(三号 宋体 加粗 居中)
摘要内容(五号 宋体)
关键词标题(五号 宋体 顶格 加粗)
关健词内容(五号 宋体
词间用分号隔开)
2.外文摘要与关键词(单独用页)
外文摘要标题(三号 英文用Times New Roman 加粗 居中)
外文摘要内容(五号 英文用Times New Roman)
外文关键词标题(五号 英文用Times New Roman 顶格 加粗)
外文关键词内容(五号 英文用Times New Roman 每个词组(或词)的第一个字母大写 词组(或词)间用分号隔开)
第四部分:论文(设计)主题
1.标题
标题一律采用本规范中目录部分的样式 最多分四级
一级标题 三号字 宋体 顶格 加粗
二级标题 四号字 宋体 顶格 加粗
三级标题 小四号字 宋体 顶格 加粗
2.正文
小四号字 宋体
3.引文注释
引文后注释标示示例:“激光平地技术能够大幅度地提高土地平整的精度
激光感应系统的灵敏度至少比人工肉眼判断和操作人员手动控制的准确度提高10~50倍 是常规平地技术所不及的[1]” 这里“[1]”是右上标
其中[1]表示正文后面的“参考文献”中的第1个文献
4.图表
正文中图、表均需编排序号
有图、表题目及说明(五号、宋体、加粗)文中所列图形应有所选择 照片不得直接粘贴
须经扫描后以图片形式插入 插图宽度一般不超过10cm 标目中物理量的符号用斜体 单位符号用正体 坐标标值线朝里
标值的数字尽量不超过3位数 或小数点以后不多于1个“0” 如用30km代替30000m 用5μg代替0.005mg等 并与正文一致
中英文、罗马字符应统一
一般采用Time New Roman斜体(单位符号、缩写等除外)
第五部分:参考文献
参考文献标题(三号 宋体 加粗 居中)
参考文献内容(五号、宋体;英文用五号 Times New Roman)
第六部分:附录标题(三号 宋体 加粗 居中)
内容的格式与正文相同
第七部分:致谢标题(三号 宋体 加粗 居中)
内容的格式与正文相同
第八部分:版面要求
论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸)
版芯要求:左边距:25mm 右边距:25mm 上边距:30mm 下边距:25mm 页眉边距:23mm 页脚边距:18mm
字符间距:标准
行距:1.25倍
页眉页角:
从中文摘要开始
直到致谢为止;页眉的奇数页书写-
沈阳农业大学学士学位论文 页眉的偶数页书写论文题目 在每页底部居中加页码(宋体、五号、居中)
四、论文(设计)装订
论文(设计)的装订顺序是:封面、论文(设计)任务书、论文(设计)选题审批表、论文(设计)指导记录、论文(设计)考核表、目录、中文摘要与关键词、外文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献、附录、致谢、论文(设计)承诺书
本科毕业论文(设计)文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范(2008年7月修订)
一、毕业论文(设计)文献综述
(一)毕业论文(设计)文献综述的内容要求
1.封面:由学校统一设计 普通A4纸打印即可
2.正文
综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向 特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果 通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论
说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展 或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进 目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义
文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确 量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定 不得使用已废弃的单位 如:高斯(G和Gg)、亩、克、分子浓度(M)、当量能度(N)等 量和单位用法定符号表示 引用他人资料要有标注
文献综述字数在3000字以上
正文前须附300字左右中文摘要 末尾须附参考文献
列出的参考文献限于作者直接阅读过的、最主要的且一般要求发表在正式出版物上的文献
参考文献的著录按在文章中出现的先后顺序编号
期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人 多者用等或etal表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名 出版年
卷次(期次):起止页次.图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止页次.论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止页次.学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称 年份.电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者.题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者
出版年(更新或修改日期)[引用日期].获取和访问途径.参考文献应在10篇以上
(二)毕业论文(设计)文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范
第一部分:封面
1.封面:由学校统一设计
第二部分:文献综述主题
1.中文摘要与关键词
摘要标题(五号 宋体 顶格 加粗)
摘要内容(五号 宋体)
关键词标题(五号 宋体 顶格 加粗)
关健词内容(五号 宋体
词间用分号隔开)
2.正文标题
标题最多分四级
一级标题 三号字 宋体 居中 加粗;
二级标题 四号字 宋体 顶格 加粗;
三级标题 小四号字 宋体 顶格 加粗;
3.正文
小四号字 宋体
4.引文注释
引文后注释标示示例:“激光平地技术能够大幅度地提高土地平整的精度
激光感应系统的灵敏度至少比人工肉眼判断和操作人员手动控制的准确度提高10-50倍 是常规平地技术所不及的[1]” 这里“[1]”是右上标
其中[1]表示正文后面的“参考文献”中的第1个文献
5.图表
正文中图、表均需编排序号
有图、表题目及说明(五号、宋体、加粗)文中所列图形应有所选择 照片不得直接粘贴
须经扫描后以图片形式插入 插图宽度一般不超过10cm 标目中物理量的符号用斜体 单位符号用正体 坐标标值线朝里
标值的数字尽量不超过3位数 或小数点以后不多于1个“0” 如用30km代替30 000m 用5μg代替0.005mg等 并与正文一致
中英文、罗马字符应统一
一般采用Time New Roman斜体(单位符号、缩写等除外)
6.参考文献
参考文献标题(五号 宋体 加粗 居中)
参考文献内容(五号、宋体;英文用五号 Times New Roman)
第三部分:版面要求
论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸)
版芯要求:左边距:25mm 右边距:25mm 上边距:30mm 下边距:25mm 页眉边距:23mm 页脚边距:18mm
字符间距:标准
行距:1.25倍
页眉页角:页眉的奇数页书写-沈阳农业大学学士学位论文文献综述 页眉的偶数页书写-文献综述题目 在每页底部居中加页码(宋体、五号、居中)
二、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译
(一)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关 外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号 译文末尾要注明外文原文出处 并上交外文原文复印件
原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人 多者用等或etal表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名 出版年
卷次(期次):起止页次.原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止页次.原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者 出版年:起止页次.原文出处:学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称 年份.原文出处:电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者.题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者
出版年(更新或修改日期)[引用日期].获取和访问途径.(二)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范
第一部分:封面
1.封面格式:由学校统一设计 普通A4纸打印即可
第二部分:外文翻译主题
1.标题
一级标题 三号字 宋体 居中 加粗
二级标题 四号字 宋体 顶格 加粗
三级标题 小四号字 宋体 顶格 加粗
2.正文
小四号字 宋体
第三部分:版面要求
论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸)
版芯要求:左边距:25mm 右边距:25mm 上边距:30mm 下边距:25mm 页眉边距:23mm 页脚边距:18mm
字符间距:标准
行距:1.25倍
页眉页角:页眉的奇数页书写-沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译 页眉的偶数页书写-外文翻译题目 在每页底部居中加页码(宋体、五号、居中)
装订顺序是:封皮、文献综述封皮(普通A4纸打印)、文献综述正文、外文翻译封皮(普通A4纸打印)、外文翻译中文译文、外文原文复印件
封皮颜色同毕业论文(设计)
做生意一定要同打球一样,若第一杆打得不好的话,在打第二杆时,心更要保持镇定及有计划,这并不是表示这个会输。就好比是做生意一样,有高有低,身处逆境时,你先要镇定考虑如何应付。