第一篇：2013年内蒙古农业大学食品专业考博生化题
2013年内蒙古农业大学食品专业考博生化题
记忆版，把大体的题干列出来了。
1.乳糖操纵子和色氨酸基因表达的异同。
2.真核生物蛋白质翻译后加工过程和生物学意义。
简答题：
1体内两种ATP的生成2大肠杆菌3中DNA聚合酶的特点及作用
3酮体的合成和利用代谢
4磷酸戊糖途径在脂肪组织和肝脏组织比较活跃的原因 5糖原、蛋白质、脂肪的合成原料活化形式 6蛋白组学的实验技术和作用。
第二篇：考博英语词汇题
词汇题汇总（练习）A scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying.This happens when fact is discovered which seems to_____ what the law would lead one to expect.A.prove B.support C.contradict D.discourage 2 The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A.radical B.prominent C.confidential D.controversial 3 After several nuclear disasters, a ______ has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A.quarrel B.suspicion C.verdict D.controversy 4 Our interests seem to ______ at this point.A.constrain B.condense C.conduct D.converge 5 Rescue teams from all over the world ______ on the earthquake-stricken area after the news s-pread that the quake, which measured 7.9 on the Richter scale, had claimed a toll of 15000 lives.A.diversified B.disseminated C.converged D.accelerated 6 The ______ of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency.A.conversion B.convention C.conversation D.version 7 Without Bob’s testimony, evidence of bribery is lacking and ______ in the case will be impossible.A.verdict B.sentence C.conviction D.acquittal 8 The two countries have developed a ______ relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A.managerial B.lethal C.metric D.cordial 9 Chemistry is closely______ with other studies: physics, biology and so on.A.corresponded B.concerned C.correlated D.cooperated 10 It is not enough to observe behaviors and _____ them with physiological events that occur at the same time.A.correlate B.comply C.correspond D.pertain 11 Being the manager of a large corporation, he has a great deal of ______ to deal with every day.A.correspondents B.correspondence C.incidence D.dependence 12 Since its inception, Pakistan has strived desperately to ______India, cultivating ties with any state willing to help it.A.counteract B.counterfeited C.counterchange D.counterbalance 13 A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.A.forged B.currency C.substituted D.cash 14 He displayed a complete lack of courtesy and tact in dealing with his employer.A.tenacity B.curiosity C.civility D.hostility 15 What is missing from TV news_______ would fill a book.A.coverage B.dissemination C.declaration D.consultation 16 The none of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being_____ of everything they do.A.emotional B.optimistic C.interested D.critical 17 The ______ question in this case is whether the accused had a motive for this crime or not.A.crucial B.forcible C.supreme D.valuable 18 In a divorce, the mother usually is granted______ of her children.A.support B.retention C.perseverance D.custody 19 Any person who is in ______ while awaiting trial is considered innocent until he has been declared guilty.A.jeopardy B.custody C.suspicion D.probation 20 The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant’s trial for murder.A.a decision of guilty B.a decision to punish by electrocution C.an impasse D.an unusual verdict 21 The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, ______ to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A.receded B.implied C.complied D.declined 22 Because of a recent obstacle in production, sales have dropped and accordingly profits have______.A.declined B.increased C.broken D.maintained 23 If somebody is _____, he is given a medal or other honor as an official reward for what he has done.A.confirmed B.decorated C.appreciated D.nominated 24 He won by______ because his opponent refused to play.A.defect B.default C.deficit D.refusal 25 The ____now seems to stand as the primary to a new era of strong economic growth.A.defect B.descent C.deficit D.defeat 26 It was their______ decision to leave their country, and as a result, they lost their citizenship.A.compulsory B.deliberate C.carefree D.modest 27 A ______ plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A.deliberate B.disincentive C.functional D.fantastic 28 The supply of apples exceeds the _____ this year.A.request B.claim C.requirement D.demand 29 “Do you like your boss?” “No, he is too_______.”
A.in demand B.demande C.on demand D.demanding 30 I can’t understand how he can feel that his colleagues are always ready to denounce him.A.compliment B.criticize C.flatter D.challenge 31 Because of the bombing that killed six people, Washington has been urging the spokesman to______ terrorism more severely.A.charge B.censor C.blame D.denounce 32 The degree of downward slope of a beach depends o its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A.sentiment B.sediment C.semester D.segment 33 Nobody at work is very happy, because last week’s sales figures were pretty _____.A.destroying B.depressing C.deceasing D.declining 34 I want to talk about all these points in_____ order of importance.A.declining
B.descending
C.plunging
D.falling
Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.A.conveys
B.defines
C.indicates
D.explains
If you call the 911 emergency number, they will______ firemen, policemen, and paramedics immediately.A.assign
B.detach
C.attach
D.dispatch 37 The bus moved slowly in the thick fog.We arrived at our______ almost two hours later.A.designation
B.destiny
C.destination
D.dignity
He was ______ to take over the duties and responsibilities of his father from an early age.A.deduced
B.damped
C.diminished
D.destined
My grandmother has been ill for two months, so her health has______.A.deteriorated
B.diminished
C.dwindled
D.lessened
Smuggling is a ______ activity which might bring destruction to our economy;therefore, it must be banned.A.pertinent
B.fruitful
C.detrimental
D.casual
The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be _____ from a straight line.A.distracted
B.deviated
C.intrigued
D.permeated 42 In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger than others.A.distinguished
B.estranged
C.deferred
D.enlarged
The ______ of the occasion was spoiled when she fell down the steps.A.privacy
B.dignity
C.morality
D.secrecy 44 Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live_____.A.subtly B.frugally C.explicitly D.cautiously 45 His wife says that he was more frugal in his youth than later years.A.listless B.robust C.thrifty D.gullible 46 To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.A.improve B.enhance C.guarantee D.gear 47 Desperation, hunger, thirst, and resentment all make it more likely that people will______ a more powerful figure who promised them help and/or salvation.A.be prone to B.give in to C.live up to D.put an end to 48 She ______ at the thought of being parted from her family for so long.A.suffered B.grieved C.discriminate D.scared 49 It______ me to see him in such a bad health.He was such an energetic and strong young man only several months ago.A.depressed B.upset C.harmed D.grieved 50 I’m surprised they are no longer on speaking terms.It’s not like either of them to bear a _______.A.grudge B.hatred C.disgust D.curse 51 Participants in the Shanghai Cooperation Forum______ regional teamwork to promote investment and economic development.A.cursed B.echoed C.bounced D.hailed 52 The snow_____ my plan to visit my aunt in the countryside.A.confused B.bewildered C.conversed D.hampered 53 The trucks _____ heavy goods from factories to the ports.A.pull B.haul C.drag D.push 54 Cigarette smoking is a great health _____ and may lead to fatal diseases.A.opposition B.protagonist C.fault D.hazard 55 The manager stubbornly_____ the section director from reducing his staff despite the failing business of the company.A.hindered B.adapted C.imposed D.permitted 56 It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all _____ to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A.prophecies B.transactions C.argument D.hindrances 57 Some birds______ when they look for animals to kill on the ground.A.hosed B.rolled C.hovered D.revolved 58 The full _____ of changes in computer technology will be felt within the next few years.A.affect B.impact C.action D.importance 59 The degree of economic growth is an ______ of the level of living.A.index B.advantage C.access D.aspect 60 The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induce B.abduct C.indulge D.lure 61 Since the package was______, the damage was paid for.A.ensured B.insured C.assured D.promised 62 The point at ______ at the meeting is whether they are to import the assembly line.A.argument B.controversy C.issue D.conflict 63 Lawyer have a terrible habit of using Latin and industry ______ to mystify people and themselves more valuable.A.inflections B.dialects C.accent D.jargon 64 As the cat lay asleep, dreaming her whiskers______.A.twitched B.twisted C.jerked D.jogged 65 The manager______ facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.A.beguiled B.besmirched C.juxtaposed D.juggled 66 The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a_______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion.A.long B.forever C.lasting D.lively 67 His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him a guitar.A.hidden B.sophisticated C.delicate D.profound 68 When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _____ can be distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies C.platitudes D.analogies 69 Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the_____ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A.legacy B.bequest C.converse D.miracle 70 The farmer put up iron fences around the flower______ garden neighbor’s sheep should break in.A.on condition that B.now that C.lest D.but 71 _____ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.A.In order that B.Lest C.If D.Providing 72 After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground______ with papers, bottles and cans.A.scrubbed B.used C.littered D.dispersed 73 I don’t understand why people_____ such a beautiful garden with cans and bottles.A.located B.provided C.protected D.littered 74 Please put your empty cigarette packets and paper bags in the______ bins provided.A.junk B.litter C.scrap D.deposit 75 Laura, who comes from a wealthy family, spends most of her time enjoying herself, but takes _____ pains with her lessons.A.little B.few C.a little D.a few 76 What he told me was a _____ of downright lies.A.load B.mob C.pack D.flock 77 A _____ refers to an animal that is born from its mother’s body, not from an egg, and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby.A.mammoth B.penguin C.mosquito D.mammal 78 He expected the House to pass the bill by a comfortable______.A.maple B.marble C.marsh D.margin 79 The tiger continued to ______ us by walking round and round our tent.A.trap B.transplant C.menace D.provoke 80 A______ of this approach is that the variables are visually presented in a style that can be understood by generalists and specialists alike.A.value B.merit C.factor D.worth 81 Americans are highly_____, and therefore may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.A.moving B.mobile C.movable D.motional 82 The two psychologists had to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the chimpanzees’ spontaneous gestures.A.change B.abort C.shorten D.enhance 83 The whole program is well designed, but some details need further _____by some experts.A.proofing B.modifying C.demonstrating D.polishing 84 A scientific law is liable at anytime to need_____, that is an eternal truth.A.modifying B.changing C.revising D.adjusting 85 The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of ideas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff_____.A.moral B.mortal C.morale D.mores 86 Another popular misconception is the _____ that great talent is usually highly specifiC.A.notion B.dilemma C.domain D.analogy 87 On behalf of my company, I am______ to you and your colleagues for your generous help.A.subjected B.inclined C.available D.obliged 88 They were tired, but not any less enthusiastic_____ that account.A.on B.by C.for D.with 89 The Barbie doll comes with a whole range of_______ that you can dress her in.A.outlooks B.outlines C.outskirts D.outfits 90 Such an _____act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overt B.episodic C.ample D.ultimate 91 Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would______, for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A.prevail B.preside C.perish D.persecute 92 There’s one girl at my school who everybody______ because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears;they are horrible to her.A.picks out B.picks over C.picks on D.picks off 93 Players will be_____ against four others worldwide in a timed competition to answer trivia questions from the 1950s to present day.A.trifled B.wreathed C.instigated D.pitted 94 The criminal’s _____ for leniency was ignored by the jurors.A.protest B.demand C.plea D.defence 95 When the rent was due, the poor man______ for more time.A.pleaded B.squashed C.exerted D.cursed 96 The couple had been trying to satisfy all the needs of their only youngster, who had been ____ for more pocket money all the time.A.supposing B.pleading C.trailing D.devising 97 He told a story about his sister who was in a sad______ when she was ill and had no money.A.plight B.polarization C.plague D.pigment 98 In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe______ Europe into a great war.A.pitched B.imposed C.inserted D.plunged 99 In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe______ Europe into a bloody war.A.imposed B.plunged C.pitched D.inserted 100 It is not too late, but_____ action is needed.A.right B.urgent C.hurry D.prompt
答案（未必正确，请按自己查找对的理解）: 1-5CADAC.6-10CBDCA.11-15CAAAA.16-20ABCCC.21-25BAAAD.26-30CADCD.31-35AABBD.36-40CBBCD.41-45BCABC.46-50DBBDA.51-55DDBDA.56-60DCBAA.61-65BCDCD.66-70CABAC.71-75BCDBA.76-80ADDCB.81-85BABAC.86-90ADADA.91-95CCDCA.96-100BADBD
第三篇：中央党校思想政治教育专业考博真题
中央党校思想政治教育专业真题 《思想政治工作原理》
1、论政治工作要坚持一人为本
2、论思想政治工作机制的创新
《思想政治工作发展史》
1、论大革命时期党的思想政治工作的特点
2、论刘少奇《论共产党员的修养》中关于党自身修养与教育的思想及其当前工作的意
第四篇：2004年考博英语题
2004年考博英语题
一、Directions 1.My brother knows so much about the stars that I am sure it would be impossible to find his _____.A.equivalent
B.equity C.equality
D.equal 答案：D.equal 2.The young couple had made their fortunes by developing a ____travel business at home.A.beneficial
B.profitable C.regenerative
D.financial 答案：B.profitable 3.The two scientists working independently made the same invention ____.A.spontaneously
B.simultaneously C.collaboratively
D.elaborately 答案：B.simultaneously 4.the scientist’s discovery will have a ______influence on mankind.A.gross
B.solid C.complete
D.profound 答案：D.profound 5.when he recited the passage by _____, he revealed that he was reproducing _____without understanding their meaning.A.after /cause
B.sounds/meaning C.sounds/pronunciation
D.rote/sounds 答案：C.sounds/pronunciation 6.were the diameter of a wire smaller diameter, its resistance _______.A.had been increased
B.would be increased C.might have been increased
D.was increased 答案：B.would be increased 7.all of us decided to stop and have dinner, _____we were feeling very hungry A.moreover
B.for C.whereas
D.consequently 答案：B.for 8.The number and diversity of British newspaper _____considerable.A.have been
B.are C.were
D.is 答案：D.is 9.Mary is reading ______.A.an exciting, detective old story
B.an old, exciting, detective story C.an exciting, old detective story
D.a detective, old exciting story 答案：C.an exciting, old detective story 10.having potential energy, a body may be in motion without any external force____.A.to act it
B.acting on it C.act on it
D.acts on it 答案：B.acting on it 11.He has only a _____understanding of astronomy.A.original
B.superficial C.critical
D.identical 答案：B.superficial 12.he was too sick to stay here, _____we sent him home.A.however
B.furthermore C.otherwise
D.accordingly 答案：D.accordingly 13.I believe the house was ____ set fire to.A.deliberately
B.credibly C.violently
D.vigorously 答案：A.deliberately 14.The managing director took the ____for the accident although it was not really his fault.A.guilt
B.blame C.change
D.accusation 答案：B.blame 15.They managed to ______ valuable raw materials from industrial wasters.A.reclaim
B.reconcile C.rectify
D.regulate 答案：A.reclaim 16.Logging at 5 p.m.is part of his daily _____.A.habit
B.practice C.routine
D.custom 答案：C.routine 17.Sounding a big city one usually finds the _____ and industrial belts A.habitat
B.inhabited C.dwelling
D.residential 答案：D.residential 18.it was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair, it had been professionally ______.A.laid out
B.laid down C.laid off
D.laid aside 答案：A.laid out 19.Each one of us advised him not to sign the contract with her, but ____.A.to good purpose
B.for the purpose C.in good shape
D.to any purpose 答案：B.for the purpose 20.I spend much time on that composition and I would _____ it if you would do the same when you mark it.A.modify
B.decorate
C.compile
D.appreciate 答案：D.appreciate
二、Reading comprehension 1.What is the best title for this passage? A.science and the trumpet B.recordings of the trumpet C.the trumpet and its ancestry D.how the trumpet is made 答案：C.the trumpet and its ancestry 2.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is needed to make the trumpet work? A.air pressure
B.keen eyesight
C.daily cleaning
D.long fingers 答案：A.air pressure 3.Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players? A.they could not play all the notes of the scale B.they were not able to pick up the trumpet C.they could not play simple tunes D.they had difficulty improving upon the trumpet 答案：A.they could not play all the notes of the scale 4.The word “one ”(1st sentence of 4th para.)could best be replaced by
A.the listener
B.a family
C.the composer
D.an instrument 答案：A.the listener 5.The author believe that the trumpet is particularly important because it A.can be used in rock bands B.had historical significance C.is a religious instrument D.has a narrow range 答案：B.had historical significance 6.according to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future of the universe because we---A.have too many conflicting theories B.do not have enough funding to continue our research C.are not sure how the universe is put together D.think too much of our present situation 答案：C.are not sure how the universe is put together 7.What does the author see as the function of the universe’s unseen switches? A.they tell us which one of the tracks the universe will use B.they enable us to alter the course of the universe C.they give us information about the lunar surface D.they determine which course the universe will take in the future 答案：D.they determine which course the universe will take in the future 8.Which of the following could best replace the word “track”(6th sentence of 2nd para.)A.band
B.rails
C.path
D.sequence 答案：C.path 9.For whom is the author probably writing this passage? A.train engineers B.general audiences C.professors of statistics D.young children 答案：B.general audiences 10.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage? A.a statement illustrated by analogy B.a hypotheses supported by documentation C.a comparison of two contrasting theories D.a critical analysis of a common assumption 答案： A.a statement illustrated by analogy 11.from the information presented by the author, it seem s that crows_______.A.can communicate wit on another B.are relatively easy to catch C.usually succeed in bobbing the nests of smaller birds D.do damage to gardens grain fields and orchards 答案：C.usually succeed in bobbing the nests of smaller birds 12.what do the sentinels do> A.they give signals to the crows if any danger is coming near.B.they discover good places for the crows to build their nests.C.they find fields and gardens that can supply the crows with food.D.they defend the crows against the attacks of the small birds.答案：A.they give signals to the crows if any danger is coming near.13.what is the effect of man’s war against crows?
A.“crow shoots” are reducing the number of crows.B.crows are just as numerous as they ever were C.scarecrows are driving crows from the United States D.crows are doing more and more damager all the time 答案：B.crows are just as numerous as they ever were 14.crows help the farmer by _____.A.warning him when danger approach B.learning to say words C.D.catch bugs and other insects 答案：D.catch bugs and other insects 15.what is the author’s feeling about crows?
A.he thinks that they are harmful and should be controlled B.he thinks that their voices are interesting and should be trained C.he enjoys studying them and their habits D.he likes theme and wants to protect them 答案：D.he likes theme and wants to protect them 16.What does the passage mainly discuss? A.American political parties in the twentieth century B.the role of ideology in American polities C.the future direction of Unites States polities D.differences between Republican and Democrats 答案：A.American political parties in the twentieth century 17.according to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States? A.they are both generally conservative B.party organization has been stronger at the state level than at the national level C.party organization has increased their influence in recent years D.Democrats have been stronger than Republican at the national level 答案：B.party organization has been stronger at the state level than at the national level 18.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organizations in the United States except---A.increased numbers of immigrants B.development of the welfare states C.improved conditions for state workers D.the influence of television 答案：A.increased numbers of immigrants 19.The passage supports which of the following conclusions? A.Democrats are more committed than Republicans to a market-oriented economy B.Republicans are more liberal than Democrats C.Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questions D.only Democrats have traditional political organizations 答案：C.Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questions 20.The word “irrelevant” in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning to---A.unquestioning
B.uninteresting C.unimportant
D.invalid 答案：B.uninteresting 21.According to behaviorism, all human actions_________.A.are based on stimulus and response
B.have no bearing on human drives
C.are supposed to be highly motivated
D.are of a great mystery
答案：A.are based on stimulus and response 22.Behaviorism basically believes in_______.A.motivation
B.Performance C.rewards
D.human factors 答案：C.rewards
23.From the passage, it can be inferred that _______.A.rewards are highly effective in America
B.rewards are not much soughtafter in academic circles
C.rewards have long lost their appeal in American society
D.Americans are addicted to rewards 答案：D.Americans are addicted to rewards
24.The children’s behavior in the last paragraph_______.A.can be best explained be behaviorism
B.can be linked to Pavlov’s dogs
C.shows that rewards may well kill desire
D.serve to provided evidence to behaviorism 答案：C.shows that rewards may well kill desire
25.Which of the following in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse,…when a reward is involved”(last paragraph)? A.People are not used to being conditioned by prizes.B.Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behavior.C.Rewards are so indispensable to American cultures.D.The principle of “positive reinforcement” in not fully enforced.答案：B.Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behavior.26.Dr Adams left London---A.two days before the conference B.on Wednesday 16th
C.on the day before the conference D.on the 13th
答案：D.on the 13th
27.Dr Adams---A.was a good traveler B.found long journeys exhausting C.usually fell asleep on long journeys D.was a keen sightseer 答案：B.found long journeys exhausting 28.After dinner Dr Adams and his companion---A.sat and talked B.went to bed early C.went out into the streets of New Delhi D.caught the plane to Colombo 答案：C.went out into the streets of New Delhi 29.All the delegates to the conference were---A.students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical Agriculture B.from the developing countries C.from Africa D.agricultural experts 答案：D.agricultural experts 30.The “old friends” that Dr Adams met were---A.ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical Agriculture B.people he has worked with before C.delegates he had met at the hotel D.delegates who were interested in his lecture 答案：A.ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical Agriculture 31.The action of the story takes place in _______.A.England B.Johnstown C.New York City D.Not mentioned 答案：B.Johnstown 32.What type of experience did Megan have on Friday afternoon? A.happy B.uninteresting C.depressing D.frightening 答案：D.frightening 33.How do you think Megan felt when she saw the wall of water? A.brave B.curious C.horrified D.disappointed 答案：C.horrified 34.Why do you think the people around Megan to pray? A.because they felt thankful B.because they wanted to impress Megan C.because they were very afraid D.because they asked for others’ help 答案：C.because they were very afraid 35.What do you think the ray of light meant to Megan? A.that there might be a way out B.that she could see well enough to read C.that someone was searching for her D.that there was no danger at all 答案：A.that there might be a way out
三、Translation 1.He had not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him on to say.答案： 他并不想伤害她，但是一种渴望激励着他还是说了。
2.in a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of national defense is the best guarantee of a nation’s vital interests.答案：在这个危险和不稳定的世界里，巩固国防是国家利益的最好保障。
3.The ancient water that brought soil to these mountain valleys had no reaching the sea, so they spread out in shallow lake.答案：古老的水把这些土壤带到了山谷，水却没有流到海里，因此他们流进了小湖。
4.while there are thousands of stocks, the ones bought and sold most
frequency are usually listed on the New York Stock Exchange.答案：虽然这里有上千支股票，但是交易最频繁的都被列在纽约的证劵交易所。5.Spanish missionaries who brought their knowledge and their seedlings here from their native country were the first to grow wine here.答案：西班牙传教士从他们自己国家带来了他们的知识和幼苗，并在这里第一次生产了葡萄酒。6.“You’ve got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers.If you are not careful they’ll take you and turn you hustle out”
答案：你们要小心这些东方的律师，如果不小心，他们会把你们挤走。
7.Laura wished that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter, but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn’t possibly throw it away.答案：劳拉希望她没有拿那块黄油面包，但是现在没有地方放，她也不可能扔掉。
8.the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)was established to control and abate pollution in the basic areas of air, water, solid waste, pesticides, noise, and radiation.答案：美国环境保护局负责控制和减轻空气、水、固体垃圾、农药、噪音和辐射的这些基本领域的污染。
9.When one individual inflicts bodily injury upon another, such injury that death results.We call the deed man-slaughter when the litigant knew in advance that the injury would be fatal, we call his deed murder.答案：如果一个人伤害了另一个人的身体，而且这种伤害致被害人于死，我们就把这种行为叫做过失杀人；如果诉讼当事人事先知道这种伤害会致人于死，那么我们就把他的行为叫做谋杀。
10.Government provides tax write-offs for corporate philanthropy out of the belief that many centers of support for socially needed programs help contribute to a dynamic solution to the human problems of society
答案：政府为企业的慈善事业提供税收减免是出于这样的信念，即许多中心对社会需要的项目的支持有助于人类社会问题的动态解决。
第五篇：马克思主义考博真题
07年 马哲原理
1、试论马克思主义的哲学观。（40分）
2、试论马克思主义哲学的批判的革命的本质及其现实意义。（30分）
3、试论马克思恩格斯关于社会公平的思想。（30分）
原著
1、“人们自己创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲的创造自己的历史„„” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
2、“人的思维的至上性与非至上性……真理与谬误的……” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
3、“认识由感性到理性……从现象到本质，再到更深刻的本质”（关于现象和本质的那段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
4、“认识和实践……”（关于实践和认识无限反复循环的一段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
5、试论恩格斯在马克思主义哲学创立过程中的地位和作用。（20分）
6、试论马克思恩格斯关于政治解放和人类解放的关系的思想。（区别和联系）（20分）08年
马哲原理：
1.试述费尔巴哈和马克思关于人的论述。
2．阐述实践标准的确定性和不确定性的论述，并谈谈其现实意义。3．试论述历史规律的客观性及其特点。马哲史：
1.“人体解剖是猴体解剖的一把钥匙„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。2.“我们不能得意于对自然界的胜利„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。3.“考察的客观性。”要求说出出处、含义和意义。4．“使马克思主义哲学具有中国风格、中国气派”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。04年 马哲原理
1、如何从哲学角度理解社会发展。
2、实践在现实生活中的超越意义。原著
1、《提纲》的伟大变革。
2、列宁三者统一思想。
3、毛泽东《实践论》《反对本本主义》《人的正确思想从哪里来》的内在联系。05年 马哲原理
1、马克思主义中国化特点、主要经验及其意义。
2、和谐社会的哲学基础。
3、人与社会矛盾的当代特点及出路。原著
1、《提纲》第二条。
2、《政治经济学批判序言》两个“不会”“必然”。
3、《终结》 “过程集合体”。
4、列宁《谈谈辩证法问题》最后一段“唯心主义的认识论根源”。
5、文本研究对发展马哲的意义。06年：
马哲原理：
1、试论马克思主义世界历史理论对中国现代化的意义。
2、简述真理是一个过程的思想及其意义。
3、试述社会历史发展的决定论和选择论的辩证关系及其意义。原著：
1.引文为马克思《1857-1858手稿》中关于人的发展阶段理论一段话，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。
2、引文为为“随着自然科学的发展，唯物主义必然改变自己的形式......”一段话，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。
3、引文为列宁“两个归结于”一段论述，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。
4、简述毛泽东在《实践论》和《矛盾论》中对马哲中国化的贡献。07年 马哲原理
1、试论马克思主义的哲学观。（40分）
2、试论马克思主义哲学的批判的革命的本质及其现实意义。（30分）
3、试论马克思恩格斯关于社会公平的思想。（30分）
原著
1、“人们自己创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲的创造自己的历史„„” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
2、“人的思维的至上性与非至上性……真理与谬误的……” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
3、“认识由感性到理性……从现象到本质，再到更深刻的本质”（关于现象和本质的那段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
4、“认识和实践……”（关于实践和认识无限反复循环的一段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
5、试论恩格斯在马克思主义哲学创立过程中的地位和作用。（20分）
6、试论马克思恩格斯关于政治解放和人类解放的关系的思想。（区别和联系）（20分）08年
马哲原理：
1.试述费尔巴哈和马克思关于人的论述。
2．阐述实践标准的确定性和不确定性的论述，并谈谈其现实意义。3．试论述历史规律的客观性及其特点。马哲史：
1.“人体解剖是猴体解剖的一把钥匙„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。2.“我们不能得意于对自然界的胜利„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。3.“考察的客观性。”要求说出出处、含义和意义。4．“使马克思主义哲学具有中国风格、中国气派”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。
中国人民大学中国哲学专业历年考博试题
2000年： 西哲：
1、亚里士多德对柏拉图理念说的批判与继承。
2、安瑟尔谟关于上帝存在的本体论证明。
3、休谟因果说评述。
4、斯宾诺莎唯理论的认识。
5、费尔巴哈对黑格尔唯心主义体系的批评和继承。中哲；
1、庄子对老子思想的继承和发展。
2、《坛经》的心性论综述。
3、朱熹的格物致知思想述评。
4、章太炎儒学观的演变。
5、道家思想的现代意义。2001年 西哲
1、德谟克利特的原子论。
2、康德的感性。
3、经验论的。
4、托马斯·阿奎那的理性和信仰的关系。
5、黑格尔的矛盾。中哲：
1、离间白和合同异的异同。
2、郭象的独化论述评。
3、王阳明的“四句教”的哲学意义。
4、谭嗣同的仁学。
5、以德治国的现实意义。2002年 西哲：
1、柏拉图的理念论。
2、培根的四假象说。
3、休谟的习惯性联想。
4、托马斯·阿奎那关于上帝存在的证明。
5、康德的实践理性批判。中哲：
1、先秦天道观的区别。
2、董仲舒的人副天数说。
3、法藏华严宗的判教理论。
4、严复的中西观。
5、中西哲学的比较。2003年 西哲：
1、亚里士多德的四因说。
2、笛卡儿、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨的“天赋观念说”的异同。
3、贝克莱的“存在即是感知和被感知”。
4、黑格尔的辩证法述评。中哲：
1、老子的“道”的思想和现代意义。
2、葛洪对道家思想的改造。
3、二程学说的异同。
4、孙中山的进化论思想。
5、中国哲学同现代化的关系。2004年 西哲：
1、柏拉图理念论。
2、斯宾诺莎实体学说。
3、康德“哥白尼革命”。
4、黑格尔的“思维与存在的同一性。” 中哲：
1、荀子对孔子“礼”思想的继承和发展。
2、南北朝时佛性与人性之辨。
3、王廷相的道体论及其在气学中的地位。
4、维新派知行观的特点。
5、儒佛价值观的融合与冲突。2005年 西哲：
1、亚里士多德的中道思想与孔子中庸思想比较。
2、笛卡儿是在面临什么样的挑战下提出他的形而上学基础的？他是如何构建他的形而上学基础的？
3、贝克莱的“存在即感知与被感知”。
4、康德的“人为自然立法”。中哲：
1、先秦法家的道论。
2、董仲舒对先秦儒家的改造。
3、朱熹的“无极太极之辩”
4、康有为哲学创新中的中国特色。
5、中国哲学中天人关系的现代意义。2007年 中哲： 1．《易传》的哲学思想 2．葛洪的哲学思想 3．《四书》与宋明理学的关系 4．龚自珍、魏源的哲学思想 5．“和”的中国哲学资源 西哲：
1．柏拉图的洞穴隐喻
2．斯宾诺莎的伦理学思想与庄子人生哲学的异同 3．康德的纯粹理性批判 4．举例说明西方哲学概念在诠释中国哲学中的积极作用和消极作用
2009年（凭记忆，可能有误差，请谅解）中哲：
1，儒家的仁爱和墨家兼爱之间的异同 2，董仲舒的天人合一思想 3，宋明理学中天理的含义
4，评述康有为的“公羊三世说” 5，评述中国儒学与现代化的兼容性 西哲：
1，普罗泰格拉“人是万物的尺度”，并用柏拉图的理念论加以评析 2，中世纪两大派
3，康德是怎样完成他的批判的
4，逻各斯和中国哲学中“道”的异同 中国人民大学2010年博士初试题目 中国哲学：
道家哲学的现实意义近代国学争论 宋明理学分系
《易传》中的天人思想 华严宗一与多关系 综合： 一
1.人与自然的关系及其现实意义 2.唯物史观实现的革命性变革
3.为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义认识论的首要的基本的观点
二
1.庄子的齐物论
2.道教的一个什么思想
3.朱熹的“理一分殊”
4.科学规律的合理性与可错性，并举例说明
三
1.柏拉图为什么把世界二重化，分为可知世界与可感世界？从知识论和存在论的角度回答 2.笛卡尔为什么坚持身心二元论？它的形而上学意义及缺陷
3.黑格尔的思维与存在的统一
4.论可能世界 专业课：2011
历史唯物主义在马克思主义中的地位和作用。
马克思恩格斯公平观。
“黑人就是黑人，只有在一定关系下，黑人才是奴隶；纺纱机就是纺织棉花的工具，只有在一定关系下，纺纱机才是资本。”这段话的出处、含义以及意义。
“考察的客观性（不是枝节，是自在之物本身）”，这句话的出处、含义以及意义。
哲学综合：
马哲原理（三选二）
历史唯物主义的基本观点以及对社会科学方法论的意义
矛盾特殊性的含义以及在实际工作中的意义
科学技术是第一生产力
西哲（四选二）
什么是怀疑主义？怀疑主义在西方哲学史上的意义
亚里士多德“
”（一段关于存在论的话），谈谈这种科学的特征以及在西方哲学史上的演变
上帝本体论证明以及康德对证明的批判
逻辑是什么，它的哲学含义
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