杨忠--语言学概论 课后综合测试题及中文版答案

第一篇：杨忠--语言学概论 课后综合测试题及中文版答案

综合测试题

（一）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：(10 points)：

()1.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()2.The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology.()3.The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.()4.Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.()5.Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the source domain.()6.According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.()7.Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.()8.Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.()9.Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research.()10.Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions: field, mode and tenor.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.____________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.creativity

B.arbitrariness

C.displacement

D.interchangeability 2.Syntactically, Japanese is ____________ language.A.analytic

B.isolating

C.synthetic

D.agglutinating 3.The general roles language plays are termed

A.metalanguages

B.metafunctions

C.metadiscourses

D.metagrammar 4.____________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix.A.Blending

B.Eponyms

C.Backformation

D.Clipping 5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a ___________.A.suffix

B.prefix

C.morpheme

D.morph 6.__________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A.Environmentalist

B.functionalist

C.nativist

D.both a and b 7.Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC.are called __________.A.person deixis

B.time deixis

C.place deixis

D.discourse deixis 8.Every syllable has a(n)__________, which is usually a vowel.A.nucleus

B.onset

C.code

D.rhyme 9.___________ is defined as the study of meaning.A.linguistics

B.semantics

C.morphology

D.pragmatics 10.A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A.pidgin

B.creole

C.Esperanto

D.natural language

III.Match the terms in column A with the phrases in column B and put a, b…j into brackets:(10 points)A()1.Socialinguistics()2.Applied Linguistics()3.Morphology()4.Phonetics()5.Linguistics()6.Syntax()7.Psycholinguistics()8.Pragmatics()9.Phonology()10 Semantics B a.the analysis of sentence structure b.the analysis of meaning in context c.the analysis of meaning

d.the study of sound systems and patterns

e.the application of linguistic theories to other spheres f.the study of speech sounds

g.the study of the relationship between language and society h.the study of word structure i.the scientific study of language

j.the study of the relationship between language and mind

IV.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they all share:(10 points)1.[t∫][dз]

2.[m] [n] [ɡ]

3.[f] [θ] [s ] [∫] [h]

4.[d] [n] [z] [l] [r]

5.[i:] [i] [u:] [u]

V.Consider the following words and fill in the form:(10 points)Words analyzed number of morphemes troublesome free morphemes

stepmother psycholinguistics understatement antidisestablishmentarianism

VI.Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences:(10 points)1.The duck is too hot to eat.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________ 2.Visiting friends can be boring.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________

VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.derivation

2.learner factors

VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)

1.What is the difference between “a red and a redcoat”? 2.What are the features of modern linguistics?

3.According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of?

综合测试题

（二）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and logical metafunction.()2.Duality is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()3.Modality can be categorized into modalization and modulation according to Halliday.()4.Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.()5.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.()6.Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves social factors and learner factors.()7.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.()8.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()9.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.()10.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The language used to talk about language is called __________.A.language

B.metalanguage

C.natural language

D.artificial language 2.[+continuant] specifies ________________.A.all the fricatives

B.all the fricatives and glides C.all the fricatives and liquids

D.all the fricatives, liquids and glides 3._________ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A.Coinage

B.Blending

C.Acronmyms

D.Clipping 4.A __________ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A.morpheme

B.word

C.phoneme

D.allophones 5.The word ―multinationality has ___________ morphemes.A.2

B.3

C.4

D.5 6._________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use‖, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are ―varieties according to user‖.A.field

B.mode

C.tenor

D.register 7.__________ are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.back-channel signals

B.adjacency pairs C.pre-sequences

D.insertion sequences 8.The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice(1975)as ____________.A.the principle of relevance

B.cooperative principle C.the politeness principle

D.the theory of prototypes 9.Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in __________.A.affective meaning

B.style

C.collocation

D.register 10.―John explained the theory‖ is a ___________ process according to Halliday.A.material

B.mental

C.verbal

D.behavioral

III.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Specially, there are four m__________ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.2.M__________ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.3.A speech act consists of three dimensions.The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l_____________ act.The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i_____________ act.The act of bringing about an effect is known as p____________ act.4.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m____________.5.C__________ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.6.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a___________，7.The term language a___________ refers to the natural process of children’ language development.8.A d___________ is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.IV.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.This vet is very famous in the town.()2.This classroom is large and bright..()3.He is watering flowers.()4.Orlon is a kind of cloth material.()5.Watt is the measurement unit of electricity.()6.EEC is an important organization in the world.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.The road was enlarged last year.()9.Some young people have brunch quite often.B a.Conversion b.Derivation c.Blending d.Backformation e.Acronym

f.Compounding g.Coinage h.Eponym i.Clipping

V.Pick out the sound that does not belong to the group of the sounds according to the natural class of sounds.And then name the feature(s)that define the one picked out and the group of sounds:(10 points)For example: 1.[ 2.[ 3.[ 4.[ 5.[ [z] voiced/voiceless ____ ____ ____ ___________ [f] [θ] [z] [s] [m] [?] [l] [n] [p] [b] [m] [v] [w] [s] [z] [∫] [dз] [з] [i:] [i] [?] [u] [e] [i:] [?:] [e] [?] ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________] __________________________

VI.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―He found his book on Wall Street‖:(10 points)

VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.language and linguistics 2.semantics and pragmatics

VII.Answer the following questions:(40%)

1.How do you understand creativity, one of the features of human language? 2.What do Taboo and Euphemism mean? What is the relationship between them? 3.What are the general roles language plays according to Halliday?

综合测试题

（三）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(10 points)()1.A morpheme is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.()2.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()3.The word ―went‖ contains two morphemes.()4.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis(CA).()5.Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons.()6.The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.()7.In English, the two liquids [l] and [r] are phonemes, but in Korean, they are allophones.()8.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.()9.Compounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and bound morphemes.()10.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The followings are all features of language except __________.A.duality

B.productivity

C.changeability

D.displacement 2.The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.A.synonymy

B.antonym

C.polysemy

D.homonymy 3.______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Conversion

B.Abbreviation

C.Eponyms

D.Blending 4.Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.A.babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B.babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic C.babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D.babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word

5.The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except _________.A.motivation

B.nationality

C.age

D.learning strategy 6.Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others.Based on this observation, Leech(1983)proposes _____________.A.the cooperative principle

B.the principle of relevance C.the politeness principle

D.speech acts 7.Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.A.moon/noon

B.foot/food

C.she/sheet

D.sea/sea 8.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________.A.distinctive features

B.non-distinctive features C.suprasegmental features

D.free variation 9.The ____________ function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the transitivity system of language.A.ideational

B.interpersonal

C.textual

D.logical 10.Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes _________.A.prefixes

B.suffixes

C.affixes

D.inflectional morphemes

III.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.Most children like drinking Coca-cola.()2.UNESCO is a branch United Nations.()3.The police machineguned the gang.()4.I like sandwiches very much.()5.There are a lot of fruits in the fridge.()6.Infotech is popular nowadays.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.His stepmother is very kind to him.()9.The street was widened last year.B a.Conversion

b.Derivation

c.Blending

d.Backformation

e.Acronym

f.Compounding g.Coinage

h.Eponym

i.Clipping

IV.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(10 points)1.labiodentals 2.interdentals 3.back vowels 4.high vowels

5.palatal affricates

V.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket.(10 points)A()1.The noise annoyed him.()2.The police caught him

()3.There are two books on the table.()4.John explained the theory to me.()5.He watches TV every day.()6.The conference is on Monday B a.Material process

b.Relational process

c.Mental process d.Verbal process

e.Behavioral process

f.Existential process

VI.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.arbitrariness 2.voicing

VII.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―They can fish‖.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse? What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the components of metaphors?

综合测试题

（四）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.English is a tone language.()2.Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.()3.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings.()4.Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.()5.Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.()6.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.()7.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()8.There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.()9.Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.()10 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in learning a second language.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The word ―antidisestablishmentariaism‖ is composed of ______ morphemes.A.six

B.seven

C.eight

D.nine 2.__________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A.Voicing

B.Voiced

C.Nasalization

D.Aspiration 3.Smog is a ___________ word.A.derived

B.clipped

C.blended

D.compound 4.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance.This kind of motivation may be termed ____ motivation.A.instrumental

B.integrative

C.cognitive

D.none of them 5.[u:] possesses the features _____________.A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense]

B.[+high][-back][+round][+tense] C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense]

D.[-high][+back][+round][+tense] 6.English is an example of _________ languages.A.VSO

B.SVO

C.SOV

D.SVO 7.A ________ is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.A.phoneme

B.phone

C.morpheme

D.morph 8.Free morphemes were traditionally called _________.A.affixes

B.prefix

C.suffix

D.root 9.The lexical sense relation between elephant and animal is __________.A.hyponymy

B.synonymy

C.antonymy

D.homonymy 10.Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc.are ________ antonyms.A.gradable

B.complementary

C.reversal

D.relative

III.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracketbefore the sentence.(10 points)A()1.John is talking to Jane.()2.Tom is the leader

()3.There is a cat on the bed.()4.The bad news astonished her.()5.Edward broke the window.()6.He waved his hands.B a.Material process

b.Relational process

c.Mental process d.Verbal process

e.Behavioral process

f.Existential process

IV.State what semantic property or properties are shared by the group of words.(10 points)For example: typewriter, ruler, notebook 1.king, bachelor, son 2.bull, rooster, stallion 3.pine, rose, elm 4.bravery, charity, devotion 5.car, bike, plane [ +stationary] ________________________ ________________________

V.Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s)in the words and the describe it.(10 points)

Example: far [a:] back low vowel

1.thread

2.beat

3.important

4.live

5.stop [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]

VI.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.(10 points)1.She can not bear children.(1)(2)(3)______________________________________________ 2.He hates old men and women.(1)(2)______________________________________________

VII.Explain the following terms with examples.(10 points)1.2.Compounding Free variation

VII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics? What are the four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence according to Hymes(1972)? 3.What are the three types of antonyms(lexical opposition)in English?

综合测试题

（五）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meaning.()3.The Swiss linguist Chomsky regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()4.Language can be used to refer to things real or false, past, present or future.()5.Language is merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation.()6.We use language as symbolic code to represent the world around us.()7.The ideatonal function of language binds individuals together.()8.When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.()9.Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.()10.Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.Ⅱ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Geographic Red Song Clock Psychopathy

Ⅲ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit

Medial rapid/rabid

Final cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./k/-/g/ /m/-/n/ /l/-/r/ /b/-/v/ /b/-/m/

Ⅳ.Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process.(10 points)Column Ⅰ A.chairs B.wider C.looked D.Tom’s

Column Ⅱ A.reality B.movement C.malcontent D.stepmother Column Ⅲ A.blackboard B.greenhouse C.makeshift D.paintwork

(1)What morphological process is shown by Column Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ.(2)What is the morphological difference between a),b)and c),d)in Column Ⅱ.Ⅴ.Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences if modality, then identify the type(modalization or modulation).(10 points)1.I have not finished the task.2.He often comes to my office.3.I will show you how to make up the bed.4.He hardly came back to see his mother.5.The company ought to cut the price of the products.Ⅵ.Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/-WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/-PAN], [+/-POT], [+/-OVEN], [+/-SIEVE], etc.(10 points)boil: fry: steam: stew: bake:

Ⅶ.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:(15 points)a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.Ⅷ.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)a).The dress is lovely, isn’t it? b).The material is nice.Ⅸ.Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand.Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree.(10 points)

Ⅹ.Answer the following question:(20 points)1.What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?

2.How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?

综合测试题

（六）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(20 points)()1.In the study of the first step is the task of auditory phonetics.()2.The sound source is the larynx.()3.The oral cavity contains most of the articulators, namely, the uvula, the velum the hard palate.()4.Sounds which are produced with the upper teeth touching the lower lip are labialdentals.()5.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.()6.Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.()7.Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.()8.All members.of a speech community can send and take messages.()9.Traditional grammar was initially based on European language, particularly on Latin and German.()10.One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept of immediate constituent.()11.Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.()12.The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings

()13.An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.()14.Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use.()15.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.()16.Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.()17.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.()18.Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.()19.Mental processes are processes of sensing.()20.A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.Ⅱ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.Retroactive 2.Befriended 3.Televise 4.Margin 5.Endearment

Ⅲ.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the italicized part of each word in A.(5 points)A

a.terrorized

b.uncivilized

c.terrorize

d.lukewarm

e.impossible B

(1)free root

(2)bound root

(3)inflectional suffix

(4)derivational suffix(5)inflectional prefix

(6)derivational prefix

(7)inflectional infix

(8)derivational infix

Ⅳ.Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following rules abbreviate.(5 points)VP→V(NP)(PP)(Adv)NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)

Ⅴ.Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences:(10 points)a)The man found the letter.b)The students put the books in the classroom.Ⅵ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy Milk, water, alcohol, oil Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar

Ⅶ.Each of the following words is a basic level term.Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank.(10 points)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.table willow cat blue dictionary painting driver verb chemistry juice

Ⅷ.The opposite of analytic is contradictory.A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory.Kings are female is an example.Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory.(10 points)1.My sister is a man.2.Witches are wicked.3.My sister is an only child.4.The evening star isn’t the morning star.5.The evening star isn’t the evening star.6.Babies are adults.7.Babies can lift one ton.8.Puppies are human.9.My bachelor friends are all married.10.My bachelor friends are all lonely.Ⅸ.Pig Latin is a common language game of English;but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the ―language game‖ with different rules.(10 points)

Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels: Dialect 1 ―eat‖ ―arc‖ [itme] [arkme] Dialect 2 [ithe] [arkhe] Dialect 3 [ite] [arke]

⑴ State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect.Dialect 1: Dialect 2: Dialect 3: ⑵ How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms.honest admire 1.1.2.2.3.3.Illegal 1.2.3.Ⅹ.Answer the following questions:(20 points)1.What is the function of phonological knowledge?

2.Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric reference.综合测试题

（七）Ⅰ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.2.The term l a refers to the natural process of children’s language development.It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the b 3.4.5.6.7.stage, holophrastic stage, , the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.The practice of error analysis is divided into i describing and explaining.S refers to the analysis of meaning.In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is d D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.8.9.The sentence ―The bachelor is unmarried‖ is it t The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain.10.P event.Ⅱ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.tense front mid vowel lateral liquid.domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech

3.4.5.lax high back vowel voiced bilabial oral stop mid central lax vowel

Ⅲ.A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features.Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖or a ―-‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―-‖,if it is absent:(10 points)sou phone featu segme u ? Ou I u:

High Low Back Tense Round

Ⅳ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can:(10 points)(1)Minimal pair

(2)phoneme

Ⅴ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Weight Orange Veil Hair Team

Ⅵ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit Medial rapid/rabid Final cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./p/-/f/ /s/-/?/ /?/-/?/ /s/-/z/ /t/-/k/

Ⅶ.For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules:(10 points)1.2.She speaks good Japanese.The problem would be solved by them.Ⅷ.Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them:(10 points)1.2.Girls are eager to please.Girls are easy to please.Ⅸ.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:(5 points)style/stile ear/ear hear/here tale/tail bank/bank know/no hare/hair bear/bear soul/sole one/won

Ⅹ.Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription.[? ] is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English word church.[ts] is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol.It is pronounced as the final sound(s)in cats.Japanese words(except for certain loan words)never contain the phonetic sequences.*[ti] or *[tu]:(20 points)1.Based on these data.Are [t], [ ? ],and [ts]in complementary distribution? 2.State the distribution---first in words, then using features---of these phones.3.Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as [t],[ ?],and[ts] are concerned.That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones.4.Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed Japanese words given below.Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for [t],[ ?] ], and [ts].tatami_____ tsukue______ tsutsumu_______ ?izu

Tomoda?i_______ tetsudau______

Ⅺ.Exemplify The differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes:(10 points)

综合测试题

（八）Ⅰ.Multiple Choice：(10 points)：

1.Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their A.synchronic solidarity

B.systemic agreement C.finite sentences

D.instinctive method in length and 2.Language is a set(infinite)of sentences, each constructed out of a finite set of elements.A.infinite

B.finite

C.fixed

D.definite 3.The Swiss Linguist regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent).A.Chomsky

B.de Saussure

C.Bloomfield

D.Halliday 4.Human languages can be used to describe themselves.The language used to talk about language is called

A.special language.B.local language C.metalanguage

D.human language 5.refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.A.Arbitrariness

B.Duality

C.Creativity

D.Displacement 6.A community language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic A.artificial

B.natural

C.family

D.western 7.The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory is whether it is A.disciple

B.observable.C.verifiable

D.functional 8.may be defined as the scientific study of language.A.Morphology

B.Linguistics

C.Phonology

D.Phonetics 9.Linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities to________sciences.A.physical

B.natural

C.absolute

D.universal 10.The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics.It is based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, and meaning.A.regularity

B.construct

C.structure

D.discipline

Ⅱ.True or False：(10 points)：

()1.Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society.Language varies from region to region, from class to class.()2.The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in the air.()3.Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula.()4.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.()5.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes.()6.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.()7.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.()8.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()9.Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another.()10.Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.Ⅲ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.2.Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s put together.can be 3.Some sequences are not possible in English.The impossible sequences are systematic g.4.Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called s f.5.Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves.They are f m_ when they are components of words.6.D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.7.The ideational function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the t system of language.term.It is based on the 8.Associative meaning is actually an u associationist theory of psychology.9.Synonyms of different r in different spheres.are words similar in meaning but used 10.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a initial expression called antecedent.and the Ⅳ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Hit Met Car Tool Football

Ⅴ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.2.Psychology Unpalatable 3.4.5.Holiday Grandmother Morphemic

Ⅵ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.voiceless labiodental fricative low front vowel palatal glide voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative

Ⅶ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum Walk, run, jump, hop, skip Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy

Ⅷ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can：(15 ： points)(1)segmental phonemes

(2)free variations

(3)assimilation rule

Ⅸ.Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules：(10 ： points)Behave yourself!

Ⅹ.What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle?(15 points)

Ⅺ.What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences?(10 points)

综合测试题

（九）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(30 points)

()1.Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.()3.If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated, the words in different languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar.()4.According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.()5.In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.()6.All vowels are voiced.()7.The initial vowel in economics can be either [i:] or [e].The two vowels are in free variation.()8.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.()9.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.()10.The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.()11.The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()12.Chinese is an agglutinating language.()13.Not all vowels are voiced.()14.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.()15.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()16.Pragmatics is concerned with conventional meaning.()17.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()18.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes.()19.A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()20.Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.II.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they share:(5 points)

Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless

1.[g] [z] [d]

2.[v] [h] [s]

3.[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]

4.[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]

5.[i:] [i] [u] [u:]

III.Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.(10 points)

IV.What is deixis? Please give examples to show the different types of deixis.V.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)a)

Those who went there quickly made a fortune.b)c)d)e)Flying planes can be dangerous.They can fish.The design is full of big squares and circles.I saw the couple in the cafeteria.VI.What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature?(5 points)

A: Don’t you think the hostess was abnormal? B: What another cup of coffee?

VII.What’s wrong with the following two sentences: 1)Bring this here.2)Take that there.Please give an explanation in English.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions:(30 points)

a)What are the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis?

b)c)Give an example to show the components of metaphors.How do you distinguish homonyms from polysemes?

综合测试题

（十）I.Multiple Choice(30 points)1.________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.Duality

B.Arbitrariness

C.Creativity

D.Displacement 2.Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K.Halliday?

A.Ideational function

B.Interpersonal function C.Textual function.D.Logical function 3.The study of speech sounds is called ________.A.Phonetics

B.Articulatory phonetics

C.Phonology

D.Acoustic Phonetics 4.Every syllable has a(n)_______, which is usually a vowel.A.onset

B.nucleus

C.coda

D.rhyme 5.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features? A.Stress

B.Intonation

C.Tone

D.Syllable 6.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A.Morphology

B.Syntax

C.Lexicon

D.Morpheme 7.Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.A.collocative

B.social

C.affective

D.reflected 8.______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A.Adjacency pairs

B.Turn-talking C.Preferred second parts

D.Insertion sequences

9.British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.A.functional

B.social

C.regional

D.Standard 10.______ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.A.Metalanguage

B.Interlanguage

C.Sign

D.Esperanto 11.In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A.telegraphic

B.two-word

C.holophrastic

D.babbling 12.______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ A.Register

B.Field

C.Mode

D.Tenor 13._____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Clipping

B.Blending

C.Eponym

D.Conversion 14.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A.one

B.two

C.three

D.four 15.Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.A.minimal pairs

B.minimal sets

C.allophones

D.phomes 16.Pragmatics analysis is concerned with ______.A.sentence meaning

B.utterance meaning C.listener meaning

D.speaker meaning 17.Analysis of ______ necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A.intentional meaning

B.conventional meaning C.syntactic meaning

D.semantic meaning 18.______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson’s principle of Relevance B.Leech’s theory of Politeness Principle C.Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle D.Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle

19.Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to ______.A.teaching theories

B.environmentalist theories C.functionalist theories

D.nativist theories 20.The sentence ―My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.‖ is of ____ A.the formal style

B.the frozen style C.the casual style

D.the intimate style

II.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(5 points)Example: vowel front high [i:] 1.bilabial nasal 2.voiced labiovelar glide 3.back high lax 4.literal liquid 5.voiced bilabial stop

III.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)1.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.2.Tom hates his boss and so do I.3.They finally decided on the boat.4.Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?

IV.Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English:(10 points)

a.lorry

b.lift

c.pavement

d.tin

e.sweets

V.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)

A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it? B: The material is nice.VI.Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence:(5 points)The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VII.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?(10 points)

Column I

a.The White House b.a redcoat c.a bluebird

d.a lighthouse keeper Column II a white house

b.a red coat

c.a blue bird

d.a light housekeeper VIII.Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river)and bank2(the financial institute).(5 points)

IX.Answer the following questions(30 points): 1.What are the features of metaphors?

2.How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?

3.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?

各章习题答案 第一章习题答案

I.II.III.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4.The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions.According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously.They are the ideational metafunction, the Interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1.Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man.Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2.Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1)Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists;1-5 T F F T T 1-5 a c a a b 6-10 6-10 FTTTF cbdac(2)Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication;(3)Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language;(4)Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language.3.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language;(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language;(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.第二章习题答案

I.II.1—5 TFTTF 1—5 b d a c a bilabial voiced stop alveolar nasal stop III.1.[ b ] 2.[ n ] 3.[ w ] bilabial glide 4.[ v ] voiced labiodental fricative 5.[ t ] voiceless alveolar stop 6.[ i:] high front tense vowel 7.[? ] voiceless interdental 8.[u:] high back tense vowel 9.[? ] low front vowel 10 [?:] central tense vowel

IV.1.[b p m] 2.[d n] 3.[?] 4.[m] 5.[ ?: ?] 6.[s z] 7.[u: u] 8.[θ] 9.[j] 10 [ ]

V.1.voiceless alveolar 2.voiced stop 3.voiced fricatives 4.palatals 5.voiced bilabial 6.voiced velar 7.back tense vowels 8.back round vowels 9.front high vowels 10.sibilants VI.1.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.3.The unite of representation used to transcribe the speech sounds is called segment.4.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.VII.Manners of articulation refer to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.According to manners of articulation, consonants are classified into stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and gildes

第三章习题答案

I.1-5 T F F T T

II.1-5 b b c c d 6-10 c b d b d

III.1.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.2.Two words that differ by only one sound in the same position are called minimal pairs.3.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.4.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation and tone.IV.1.Devoice a voiced consonant when it occurs after a voiceless consonant.2.A voiceless consonant becomes voiced when it occurs between two vowels.3.Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur initially in a stressed syllable 4.vowels become nasalized when they occur before nasals.V.―hotdog‖ is a compound word and the stress is on the ―hot‖.A hotdog is a long cooked sausage.―hot dog‖ is a noun phrase and the stress is on ―dog‖.A hot dog refers to a dog that is hot.VI Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonetics and phonology are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but they two differ in perspectives.Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them.In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable;variations are overlooked.Phonology focuses on the following three fundamental question: What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds make up the list of ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?

第四章习题答案

Ⅰ.1.lexicon 2.orthography 3.morphology 4.morpheme 5.suppletives 6.free morphemes 7.bound morphemes 8.allomorphs 9.derivation 10.Clipping Ⅱ.1.b 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.c

Ⅲ.1.Compounding Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is another common way to form words.The over-whelming majority of English combination of words from two of the three classes—nouns, verb, and adjective, and adjectives, and they fall into the three classes, as shown below: Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bookshelf pickpocket greenhouse brainwash sleepwalk whitewash headstrong catchall bittersweet In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.Thus, greenhouse is a noun, whitewash is a verb.The leftmost morpheme takes the primary stress is on the word.Thus, a greenhouse is distinguished from a green house, in which the stress is on the house.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.A greenbottle is not a type of bottle;it is a kind of fly.And a sugar-daddy is not a sugar-coated father, but a woman’s lover who is both generous and too old for her.2.Conversion Conversion is one of word-formation process in English.It is done when a word changes its class without any change of its form.Typical cases of conversion include noun→verb, adjective→verb, verb→noun and adjective →noun.Sometimes, conversion can also be observed when an auxiliary verb, an adverb or a conjunction is used as a noun or a verb.e.g.Besides the usual household routine, she oversees the garden and beehives, bakes bread, cans and freezes, drives the kids to their music lessons, practices with them, takes organ lessons on her own, dose research and typing for me, writes an article herself now and then, tends the flower beds, stacks a little wood and delivers the eggs.His palms were sweating.He needed a towel to dry his grip.Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its unpleasant smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to do away with the far worse outdoor toilet.Just before Christmas last year, my work took me to the office of a woman executive o This book is a must for student of history.The word is full of excuses, so don’t but me so many buts.They downed a few beers and began to sing loudly.第五章习题答案

Ⅰ.1.immediate constituent analysis.2.Syntax 3.syntactic category 4.subcategorization 5.circumstance 6.modalization modulaton

Ⅱ.NP Pro They(a)S VP V can NP N fish.NP Pro They(b)S VP Aux can V fish.Ⅲ.1.Cigars that people smoke can be nauseating it is nauseating to smoke cigars.2.It was on the plane that they made the decision.Ⅳ.1.modality(modalization)2.molarity 3.modality(modulation)4.polarity Ⅴ.1.material 2.relational 3.mental 4.behavioral 5.verbal 6.existential

第六章习题答案

Ⅰ.1.Semantics 2.Affective meaning 3.Synonyms 4.registers 5.antonyms 6.Gradable antonyms 7.Homonyms 8.polyseme 9.Hyponymy, superordinates 10.componential analysis

Ⅱ.1.b 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.d

Ⅲ.1.The two differ in register.2.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.3.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.4.The two are dialectal synonyms.5.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.6.The two differ in affective meaning, the former commendatory, the latter derogatory.7.The two differ in collocation Ⅳ.1.G 2.C 3.C 4.R 5.R 6.R Ⅴ.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F

第七章习题答案 I.1.a)Pre-invitation b)Pre-request c)Pre-announcement 2.a)(Quality)The speaker is absolutely incorrect.b)c)d)(Quantity)The addressee does not know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the question is too general.(Relation)The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.(Manner)The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.3.a)I ,mine(person deixis);last Sunday(time deixis)b)c)in 1968(time deixis)d)e)These(discourse/text deixis)f)in the following chapter(discourse/text deixis)

4.Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking.Then in Sentence a)refers to the past time;then in Sentence b)the future time.5.John said, ―I am planning to be here this evening.‖ Indirect speech: John said that he was planning to be there in that evening.From the direct speech to the indirect speech, the deictic elements have to be shifted from the proximal to the distal with the shifting of the context.II.1.Exclusive use of we:(Students to the teacher)Shall we go now? Here we refers to the speakers(students), not including the hearer(teacher).Inclusive use of we:(Student A to Student B)Shall we go now? Here we refers both the speaker and the hearer(Student A and Student B.2.Let us may be exclusive or inclusive, while let’s is inclusive.They should correspond to different types of tag question: Exclusive: Let us go to school, will you? Inclusive: Let us go to school, shall we? Let’s go to school, shall we?

3.Anaphoric reference: Mr.Smith sent me the book.I like it.Cataphoric reference: I could not believe it.My wallet was stolen by one of my close friends.4.A speech act consists of three dimensions: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.If your teacher says, ―I have run out of chalk‖ in the process of lecturing, the act of saying is locutionary, the act of demanding for chalk is illocutionary, and the effect the utterance brings about is perlocutionary(one of the students will go and get some chalk).5.Direct speech act: Close the door, please.(An imperative performs the function of command.)Indirect speech act: It’s cold here.(A declarative performs the function of request of closing the door.)6.A: Can I go out now, daddy?(Q1)B: Have you finished your assignment?(Q2)A: Yes.(A2)B: Yes.(A1)The middle pair(Q2-A2)is an insertion sequence.7.Dialogue with preferred second part: A: Can you help me? B: Sure.Dialogue with dis-preferred second part.A: Come over for some coffee later.B: Oh---eh---I’d love to---but you see---I---I’m supposed to get this finished---you know.Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.III.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.The greater the contextual effect, the greater the relevance.Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.IV.1.Indirect illocutions tend to be more polite,(a)because they increase the degree of optimality, and(b)because the more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be.2.The sentence is wrong.The right one might be either ―I am here.‖ Or ―I was there.‖ ―Am‖ is a proximal deictic element, while ―there‖ is a distal place deixis.They contradict with each other.第八章习题答案

I.1-5 A C B B D

II.6-10 A A D C D 11-16 A C D C B B 1.Linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language.Communicative competence accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it.According to Hymes, there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: 2)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;3)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;4)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;5)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.2.The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways.One is known as determinism.In this view our language determines our thinking.This strong version has been rejected as it runs counter to the fact that peoples of different cultural backgrounds can understand each other.The other interpretation, known as relativism, holds that culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the experienced world.3.The term pidgin is the label for the code used by people who speak different languages.A pidgin is not the native language of any group.It is confined to very limited communicative purposes, such as trade.Pidgins are mixed languages that are simplified syntactically and lexically.A creole is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.Creloes are not confined to certain functions of language nor reduced in syntax and lexis.4.The term dialect denotes a wider notion than the term accent.A dialect is a variety of a language that is distinctive from varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.The term accent is used for less drastic differences which are restricted to variation in pronunciation.第九章习题答案

I.1)2)3)4)interference overgeneralization simplification cross-association II.1.The practice of error analysis is divided into identifying, describing and explaining.Identifying errors is the first step of error analysis.To identify errors we have to compare the sentences produced by the learner with the corresponding sentences native speakers are likely to produce to express the same meanings.Describing errors, the second step of error analysis, is categorizing errors grammatically.Once errors are identified, they can be classified into categories.Explaining errors, the final step, is the task of tracing the source of errors.This task is more psychological than linguistic in essence.In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors, based on whether they are caused by L1.2.Krashen’s Monitor Model consists of five hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Distinction, Natural Order, Monitor, Input, and Affective Filter.3.The Acquisition-Learning Distinction is the cornerstone of Krashen’s theory.―Acquisition‖ occurs subconsciously as a result of participation in natural L2 communication.―Learning‖ is the result of conscious study of the formal system of the language.It is assumed that the two kinds of knowledge are stored in different areas of the LAD and thus play different roles in linguistic performance.― Acquired‖ knowledge serves as the source for automatic production of speech, whereas ―learnt‖ knowledge is available for use only in monitoring linguistic production.4.According to Krashen, the only way for people to acquire a language is by understanding messages or receiving comprehensible input.They move from i, their current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order.That is to say, language is acquired by people’s comprehension of input that is slightly beyond their current level.People understand input containing i+1 because the situation, context, facial expressions, gestures, etC.will provide clues for comprehension.5.The acculturation theory originated in the late 1970s and was put forward by J.Schumann and R.Anderson.By acculturation they meant that individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behaviour in order to function well in another culture.It involves not only the social adaptation but also psychological adaptation.Schumann thinks that second language acquisition is one of the aspects of acculturation and the relation between acculturation and the second language acquisition is that the degree of the former will control the degree of the latter.Normally successful acculturation will bring about successful second language acquisition while poor second language acculturation will produce poor second language acquisition.第十章习题答案

I.1-5 C D A B C II.1.The contribution in terms of applications to language teaching is easier to understand.The products of linguistic descriptions provide the input to syllabus design and material construction.It is hard to imagine that languages can ever be taught and learned as a component of education without reference to the out come of linguistic descriptions.The metalanguage, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach in language teaching.Pedagogic grammars and dictionaries are used by teachers and students as reference books.Indeed, it is hardly possible to define the content of teaching without linguistic descriptions.2.The implications of linguistics to foreign language teaching are less obvious but not less important.The insights gained by linguists into the nature of language and language learning may enlighten language-teaching professionals in thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Language teaching decisions have to be made at several levels---designing the content, determining the approach, selecting techniques and procedures, and assessing the effectiveness of teaching and learning.At the preparatory level the decisions are made by specialists.To make wise decisions, they need to draw information from linguistics and other relevant disciplines.They need to evaluate linguistic theories and see what implication a certain theory has for language teaching.At the operation level, the language teacher is faced with an abundance of variables.The teacher’s understanding of the nature of language and the process of language learning influences his/her thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Whether one is aware of it or not, a view pf language and language learning underlies one’s decisions about teaching.3.Syllabus is designed with reference to: 1)the social aim for teaching the language;2)information about the group of learners(their purpose, age, etC.);3)the amount of time allocated in the curriculum;4)theories of language and language acquisition.Linguistically, there are two fundamental questions in constructing a syllabus: What elements should be included? On what principle should they be sequenced?

4.The structural syllabus assumed that the elements should be defined with reference to certain formal items of linguistic description and that the sentence should be the basic teaching unit.It was supposed that if learners could accumulate knowledge of the underlying system of the language, they would be able to use the language in communication when occasions arise.The core component of a syllabus based on such theoretical assumptions is naturally sentence patterns, which are sequenced according to structural complexity.5.The structural syllabus has its advantage and defect.Its advantage is that it is, to some extent, economical.Learning a limited set of rules can lead to production of a very large number of sentences.Its serious defect lies in the fact that sentences are units of linguistic analysis but not of natural language use.Although learners may be able to construct grammatical sentences, they are often at a loss in real situations, wondering what is appropriate to say.6.In the early 1970s, the theory of communicative competence was proposed by Dll Hymes.Functional linguists and pragmatists began to exert a stronger influence in the study of language.Since then communicative views of language teaching have been the foundation of syllabus design.The central question for proponents of a communicative syllabus was: ―What does the learner need / want to do with the target language?‖ Syllabi began to appear in which content was specified, not only in terms of the grammatical element, but also in terms of the functional items students would need to master in order to communicate successfully.The starting point in designing a communicative syllabus is the analysis of learner’s needs.7.In communicative language teaching, the teacher needs to fulfill at least the roles of communicator, a model, a designer, an organizer, and a counselor.The teacher communicates with the students in the target language.His / her proficiency in the language is absolutely a pre-requisite in fulfilling the role of communicator.At the same time, he /she sets the students a model in using the target language.The teacher is also a designer of the tasks and activities that engage the students, and he / she is an organizer of there.Finally, h / she diagnoses students’ errors and problems in the process of learning and gives advice accordingly.8.The value of linguistics in the professional development of language teachers lies in these aspects: to increase the teacher’s understanding of the nature of language;to develop the teacher’s awareness of the complexity of language and language learning;to sensitize the teacher in identifying errors and diagnosing their sources;to help the teacher to monitor his / her own use of the target language.9.The grammar-translation method, the direct method, the reading method, the audiolingual method, the audiovisional method, total physical response, the silent way, the communicative approach and so on.综合测试题答案

综合测试题（综合测试题

（一）答案

I.1-5 TFFTT 6-10 TTFFT II.1-5 a d b c c III.1-5 g e h j i

IV.1.affricates 4.voiced alveolars

V.6-10 c b a b b 6-10 a f b d c 2.nasals 3.voiceless fricatives 5.high vowels

Words analyzed troublesome stepmother psycholinguistics understatement

antidisestablishmentarianism

the number morphemes 2 2 4 3 7

of

free morphemes trouble mother lingui state establish

VI.1.(1)The duck is so hot that it can not be eaten.(2)The duck is so hot that it can not eat something.2.(1)The friends who are visiting can be boring.(2)To visit friends can be boring.VII.1.Derivation is one type of word formation.It forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.The majority of English suffixes change the part of speech when added to a free morpheme or a word, and most prefixes don not.2.Learner factors are the factors that are involved in second language acquisition.They generally include learners’ motivation, age and learning strategy.VII.1.―Redcoat is a compound word, while ―red coad‖ is a noun phrase.The stress of the word, redcoat, is on red, but the stress of the noun phrase, red coat, is on coat.Redcoat refers to British soldiers and a red coat means a coat whose color is red.2.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language.(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language.(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature.Linguists endeavour to state objectively the regularities of a language.They aim at finding out how a language is spoken;they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken.(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can

account for language in general.3.Actions performed via speaking are called speech acts by Austin.A speech act consists of three dimensions:(1)The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called locutionary act.(2)The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed illocutionary act.(3)The act of bringing about an effect is known as perlocutionary act.Of these dimensions, the most important is the illocutionary act.In linguistic communication people respond to an illocutionary act of an utterance, because it is the meaning intended

by the speaker.综合测试题（综合测试题

（二）答案

I.1-5 F F T T T 6-10 T T F T T II.1-5 b d b c c 6-10 d b b a c III.1.maxims 2.Motivation 3.locutionary illocutionary perlocutionary 4.mapping 5.clipping 6.allomorphs 7.acquisition 8.dialect IV.1-5 i f a g h 6-10 e d b c V 1.[l] liquid/nasals 2.[v] labiodental/bilabials 3.[dз] affricate/fricatives 4.[u] back/front 5.[?:] middle/low V.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro VP NP NP PP V NP P N Past

participle Pro N P N Pro N

Past participle

He found his book on Wall Street.He found his book on Wall Street.VI.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.Semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.VII.1.Creativity is one of the features of human language.It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite.Every speaker uses langue creatively.2.In sociolinguistics, taboo refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of or association with particular objects, actions, or persons.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.Taboo and euphemism are actually two sides of the same coin.Taboos are usually expressed by their euphemistic expressions in our daily life.3.The general roles language plays are called metafunctions by Hallidy.There are three metafunctions:(1)Ideational function----we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved;(2)Interpersonal function----we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy.(3)Textual function----language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place.综合测试题（综合测试题

（三）答案

I.1-5 F T T T F 6-10 T T F F T II.1-5 c d a c b 6-10 c a c a c

III.1-5 g e a h i 6-10 cdfb IV.1[f v] 2[θ ?] 3 [u: u ɑ:] 4[i: i u: u] 5[ dз]

V.1-6 cafdeb VI.1.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.It is one of phonetic distinctive features that can distinguish meaning.According to voicing, consonants are classified into voiced consonants and voiceless consonants.VII.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro Aux V N They can fish.They can fish.VIII.1.A greenhouse is a compound word and the stress is on the green, while a here house is a noun phrase and its stress is on house.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather.A green house refers to a house whose color is green.2.Conversion is one types of English word formation.It is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.This happens more frequently between nouns and verbs.For example, to butter the bread, butter is converted from a noun into a verb.Look in take a look is a noun converted from a verb.3.Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors.That is to say all metaphors are composed of two domains.They allow us to understand one domain of experiences in terms of another.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping.The source domain s concrete and familiar.The target domain is abstract and novel.综合测试题（综合测试题

（四）答案

1-5 FTTTT 6-10 FT T F T 1-5 d a c c c 6-10 d a d a b 1-6 d b f c a e 1.[+Human] [+Male] 2.[+Animal] [+Male] 3.[+Plant] 4.[+Abstract] 5.[Instrument] [+Traffic] V.1.[θ] voiceless interdental prictive 2.[i:] front high tense vowel 3.[m] bilabial nasal 4.[v] voiced labioldental fricative 5.[p] pvoiceless bilabial stop V.1.(1)She can not tolerate/endure/stand /put up with a child.(2)She is not able to give birth to a baby.(3)She can not carry/take a child.2.(1)He hates old men and all the women.(2)He hates both old men and old women.VII.I.II.III.IV.1.Compounding is one type of word formation.It combines free morphemes to form new words.The over-whelming majority of English compounds are the combination words from two of the three classes---nouns, verbs, and adjectives.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.For examples, greenhouse is a noun, and whitewash is a verb.2.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Free variations of pronunciation of the same word usually occur in different dialects, which is quite common in most of the languages in the world.For example, British people usually pronounce the word economics as [ˊik?n miks] and American people say [ˊ ek?namiks].VIII.1.Semantics and pragmatics both are concerned with the study of meaning, but they study meanings from different perspectives.Generally peaking, semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.The meanings communicated through language are of two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings.The former is studied in semantics and the latter in pragmatics.So semantics concentrates on meanings that come from linguistic knowledge, while pragmatics concentrates on meanings that people mean by their utterances rather that what they words, phrases and sentences mean by themselves.In other words, semantics is concerned with linguistic meaning, while pragmatic analysis is concerned with speaker meaning.2.Communicative competence is the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of langage and the ability to use it.According to Hymes(1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence:(1)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;(2)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;(3)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;(4)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.3.The three types of antonyms in English are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and reversal antonyms.Gradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa.For example, a person who is not rich is not necessary poor.Complementary antonyms are words opposite to each other and the positive of one implies the negative of the other.For examples, dead and alive, male and female.Reversal antonyms are words that denote the same relation or process from one or the other direction.For examples, push and pull, come and go.综合测试题（综合测试题

（五）答案

Ⅰ.1-5 T T F F F Ⅱ.1.2.3.4.5.6-10 TFFFT [f] voiceless labiodental fricative [r] alveolar retroflex liquid [η] velar nasal [k] voiceless velar stop [s] voiceless alveolar fricative Ⅲ.1.Could good 2.Might night 3.Led red 4.Best vest 5.Boss moss

Ⅳ.⑴.ColumnⅠ: inflection ColumnⅡ: derivation ColumnⅢ: compounding ⑵.In a)and b)the words are formed by suffixation;in c)and d), by prefixation

Ⅴ.1.Polarity 2.Modality(modalization)3.Modality(modulation)4.Polarity 5.Modality(modulation)

Ⅵ.boil: +FAT, +WATER, +POT fry: +FAT, +POT, +SIEVE steam: +WATER, +POT stew: +POT, +WATER, +FAT bake: +OVEV, +FAT

Ⅶ.a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.i.It was shocking that the professor was appointed.ii.The appointment made by the professor was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.i.The squares and circles in the design are big.ii.There are circles and big squares in the design.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.i.The governor fights against dirty streets.ii.The governor fights unfairly in the streets.iii.The governor is a dirty individual who fights in the streets.Ⅷ.The maxim of agreement is observed.The implicature is that B doesn’t think the dress is lovely but B doesn’t want to contradict A.Ⅸ.a).The magician used the wand to touch the child

a).NP Det N V S VP NP PP

Det N

P NP Det N

The magician touched the child with the wand.b).The magician touched the child who was carrying the wand.b).NP Det N V S VP NP Det N P PP NP Det N

The magician touched the child with the wand.Ⅹ.1.Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance.When intonation contour falls on a syllable, the nucleus is stressed and the vowel is naturally lengthened a bit.In the meantime, there is a little pause after the syllable.This simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity(double interpretations of the same phrase or sentence).Every component of a sentence contains some information.It may or may not be highlighted in speech, depending on the speaker’s intention and the situation.Intonation contour can indicate the information focus of the sentence.2.The study of speech sounds is called Phonetics.It includes articulatory phonetics, which focuses on the production of sounds;acoustic phonetics, which analyses the physical properties of speech sounds and auditory phonetics, which focuses on perceptive mechanism of speech sounds.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.Phonetics is a part of phonology and provides the means for describing speech sounds;phonology is concerned with the ways in which these speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language.Phonetics is static, phonology is dynamic.综合测试题（综合测试题

（六）答案

Ⅰ.1-5 FTTTT 11-15 T T T F T Ⅱ.6-10 F T F F T 16-20 F F T T F 1.retro + act + ive 2.be + friend + ed 3.tele + vise 4.margin 5.en + dear + ment Ⅲ.Identify morphological elements a)3 b)1 c)4 d)2 e)6 Ⅳ.a)S → NP VP b)NP → Art Adj N PP c)NP → Art Adj N d)NP → Art N PP e)NP → Art N f)VP → V NP PP g)VP → V PP h)VP → V i)VP → V S’ j)PP → P NP Ⅴ.a).The man found the letter.S NP Art The N’ N men V found VP NP Art the N’ N letter

b).The students put the books in the classroom.S NP VP Art The

N’ N students

V put

NP Art the N’ N books

PP P in Art the NP N’ N

classroom

Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅷ..1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅸ ⑴ MALE LIQUID SPORT ABSTRACT TREE Furniture ………… dining table tree ……………… weeping willow pet…………………Persian cat color……………… navy blue book ………………thesaurus fine art …………… oil painting worker …………… bus driver word ……………… link verb science …………… organic chemistry beverage……………orange juice C S C S C C C C C S

Dialect 1: Suffix [me] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 2: Suffix [he] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 3: Suffix [e] to any vowel-initial word.⑵ phonetic transcriptions honest 1.[an?stme] 2.[an?sthe] 3.[an?ste] admire 1.[?dmajrme] 2.[?dmajrhe] 3.[?dmajre]

illegal Ⅹ.1.1.[ilig?lme]

2.[ilig?lhe]

3.[ilig?le]

Function of phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign ―accent‖, to made up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to produce aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in the appropriate context, to know what is or is not a sound in one’s language, and to know that different phonetic strings may represent the same morpheme.In discourse or text, deixis is used to keep track of who or what is being talked about more than once.The speaker /writer will use deixis to maintain reference, as in the following sentence: In the picture, a boy and a girl are planting a tree.She is holding it, and he is shoveling earth around it.She, he, it refer to already introduced referents, a girl, a boy, a tree.The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed anaphoric reference.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphor, and the initial expression called antecedent.The reversal of the antecedent-anaphor pattern is known as cataphora, Next sentence is an example of cataphoric reference.: I could hardly believe it.The student didn’t pass the exam.2.综合测试题（综合测试题

（七）答案

Ⅰ.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅱ.⑴ [ei](2)[l](3)[u](4)[b](5)[?] Ⅲ.u + +

Ⅳ..(1)When two different words are identical in every way except for one phoneme which occurs in the same place, they are said to form a minimal pair.Pill and bill form a minimal pair in English.(2)The difference between pill and bill is signaled or shown by the fact that the initial sound of the first world is and the initial sound of the second word is.The sounds of the two words are identical except for the initial consonants.and are ,therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in and are, therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning.They are distinctive sounds in English.Any such speech sound segments that can ? + ou + + i + u: + + + language acquision babbling identifying Semantics derogatoy Dialectal synonym tautology target Place distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are called phonemes.Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.She speaks good Japanese Pit Sake Chunk Chunk Take fit shake junk junk cake [w] labiovelar glide [d3 ] voiced palatal affricate [j] palatal glide [h] voiceless glottal fricative [i:] tense high front vowel

S NP Pron Aux T She Pres VP V NP Adj N

speak good Japanese

2.The problem would be solved by them.S NP2 Det N T Aux M VP V PP P NP1 Pron

Past Pref(be-en)The

Ⅷ.The surface structures of the two sentences seem to be the same, but the grammatical relationships in the deep structures of the two sentences are quite different.In the first sentence Girls want very much to please others.whereas in the second sentence, Someone finds it easy to please girls.Ⅸ.homonyms: ear/ear bank/bank homophones: the rest of the others

Ⅹ 1.[?]and [ ts ] are in complementary distribution.2.[t] occurs before back vowel [ a ],[ o ] and front vowel [ e] [?] is before front vowel [i] [ts] occurs before back vowel [u] 3../t/ is the phoneme.[t] [?] and [ts] are allophones.4../tatami/ /tukue/ /tutumu/ /tomodati/ /tetudau/ /tizu/ /uti/ /tita/ /kata/ /tegami/ /ato/ /tatemono/ /otoko/ /deguti/ /te/ /hiti/ /natu/ /turi/ Ⅺ Affixes in many language like English, may be classified into derivational and inflectional morphemes according to their linguistic nature.A derivational morpheme is an affix which is used to form a derivative, as re-in reread.It may change the class specification of the words to which they are added.For example, read +-able → readable(verb → adjective).There are also some derivational morphemes that do not cause a change in class status.For instance, the prefixes in-in im-+ possible → impossible(adjective → adjective).All derivational morphemes are bound and they must be attached to bases.An inflectional morpheme usually refers to an affix which is suffixed to stem rather than to a base.It dose not help to form a new word or change the class status of the word to which it is suffixed.It only serves as a grammatical marker showing grammatical meaning(or meanings)in sentences.All inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes indicating grammatical categories, such as tense, number, person, gender, case, aspect, mood, voice, and so on.Look at the following sentence, in which person, number, tense and aspect are marked by different inflectional morphemes, respectively.(a)I learn English.(b)She learns English.(c)He learned English.(d)They are learning English.In sentence(b)the –s at the end of the verb is an ―agreement‖ marker, indicating that the subject of the verb is the ―third-person‖, ―singular‖, ―present tense‖.The –ed in(c)and the –ing in(d)are inflectional morphemes required by the syntactic rules of English to show ―tense‖ and ―aspect‖, respectively.bear/bear problem solve by them

综合测试题（综合测试题

（八）答案

Ⅰ.1-5 A B B C C 6-10 B C B B C Ⅱ.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 T F T F T

Ⅲ.1.nucleus 2.sounds 3.gaps 4.suprasegmental features 5.free morphemes 6.Derivation 7.transitivity 8.umbrella 9.registers 10.anaphora

Ⅳ.1.[i] lax high front vowel 2.[e] mid front vowel 3.[a:] low back vowel 4.[u:] tense high back vowel 5.[u] lax back high vowel Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ..1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅷ..1)Vowels and consonants are thought of as the segmental phonemes, of which utterances are composed.They may go one after another in sequences of speech sounds.Segmental phonemes are used to form syllables, morphemes, words and utterances.INSTRUMENT FLOWER MOTION STATIONERY STATE [f] [?] [j] [?] [s] psycho + logy un + palat + able holi + day grand + mother morph + em + ic 2)Two different forms, though different in pronunciation, may be identical in meaning.Some speakers in a dialect of English pronounce the word economics in one way and some speakers in another dialect in another way.The different pronunciation of economics is free variations.3)Assimilation in language is a common phonetic process in which two phonemes, usually adjacent to each other, become identical or similar, or acquire common characteristic, due to the influence of one upon the other when they occur in the sequential speech sounds.If the change affects the adjacent sounds the process is called contiguous or juxtapositional assimilation, e.g./z/ in news become [s] in newspaper.It is also composed of regressive assimilation, total, partial, assimilation, etc.Ⅸ.Apply the reflexive transformation rule and imperative transformation rule to form the following tree: S NP Φ V VP NP pron behave yourself

Ⅹ.Illocutionary acts may be various in form and function.Based on the nature of the illocutionary force or effect, Searle suggested the following five types of utterances: 1)Representative, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition, such as asserting, concluding e.g.―I think it is raining.‖ 2)Directives, which are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something, such as requesting, questioning, e.g.― I beg you to give me some advice.‖ 3)Commissives, which commit the speaker to some future action of undertaking some future promise, such as promising, offering, threatening, e.g.―I’ll beat you if you don’t behave yourself.‖ 4)Expressives, which express a psychological state, such as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, e.g.―I apologize to you for my late reply to you last letter.‖ 5)Declarations, which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions, such as declaring war, christening, firing from employment, e.g.As soon as the employer says to the employee ―you’re friend!‖, the latter immediately loses his job.Ⅺ..Some sentences may be just grammatically well-formed, but semantically they may be not acceptable or anomalous.For example, The colorless green ideas sleep furiously.By the Standard Theory the semantic component contains the rules that specify the semantic features of lexical items, which are necessary for the choice of appropriate lexical items from lexicon.Lexical items or words must be chosen and fitted in according to the selectional restriction rules.Chomsky and his followers have made quite a few revisions and amendments of their original theories and of the Standard Theory.Extended Standard Theory, Revised Extended Standard Theory, Governing and Binding Theory are

all the revised theories.综合测试题（综合测试题

（九）答案

I.1－5 F T T F F 6－10 T T T F F 11－15 T F F T T 16－20 F T F T T II.1.voiced 2.fricative 3.labial 4.alveolar 5.high, vowel

III.1)The stress of greenhouse is on green while that of green house is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word;green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2)The stress of sleeping car is on sleeping while that of sleeping boy is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep.A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV.Deixis means ―pointing‖ via language.Person Deixis: we, I, him, it… Place Deixis: here, there… Time Deixis: now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last year, in three days… Discourse Deixis: in the previous section, in the next chapter, in the rest of this paper, in conclusion, this, that…

V.a)Those who quickly went there made a fortune.Those who went there made a fortune quickly.a)The planes which are flying can be dangerous.It’s dangerous to fly planes.b)They put fish into cans.They are able to fish.c)The design is full of big squares and big circles.The design is full of circles and big squares.d)I saw the couple who were in the cafeteria.In the cafeteria I saw the couple.VI.The maxim of relation is violated.The implicature is that B doesn’t want to gossip about the hostess.VII.The two sentences are both wrong.―This,‖ ―here,‖ ―that,‖ and ―there‖ are all deixis.―This‖ and ―here‖ are proximal deixis, while ―that‖ and ―there‖ are distal deixis.―Bring‖ means to carry something to the speaker;―take‖ means to carry something away from the speaker.The deixis in both sentences contradict with the two verbs.The correct sentences should be: 1)Bring that here.2)Take this there.VIII.a)The advantages of this approach to meaning analysis are obvious.Firstly, it is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning.Once formally represented, meaning components can be seen.Secondly, it reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis.The limitations of componential analysis are also apparent.It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, but merely to words within the same semantic field.It is controversial whether semantic features are universal primes of word meanings in all languages.b)Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used.The properties of human neck(source domain)have been transferred to the neck of the bottle(target domain).c)Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow(v.)and bow(n., a weapon).Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones.Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones.Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.综合测试

（十）I.1－5 C D A B D 6－10 A A B C B 11－15 C A D B B 16－20 D A C D B II.a)[m] b)[w] c)[u] d)[l] e)[b] III.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.3.They finally made a decision on the boat.They finally chose the boat.4.Can you see the man who is carrying a pair of binoculars? Can you see the man through a pair of binoculars? IV.a.truck b.elevator C.sidewalk d.can e.candy V.(Relation)The addressee does not think the dress is beautiful.VI.S NP Det N PP Prep NP Det N V Prep VP PP NP Det N VII.a)The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government.A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b)A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat.A red coat means a coat whose color is red.c)A bluebird refers to a kind of bird.A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.d)A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse.A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light.VIII.The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.IX.1.Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality.Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature.Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved.This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves.But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective.Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality.They unite reasoning and imagination.Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference.By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.2.The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical)dialects, sociolects(social dialects)and registers(functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes.Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ 3.Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world.London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain.The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal.The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference.Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind.So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense.For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression.Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind.Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent.Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.

第二篇：《语言学概论》专项练习和综合测试题.

《语言学概论》专项练习和综合测试题

（王德寿根据中央电大胡老师发布资料整理）

一、根据下列汉语拼音字母写出相应的国际音标

ü()o()b()z()k()q()r()x()p()ch()c()h()d()ng()sh()

三、用严式国际音标写出下列音节中的拼音字母所代表的音位变体 ①写出字母a的音位变体：guang()hua()qian()kuai()xuan()②写出字母i的音位变体：bian()guai()shi()zi()ri()③写出字母e的音位变体：guen()de()ueng()zhuei()ke()

四、用严式国际音标标写下列韵母 iang()uei()uang()uen()ün()ao()uan()ing()ueng()uei()ian()uai()ang()üna()iou()

五、下列音节是根据汉语拼音方案的规则拼写的，请用严式国际音标写出来 xiang()guai()diu()wang()xuan()kun()jue()zhuang()chui()yuan()yang()ying()

六、用严式国际音标给下列汉字注音 1．新时代必须具有新思维。2．我们团结一心战胜非典。3．我乒乓球健儿夺得了四枚金牌。4．待到山花烂漫时她在丛中笑。

九、指出下列词语中的语素的类别

绝对 机会 恭候 地方 消费 老师 洒脱 歌手 电子 外语 电话 迅速 煤矿 和平民工 氧化 火化 启发 盖儿 迷惑

classmate power powerful practicable earthqueak secretary sensitive input examination everyone dismiss overcome teacher

十、指出下列合成词的构造方式 自力 自立 自信 自己 月亮 明亮 雪亮 照实 照料 照耀

照直 照顾 围棋 围墙 围裙 围巾 围脖 围观 围聚 围子 拖车 拖带 拖拉 拖网 拖鞋 拖欠 姐妹 血红 眼红 脸红 纸张 老手 骑手 左手 头脑 头发 头马 头子 头角 头痛 投敌 投递 投奔 投资 投放 投票 保存 保管 保底 保人

十一、指出下列词的组合的类型

大家努力 伟大光荣 研究问题 美好生活 看不清楚 十分仔细 冲了进去 贯彻执行 急速前进 喜欢表演 提高觉悟 侦破案件

十二、分析下列句子的结构层次关系，如果有歧义，要作不同分析 1．咬死了猎人的狗 2．咬死了学校的狗

3．他去世的父亲留下一大笔钱 4．他去世的时候大孩子才十岁 5．找到了叔叔的孩子穿着校服 6．他们终于在网吧找到了叔叔的孩子 7．热爱全国人民的好总理 8．打死了敌人的哨兵 9．挖煤的工人很辛苦 10．挖煤的表层很危险

十三、变换下列多义句式，使其具有单义 1．看见的是王老五。2．大门没有锁。

3．周为和王新的老师来了。4．我知道，真正支持的是厂长。5．看来，我们还需要学习文件。6．小王什么人都熟悉。

7．非洲语言研究取得了很大突破。8．访问美国归来的科学家。

十四、把下列句子变换成不同的句子，使其具有句法同义关系 1．我买回来一辆自行车。

2．我们准时完成了上级交给我们的任务。3．她昨天不小心摔断了胳膊。

4．突然而来的飓风刮翻了许多停在港湾的船只。

十五、指出下列句子中划线词语词形变化所表示的语法意义和语法范畴

1．Sh bought many pensils.2．The housework is being done by her.3．Wangfeng is taller than Zhangmin.4．He works in the city.5．They give thair books to me.6．I have written a letter to my friends.十六、综合自测题

一、举例解释下列名词（每词4分，共20分）1．组合关系 2．音位变体 3．词干 4．拼音文字 5．词语替换

二、填空（每空1分，共10分）

1．______的建立是语言学走上独立发展道路的一个标志。2．通过______，我们可以使用句型造出许许多多的句子来。3．音位可分两大类，例如汉语中的声调是______。

4．根据在词中的作用，语素可以分为三类，例如“I am going to buy some books”，其中单词books中的语素“s”是______。

5．“漂亮的景色”和“景色漂亮”的语法意义不同，造成这种不同的语法手段是______。

6．英语动词be有八种形式，其过去时的复数形式是______。7．词义的引申有两种方式，例如“病毒”，本义是指“比病菌小、多用电子显微镜才能看见的病原体”，引申义指计算机病毒，即破坏计算机系统的一种程序，这种引申方式是______。8．汉字的发展趋势是______。

9．语言在不同行业、不同阶层等社会因素方面发生变化，由此产生了______。10．词义会不断地发生变化，例如英语单词deer，过去泛指动物，现在只表示鹿，这种意义变化的方式叫做______。

三、选择题（每小题2分，共10分）

说明：每题只有一个正确答案，请将正确答案的字母序号填到题中横线上。

1． 下列说法只有______是正确的。A． 拉斯克是历史比较语言学的代表人物。B． 索绪尔的代表著作是《语言论》。

C． 语言的组合关系说明学习一种语言规则是可以类推的。D． 语言的任意性特点说明每个人都一改造语言规则的自由。

2．用严式国际音标给汉字注音，只有______组要用到音标a。A．装腔王高笑 B．烟元面全捐 C．家牙打哈抓 D．盖反外丹抬

3．分析句子“我们天天看见从东方的山峰后面升起来的太阳”，能得到的词组成分是______。

A． 天天看见从东方的山峰后面。B． 我们天天看见。C． 升起来的太阳。D．东方的山峰后面。

4．下列各种说法只有______是正确的。A． 一个词如果没有能产性特点就不是基本词。B． “光年 去年 前年 明年”可以构成义场。C． “团结”和“勾结”是同义词，但二者的感情色彩不同。D． “打扫卫生”不符合组合规则，是病句。5．下列说法只有______是正确的。A． 双语现象的最后结局是导致语言融合。B． 混合语不同于洋泾浜，它可以作为母语来学习。C． 语言要素的发展是不平衡的，语音变化最快

D． 词语替换指一个意思可以使用相同相近意思的词表达。

四、综合分析题（共20分）

1、比较下列各组属于普通话音位的异同。（6分）① i-y ② t-k ③ x-s

2、用严式国际音标给下面的汉字注音（4分）

说明：每个音节只要求写出元音和辅音，声调符号不用写出来。

团结起来夺取胜利

3、找出下面的多义短语然后分析其结构层次和结构关系。（4分）打伤学校的老师 咬死林场的职工 羽毛球拍卖完了 山里来的歌唱家

4、指出下列句子中的词语（画线部分）的形态变化所表示的语法范畴。（3分）She gives them some pens.（划线单词为第2、3、5个）

5.、变换下面具有语法多义的句子，使其变成单义结构。（3分）

我们负责给这个公司培养四个实验室技术员。

五、问答题（共40分）

1． 语言是社会现象还是自然现象？说说你的看法。（6分）2． 农民有农民的语言，地主有地主的语言，这是不是说语言有阶级性？（6分）

3． 语法范畴有哪些特点？试举一例说明。（8分）4． 什么是形态变化？包括哪些内容？举例说明。（8分）5． 什么是词义的概括性？有哪些表现形式？（6分）

6． 请解释说明什么是语言发展的渐变性特点和不平衡性特点。（6分）

第三篇：语言学概论试题及答案

语言学概论试题及答案 第一部分 选择题

一、单项选择题

1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是B A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话

C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是C A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为C A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学

4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是B A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节

5．[p‘]的发音特征是A A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音

6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是D A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是D A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音

8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是D A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和

9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于C A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词

10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是C A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子

11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是C A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是 A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合

13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是A A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊 C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊 D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊 14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是C A．理性意义不同 B．语体色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同

15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是C A．他申请去北京进修 B．你去请他比较好

C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他

16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是B A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服

C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》 D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书 17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于A A．正字法改革 B．字符类型改革 C．文字类型改革

D．字符类型和文字类型改革

18．汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于B A．纯粹音译词 B．音译兼意译词 C．意译词 D．仿译词

19.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是C A．通用语汇 B.常用语汇 C．基本语汇 D．专用语汇

20．关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是C A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的 B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的 C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言 D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言

21．关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是C A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失 B．并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大 C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代 D．并不意味着语言已经实现统一

22．关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是B A．主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见 B．主要由权威机构强制推行

C．主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行 D．主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程

23．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是B A．模仿说 B．天赋说 C．强化说

D．刺激反应说

24．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说话，这种症状的失语症是B A．失读症

B.布洛卡失语症 C．失名症

D．维尔尼克失语症

25．关于“中介语”现象，下列说法不正确的一项是C A．“中介语”既不同于母语又不同于外语 B．“中介语”是不断地从母语向外语靠近的语言形式 C．即使是较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际 D．“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展就越慢 26．词典最常见的分类是D A．语言词典和历史词典 B．描写词典和历史词典 C．百科词典和历史词典 D．百科词典和语言词典

二、多项选择题

27．语流中有些音在发音上变弱，这种现象叫弱化。弱化的表现有ABE A．脱落

B．清辅音变成浊辅音 C．浊辅音变成清辅音 D．单元音变成复元音 E．单元音向央元音靠拢

28．下列各个汉语词语中属于复合词的是 A．逻辑 B．幽默 B3

五、分析题

其他词类成分_______________________________ 37.请结合实例说明语法的抽象性表现在哪些方面。

(1)所谓“抽象”即对具体的东西进行类的概括。语法规则就是对人们说的话中的单位、结构和关系的某种类的概括。

(2)语法单位类别的抽象。如以从词的用法建立词类为例。(3)语法关系类别的抽象。如以从结构形式建立语法结构为例。

(4)语法意义类别的抽象。如以从形态或格式建立时态意义、句式意义等为例。38.以实例说明义素分析的方法和主要步骤。(1)确定对比的范围。一般来说，义素分析应该先从指称事物最小类别成员的一组词语开始，如有需要，再进一步扩大对比分析的范围。分析“男人”的义素，可以先从“男人”与“女人”、“男孩”的对比开始，因为它们同属于“人”这个最小类别。

(2)比较词义的异同。对比的范围确定之后：下一步就是运用对比分析的方法，找出不同词义在语义成分上的共同点和不同点，也就是提取它们的共同义素和区别义素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的义素，可以首先比较这三个词的意义，从中提取出共同义素[人]，然后将“男人”与“女人”比较，提取出区别义素[±男性]，再将“男人”和“男孩”比较，提取出区别义素[±成年]。利用这些共同义素和区别义素，不仅可以使这三个词的意义互相区别开来，而且也可以使它们同其他的词语相区别。通过对比分析，找出不同词语的共同义素和区别义素，这是义素分析最关键的一步。

39.试从词语构造方式（A）和词类（B）两个角度对下列重叠形式进行分类，分别填入各项中： 星星 猩猩 妈妈 刚刚 蝈蝈 个个 试试 大大方方 热闹热闹

A1叠音式单纯词猩猩? 蝈蝈

A2重叠式合成词____星星? 妈妈刚刚? 大大方方_______________________ A3语法重叠形式_____个个? 试试?? 热闹热闹_ B1名词性成分___________星星? 猩猩? 妈妈?? 蝈蝈________________ B2动词性成分__试试? 热闹热闹?? ____________________________ B3

刚刚? 个个?? 大大方方

40.请指出下列两个语言片段各有哪些不同的结构和意义，并从语音影响语法的角度分析说明。

Ａ想起来了

Ｂ我们三个人一组

(1)①A片段有两种结构和意思：

A1是动宾结构，意思是“打算起床”； A2是动补结构，意思是“回想起”。

②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于： A1中“起来”要重读，A2中“起来”要轻读。(2)①B片段有两种结构和意思： Bl“我们”是主语，“三个人一组”是谓语，意思是“我们有很多人，每三个人是一组”。B2“我们三个人”是主语，“一组”是谓语，意思是“我们一共三个人，只有一个组”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于 B１中在“我们”后停顿，B2中在“我们三个人”后停顿。

六、论述题

41.举例说明为什么在描写句子的语义结构时，常常要从谓词入手，也就是把谓词看作处于支配地位的核心成分。

(1)一个述谓结构可以有多少变元以及可以有何种性质的变元，都是由谓词的语义规定的。比如“咳嗽”指一种生理活动，在这种活动中，只有行为发出者，而不会有另外的涉及对象，因而在由“咳嗽”充当谓词的述谓结构中就只能有一个必有变元，而且这个变元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“经咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在这种行为中，不仅要有一个行为发出者，而且一定还要有被“咽下去” 的东西，因而在由“吃”充当谓词的述谓结构中就可以有两个必有变元，而且这两个变元一个是施事，一个是受事。

(2)一个述谓结构是由谓词和变元组成的，既然变元的数量和性质都是由谓词决定的，因而也可以说整个述谓结构的框架是由谓词语义规定的。人们只要按照一个谓词对变元数量和性质的要求，在述谓结构的框架中填入适当的变元，就可以产生一个句子的命题意义。这可以从人们理解省略句的事实中得到证明，比如问某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都会知道这个“去”虽然是一词一句，但在语义上却等于“我去北京”，人们之所以能够在理解过程中将“去”的动作发出者和目的地补充出来，从而正确理解这句话的实际含义，就是因为“去”所规定的述谓结构框架起着引导的作用。42.结合实例说明语言接触的具体表现形式。

(1)语言成分的借用与吸收。不同语言之间相互影响一般总是从引进借词开始，语言成分的借用与吸收是语言接触最常见的现象。

例如，公元11世纪起，说法语的日尔曼人曾长期占领和统治英格兰，在长期的接触和交往中，英语从法语中吸收了大量的语言成分。(2)出现双语现象。使用不同语言的人如果在同一个社会杂居，还可能产生双语现象。例如，我国广西壮族自治区，由于壮族人长期和汉族人生活在一起，大部分壮族人都是壮语和汉语使用者，(3)出现语言转用现象。在一定历史条件及长期的发展过程中，不同民族的接触和融合还会出现语言转用现象。例如，我国的回族、满族都基本上放弃了自己原有的语言而转用了汉语。(4)出现语言的混合。①在不同语言频繁接触的地区，会出现语言混合现象。不同语言混合会产生“洋泾浜语’。例如，在旧上海外国商人聚居的地方出现的混杂着汉语成份的“洋泾浜英语”。②在一定的历史条件下，洋泾浜语有可能转变为“克里奥耳语”，成为某一社会主要的交际工具，并被当作母语来学习和使用。例如，广泛使用于加勒比海地区的以法语为基础的克里奥耳语。

------------------语言学概论试题参考答案

一、单项选择题 1．B 2.C 3．C 4．B 5．A 6． D 7.D 8．D 9．C 10．C 11．C 113．A 14．C 15．C 16．B 17.A 18．B 19．C 20．A 21.C 22.B 23．B 24．B 25．C 26．D

二、多项选择题 27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE

三、名词解释

32．这种音节结构分析方法以元辅音为基本分析单位，把音节结构分为V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四种基本类型(其中的V代表元音，C代表辅音)。例如汉语普通话中的[i](一)、[t‘i](题)、[an](安)、[t‘an](谈)等四个音节分别属于上述四种基本类型。

33.语义指向是指句子中某个成分在语义上指向哪儿，或者说同哪个或哪些成分发生语义联系。例如，补语位置上的成分，在语义上既可能指向主语，如“我吃饱了”中的“我”；也可能指向宾语，如“我吃光了碗里的饭”中的“碗里的饭”。2.A

34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如汉字就是意音文字，汉字中许多字符是直接表意的，而假借字则是假借意符直接表音、间接表意的音符。

35．语言规划是指社会对语言文字问题所作出的有组织的、有意识的管理、调节和改进。例如，我国国家语言文字工作委员会所作的推广普通话、文字改革、语言规范化、制定正确的民族语言政策等工作。

四、简答题

36．(1)具体语言中的每个音位都可以分解为几个区别特征，不同音位之间的对立实际上可以进一步分解为区别特征之间的对立，因此音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征来负担的。(2)例如，汉语普通话里／k／／k‘／和／p／三个音位具有辨义功能，它们的语音特征分别是“舌根、闭塞、不送气”、“舌根、闭塞、送气”和“双唇、闭塞、不送气，”／k／通过“不送气”和/k‘／相区别·，通过“舌根”和／p／相区别。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k‘an51／和“办”／pan51／等三个词在语音形式上的区别可以归结为这三个音位在区别特征上的对立。

37．(1)所谓“抽象”即对具体的东西进行类的概括。语法规则就是对人们说的话中的单位、结构和关系的某种类的概括。

(2)语法单位类别的抽象。如以从词的用法建立词类为例。(3)语法关系类别的抽象。如以从结构形式建立语法结构为例。

(4)语法意义类别的抽象。如以从形态或格式建立时态意义、句式意义等为例。

38．(1)确定对比的范围。一般来说，义素分析应该先从指称事物最小类别成员的一组词语开始，如有需要，再进一步扩大对比分析的范围。分析“男人”的义素，可以先从“男人”与“女人”、“男孩”的对比开始，因为它们同属于“人”这个最小类别。

(2)比较词义的异同。对比的范围确定之后：下一步就是运用对比分析的方法，找出不同词义在语义成分上的共同点和不同点，也就是提取它们的共同义素和区别义素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的义素，可以首先比较这三个词的意义，从中提取出共同义素[人]，然后将“男人”与“女人”比较，提取出区别义素[±男性]，再将“男人”和“男孩”比较，提取出区别义素[±成年]。利用这些共同义素和区别义素，不仅可以使这三个词的意义互相区别开来，而且也可以使它们同其他的词语相区别。通过对比分析，找出不同词语的共同义素和区别义素，这是义素分析最关键的一步。

五、分析题 39．

A1猩猩? 蝈蝈

A2星星? 妈妈刚刚? 大大方方 A3个个? 试试?? 热闹热闹 B1 星星? 猩猩? 妈妈?? 蝈蝈 B2试试? 热闹热闹?? B3刚刚? 个个?? 大大方方 40．(1)①A片段有两种结构和意思： A1是动宾结构，意思是“打算起床”； A2是动补结构，意思是“回想起”。

②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于： A1中“起来”要重读，A2中“起来”要轻读。(2)①B片段有两种结构和意思： Bl“我们”是主语，“三个人一组”是谓语，意思是“我们有很多人，每三个人是一组”。B2“我们三个人”是主语，“一组”是谓语，意思是“我们一共三个人，只有一个组”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于 B１中在“我们”后停顿，B2中在“我们三个人”后停顿。

六、论述题

41．(1)一个述谓结构可以有多少变元以及可以有何种性质的变元，都是由谓词的语义规定的。比如“咳嗽”指一种生理活动，在这种活动中，只有行为发出者，而不会有另外的涉及对象，因而在由“咳嗽”充当谓词的述谓结构中就只能有一个必有变元，而且这个变元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“经咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在这种行为中，不仅要有一个行为发出者，而且一定还要有被“咽下去” 的东西，因而在由“吃”充当谓词的述谓结构中就可以有两个必有变元，而且这两个变元一个是施事，一个是受事。

(2)一个述谓结构是由谓词和变元组成的，既然变元的数量和性质都是由谓词决定的，因而也可以说整个述谓结构的框架是由谓词语义规定的。人们只要按照一个谓词对变元数量和性质的要求，在述谓结构的框架中填入适当的变元，就可以产生一个句子的命题意义。这可以从人们理解省略句的事实中得到证明，比如问某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都会知道这个“去”虽然是一词一句，但在语义上却等于“我去北京”，人们之所以能够在理解过程中将“去”的动作发出者和目的地补充出来，从而正确理解这句话的实际含义，就是因为“去”所规定的述谓结构框架起着引导的作用。

42．(1)语言成分的借用与吸收。不同语言之间相互影响一般总是从引进借词开始，语言成分的借用与吸收是语言接触最常见的现象。

例如，公元11世纪起，说法语的日尔曼人曾长期占领和统治英格兰，在长期的接触和交往中，英语从法语中吸收了大量的语言成分。

(2)出现双语现象。使用不同语言的人如果在同一个社会杂居，还可能产生双语现象。例如，我国广西壮族自治区，由于壮族人长期和汉族人生活在一起，大部分壮族人都是壮语和汉语使用者，(3)出现语言转用现象。在一定历史条件及长期的发展过程中，不同民族的接触和融合还会出现语言转用现象。例如，我国的回族、满族都基本上放弃了自己原有的语言而转用了汉语。

第四篇：语言学概论试题(及部分答案)

语言学概论试题（及部分答案）

2004年10月15日

A语言学概论试题及答案

一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）

1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。

2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）

3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。

5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。

6、交际的基本单位是（）。

7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。

8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。

9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。

10、文字起源于（）。

二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认确答案的 题号，填入题干的括号内。多选不给分。每题1分，共15分）

1、社会语言学属于（）

①理论语言学

②广义应用语言学 ③普通语言学

④狭义应用语言学

2、元音［ ］的名称是（）

①舌尖后高圆唇元音

②舌尖前高圆唇元音

③舌尖后高不圆唇元音

④舌尖前高不圆唇元音

3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（）

①邮

②欧

③玩

④农

4、汉语普通话音节结构（）

①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成

③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成

5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（）

①玻璃

②黑扳

③语言

④红旗

6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（）

①傻子

②席子

③天子

④椅子

7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（）

①两只学生送的花瓶

②两位学生送的花瓶

③两只学生送的花篮。

④两个学生送的花篮

8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（）

①杜鲁门——杜绝

②负荆一负担

③忽然－－突然

④花朵——浪花

9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（）

①附加 ②异根 ③内部屈折 ④重叠

10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（）

①语素 ②音节 ③前缀 ④词

11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）

①异化 ②类化 ③新语法范畴的形成 ④实词虚化

12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）

①苗语 ②越南语 ③俄语 ④日语

13、在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）

①语法

②语义

③语音 ④词汇

14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（）

①“皮”原指兽皮

②“涕”原指眼泪

③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器

④“江”原捐“长江”

15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（）

①象形的②会意的 ③表音的④形声的

三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答

案的题号，填入题干的括号内。少选、多选不给分。每题2分，共20分）

1、根据舌位的高低，元音可分为（）

①高元音

②央元音

③半高元音

④半低元音

⑤低元音

2、下列汉字的读音中多包含有辅音［飞］的有（）

①男

②拉

③拿

④拦

⑤驴

3、下列词中带有前缀的是（）

①老鼠

②画家

③阿姨

④超越

⑤超现实主义

4、下列词组叫，带双宾语的是（）

①托你一件事

②托你办件事

③请你办这件事

④借你五元钱 ⑤给你一本书

5、下列语素中，属于枯着语素的是（）

①宏

②伟

③大

④楼

⑤机

6、卞列语言单位中，属于派生词的是（）

①律师

②鸟儿

③老婆

④苦头

⑤文学家

7、下列词中，处于同一个语义场的词是（）

①桌子

②椅子

③沙发

④柜子

⑤鞋子

8、下列语言属于印欧语系的是（）

①法语

②英语

③德语

④阿拉伯语

⑤维吾尔语

9、汉语属于（）

①汉藏语系

②汉语族

③屈折语

④孤立语

⑤粘着语

10、下列文字中属于表意文字的是（）

①汉字

②中美洲的马雅文字

③古埃及的圣书字

④我国纳西族的东巴文 ⑤古印度的法卢文

四、判断题（下列各题，你认为正确的，请在题干的括号内打“√”，错的打“×”。每题1分，共10分）

1、符号有视觉符号、听觉和触觉符号三种，语言是一种视觉符号。（）

2、有的辅音发音时声带也有颤动。（）

3、cv式的音节结构几乎是一切语言所共有的（）

4、一般词汇不是词汇的基础部分，它不可能上升为基本词。（）

5、汉语词“狗”和英语词“dog”分别具有不同的感情色彩。（）

6、每个平面的语法单位不能再分类（）

7、“同学们”、“工人们”这些词都表复数，与“同学”、“工人”；相对，因此，汉语也有“数”的范畴（）

8、语言的分化表现为两个方面，一是同一语言分化出地区方言或不同语言，一是形成社会方言（）

9、“洋泾浜”语是我国特有的一种语言现象（）

10、表意文字笔画简化的发展趋势比表音文字表现得尤为突出（）

五、名词解释题（每题2分，共10分）

1、聚合关系——

2、音标——

3、音位——

4、词法范畴——

5、语言的类型分类——

六、分析题（10分）

1、用矩陈图对下列词进行义素分类。（4分）椅了 登子 长登 沙发

2、用层次分析法从大到小分析下列句子的结构，如有歧义，请作具体分析。（6分）

①这一切都是他一个人享用。

②学写作可真不容易。

③发展民族的陶瓷文化。

④吓了他一身冷汗。

⑤他们想要出租汽车。

七、问答题（每题10分，共20分）

1、简述语言和言语的区别和联系。

2、简述词缀与词尾的区别。参考答案：

一、填空题

1、历史比较语言学

2、表达一定内容的声音<语音>、语义

3、收音、领音

4、只在某一方言区通用的词

5、词缀语素

6、句子

7、综合手段、分析干段

8、渐变性、不平衡性

9、语言的谱系分类、语言的发生学分类

10、记事的图画

二、单选题 1② 4② 7④ 10② 13③ 2④ 5① 8① 11④ 14③ 3① 6③ 9③ 12④ 15①

三、多选题 1①③④⑤ ③⑤ 5①②⑤ 7①②③④ 9①②④ 2②③⑤3①4①④⑤ 6②③④⑤ 8①②③ 10①②③④ 四，判断题 1× 3√ 5√ 7× 9× 2√ 4× 6× 8√ 10√

五、名词解释题

1、聚合关系——在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换、具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫聚合关系。

2、音标——标写音素的符号叫音标。

3、音位——是某种特定语言或方言里最“小的能区别语素或词的语音形式和意义的语音集合体。

4、词法范畴——由综合手段（词形变化）表现的语法意义概括起来就是词法范畴。

5、语言的类型分类——根据词的结构特点对世界的语言进行的分类叫语言的类型分类。

六、分析题（略）

七、论述题（14分）

1、答：语言和言语是不同的。语言是从社会的言语中概括出来的，因此是属于全社会的。（2 分）言语总是具有某些个人的特点，但这种个人特点不能违反他所运用的语言的总规约。（2分）

语言和言语又有着密不可分的联系。一方面，语言存在于言语之中，言语是语言的存在形式。研究语言必须从言语中获得语料；（2分）另一方面，言语是运用语言的行为 和结果，言语只是以语言为规范，才能成为有条理、可理解的东西。（2分）总之，言语总是以语言的共同规则作为活动基础，而语言则在言语运用中得以存在和发展。（2分）

2、答：区别有以下几点：

①词缀一般表示附加性的词汇意义；（2分）而词尾表示的纯粹是语法意义。（2分）②词缀有构成新词的能力；（2分）而词尾仅有改变一个词的语法意义的作用，没有构成新词的能力。（2分）

③词缀可以处于词根之前，也可处于词根中间或词根之后；（1分）而词尾则只能处于词根（若有词缀还包括词缀）之后。（1分）

B语言学概论

第一部分 选择题

一、单项选择题

1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话

C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为 A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学

4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是 A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p‘]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] C．[A，y] B．[e，o] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和

9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于 A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是 A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是

A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是 A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合

13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是 A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊 C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊 D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊 14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是 A．理性意义不同 B．语体色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同

15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是 A．他申请去北京进修 B．你去请他比较好

C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图 D．他害怕老师批评他

16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是 A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服

C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》 D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书 17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于 A．正字法改革 C．文字类型改革 B．字符类型改革 D．字符类型和文字类型改革 18．汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于 A．纯粹音译词 C．意译词 B．音译兼意译词 D．仿译词 19.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是 A．通用语汇 C．基本语汇 B.常用语汇 D．专用语汇 20．关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的 B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的 C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言 D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言

21．关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是 A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失 B．并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大 C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代 D．并不意味着语言已经实现统一

22．关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见 B．主要由权威机构强制推行

C．主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行 D．主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程

23．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是 A．模仿说 B．天赋说 C．强化说 D．刺激反应说 24．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说话，这种症状的失语症是 A．失读症 C．失名症 B.布洛卡失语症 D．维尔尼克失语症25．关于“中介语”现象，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．“中介语”既不同于母语又不同于外语 B．“中介语”是不断地从母语向外语靠近的语言形式 C．即使是较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际 D．“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展就越慢 26．词典最常见的分类是 A．语言词典和历史词典 C．百科词典和历史词典 B．描写词典和历史词典 D．百科词典和语言词典

二、多项选择题

27．语流中有些音在发音上变弱，这种现象叫弱化。弱化的表现有 A．脱落 C．浊辅音变成清辅音 E．单元音向央元音靠拢 B．清辅音变成浊辅音 D．单元音变成复元音 28．下列各个汉语词语中属于复合词的是 A．逻辑 B．幽默 C．寂寞 D．忘记 E．崎岖 29．语体色彩最基本的类型有 A．口语色彩 C．公文语体色彩 E．书面语色彩 B．科技语体色彩 D．政论语体色彩 30．下列各项词义引申中，采用借代方式的有 A．“领航”本指一种行为，后引申指实施这一行为的人 B．“脉络”本指动脉和静脉，后引申指条理或头绪 C．“谜”本指谜语，后引申指尚未弄明白的事物 D．“面貌”本指相貌，后引申指事物所呈现的景象、状态 E．“锯”本指一种工具，后引申指凭借这一工具的行为

31．在“语言转用”现象中，哪种语言能够取代其他语言主要取决于 A．语言使用者在政治上的优势地位 B．语言使用者在经济上的优势地位

C．语言使用者在文化发展水平上的优势地位 D．语言使用者在生产资料占有上的优势地位 E．语言使用者在人口数量上的优势地位

第二部分 非选择题

三、名词解释

32.音节结构的元辅音分析法 33.语义指向 34.意音文字 35.语言规划

四、简答题

36.举例说明为什么说音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征负担的。37.请结合实例说明语法的抽象性表现在哪些方面。38.以实例说明义素分析的方法和主要步骤。

五、分析题

39.试从词语构造方式（A）和词类（B）两个角度对下列重叠形式进行分类，分别填入各项中： 星星 刚刚 试试 猩猩 蝈蝈 大大方方 妈妈 个个 热闹热闹 A1叠音式单纯词

A2重叠式合成词___________________________ A3语法重叠形式______________________________ B1名词性成分___________________________ B2动词性成分______________________________ B3其他词类成分_______________________________ 40.请指出下列两个语言片段各有哪些不同的结构和意义，并从语音影响语法的角度分析说明。

Ａ想起来了

Ｂ我们三个人一组

六、论述题

41.举例说明为什么在描写句子的语义结构时，常常要从谓词入手，也就是把谓词看作处于支配地位的核心成分。

42.结合实例说明语言接触的具体表现形式。语言学概论试题参考答案

一、单项选择题

21.C 1．B 6． D 11．C 16．B 26．D2.C 7.D 12.A 17.A 22.B 3．C 8．D 13．A 18．B 23．B 4．B 9．C 14．C 19．C 24．B 5．A 10．C 15．C 20．A 25．C

二、多项选择题 27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE

三、名词解释

32．这种音节结构分析方法以元辅音为基本分析单位，把音节结构分为V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四种基本类型(其中的V代表元音，C代表辅音)。例如汉语普通话中的[i](一)、[t‘i](题)、[an](安)、[t‘an](谈)等四个音节分别属于上述四种基本类型。

33.语义指向是指句子中某个成分在语义上指向哪儿，或者说同哪个或哪些成分发生语义联系。例如，补语位置上的成分，在语义上既可能指向主语，如“我吃饱了”中的“我”；也可能指向宾语，如“我吃光了碗里的饭”中的“碗里的饭”。

34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如汉字就是意音文字，汉字中许多字符是直接表意的，而假借字则是假借意符直接表音、间接表意的音符。

35．语言规划是指社会对语言文字问题所作出的有组织的、有意识的管理、调节和改进。例如，我国国家语言文字工作委员会所作的推广普通话、文字改革、语言规范化、制定正确的民族语言政策等工作。

四、简答题

36．(1)具体语言中的每个音位都可以分解为几个区别特征，不同音位之间的对立实际上可以进一步分解为区别特征之间的对立，因此音位的辨义功能实际上是由区别特征来负担的。(2)例如，汉语普通话里／k／／k‘／和／p／三个音位具有辨义功能，它们的语音特征分别是“舌根、闭塞、不送气”、“舌根、闭塞、送气”和“双唇、闭塞、不送气，”／k／通过“不送气”和/k‘／相区别·，通过“舌根”和／p／相区别。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k‘an51／和“办”／pan51／等三个词在语音形式上的区别可以归结为这三个音位在区别特征上的对立。

37．(1)所谓“抽象”即对具体的东西进行类的概括。语法规则就是对人们说的话中的单位、结构和关系的某种类的概括。

(2)语法单位类别的抽象。如以从词的用法建立词类为例。(3)语法关系类别的抽象。如以从结构形式建立语法结构为例。

(4)语法意义类别的抽象。如以从形态或格式建立时态意义、句式意义等为例。

38．(1)确定对比的范围。一般来说，义素分析应该先从指称事物最小类别成员的一组词语开始，如有需要，再进一步扩大对比分析的范围。分析“男人”的义素，可以先从“男人”与“女人”、“男孩”的对比开始，因为它们同属于“人”这个最小类别。

(2)比较词义的异同。对比的范围确定之后：下一步就是运用对比分析的方法，找出不同词义在语义成分上的共同点和不同点，也就是提取它们的共同义素和区别义素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的义素，可以首先比较这三个词的意义，从中提取出共同义素[人]，然后将“男人”与“女人”比较，提取出区别义素[±男性]，再将“男人”和“男孩”比较，提取出区别义素[±成年]。利用这些共同义素和区别义素，不仅可以使这三个词的意义互相区别开来，而且也可以使它们同其他的词语相区别。通过对比分析，找出不同词语的共同义素和区别义素，这是义素分析最关键的一步。

五、分析题 39．

A1猩猩

蝈蝈

A2星星

妈妈刚刚

大大方方 A3个个

试试

热闹热闹 B1 星星

猩猩

妈妈

蝈蝈 B2试试

热闹热闹

B3刚刚

个个

大大方方

40．(1)①A片段有两种结构和意思： A1是动宾结构，意思是“打算起床”； A2是动补结构，意思是“回想起”。

②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于： A1中“起来”要重读，A2中“起来”要轻读。(2)①B片段有两种结构和意思： Bl“我们”是主语，“三个人一组”是谓语，意思是“我们有很多人，每三个人是一组”。B2“我们三个人”是主语，“一组”是谓语，意思是“我们一共三个人，只有一个组”。②语音对这个语言片段的结构和意义的影响在于 B１中在“我们”后停顿，B2中在“我们三个人”后停顿。

六、论述题

41．(1)一个述谓结构可以有多少变元以及可以有何种性质的变元，都是由谓词的语义规定的。比如“咳嗽”指一种生理活动，在这种活动中，只有行为发出者，而不会有另外的涉及对象，因而在由“咳嗽”充当谓词的述谓结构中就只能有一个必有变元，而且这个变元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“经咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在这种行为中，不仅要有一个行为发出者，而且一定还要有被“咽下去” 的东西，因而在由“吃”充当谓词的述谓结构中就可以有两个必有变元，而且这两个变元一个是施事，一个是受事。

(2)一个述谓结构是由谓词和变元组成的，既然变元的数量和性质都是由谓词决定的，因而也可以说整个述谓结构的框架是由谓词语义规定的。人们只要按照一个谓词对变元数量和性质的要求，在述谓结构的框架中填入适当的变元，就可以产生一个句子的命题意义。这可以从人们理解省略句的事实中得到证明，比如问某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都会知道这个“去”虽然是一词一句，但在语义上却等于“我去北京”，人们之所以能够在理解过程中将“去”的动作发出者和目的地补充出来，从而正确理解这句话的实际含义，就是因为“去”所规定的述谓结构框架起着引导的作用。

42．(1)语言成分的借用与吸收。不同语言之间相互影响一般总是从引进借词开始，语言成分的借用与吸收是语言接触最常见的现象。

例如，公元11世纪起，说法语的日尔曼人曾长期占领和统治英格兰，在长期的接触和交往中，英语从法语中吸收了大量的语言成分。

(2)出现双语现象。使用不同语言的人如果在同一个社会杂居，还可能产生双语现象。例如，我国广西壮族自治区，由于壮族人长期和汉族人生活在一起，大部分壮族人都是壮语和汉语使用者，(3)出现语言转用现象。在一定历史条件及长期的发展过程中，不同民族的接触和融合还会出现语言转用现象。例如，我国的回族、满族都基本上放弃了自己原有的语言而转用了汉语。(4)出现语言的混合。①在不同语言频繁接触的地区，会出现语言混合现象。不同语言混合 会产生“洋泾浜语’。例如，在旧上海外国商人聚居的地方出现的混杂着汉语成份的“洋泾浜英语”。②在一定的历史条件下，洋泾浜语有可能转变为“克里奥耳语”，成为某一社会主要的交际工具，并被当作母语来学习和使用。例如，广泛使用于加勒比海地区的以法语为基础的克里奥耳语。

全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试

语言学概论试题 课程代码：00541

一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题。每小题1分，共20分）

在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的。请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。4．舌位后高圆唇元音是（）A．[i] C．[y]

B．[u] D．[o] 5．汉语北京话的语流中，“慢慢儿”的实际读音是[mai mar]，这种现象在语音学上叫（）A．异化 C．同化

B．弱化 D．强化

7．下列各项中全都属于单纯词的是（）A．蜘蛛

沙发

teacher C．猩猩

仿佛

unhappy 8．乔姆斯基开创的语言学被称为（）A．转换生成语言学 C．历史语言学

B．语言哲学 D．结构主义语言学 B．玻璃

芙蓉

dogs D．爸爸

桌子

worked 9．汽车司机行驶到路口，看见红灯就会马上停车，这是一种（）A．感性思维 C．发散思维

10．语言符号的任意性是指（）A．人们可以任意使用或创制语言符号

B．语言符号的物质实体和意义内容之间没有必然联系 C．利用语言可以任意给事物或现象命名

D．语言符号的语音形式和意义的关系可以任意改变 11．下面各组词中全都属于借词的是（）A．狮子

超级市场

马力 C．德律风

热狗

黑匣子 12．声音的高低决定于（）A．频率的大小 C．气流的强弱

B．逻辑思维 D．推理思维

B．葡萄

巧克力

克隆 D．钢琴

塔

拷贝

B．声波的形式

D．发音体振动的持续时间 13．儿童开始正确使用虚词和掌握形态变化时，就进入儿童语言获得过程中的（）A．单词阶段 C．简单句阶段

B．双词阶段 D．复杂句阶段

14．人脑中掌管人体运动平衡能力的部位是（）A．大脑 C．小脑

B．脑干 D．脑桥

15．语言最小的音义结合的语言单位是（）A．音素 C．义素

B．语素 D．位素

20．把语言学的理论和具体成果用来为社会实际生活中的某个领域服务的语言学分支学科是（）A．普通语言学 C．具体语言学

二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。

五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分）33．简述国际音标的优点。34．词缀和词尾有什么不同？

35．汉语的语素、音节和汉字是一一对应的吗？

六、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题11分，共22分）36．举例说明句法手段有哪几种类型？ 37．举例说明组合歧义有哪些主要类型？

B．应用语言学 D．描写语言学

第五篇：00541语言学概论试卷及答案

第一部分选择题

一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分。在每小题列出的备选项

中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。1．下面各项属于汉语北方方言的是A A．武汉话 B．温州话 C．上海话 D．福州话 2．下面各项申属于符号的是C A．炊烟 B．月晕而风 C．红绿灯 D．打狗棍

3．下面各词中的“子”属于成词语素的是C A．桌子 B．柱子 C．瓜子 D．镊子 4．明确提出思维决定语言这一观点的是B A．索绪尔 B．维戈茨基 C．保朴 D．皮亚杰 5．汉字“跑”是一个D A．指事字 B．象形字 C．会意字 D．形声字

6．靠先天遗传而得到的语言能力被称为A A．语言获得 B．语言参与 C．语言学习D．语言自觉

7．“你们杀死了一个李公朴，会有千百万个李公朴站起来”采用的修辞手法是D A．比拟 B．夸张 C．比喻 D.借代

8．周代称“翁婿”为“舅甥”反映出远古就存在B A．群婚制度 B．族外婚制度 C．族内婚制度 D．血亲婚制度 9．人脑中掌管语言的是A A．大脑左半球 B．大脑右半球 C．小脑 D．脑干

L0.儿童语言发展的非自控阶段一般出现在婴儿出生后的A A．前6个月 B.6个月到1岁 C．1岁到2岁 D．2岁以后 1．下面各项属于“威尔尼克失语症”患者的症状是C A．不能发音 B．不能说出词语 C．听不懂别人说话 D．昕不到别人说话 12．甲骨文“逐”的字形表现了商代的C A．种植活动 B.采集活动 C．狩猎活动 D．渔猎活动

13．“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为儒子牛”属于对偶句中的B A．串对 B.反对 C．正对 D．流水对

14.一般认为大脑语言功能临界期的最后期限是D A.5-6岁 B．7-8岁 C．9—10岁 D．12—13岁

15．关于儿童掌握母语的“强化说”来源于巴甫洛夫的B A．生物进化理论 B．条件反射理论 C．激励理论 D．钙化理论 16．文字起源于D A．结绳 B．手势

C.实物记事 D．图画和契刻 17.格律诗的韵脚用字应当用A A.平声字 B．上声字 C．去声字 D．入声字

18．让计算机能接受语言信号并做出回应动作或答复，这种技术属于B A．语音合成 B．语音识别 C.自动翻译 D．人工智能

19．着眼于语言的思维功能研究的语言外围研究学科是D A．社会语言学 B．普通语言学 C．外围语言学 D．心理语言学

20．秦始皇名“政”，秦代正月不叫正月而叫“端月”，这是为了C A．讨吉祥 B．讨口彩 C．避讳 D．避难堪

二、多项选择题：本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分。在每小题列出的备选项中

至少有两项是符合题目要求的，请将其选出，错选、多选或少选均无分。21．下面各项中属于词的有BC A．吃败仗 B．转基因 C．幼儿园 D．小女儿 E．玩游戏

22。下面各对词语中能出现在同一语法位置上的有ABD A。小说——苹果 B．大——小 C．红——红色 D．写——走 E．好——衣服

23．“老刘有三个孩子”的蕴含义可能有BCD A．老刘没有孩子 B．老刘只有三个孩子 C．老刘有不止三个孩子 D．老刘有孩子 E．老刘没有三个孩子

24．医生安慰重病人说“没什么大问题，好好回家休养”明显违反了CE A．赞誉准则 B．慷慨准则 C．相关准则 D．一致准则 E．质量准则

25．下面各项属于汉字字体演变不同阶段的有ABCD A．甲骨文 B．金文 C．小篆 D．隶书 E．繁体

第二部分非选择题

三、术语解释题：本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分。26．反义词

反义词：一种语言中表达相反意义的不同词语叫做反义词。27．外来词

外来词：一种语言从外族语言中借用的词叫做外来词。28．言内语境 言内语境：言内语境表达中的前沿后或上下文，又称上下语境。29．他源文字

他源文字：他源文字是借用其他文字产生和发展起来的文字。

四、分析题：本大题共2小题，每小题6分，共12分。30．找出下面这句话中的单纯词和合成词。

姑妈蹒跚着走了过来。

答：单纯词：蹒跚、着、走、了

合成词：妈妈、过来

30．以汉语为例，说明孤立语的主要特点。

答：一般认为汉语是孤立语的代表。其主要特点不是通过词形变化来表示此的实体太，名词的性数格等语法意义，而是由完备的助词系统和严格的语序来表达相应的语法意义；汉语词类和句法成分之间不存在形态与那样的一一对应关系。

五、简答题：本大题共2小题，每小题l0分，共20分。32．简要说明多义词和同音词的差别。

答：多义词的各个义项之间必须是有联系的，是一个词包含多个义项。

同音词是词形和读音恰好相同二意义上无关联的两个或几个词语。

33．简要说明语言演变的不平衡陛。

答：语言演变的不平衡性是指在语言内部的不同组成部分之间，以及在不同的地域之间，语言发展演变的速度和方向是不一致的。语言系统中变化最快的是词汇，其次是语音，语法相当稳定。同一语言现象的发展速度、发展方向在不同地域也不一致。

六、论述题：本大题共2小题，每小题l3分，共26分。

34．什么是句法手段?说明下面的三对例子各是通过什么句法手段表现不同的语法意

义。

我的老师——我和老师

洗衣服——洗干净

客人来了——来客人了

答：通过结构的变化表现语法意义的手段是句法手段。“我的老师---我和老师”通过使用不同虚词分别表达领属修饰关系和并列关系，“洗衣服---洗干净”通过选择不同词类组合表达偏正关系和动补关系，“客人来了--来客人了”通过改变语序表达主谓关系和动宾关系。

35．从下面材料中分析汉语普通话儿化韵的作用。

头——头儿(领导)眼——眼儿(小孔)一点(一点钟)——一点儿

画——画儿 善——盖儿 活——活儿

米粒——米粒儿 门缝——门缝儿 小鱼——小鱼儿

答：汉语普通话儿化音韵在词汇、语法、修辞上都有作用，可以区别词义。例如“头----头儿（领导）”“眼---眼儿（小孔）”“一点（一点钟）-----一点儿”； 改变词性。例如“画---画儿”“盖-----盖儿”“活-----活儿”；

表达细小及可爱的感情色彩。例如“米粒儿、门缝儿、脸蛋儿、小鱼儿”