GMAT语法动名词使用方法介绍

第一篇：GMAT语法动名词使用方法介绍

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GMAT语法动名词使用方法介绍

GMAT语法动名词有两种分类，一种是简单的动名词，这种动名词际上是将动词放在中间，而整体作为一个名词。第二种是复合动名词，这种形式下，动名词被完全包含在名词词组中，通常前面有冦词或形容词，或者of 的结构中，接下来小编就GMAT语法动名词为大家介绍一下，助力考生顺利备考GMAT语法考试。

我们先来看一个例子：

The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.很明显，这里的The bouquet of 和a giving of love 在结构上平行但实际上并不平行，虽然giving 在这里是作为句词使用。而作为这种动名词来说，可以被当作名词来使用，但是词性不纯。我们可以把动名词分为两类来讨论：

1.简单的动名词：

Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.上面的例子中Tracking satellites accurately 可以被something 替换，这种动名词际上是将动词放在中间，而整体作为一个名词。

2.复合动名词：

The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.这种形式下，动名词被完全包含在名词词组中，通常前面有冦词或形容词，或者of 的结构中，如：the running of marathons，marathon running。

对于这两种动句词来说，无法相互平行，而且只有复合动名词才能与名词相平行。

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.http://bailiedu.com

Withdrawal, reductions, 和 pardon 都是名词，所以这里不能使用raising，而且这样使用容易让我误解为是一种修饰。

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.当然如果存在这种名词我们还是要选择单纯的名词而不是动名词：

◆ Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.◆ Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.◆ Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.以上就是关于GMAT语法动名词的相关内容介绍，希望大家能够了解。多多备考了解GMAT相关信息，争取做到万无一失。更多关于GMAT语法知识点备考注意的介绍小编会为大家呈现。最后祝大家顺利备考GMAT考试，早日梦圆名校。

第二篇：GMAT语法改错

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

第一篇 总论

一、GMAT句子改错题的要求

GMAT句子改错题在笔考时，一般有22道题，限时25分钟完成，其基本要求如下：Direction：In each of the following sentences，some part of the sentence or the entire sentence isunderlined．Beneath each sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part．Thefirst of these repeats the original；the other four are different．If you think the original is the bestof these answer choices，choose answer A；otherwise，choose one of the others．Select the bestversion and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet．

This is a test of correctness and effectiveness of expression．In choosing answers，follow therequirements of standard written English；that is，pay attention to grammar，choice of words，and sentence construction．Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence；this an—swer should be clear mad exact，without awkwardness，ambiguity，redundancy，or grammaticalerror.在实行CAT考试后，该要求没有变化，只不过题量减少了，约为16～18题。

二、GMAT改错题的正确选项的特征

在GMAT中，改错题与其他英语考试中的改错题并不太一样，它更强调表达的准确性和有效性，而不像TOEFL，只着重语法错误。那么，初学者会问，就ETS而言，在GMAT改错中，当把正确答案替换到原句中，该句子应具有什么样的特征呢?笔者认为，该句子至少有以下3个特征：

1．保证原句基本意思及保持原句重心。也就是说，句子的原意不能发生改变，同时原句的主从关系不能发生改变，作次要成分的不能充当句子的主要成分，而句子的主要成分不能下降为从属地位，作修饰成分。

2．意思单一，简洁有效。即在句子中，不能出现模棱两可、含糊不清的意思表示。同时表达尽量简洁，不要I罗嗦，能用短语表达的，就不用从句；能用一个词表示的，就不用词组。

3．5个中的最优。而并非最完美的表达。

下面：我们以一个例子来说明以上几点：

F—l Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.(A)Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，(B)In her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，Beatrix Potter(C)In her book illustrations，which she carefully coordinated with her narratives,Beat—rix Potter(D)Carefully 000rdinated with her narratives，Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations,(E)Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinated them with her narra—tives and题解：A、B之所以错，是因为它违反了意思单一原则，其中的coordinating分词短语的修饰关系是模糊的，既可修饰illustrations，又可修饰后面的主句。D错，是因为它违反了第一条原则：保证原句意思。其中coordinated过去分词短语在句首，就表明了该短语修饰主语：Beatrix Porrer改变了句意。而E中，由于其将coordinate与capitalize并列作为主要谓语动词，改变了本属于从属地位的coordinating短语，从而改变了句子重心(coordi-nate与capitalize两个动作毫不相关，并列起来不恰当)。C意思单一，which从句限定修饰illustrations，主从关系明确，因而为正确答案。答案：C

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

至于第三个特征，我们将在以后的相关例子中提到。

三、GMAT解题方法

1．抓住明显错误进行排除：有时划线部分中有明显的语法错误或逻辑错误，我们就可由此作为突破口，进行排除，缩小包围圈。

F—2 The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike;vast quantities ofpeople were dangerously overextended，credit was absurdly easy to obtain,and most broderagehouses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on ―margin.‖

(A)rich and poor alike；vast quantities of people were dangerously overextended

(B)both rich and poor alike；large amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves(C)rich and poor alike；great numbers of people were dangerously overextended them—selves

(D)both rich and poor alike；vast amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves

(E)both rich and poor；great quantities of people were dangerously overextended

题解：看完划线部分后，我们会发现一个明显的错误，即：A中用quantities来修饰可数名词people，这在语法中是不能接受的，由此点错误，我们就可排除含有此错误点的A、E。同时，我们在对选项进行扫描的过程中，又发现B、D用amount来修饰people，这同样是不能接受的。因而我们又可排除B,D。仅剩C可选。B,D、E中：both rich and poor alike的表达是哕嗦的，因为both和alike在语义上有重复。在本句中，需要提出的是：rich和poor之前并未加the，也可表示一类人的含义。答案：C

2.利用未划线部分寻找暗示和启发。有时候仅就选项部分而言，会有几个选项在表达上和句意上都是无可挑剔的。在此种情况下，再进行选项比较已毫无意义，而应该把目光放宽一些，到未划线部分中去寻找一些暗示。比如说划线部分与未划线部分在人称上是否一致，在数上是否一致等等。这些暗示会使你确认，这几个选项中仅有一个正确。

F一3 Without hearing a word of—what is being—said or shouted，an experienced trader on thefloor of the stock exchange can listen to the hum of voices around them and tell what ishappening．(A)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader

(B)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，experienced traders

(C)Even though the person has not heard a word of what is being said or shouted，anexperienced trader

(D)Even when the person has not heard a word that is being said or shouted，experiences traders(E)In spite of not hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader题解：根据下一篇所讲的内容，我们会很容易排除C,D、E(此处排除这三个选项的原因由大家在学完第二篇内容后自行解决)。对于选项A、B，我们发现两者都说得通，只不过A中用单数主语，B用复数主语。此时，我们就需再回到未划线部分，搜索能为我们证实A、B中某一个必对而另一个必错的线索。当读到句末的around them时，我们的目光会为之一亮。them从句意讲，指代主句主语，同时them所指代的应是复数名词，因而A错B对。答案：B

3.利用对称性解题：英语在行文上，像我们汉语一样，也讲究前后的对称性。而这一点在比较句中，对照，对比句中和平行结构中表现得尤为突出，即要求尽可能在语法功能上、表达形式上前后一致。我们则可通过未划线部分中的表达形式及语法功能确定划线部分中与之相对应部分的语法功能及表达形式，很快排除错误选项。

F一4 At ground level，ozone is a harmful pollutant，but．in the stratosphere it shields the earthGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

from the most biologically harmful radiation emitted by the Sun，radiation in the ultravio-let band of the spectrum．

(A)in the stratosphere

(B)in the stratosphere，in which

(C)it is in the stratosphere in、which

(D)in the stratosphere where

(E)it is in the stratosphere and

题解：由but表明前后是转折关系，即存在着对比。but之前的地点状语是at ground level因而but之后用in the stratosphere，无论从结构上还是形式上均与at ground level对称。选A是正确的，B,D使but分句的句子结构不完整。E改变句意，而C与but之前的形式缺乏对应关系，表达啰嗦。

答案：A

4．以薄弱环节作为切入点：在GMAT改错中，划线部分中经常出现的错误就是代词指代混乱和限定性定语从句的引导词指代混乱。因而，如果划线部分中出现了此两类词，在未发现明显错误之前，我们应以此两类词为切人点，通过确认其真实指代对象与其语法指代对象是否一致来排除错误选项。

F一5 The Gorton—Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they willdelay access to funds from deposited checks.(A)that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from

deposited checks．

(B)a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a

deposited check．

(C)that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from depositedchecks。

(D)a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds

from a deposited check。

(E)that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check

is to be delayed．

题解：划线中出现了两个代词：they和their，首先需要确认其指代对象。在their之前未出现过复数名词，而仅出现单数名词a bank，从句意判断，their本应指代the bank。由此矛盾，我们可判断their属误用，应用its替代；同理第--4“they也应用it替代。由此我们可排除含their或they的A、B、E。C、D比较，D有两个缺陷：(1)require的用法不妥；(2)itscustomers和之后的a deposited check在数上是不一致的。而C中：require + that从句(带虚拟语气动词)的用法正确，its customers和之后的checks在数上一致。答案：C

5．通过比较答案来寻找解题思路：有时候，划线部分既无明显错误，又无对称性可言，也不存在代词指代问题。一眼看过去，划线部分似乎没有什么毛病，此时，我们就需要对5个选项进行比较，找出5个选项中的主要差异(1～2个)，分析并代回原句中。从句意、表达上进行对比，确认句子的主要结构，排除错误选项。

F一6 The technical term‖pagination‖is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers, assemblethe page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing．

(A)is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers，assemble

(B)refers to a process that allows editors，rather than printers，to assemble

(C)is a process 1caving the editors，rather than printers，to assemble

(D)refers to a process which allows editors，but not to printers，the assembly of

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

(E)has reference to the process leaving to editors，instead of the printer，assembling题解：第一遍读划线部分时，似乎看不出什么错误，但通过对5个选项进行比较后，我们发现了两个差异：(1)谓语动词用系动词is，还是用行为动词refer to。(2)that从句中：谓语动词用leave还是allow。把第(1)个差异代人原句中，is代回―这个术语是一个过程”refer to代人原句，意为：―这个术语指一个过程“。从逻辑搭配上看，后者优于前者，且表达句意，而前者句意模糊，不易理解。断定此点后，我们就排除 A、C。同理，把差异(2)代入。allow明显要比leave更适合与a process搭配。由此排除E。B、D比较，D有3个缺陷：(1)allow用法不当，应使用allow sb．to do sth．的结构；(2)but not to printers不如B中用rather thanprinters准确、简洁。(3)公理中，我们提到过，除非先行词为介宾，which不引导限制性从句，此处D违反了此原则。(详看紧接着的公理部分)答案：B

对于以上5种方法，作者在此提出两点说明。

(1)以上5种思路仅是解题基本方法，并未囊括也不可能囊括GMAT改错中的所有方法。这是一个case-by-case，对有些题大家完全可以采用其他更快捷、更准确的方法来解题。(2)对于以上5种基本方法，希望大家不要僵化地、孤立地使用，而应该灵活、有机地将5种方法结合在一起，达到更快、更准的解题目的。

四、GMAT公理

所谓公理，也就是经过人们长期实践检验、不需要证明同时也无法去证明的客观规律，如我们在初中平面几何开篇所学的―两点之间可以画一条直线，并且只可以画一条直线‖，―三点确定一个平‖等公理。而正是在这些公理的基础上，才建立起平面几何这门学科。同样，在我们的GMAT改错中，存在一些不言自明、经过实践总结的规律，它们对我们的解题有极大帮助，我们把它们命名为―GMAT公理‖。不过，这里的公理，并不像平面几何的公理一样，可以放之四海而皆准，即：使用这些公理，有些可以保证我们100％的正确性，而有些可能只能保证95％以上的正确性，另外的5％，可能需要与句意共同考虑来选择一个最优。毕竟，GMAT改错是一种对语言表达的有效性、简洁性的考核，是有灵活性的，而不像平面几何那样是一门要求严密逻辑的科学。不过就这些GMAT公理在解题中所起到的巨大贡献而言，它们的那些微小的局限性可忽略不计。

下面是对这些公理的具体叙述。

1．在我们通常使用的there be句型中，以下几种表达必定错。(1)there could be done sth.(2)there be sth．done(3)there being+名词词组(4)there was sth．(抽象性表动作的名词)，如there was a transmission的表达不对。一般来说GMAT中there be仅用于―某处有某物‖，而此物是指一具体名词，如 wolf，stone，star，而不是指 抽象名词：如 conversion，relation等。(其中done代表过去分词。)

2．在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思，最佳答案的选择依据是，can do>be able to do>has(have)ability to do>has(have)a capability of doing…。(其中―>‖指―优先于”，有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项，在选项中不含有can do时，再找有be able to的选项，依此类推。

3．在从句中，以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意：

(1)which(或代词 it)绝对不可指代前面的整个句子，而此用法在一般语法书中均是可以接受的

(2)because不可引导名词性从句；

(3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略；

(4)if绝不可以引导名词性从句，如要表示―是否“，只能用whether引导；

(5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定性修饰，只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句。

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

4．在require、demand等表―建议，命令”意义的词之后的that从句，要求用虚拟语气动词，即动词原形，不加should。

5．绝不可以单独使用this，these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词，而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词，或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代。如sth．of this kind，like this／these等模糊表达均要用such + n．(n．即重复this，these所指代的对象)来取代，意为―这些…‖。另外，在“such．that‖结构中，such只修饰具体名词，而不修饰抽象名词(女I rapidity，severity)。

6．绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词，而一般是用that of+n．结构指代或换用其他表达方式。(可参看第十一章中 it／they，one／ones，that／ttx~指代的区别)

7．当我们需要举例时，一律用such as结构，而不用like。

8．在GMAT改错题中，ETS倾向于用主动语态而非用被动语态，也就是说，当用主动或用被动语态的选项在语法和句意上都无错误时，选择用主动语态表达的选项，即―主动优先原则”。

9．在GMAT中，关于being的以下使用必错：(1)being + n．(2)being + adj．(3)as being+n．／adj／v-ing，因为在以上表达中，being属多余。

10．当我们对一动宾结构进行替代时，不用do it，一律用do so。

11．介词短语：on account of，because of，despite(in spite of)，as a result of之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语，或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分、词来修饰时，应改为与其相同意义的连词because，although等引导的从句形式。12．几种简洁的表达方式：

(1)n．that is(are)adj．必然要换为adj．+n．的名词短语结构，如：a man who is poor的选项必错，而应选含有a poor man的选项.(2)当表示谓语部分，尤其是表示实义动词的含义时，就直接用其动词形式表示，而不要用名词形式或形容词形式表示，如：be a cause一定会被cause(动词)替代；be suggestive of就一定会被suggest所替代。

(3)一些常见词的替换方式：not any一定会被no替代；that which一定会被what替代；having been done会被done(作限定词)所替代.13．平行结构的最后一个成分之前必定有一个连词and，0r，neither，nor或as well as，否则此并列结构必存在问题。如：to do A，do B，do C的表达就必然错误，而必然是被to doA，do B，and do C或to do A，to do B，and to do C替代。

14．在平行结构中，对于―不是…而是‖的结构，ETS倾向于用rather than，而很少用instead of。在具体实战中，若5个选项中存在这两个词组的互换，请直接在含rather than的选项中找答案，除非含rather than的结构有语法或逻辑错误，再到含有instead of的选项中找答案。

15．若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词，那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实战中，此原则可转化为：不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项，立即排除.GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

第二篇 实战篇

通过上一篇的简单概述，我们对GMAT的改错要求，相应的解题技巧和原则有了初步的了解。但是，仅有上述的条条框框，显然不足以让我们这些MBA精英顺利攻陷ETS的防线，正如一个光懂纸上谈兵而无任何实战经验的将军在战场上只能铩羽而归一样。因而在本篇中，笔者试图通过分类，把繁多而复杂的改错真题汇集在一个个小的section中，对典型题型进行详细剖析，使读者能尽快掌握GMAT改错题的规律，逐步提高大家的实战经验，能够迅速把握ETS“排兵布阵‖的套路，并识破其设置的各种―路障‖，从而在本部分取得好成绩，为最后攻陷ETS防线打下坚实基础。

在此指导思想下，本篇的布局结构如下：

一、本篇分12个section

二、在每一个section中，首先是一些必要语法知识的补充(考虑到大多数商业人士的语法知识已经比较模糊)；接着是该类下的小分类及典型题型剖析，其中包括题解、解题技巧和语法点提示，最后是一些练习题及练习题的答案。

三、学完本篇之后，会有3个test用来做模考(综合本篇中所有考试重点)。

需要强调的是：

1．本书着重实用，其分类体系与一般语法书分类不完全一致。

2．读者在使用此书时，应先做题后看题解。

第一章 名词词组与动名词

一提到名词，大家脑海中可能会蹦出名词的单复数、可数与不可数等概念。在 GMAT改错中，这些较少成为考试的重点，更多而且更难的是，ETS经常考查我们对名词的强调状态性和动名词强调动作性的深入理解及名词词组的中心词(或核心词)的辨认。而这些恰恰是我们在平常学习较少或根本未考虑的问题，并且这些考点在选项中迷惑性特别大，以致我们GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

初学时觉得每个选项都差不多，不知应该选哪一个。为此，我们将对以上几个难点分别给以详细解释。一、一般抽象名词与动名词之间的选择

一般来说，我们认为动名词可以充当名词，但它强调的是一种动作；而我们说的一般抽象名词，表明的则是一种状态，或者是动作的结果。比如说，动名词burning强调燃烧这个动作，而combustion则强调这种燃烧动作的结果，表明了一种状态。For example：1—1 Contrary to earlier conjectures，it may be that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a

result of burning fossil fuels would cool the globe by reducing the amount of solar energy

absorbed by snow．

(A)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning

(B)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of

(C)increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of

(D)carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that increased from burnying

(E)atmospheric carbon dioxide that increased from burning

题解：题意是由于化石燃料的燃烧而增加的大气中的CO2会通过减少雪吸收的太阳能量而降低全球温度。A中as a result of使用不妥，因为该词组总是作为状语来修饰整个句子的，而不能修饰一个名词，此处修饰dioxide是不对的；接着通过B、C的提示，我们发现B、C用combustion代替burning。刚才我们已提过，前者指结果，而后者指动作。那么，究竟是―燃烧这个动作导致了CO2的增加‖呢?还是―燃烧后的结果导致了CO2的增加‖呢?对比后，我们觉得后者是合乎逻辑的。由于确定了用combustion代替burning，则A、D、E均为错；B、C用resulting from代替了as a result of，改正了此处错误。B、C中最大的区别在于是用过去分词increased还是increasing修饰CO2，我们知道，现在分词表示主动、持续的动作，而过去分GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

词作定语表示被动、完成的动作。在本句中，CO2后的resulting from

已充分表明increase是被动动作，因而我们选B不选C。另外，C中把原句的atmospheric改为后置的in the atmosphere修饰，是不简洁的，B中的increased和atmospheric共同修饰CQ是很简洁的表达方式。答案．B

解题技巧：GMAT中，在选择用increased还是用increasing修饰名词时，几乎都用increased语法点提示：it may be that．．． …是可能的

1—2 Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing

number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to

specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their

crops for buying necessities．

(A)selling their crops for buying

(B)the sales of their crops for buying

(C)their selling of crops SO as to buy

(D)their selling crops for buying of

(E)the sale of their crops to buy 题解：本题中有三个语法点值得注意：rather than短语在句首，continue用原形与主语中的began相对应(在第五章平行结构中有对rather than的用法详述)，specialize in sth．及usesth．to do sth．。在这里，仍然是在考查用selling还是用sales的选择。同上题一样，在心 中默问自己：cash proceeds 是来自销售这个动作 selling 呢，还是来自于销售谷物后的结果sales?从逻辑上讲，用sales更好，再加上Use的用法，我们可选择E。其实，在考试现场，如果你熟悉use的用法的话，那么只有一个选项可供选，即E。答案：E

语法点提示：specialize in sth．； Use sth．to do sth．

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

二、动名词的名词化

指当某一动词无相应的同源名词形式，但又需要用它来表示一个状态性动作时，可通过在该动词的．ing形式前面加上冠词a或者the来达到此目的。需引起注意的是，如一动词有相应的名词形式，就应直接用名词形式而不是用动名词形式。如increasing就不能作名词形式，因为inc般瞬本身可作名词。另外某些动名词已成为名词形式：如lending(借贷)，就可直接使用。

1—3 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused

reversals in the Earth‘s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents

80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A)splitting apart continents

(B)the splitting apart of continents

(C)split apart continents

(D)continents split apart

(E)continents that were split apart

题解：根据句意看，划线部分应该表明一种状态，是指80 million years ago的那次分离，只有这样才能与其余部分并列起来形成平行结构(第五章．)：磁极的颠倒，冰川时期的开始，大陆的分离及火山的爆发。由此可排除A，它是动名词词组，强调动作，与其余名词词组的都不匹配；C．是一个动宾词组，结构上不对应；D是一个句子，结构不对；E与原句意思相差太远，原句指那次分离，E却指被分离的大陆；因而只有B是最正确，通过在splitting前加上 the 表明了是发生在 8 亿年前的那一次分离，而不是其他时期的分离。apart ofcontinents短语对the splitting作修饰。答案：B

1-4 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead toGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

lowering interest rates, as well as lowering tears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, anda weakening of the dollar.(A)lowing interest rates，as well as lowering fears about inflation，(B)a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation，(C)a lowering of interest rates，along with fears about inflation，(D)interest rates being lowered，along with fears about inflation，(E)interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered，with

题解：划线部分其实是一个并列宾语中的一个部分。根据划线部分后的―股票和债券市场的止跌回稳及美元的疲软”，可以断定划线部分的意思是：利率的降低和对通货膨胀的恐惧的降低。由此可推断出D、E中的中心词为interest rates不对，因为未划线的平行结构中均是抽象名词(a rally，a weakening)为中心词，而interest rates是一具体名词，且D中的along withfears about inflation与原意的―恐惧的减少‖刚好相反；E中with是无根据的，破坏了平行结构；A是动名词词组，符合状态性名词并列的要求；B、C的a lowering达到了名词化效果，但C中的along with介短语含义是模糊的，它有可能指利率降低伴随着恐惧减少，更可能是指lead to的一个宾语部分，即导致恐惧，这正好与原意相反。而B中interest rates和fears之间加上and，并在and之后补上of，表明了即两者同时的降低，正确表达了原意。注意此处：在fear之前补出of的重要性，明确fears about inflation是of的宾语，进而修饰a lowering。另外，未划线部分的a weakening of dollar实际上已提示我们划线部分应采用与其相同的形式。答案：B

三、名词的泛指和特指

名词的泛指和特指在英语表达中非常重要，两者的用法及意义是不同的。一般来说，特指明确，范围窄，不会产生歧义；而泛指模糊，范围宽会有歧义。要表明一个名词特指，通GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

常手法是在前面加冠词the、物主代词或其他限定词；而要表明一个名词泛指，则在前面加a或不加限定词(可数名词用复数)，两者所用场合不同，混用必然导致错误。

1—5C0nsuinerS may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances，butmany of them can be harmful to health especially ii they are used improperly.(A)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be

(B)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being

(C)A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being

(D)A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as(E)Household cleaning products may not be thought of，by consumers, as

题解：在本句中考到一个习惯用法：think of sth．as sth．。A、B、C中think of sth．to be或think of sth．being都不符合习惯；E在明显有动作执行者customers的情况下，用了被动语态。我们在第一篇―公理‖中已强调主动优先于被动，D为正确答案。你会说，D中用a customer而原句是customers，两者并不一致。上面我们说过，a customer和customers均为泛指，含义上是无区别的，都代表一类人：顾客。答案：D

1—6 In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste，compact disc manufacturersare attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package theirproduct．

(A)the disposable plastic box in which they

(B)the disposable plastic box where they

(C)a disposable plastic box in which to

(D)disposable plastic boxes inside which they

(E)the disposable plastic boxes in which to

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

题解：把划线部分的定语从句还原，就是：they package their products in boxes。因而A没有错误；同时可看出D是错的，介词inside的使用不准确。此句的关键在于：判定disposableplastic box是特指还是泛指。从句意上看，这种盒子是现有的，并用于包装特定产品的，显然应该用特指，因而在前面应加the，由此排除C；B中用where是模糊的，在GMAT公理中，我们已强调在引导定语从句时，in which或其他介词+which一定优先于where；只剩A和E，E有the，且in which to的表达方式很简洁，E岂不比A更好?但E的缺陷在于它用了复数形式boxes而非A中的单数box，A表明现有的这一种盒子，在特指的情况下包括了很广的范围(整个compact disc行业)，而E中的the boxes却把范围缩小了，似乎表明某一批或某一时期的这么多的盒子，显然A反映了原意。从集合角度理解为：the box，表示全集，theboxes是the box的一个子集。答案：A

四、名词词组中的核心词

所谓核心词，即除去名词词组中的所有修饰成分所剩下的那个名词，它正确表达了原句的主要意思。比如说：在a of b中，a就是核心词，而b不是。这一点，我们中国学生经常忽略，开始理解起来也不太容易。而ETS就喜欢在此点上出题，把一些修饰词名词化，而把核心名词形容词化，或将a of b结构换成b of a结构，从而造成混淆，导致考生失分。1—7 Following the nutrition board‘s advice on salt consumption would mean a virtual end of theof salt in cooking, and avoidance of obviously salty foods, and reducing the reliance on processedfoods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium.(A)reducing the reliance processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium(B)reducing the reliance on processed foods containing often hidden but significant amounts ofsodium

(C)a reduction of the reliance on processed food, containing as they do often hidden sodium inGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

significant amounts

(D)a reduced reliance on the significant amounts of hidden sodium often contained in processedfoods

(E)a reduced reliance on processed foods that contain significant but often hidden amounts ofsodium

题解：根据前面知识，可以看出，划线部分与前面的a virtual end和锄avoidance是并列的，因而以reducing开头的选项必错(它需要名词化)，所以A、B可排除；C中名词词组的中心词是reduction，D、E中均为reliance，根据句意理解，划线部分的名词词组的核心词，应该是reliance而不是reduction。如果你觉得对于此点不好理解，我们可以暂时回避此问题。继续看C项，发现另一个致命错误：containing +as从句的表达不够简洁，不如用一形容词短语，由此可以确认C错；再看D、E，在介词on后面，你又会发现一个中心词的选择问题，是reliance on sodium还是reliance on foods，不过，这个选择比起前一个中心词选择简单得多，显然应该是后者，而D弄错了reliance的对象，注意E对sodium的修饰语做了小修改，significant和hidden amounts of是对sodium的并列修饰，中间用but often(but表转折，often修饰hidden)连接，清楚而准确地表明了―大量的但却总是隐藏的盐“的含意。答案：E

五、对抽象名词的解释：是用of that同位语从句呢?

一般来说，抽象名词后可用of或that对其做详细解释，但何时应用of短语，何时应用that同位语从句并无一定论(类似的抽象名词：如likelihood，possibility，theory，hypothesis等)。在这里，我们给出三条原则进行判定。

1．根据我们上面所说的中心词原则，通过对选项中的of后的内容(核心词)与that从句内容比较，一般都能从意思上判定出。

2．a fact后一般跟that同位语，importance一般后面跟of介词短语做解释，conclusionGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

ofsth．指sth．的结局或结果，而conclusion that是对conclusion的具体解释。

3．实用原则：如发现抽象名词之后的of短语是一个简短的名词词组，则此结构必正确；若of短语之后是一个复杂的名词短语(套着从句或其他繁冗的修饰成分)或是一个较长的动名词短语，选项基本上都改为that从句修饰，因为这样简洁而准确，而用of短语修饰是笨拙的，且辞不达意。另外，如果题目是在抽象名词之后划线，选项中有用of或有用that从句对其进行解释。答案均为含that从句的选项。

1—8 The brochure notes that in the seminar the—importance that communication is atwo-way．process will be emphasized.(A)importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized

(B)importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized(c)importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis

(D)fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance

(E)emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important

题解：根据我们上面提到的第二条原则，A是错的(在GMAT中出现的importance的句子，都无一例外地使用importance of结构。B选项符合我们的原则。C与B几乎一样，惟一区别是用being代替B中的as，在上一篇―公理‖中我们提到过，being属多余，在GMAT很少用，出现的地方几乎都是错误选项(惟有两句例外，碰到时我们会提到)。D中用fact +that同位语从句与B的名词短语比起来，显得冗长和笨拙，并且它改变了原意(交流是一个双向过程的重要性)，改成了―交流是双向的并且是重要的‖，这种对原意的篡改是不能接受的；E中being的使用是绝对错误的，同时，它也改变了原句句意，原句认为：‗‗交流是双向的重要性将会在讨论中被强调‖，而E改成了―在讨论中，交流的双向性是重要的这一话题将是重点‖，显然―讨论中的强调问题”与―重点‖并不完全一致。答案：B

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

1—9 Stable interest rates on long—term bonds are the financial market‘s vote of confidence in theFederal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.(A)in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation

(B)that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under 00ntrol

(C)for the Federal Reserve，that it would keep control of inflation

(D)that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

(E)that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

题解：根据核心词原则，A表示对美联储的信心。而句意却是：这种信心，即美联储能把通货膨胀控制下来的信心。同时，A中的keep in control of sth．的用法不对，应是keep sth．undercontrol。另外补充一种用法take(gain)control of对…控制；lu-1~C错，同时C的介词用错，用in而不是for，即confidence in sth．，其中的that从句不知作什么成分。通过以上排除，剩下B、D、E(注：其实通过刚才的第三条原则，可以很快到达这一步)，我们发现D、E中共同的结构是被动语态，且还出现了动作的执行者by the Federal Reserve，根据GMAT倾向主动原则，B为正确答案。

六、对名词的几种修饰方法

1．n．+ adj．短语，如：the jobs available to Women

2．n．+介词短语，如：a child with reading problems

3．adv．+V．-ed+n．，如：seemingly limited number

4．n．+v．-ed短语或-ing短语

5．n．，V．-ed短语或-ing短语，that从句(对名词的复杂修饰，有二重修饰，第一重是分词短语的修饰，第二重是限定性从句的修饰)，如例7—8

6·n.，which从句，of sth．(同样是二重修饰，第一重是which的非限定性从句修饰，第GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

二重是介词短语of sth．的修饰)

1—10 Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly changeits genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at aninvading microbe or foreign substance．(A)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at

(B)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically to

(C)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，all specifically targeted at

(D)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，all of them targeted specifically to

(E)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically at

题解：根据未划线部分的an invading microbe及每个选项中都有的specially，可断定targeted分词短语修饰单数形式each，而不是复数形式all，由此可排除c、D；在A、B中名词短语seeming unlimited number表明seeming和unlimited共同修饰number，即为―看上去的、不受限制的数量。‖而E中，seemingly unlimited number 表明seemingly修饰形容词u11limited，unlimited修饰名词number，意为―看上去不受限制的数量‖，显然，A、B中该名词短语的意思不符合逻辑，而E的表达清楚。另外，target是与at搭配，而不与to连用。答案：E

语法点提示：本句有两个习惯表达，win sth．for sth．／doing sth．因…而获得…； targetat 把…作为目标。

七、动名词

语法准备：动名词的构成：动词+ing；在语法功能上有名词的性质，但强调动作；动名词主语、表语及动词或介词的宾语；有些动词短语是由―动词+to‖构成，这个to不是不定式的符号，而是介词，后面要跟动名词，如：adhere to(坚持、粘附)，attribute to(归因)，contributeto(促成，捐助)，resort to(求助)，assent to(同意),aspire to(渴望)，appeal to(吸引)，attach to(隶GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

属，附着)，yield to(屈服于)，look forward to(期望)，object to(反对)等；有些动词定额管理只能跟动名词作宾词，如：advocate appreciatc avoid deny enjoy fancy imagine justifymiss postpone practice prevent quit resist risk suggest warrant 等。

1——11 Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go towardslower taxes or increased spending on social programs.(A)over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending

(B)over whether a budget surplus should go towards lowering taxes or increasing spending

(C)about a budget surplus going towards lower taxes or increasing spending

(D)about if lower taxes should come from budget surplus or spending increases

(E)concerning a budget surplus and its going towards lower taxes or increased spending

题解：划线句意：预算是否应该用于降低税收或增加在公益性项目上的毫出。根据GMAT公理，if不能引导名词性从句，因而A错，A中另一错误是lower taxes和increased spending词组强调状态，而题意强调动作：降低税收或增加支出；D用if是错的，且if从句中意思也大大改变；C、E中介词towards后的词组仍未能体现动作化名词的要求，且它们强调的核心词与原旬核心词相差甚远；B纠正A中的两个错误：whether替换了if，towards之后用动名词短语作介词宾语替换了名词短语，清楚准确地表达了原句意思。答案：B

语法点提示：go towards sth．(一部分钱)用于做…；debate over sth.关于…的辩论，concerning(介词)，意为关于…

EXERCI SES

16题，限时20分钟

E1—1 Once an apolitical confrontation of the world‘s best athletes，the Summer Olympics have

been increasingly politicized in recent years as the superpowers have denied many of theGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

best athletes access to competition．

(A)been increasingly politicized

(B)been increasing politicization

(C)been of increased politicization

(D)politicized，increasingly，(E)increased politicization

E1—2 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden

downturns in the market，hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses，loosing the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still be

undercapitalized．

(A)loosing the interest rates in Washington，and fearing the company may still beundercapitalized

(B)loosening the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the company still being

undercapitalized

(C)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and fearing that the company may

still be undercapitalized

(D)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the still undercapitalizedcompany

(E)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear that the company may

still be undercapitalized

E1—3 Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades

were the high cost of land，the pressure of housing and commercial development，andGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and

California.(A)basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia

(B)basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida andCalifornia(C)basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida andCalifornia

(D)a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia

(E)a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and CaliforniaEl一4 School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central—city areas

have contributed，according to a recent study，to significant increases in housing

integration, which, in turn reduces any future need for busing.(A)significant increases in housing integration，which, in turn, reduces

(B)significant integration increases in housing，which, in turn, reduces

(C)increase housing integration significantly，which, in turn, reduces

(D)increase housing integration significantly，in turn reducing

(E)significantly increase housing integration，which, in turn, reduce

E1—5 South Korea has witnessed the world‘s most dramatic growth of Christian congregations：

church membership is expanding by 6．6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth

coming from conversions rather than the population increasing.GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

(A)coming from conversions rather than the population increasing

(B)coming from conversions rather than increases in the population

(C)coming from conversions instead of the population‘s increasing

(D)is from conversations instead of population increases

(E)is from conversions rather than increasing the increases

E1—6 Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bondyields to the dividends available on common stocks.(A)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to

(B)among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to

(C)between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with

(D)among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and

(E)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with

E1—7 A ―calendar stick‖carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the firstevidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem on systematic astronomical observation.(A)that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem

(B)of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars andbasing them

(C)of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians,basing them

(D)of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendarsGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

based

(E)that the North American Indians developed advanced full-—year calendars based

E1—8 Gall‘s hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different partsof the brain is widely accepted today.(A)of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain iswidely accepted today

(B)of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widelyaccepted tobay

(C)that different mental functions ale localized in different parts of the brain is widely

accepted today

(D)which is that there are different functions localized in different parts of the brain is

widely accepted today

(E)which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized

in different parts of the brain

E1—9 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions hascreateda growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services moreefficiently and at lower cost．

(A)The rising of costs

(B)Rising costs

(C)The rising cost

(D)Because the rising cost

(E)Because of rising cost

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

E1—10 The decision by one of the nation‘s largest banks to admit to$30 billion in potential

losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developingcountries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the fund．

(A)increasing the pressure

(B)the increasing pressure

(C)increased pressure

(D)the pressure increased

(E)the pressure increasing

E1—11 In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminalcharges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than$16 million in civil damages forcars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.(A)cars that were test—driven with their odometers disconnected

(B)cars that it had test—driven with disconnected odometers

(C)its cars having been test—driven with disconnected odometers

(D)having test—driven cars with their odometers disconnected

(E)having cars that were test—driven with disconnected odometers

El一12 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting thetheory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact t—h—at contributed to the extinction ofthe dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago．

(A)supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that

(B)supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact

(C)that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact andGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

that

(D)in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by meteorite impact and that

(E)of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and

E1—13 Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice．which datesfrom the eighth century，was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders．

(A)to keep from

(B)to keep it from

(C)to avoid

(D)in order that it would avoid

(E)in order to keep from

E1—14 As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate，less people will enter the laborforce in the 1980‘sthandid in the 1960‘s and 1970‘s ,a twenty-year period during which peopleborn after the war swelled the ranks of workers.(A)lass people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than(B)le88 people will be entering the labor force in 1980‘S as

(C)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S as

(D)fewer people will be entering the labor force in the 1980‘S as

(E)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than

E1—15 It appears illogical to some people that West Germany．which bans such seeminglesser evils as lawn-moving on Sundays，still has some 4，000 miles of highway with no speedlimit．

(A)which bans such seeming lesser evils as

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

(B)which bans such seemingly lesser evils as

(C)which is banning such seeming lesser evils like

(D)banning such evils that seem lesser，for example

(E)banning such seeming lesser evils like

E1—16 In 1933 the rubber，clothing，and shipbuilding industries put into effect a six．hourworkday，believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought was an economy made overproduction by advances in technology．

(A)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought Was

(B)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation instead of a temporary expedient．forwhat many observers thought Was

(C)believing that it Was not a temporary expedient but a seeming permanent accommodationto what many observers thought of as a

(D)not as a temporary expedient but as a seemingly permanent accommodation towhat many observers thought Was

(E)not as a temporary expedient but believing it a seemingly permanent accommodation forwhat many observers thought

The keys to Exercises 1．A 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．E 8．C 9．C 10．C11．D12．B 13．C 14．E 15．B 16．D

练习题题解：

E1—1答案：A D、E中的主动语态不对，句意是强调―政治化‖这一动作，而不是一固定的状态。

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

E1—2答案：E本句是一组名词词组的并列，而划线部分的动名词短语在形式上与前面部分不一致，需要名词化，给loosening加一个不定冠词a，fearing可用名词形式a fear替换，另a fear的内容用一名词词组是表达不了的，而应用同位语从句进行补充解释。

E1—3答案：D本句是一组名词词组的并列，而划线部分的动名词短语在形式上与前面的部分不一致，需要名词化，排除A、B、C。E错，its所指不清；同时，importing短语在system之后变成了―进口农产品的系统‖改变句意，D表达了正确意思：该系统是以从佛罗里达和加州的农产品为基础。E1—4答案：A B中，integration本是被housing修饰，却改为修饰increase；改变了句意。C、D、E中的significantly都表明increase为动词，但contribute t0结构中t0为介词，而非动词不定式的标志。

E1—5答案：B既然A、C中的increasing作为名词使用，并有population修饰就应用自己的名词形式increase.D、E中，本来原句是用一名词短语对―6．6％的增长‖做一补充解释，D、E却把其改为句子，使得结构复杂化。同时，两个句子之间无任何连词，构成run一on句(仅用逗号连接的句子，错)。还有，population increases和increasing the population的表达都不符合习惯，应为increases in the population。

E1—6答案：C根据两者之间用between而不用among、两者之间比较用compare with而不用compare to的原则，可迅速排除A、B、D。剩下C、E，二者在语法上都是完全正确的，这时我们就应从逻辑上考虑，究竟用comparison还是用comparing，我们知道，前者表示一种状态或结果，而后者则强调比较这个动作，那么，在投资上，我们选择股票或国库券的根据是基于两者的收入比较之后的结果上呢，还是基于比较这两种收入的动作上呢?显然，应是前者，选C。这是在GMT中很典型的题，考虑究竟是强调―动作‖还是―状态‖。

El一7答案：E本句是考抽象名词之后用of短语，还是用that，从句进行解释。根据GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

该节第三条原则，排除B、C、D。A中，have developed表示的现在完成时不对，basing表达不妥。

E1—8答案：c同上题一样，hypothesis之后是一串复杂结构，应用that引导的同位语从句，A、B错；D、E中用which引导的限定性从句使句子结构复杂化，且which一般不引导限定性从句(可查阅公理)。

E1—9答案：C A中rising有自己的名词形式rise，在这里用rising作名词是不恰当的。B中costs与谓语动词has不一致，D使句子无主句，E使主句无主语。

E1—10答案：C A、D、E中，increasing或者increased的位置都不对。B中用the是不恰当的，因为前面并未出现过pressure，加the特指是不必要的。同时，在本章第一个例题就提到过，选含有increased而不是含有increasing的选项。

E1一11答案：D test—driven是形容词，本可直接修饰cars，因此，A、E中，用that从句修饰cars使得表达不够简洁，同时使cars和with短语的紧密关系被分裂开来。C中，现在分词的完成 式不能作名词的修饰成分(可查阅第七章内容)，因而C错。B的意思是―为那些车支付$16rillion，逻辑不通。而原句意为：他(这个制造商)使本应带有数码表的测试车与其数码表分离，为此行为，他需支付$16 million；D中的‘have sth．done结构表达了此意，for表原因。

E1—12答案：B A、C、E中，theory之后用of修饰，改变了句子重心，变成了―森林火的理论‖，应排除。而在D中，第二个that从句的先行词找不到，同时，前句的同位语从句与这里的定语从句不可以构成平行结构，且in support of没有supporting简洁。B中的that从句是同位语从句，ignited过去分词短语修饰fire。

语法点提示：a contribute to b a导致了b的发生

E1—13答案：C keep from在此处与avoid是同义的，可互相替换，但keep from的完整GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

结构应是keep sb．(sth．)from doing sth．，A项keep之后缺宾语，因此排除A，其余3个选项均比C复杂，所以选C，avoid之后跟动名词-ing形式。

E1—14答案：E people是可数名词，用less来修饰people绝对错误，应改用fewer，排除A、B。由于fewer的存在，决定了此句是比较状语，C、D中未有无比较连词―than‖出现，错。

E1—15答案：B由例题1～i0的思路，可以断定应用seemingly修饰形容词lesser，而不应用seeming 修饰evils，排除A、C、E。D中用such…for example，不仅结构复杂难懂，也不够简洁，不如用such as来举例。B恰当。

E1—16答案：D同上，seemingly permanent accommodation的修饰关系才是正确的，排除A、B．C。再由not…but的平行结构，排除E，同时E中accommodation之后用for是不恰当的，应用to。

语法点提示：accommodation to sth． 包容，容纳某物

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

第二章 主谓一致

主谓一致，简而言之，就是指谓语动词的形式应与主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如：如果主语是it，谓语用复数形式(如have，were，are，do)就肯定错，而只能用单数形式动词(如has。was，is，does三等)。在GMAT改错中，主谓一致总是考核重点。对于主谓一致原则的熟练掌握，会使你很快排除一些选项，缩小包围，扩大命中率。

但是，关于主谓一致的问题，有繁多的条款需要分别予以区分，在这里我们列出GMAT中经常考的一些主谓一致原则，希望大家牢牢记住。

语法准备：

总则：谓语只跟主语的中心词取得一致．中心词前后的修饰词不起作用。

1．―there be‖句型中be用单数还是复数，由后面的真正主语而定。

2．倒装句的谓语与后面的主语保持一致；在强调句型中对主语进行强调时，记住who后的谓语的单、复数要与wll0前面的真正主语保持一致，如：It was Mary who does the jobwell．(does对应Mary)。

3．―one of，结构作主语时，谓语用单数，―two of‖就要用复数谓语。

4．单个的动名词或动词不定式作主语，谓语用单数，若用and连接上述相同的两个成分，谓语才用复数。5．单个的名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数；如果用and或both and连接两个以上的成分作主语．谓语用复数。

6．有时用and连接的两个名词是指同一个人、同一件事，而且and后面的名词前又无冠词(如：My 110use and home)谓语应用单数；如果后面那个名词前面加上了冠词，主语则变成了复数，谓语要用复数。如：My friend and the classmate Jane；如果and后面的名词前加了not，主语又变成单数，谓语要用单数形式，如The farmer，and not the city dweller，is hurtwhen food price falls．

7．单数主语由下列词组修饰时，谓语不受这些修饰词组的影响，仍用单数形式：along with。as well as，accompanied by，besides，combined with，in addition to，including(包括)，ratherthan(而不是)，no less than(与…一样)，together with(与…一起)，with(与…)，for example 如He，rather than we，does the job。

8．由下列连词连接两个名词作主语，谓语要与其相邻的词保持一致。如：either…or,neither…nor，not only…but(also)，nor，or。如Either offices or the classroom need。cleaning．

9．量词修饰的主谓一致：

(1)‖form(type，kind)of+主语‖，谓语单复数由主语的单复数定；

(2)―half(rest，plenty，part，fifty percent，etc．)of+主语‖中，如主语是可数名词，谓语用复数，主语是不可数名词，谓语用单数。

(3)―an amount(sum)of+不可数名词‖作主语，谓语只用单数；―quantity of+不可数名词‖作主语时，谓语只用单数；而―a large sums of或quantities of+可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语用复数：―a number of+复数名词‖作主语，谓语用复数(意为：大量的…)；―the numberof+复数名词‖作主语，谓语用单数(意为：…的数量)。

注意：在选项中若发现有amount和number的替换，little和few的替换或many和much的替换，请一定注意看其修饰的对象是可数还是不可数。若为前者，只能用number或few或many修饰；若为后者，则只能由amount，little或much修饰(而―numbers of+可数名词‖的修饰必错)。

例如：Some new types of buses are now on show．

The total amount of money is$100．

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes．

10．不定代词，物主代词作主语时的主谓一致：

(1)―both(few，many，several)of+复数名词‖中，谓语用复数；

(2)―all(80me，none，most，any)of+复数可数名词(或不可数名词)‖时谓语要看所修饰的名词，若为复数名词，谓语用复数形式，若为不可数名词，谓语用单数形式。

(3)―either(neither)of‖修饰名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。

(4)no修饰名词作主语时，看名词的单复数形式；若名词为单数，谓语用单数；若名词为复数，谓语用复数形式。

(5)another，each one，no one，neither，the other，each(each of)，either，everything(one，-body)，anything(-one，-body)和something(-one，-body)作主语时，谓语用单数。

(6)若是―名词或代词+each‖作主语时，谓语动词的形式与each之前名词的形式保持一致，不受each的影响，如：The students each have a book． 11．定语从句中的主谓一致：

(1)在―n．of n．that定语从句‖中，that从句中的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。一般来说，of之前的名词是先行词，但有时of之后的名词也可作that从句的先行词(这需从逻辑上判断)。

(2)在―one of+复数名词+that(who)从句‖中，从句中的动词用复数形式，因为此时that的先行词是复数名词，而在―the only one(the first one)of+复数名词+that(who)从句‖中，从句中的动词一般用单数，因为此时that的先行词是单数名词one。

12．专有名词，表示时间、距离、度量的名词作主语，谓语用单数。

13．带有-ics结尾的科学名称若表示学科时，谓语用单数；若表示一种实践活动时，谓语要用复数，如：statistics(作学科)翻译为―统计学‖，作为后者，指―统计资料‖，此时谓语用复数。

14．一些外来词的复数形式：

(1)以．is结尾的词变复数时-is改为-as：analysis-analyses，crisis---crises；

(2)以-um结尾的词变复数时-um改为-a：bacterium--bacteria，datum—data；

(3)以-on结尾的词变复数时-on改为-a：criterion--criteria；

(4)以-us结尾的词变复数时-us改为-i：nucleus--nuclei，stimulus---stimuli；

(5)以-a结尾的词变复数时．a改为-ae：lava-lavae，formula--formulae；

(6)以-ex/-ix结尾的词变复数时-ex/-ix改为一ices，index-indices； 例题详解：

2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans，American Indians，and HispanicAmericans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while thenumber of other students who enter the field fallen．

(A)has steadily increased，while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen

(B)has steadily increased，while other students entering the field have declined in number

(C)increased steadily，while there Was a decline in the number of other students entering thefield

(D)have steadily increased，while the number of other students entering the field has fallen

(E)have steadily increased，while that of other students who enter the field fell

题解：跳过enrollments之后的of到states之间的部分(这一长串都是对enrollments的修饰)。本句的结构就极其简单。A、B错，因为主语enrollments是复数形式，谓语应用have，而不是has；C中的increased所反映的时态不对，因为since 1986这一时间状语及句意都表明该句应用现在完成时态；E前半段是正确的，但在while从句中有两处明显的错误：(1)thatGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

指代不正确，主句中的enrollments是复数形式，避免重复的指示代词应用those，而非that；(2)while从句中用了过去时态而非题意需要的现在完成时；D中前后都用完成时态，前面用have对应enrollments，后面用has对应the number of词组，因而是正确的。

请注意：在D中while从句中，students后的修饰词从A中的who从句改为了一个分词短语。这一变动使得D项更加简洁，强调enter的动作与has fallen的动作是同时的，而从句只能表示现在的状态(从句与现在分词的区别会在分词一章重点提及)。答案：D

解题技巧：在GMAT改错中，我们经常需要把复杂的句子结构简单化，即抛除一切修饰部分，抓主干，找出主谓，在主谓一致的判别中该技巧尤其重要。

语法点提示：enrollment一词在作―入学或注册人数‖解释时为可数名词，而在作为―参加‖的意思时．为不可数名词。

2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid—to-late 1800‘s have made someBlack inventions difficult to trace to their originators．

(A)have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators

(B)have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(C)have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(D)has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators

(E)has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

题解：本题较为简单，考主谓一致与make的用法。用上题思路，简化句子，发现主语是the lack。因而A、B、C均错，它们的谓语动词是have；在D、E中正确的选择基于对make用法的了解：make it adj．+to do sth．是一种惯用法，因而选D；E中的make it adj．+indoing sth．是不符合习惯的。答案：D

语法点提示：lack一词可作及物动词或不可数名词(常用of短语补充解释)，make的用法一般是：make sth．sth．使…成为…，make it adj．+to do sth．表明使做某事是…的(it指代后面的动词不定式短语)。2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land。Cleveland is but one of alarge number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way toimprove the quality of urban lire and attract new businesses．

(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(B)is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(C)are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(D)are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life andattracting

(E)are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban lifeand attract

题解：题干中的but在此作副词，可译为―只不过‖(与only比较一下)。根据前述的第11条中的第(2)点，可知此题that指代communities而不是but one，因而A、B在that从句中用is是错误的；D中虽是用are作谓语，但其中的its water fronts显然与that所指代的communities在指代上不相配，D错；在C、E之间做选择涉及对短语look to与look at的区分，前者一般是：look to sth．to do sth．译为―指望…做…‖，而后者look at sth．译为看…99，根据题意，应该选用 look to(指望这些滨水区能提高城市生活质量和吸引新的生意)，因而E错；C在that从句中用了&re，正确使用了look to结构，在attract之前省略了to(与to improve并列)，并省去了多余的as a way。在考试现场，如不知look to的用法，我们仍可用其他缺陷排除 E：as a way 后的 they 指代含糊不清，从语法上讲倾向于指代communities而不是water fronts.答案：C

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

语法点提示：plan作名词，其后经常用动词不定式修饰；but的这种副词用法及lookto sth．to do sth．用法。2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded thatmuch of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from theincineration of wastes．

(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes

(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come

(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans areexposed to comes

(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed tocome

(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come

题解：A、B、C用much of，D、E用many of，根据上述第9条原则，我们几乎可以立刻断定本题是在考主谓一致。跳过修饰词，实际上是用much of dioxins还是many of dioxins的 选择，尽管我们很可能不知道dioxins是何意思，但从其形式上看，它是复数形式，因而应用many 0f(1ioXinS，从而排除A、B、C；D中有两个缺陷：(1)在首篇GMAT公理中我们说过，n．+that is(are)adj．这种表达不简洁，均要改为adj．+n．的名词短语形式，D中的dioxins that are currently controlled表达属于此类；(2)dioxin是介词to的宾语，在正规书面表达中，如果对dioxin用定语从句修饰，应该把to提前在引导词which之前(不用that)，而在D选项中，用了that引导，to未提前；而E避免了这两处错误，是正确答案。答案：E

语法点提示：be exposed to暴露于…

2—5 Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，allowsfor more open space in areas where—little water or—services exist.(A)little water or services exist

(B)little water or services exists

(C)few services and little water exists

(D)there is little water or services available

(E)there are few services and little available water

题解：根据第5条原则，and连接主语，谓语用复数形式，C错；根据第8条原则，由or连接主语，谓语形式与最近的主语保持一致，B错；A、D、E根据主谓一致原则是对的。再深入思考。我们会发现1ittle water 0r services这种表达是模糊的，有可能造成歧义，即little不仅修饰water，同时还修饰services而显然，services是复数形式，不可能用little来修饰，因而A、D都错；E弥补了这个缺陷，用few修饰services和用little修饰water，中间用and连接，表明两者是共存关系，而非其中之一的关系。答案：E

EXERCISES

17题，限时20分钟

E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle．

(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four，three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle．

(C)Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the UnitedStates．

(D)In the United States，three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States，bicycles are also owned bythree．

E2—2Two valence states of u枷um，one with a deficit of four electrons and the other onewith a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium‘s behavior．

(A)the 0ther one with a deficit of six，Occurs in nature and contributes

(B)the other one a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute

(C)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contributes

(D)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute

(E)one with six，occurs in nature and contributes

E2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease．Remain controversial, althoughstatistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity．

(A)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B)remain controversial，although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial，although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy toE2—4 Green anole lizards。familiar to school children as chameleons，have recently becomefamiliar to biologists as an exce11ent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction betweenstimuli with hormones．

(A)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(B)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and

(C)being excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(D)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(E)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and

E2—5 Several recent studies suggest that a child born into a family whose members haveallergies will probably themselves develop allergies following the onset of a minor viral infection.(A)a child born into a family whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies

(B)children born into families whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies

(C)a child born into a family the members of which have allergies will probably develop anallergy

(D)in those families where members have allergies，children will probably develop allergiesthemselves

(E)children born into fl family in which there are allergies will themselves probably developan allergy E2—6The major areas of medicine in which lasers are effective．Is in the cutting and closingof blood vessels, and in the destruction of tumors．

(A)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and in the destruction

(B)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and also the cases of destroying

(C)are the cutting，closing of blood vessels，and in the destroying

(D)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destruction

(E)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destroying

E2—7 Discrimination in wages paid in occupations that are predominantly male over theGMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

predominantly female have given rise to substantial differentials between the wages ofhousepainters and secretaries and between the wages of parking—lot attendants and libraryassistants．

(A)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over the predominantly femalehave

(B)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over those that are predominantlyfemale have

(C)that favors predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female have

(D)that favors predominantly male occupations over those that ale predominantly femalehas(E)in predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female has

E2—8 Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts，a major goal of educationreformers and many states in the 1970‘s has not significantly reduced the gaps existing betweenthe richest and poorest districts．

(A)has not significantly reduced the gaps existing

(B)has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists

(C)has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists

(D)have not significantly reduced the gap that exists

(E)have not been significant in a reduction of the gap existing

E2··9The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensurethe safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant，but it approved the installationbecause it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken．

(A)no amount of money or staff members

(B)neither vast amounts of money nor staff members

(C)neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members

(D)neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff

(E)no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money E2—10Each of Hemingway‘s wives---Hadley Bichardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh-were strong and interesting women，very different from the often pallid womenwho populate his novels．

(A)Each of Hemingway‘s、7lrives—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh——were strong and interesting women，(B)Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each of themHemingway‘s wives—were strong and interesting women，(C)Hemingway‘s wives一Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn, and MaryWelsh—were all strong and interesting women．

(D)Strong and interesting women—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each a wife of Hemingway, was

(E)Strong and interesting women--Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh—every one of Hemingway‘s wives were

E2—11 Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but about50 percent greater than the rate of price increases for other items included in theconsumer priceindex．

GMAT语法改错精解（刘振民）

(A)Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were

(B)Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was

(C)In 1986 inflation in medical costs were slowed for fifth consecutive year but were(D)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year in which inflation in medical costs slowed but

(E)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year that inflation in medical costs were slowed, but theywere

E2—12 While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing, operations，many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgradingdata-processing equipment and with the development and rnaintenance of new products andtechnical staff are prohibitive．

(A)cost associated with

(B)costs associated with

(C)costs arising from

(D)cost of

(E)costs of

E2—13 The record of the past is always incomplete，and the historian who writes about itinevitably reflects the preoccupations of their own time．

(A)the historian who writes about it inevitably reflects

(B)the historian writing about it will inevitably reflect

(C)a historian writing about it inevitably reflects

(D)writing about it，it is inevitable for historians to reflect

第三篇：GMAT语法比较结构

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GMAT语法比较结构

比较对象之间如果要能够可比的话，他们首先是概念必须对等。就是说要术语同一个类型的，如果不是同个类型，也就没有比较的需要了，因此大家注意一定要是同一类概念的才能比较，接下来小编就把GMAT语法比较结构的相关信息为大家介绍一下，希望考生能够参考，顺利备考GMAT语法考试。

比较结构指一个人、事、物与另一个人、事、物或几个人事物之间就行为、性质、特征进行比较，也可以是数量上的比较和对比。比较对象之间如果要能够可比的话，他们首先是概念必须对等。就是说要术语同一个类型的，如果不是同个类型，也就没有比较的需要了，因此大家注意一定要是同一类概念的才能比较。

在比较结构中有替代原则。比较从句中与比较对象重复的名词尽可能用that或those来代替。具体地说，在前面已经出现的不可数名词或单数名词，用that代替，在前面已经出现的复数名词，用those代替。对称原则，比较的对应部分在形式上应尽可能保持对称。语序原则。比较从句使用倒装结构和陈述语序皆可。从属原则，当一个事物与它所属的类别比较时，必须用any other把它自身排除在从属范围之外，这几点需要大家关注一下，在平时做练习遇到时也要注意。

As或than引导的比较从句中我们要注意适当的省略，不然句子显得太长了，比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does来代替。比较从句联系动词be与主句联系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。主句谓语动词短语使用助动词或情态动词+verb形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省略，常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。比较从句的主语和主句主语相同，可以省略。

比较从句和主句时态一致的话，两个比较对象的动作发生时间相同，同一事物的不同动作发生的时间相同。比较从句与主句时态不一致，两个比较对象的动作是相同的，但其发生的时间却不一致，或同一事物的相同动作发生的时间不同，than或as从句中补充的助动词的时态由时间状语和句子意思决定的。

以上就是关于GMAT语法比较结构的相关内容介绍，希望大家能够了解。多多备考了解GMAT相关信息，争取做到万无一失。更多关于GMAT考试备考重点的介绍小编会为大家呈现。最后祝大家顺利备考GMAT考试，早日梦圆名校。

第四篇：GMAT语法备考指导

GMAT语法备考指导

一提到GMAT语法这个板块，很多学生往往第一句话就是“老师，我语法不好!怎么办?”可见我们从初中就开始接触的英语语法并未让我们在GMAT语法中信心十足;相反的，它让我们产生了一定的畏惧。既然我们要全力“击败”它以求高分，我们就得全面了解它，力求突破。

首先，了解考试。GMAT语法板块，全名叫做：“sentence correction”，按照字面意思理解是“句子改错”。但，事实上，GMAT语法中，并非全是句子改错，而应该是“句子改进”。因为在划线部分下面的5个选项中，有些选项是有绝对的语法错误，而有些选项则表面上看来是没基本语法问题的，它的问题可能是：表达不清楚、重复啰唆或者违反了商业常规用法。此举是为了让我们的考生(将来的potential职业经理人)了解且做到在将来的商业合同中严谨而不出现合同表达歧义从而产生纷争)。

其次，具备基本的语法知识和划分长难句。所有的英语句子都是由“主谓宾/主系表+修饰”这样的构成方式，在面对语法中一些看似长且语意复杂的句子时，考生们需要快速“去修饰、找主干”。因为对任何一个原来句子的改进都是建立在尽量不改变原来句子意思、结构和逻辑关系的基础上，考生只有很好的把握到句子的主干核心才能在做题时快速做出正确的判断。

第三，了解考试主要的几大语法考察点：主谓一致、谓语时态、比较平行、指代问题、固定搭配、修饰问题和逻辑表达。在熟悉到这些考点后进一步细致深入每一个点的细节考点，并能很好的把每个点结合起来，因为GMAT语法体现的是 “深”度和“广”度。所谓“广”，它考察以上各个语法点中的细节分点，而且还要考察各种固定搭配和“to”到底是不定式还是介词。

所谓“深”，它结合了几大语法知识点，需要考生花时间去剖析平时不熟悉的一些表达句型，例如，At stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of the world’s largest multinational banks.这个句子，首先考察了倒装结构，因为介词短语不能做主语，所以这个句子真正的主语是the solvency of some of the world’s largest multinational banks;其次，这个句子考察了虚拟语气及其倒装结构，因为should a significant number of these debts be repudiated是虚拟语气的倒装。最后这个虚拟语气的倒装还变成了主句这个倒装结构的插入语。所以还原整句话就成了：if a significant number of these debts should be repudiated, the solvency of some of the world’s largest multinational banks is at stake.第四，有些我们母语的表达习惯可能会影响我们对题的判断。例如，The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site, which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission, on pain of death.有些人觉得这样一个句子读起来没有问题，因为我们中文中有时候会说“未经允许，任何人都不能进入”。虽然这个中文句子中，“任何”修饰的是“人”，但大家总会感觉有一个“any”在;所以，有些人在看到上面这个英文句子时，会觉得读起来很通顺。但，事实上，without permission就已经能够清楚表达意思了，any只是画蛇添足。

第五，多做题，多总结。每个人的知识缺陷和做题方法都不一样，考生们应该在自己练习的过程中不断总结来提升自己的速度和正确率。

最后，考前一个月必须在电脑上练习。在纸上做题的时候，考生们都喜欢圈圈点点，然后让自己快速排除和看清考点;但是，考试是在电脑上进行，如果不提前适应电脑屏幕和不能做符号标注的考试模式，可能在考试的时候，会一定程度上降低自己的正确率。

第五篇：2014年8月GMAT语法机经

最权威的国际教育服务平台

2014年8月GMAT语法机经(1)

1.such as/like

“记得有一题是这样的 A such.........as..........B such as..........C like.....(加一长串描述性文字)

(选项顺序不一定对，就是考的这个知识点。。我好像选的是such as的那个。不好意思失忆了。)

知识点链接

Like vs.Such as

Example of the “mistake” that we make in everyday speech:

Can you buy me some fruit like oranges or grapefruit?

How the GMAT Official Guide would explain this mistake: Using like in this answer choice mistakenly suggests that the utterer of the request does in fact not want oranges or grapefruit, but rather some other kind of fruit that is similar to oranges or grapefruit.In normal English: In GMAT, “like” means “similar to”, and “such as” means “for example”.Take a look at these examples:

Can you buy me some fruit like oranges or grapefruit?

This sentence would mean that you do NOT want oranges or grapefruit;instead, you'd prefer some fruit similar to oranges and grapefruit.For example, you may want pomelo, lemons, or limes.Yes, I know this sounds a little crazy, but our goal is to understand what GMAT is looking for, not what is “correct” English.Can you buy me some fruit such as oranges or grapefruit?

Yes, this is what we're supposed to say in GMAT--oranges and grapefruit are examples of the type of fruit we want.资料来源：教育优选 http://www.xiexiebang.com/

最权威的国际教育服务平台

prep08语法笔记170题解析

such as的两种形式：A such as B, such A as B

such as的用法：

such as + 具体名词(n1 and n2或doing n1 and doing n2;)表示举例

such as + noun/ doing/ what从句/介词短语

错误表达：

such as + there/they/these 错，必须是具体的东西，不能加代词

such as + to do 错 such as + 句子 错 such as + when错。

X1, X2, X3 such as these 错，such as要放在列举之前。

2.not only, but also

【v1】“not only, but also

【v2】

“一题语法考的是Not only。。But also。。的倒装形式用法，同时里面还涉及到比较级的知识点。大概是说：As the xx-est(一个形容词的最高级)planet in the solar system, [Jupiter，not only is it xx-er(一个形容词的比较级)than Saturn, the second largest planet in the solar system, but has xxx(这里大概是说 Jupiter有最多的卫星数目，其中有四颗卫星非常著名)]

[]中括号里的是划线部分，我记得这题难选在not only...but also...如何进行倒装。”

知识点链接

除了最基础的平行结构之外，not only...but also 还有许多变体

资料来自prep08 语法笔记 205.(T-9-Q15)&197.(GWD-8-Q20)题后补充材料

not only...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，此时表示的是转折。But/but also表示的是转折

Not only..but(also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略.(1)在正常语序中: not only… but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。

资料来源：教育优选 http://www.xiexiebang.com/

最权威的国际教育服务平台

在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only...but it also...是错误的(因为破坏了平衡)。

(2)not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。

(3)not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。

(4)not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。

3.“A is a island, along road,...类似于OG上commitmant manager likely mistake的感觉，考整体句法和逻辑。”

知识点链接

100.Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.(A)Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.(B)An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.(C)An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.(D)Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.(E)Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.残4.“一个留在美国的日本式遗迹，日本遗迹是200多年，唯一...”

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残5.“J.p is a dancer, who....”

6.require sb to do

(记得要看整体结构，句意的)

知识点链接

Prep08 语法笔记204.(GWD-8-Q23)

Require的固定搭配：(几个正确表达的优先级是一样的)

(1)Require sb./sth.to do sth.(不定式可用被动形式)Require sb.doing错误

(2)Require(of sb.)that + 原v 需要某人做某事(要求,命令[(+of)][O2][+that])

大全 475.Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.(3)N.is required(of sb./sth.)to do sth.某物对某人做某事来说是必须的 或N.required of sb./sth.to do.(其中required是过去分词)

大全 166.Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required of firms to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.Windmaple的例句：This leaves open an “in-between” position: The efforts required of someone to prevent the consequences of his non-negligent act could be greater than what would be required of any bystander, but not as great as would be required to avoid an act than is known to cause the harmful consequences.(4)require doing(require主动表被动含义)：如A require making known to B.A需要被B知道

*: GMAT中出现过的错误表达：

Require of sb.to do(require of sb.后应该加that，只有require sb.和sth.is required of sb.后面才是加to do的)

Require sb.that(require 若和that搭配，则跟sb.之间要有of)

Require sb.doing…错误

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7.有道语法，区别should和ought to的用法，还有demand和request貌似是.楼主可以确定should和ought to但demand和另外一个词不怎么确定，楼主确定考的是两个相同意义词汇的不同用法，我从来没遇到过这种题。。

好像也从来没遇到过区别should和ought to的用法

关于damand和reqest,曼哈顿5版时态语态那一章有关于demand和request 作为command subjunctive 的固定搭配，在114 页。

这条狗有点残，狗主也回忆不起来了，大家把相关的知识点都回忆一下吧。

9.“than other do”

应该考的是比较，prep08笔记里有一个比较总结超棒!

知识点链接

比较之庖丁解牛

对主谓宾全的句型

主语比较： A do sth than B do.(AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比)

介宾比较： A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.(C1C2，D1D2对等名词)

宾语比较： A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词)

状语比较： A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语)

ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。

按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别

I eat apple faster than you do

如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如

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Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较)

Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,)

Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较)

ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法(不受上述限制，如下)

AS poor as they are, they can not afford a car.They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.(注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句)

注意AS有时不表比较的如as you work hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。

There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型

OG89

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(宾语比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)

以上的纲领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。

10.“以unlike开头的比较，unlike后跟着的也是人名。”

应该是考比较。

知识点链接

1)、来自prep08语法笔记(GWD-8-Q39，OG12-136)

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标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices错),句子或介短。(后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等)。

like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间尽量不能插入任何成分(比如有一个题目是:Unlike A, in 1990 B...就算A，B可比，但这样就是不佳的表达，因为这会让读者花费脑细胞去找unlike和哪个在比。最好的句子一定是排版最严谨、最遵循规则的句子，一定是读起来最省力的句子)，但是非限制性定语从句这一类非常明确是紧跟着前面的名词的修饰成分是可以的。

2)、曼哈顿5版比较 like&as P127&P258

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