第一篇:GMAT语法专题:新东方高分学员经验分享(一)(精)(写写帮推荐)
GMAT语法专题:新东方高分学员经验分享(一 采访对象:黄璇 GMAT成绩:740 单项成绩:语文40数学50 所在学校:宁波诺丁汉大学 参加课程:GMAT*强化暑假住宿班
黄璇同学的GMAT成绩比较高,特别是在语文方面,因而我们很想知道,黄璇同学是怎样才能取得如此好的语文成绩的。在采访的过程中,黄璇告诉我们,其实要想语文成绩高,备考语法和逻辑是很重要的。
在与黄璇同学的交谈过程中,记者也感觉到,语法是一门比较深奥的学问。【课堂听讲收获多】
黄璇同学明显感觉,在上过新东方的课程后,语法方面提高的很快。因为老师上课一遍做题,一遍帮助同学们回顾曾经学习过的语法,在复习的同时也同学们尽可能多的为同学们总结GMAT中语法考点。
因为GMAT所考的语法相对于中国学生接触过的语法,还是比较难的。因此黄璇同学认为进行系统的复习还是有必要的。
但是课上老师讲得什么平行语法,什么主谓一致等语法,黄璇同学上课时是记住了,但下课就因为知识点太多而忘记一些。这样的情况对于想考高分的黄璇来讲是十分不利的,因此。在课下开始复习讲义,做OG上的题。但是她发现虽然听懂了,但是一做题还是错很多。这样她有些着急。
当她询问老师时,老师推荐她读一本书,《曼哈顿GMAT语法》。这本书为黄璇整理了,老师上课时所未讲到以及自己不明白的语法点。
【GMAT语法复习——教材成就语法高分】
当黄璇同学说这本书时,记者就比较疑惑,到底是一本什么样的书而备受GMAT高分考生如此热捧呢? 黄璇说,她在复习语法时就是在刷OG,一共刷了三遍,对照着讲义和《曼哈顿》找到自己错误的语法点,一一标出来以后。看着《曼哈顿》学习语法。
在语法的考试中主要包括了以下的几类:主谓一致、平行、代词、修饰语、时态、语气语态、比较、惯用语。其中,黄璇同学认为,平行是很主要的语法点,也是非常基础的考点。
相对于单条的语法来讲,做题的方法也应该是最先掌握的,在做GMAT的语法题时,比较好用的方法是SC,即将每个选项逐个代入句子读一遍再寻找错误是很费时间的,更好的方法应该是使用分类排除的方法(split。将五个选项按照某个语法点的区别分成两组或更多,找到你所确认的错误排除其中的一些组;再次分组,再次排除,直到剩下最终答案。
为什要掌握这样的做题方法呢?其实,这与GMAT的语法考试目的有关,GMAT测试同学们区分好和不好的语法的能力。许多语法错误的句子看起来很自然。基于这样的考试目的,同学们在备考中,使用SC的方法才能是有有效率的。
【GMAT语法复习——判断选项有方法】
在做SC时,判断选项是否错误应该从语法开始,然后考虑意思,最后考虑简洁。基于GMAT考语法的目的,同学在备考语法时一定要挑出的是有明显语法错误的选项,因为即使是正确答案,语法也不一定是完全正确。
在判断语法后,就要判断句子的意思,句子不能有歧义,并且句子必须反映作者的真实的意愿,在选择选项时不要随便改变句子的原意(除非原句错误。这是同学们在备考GMAT 时应该特别注意的问题。
在总结了做题的方法后,同学们就应该在结合讲义和《曼哈顿》的语法讲解后,认真的学习语法了。在采访过程中,黄璇同学,为我们举了例子。她说过,平行结构是很重要的结构。因而在复习时应该把平行结构的考点弄清楚。
【平行结构很重要】
关于GMAT语法中的平行结构,有几点需要备考的同学们注意:
1、句子中具有可比性的部分需要在逻辑和语法结构上都平行;平行常常能够通过一些词的存在而找到。平行结构的存在并不意味着平行制造词一定存在,只要是以相同的方式表达两个或以上的事物,都要求平行。平行并不要求各个平行部分的每个词都平行,只需要中心词平行即可。
2、句子中几乎所有的成分都可以使用平行结构。其中,从句平行必须以同样的引导词开头。如:I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE the taxes are low.3、平行结构虽然要求简洁,但是不能省略平行部分的要素。如:Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.4、And是平行结构中最常用的词,在句子中见到and时,一定要注意寻找平行结构的各个平行项目。And只出现在最后一个平行项目前面,其他的平行项目用逗号分割;在从句平行时,如果从句较长,可在and前面加上逗号。
5、句子中可能会出现多组平行或者多层的平行,此时要区分不同的逻辑层次,区分在不同逻辑层次下的平行。比如:She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property,AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.在这个句子中,出现了多组并列的对象,有可能在SC的原句中这些对象的排列是错误的,此时必须分清楚逻辑层次,把不同逻辑层次的平行对象分别处理好。
6、区分真平行还是假平行:在使一个句子语法结构上做到平行之前,必须首先确认句子的逻辑意思是否暗示了平行
7、注意主系表结构。除了表示实际动作的动词,还有一些动词是表示主语是什么,主语的状态怎么样的动词,也就是系动词。当使用系动词表达主语的一些特点时,主语和宾语(实际是表语在句子结构上是平行的(也就是必须是同一词性、性质的事物,同时在逻辑意思上也必须是平行的。
以上是备考的同学在做GMAT考题时,必须要注意的7点。把这7点记住,考试时在平行结构的考题上,出错的概率会很小。
结语: 之所以要在平行结构上下功夫,是因为一个句子如果你直接可以将其分析到平行结构,那么,基本上就没有再分析的必要了。因而,掌握好平行结构就如同掌握了简单句一样,看到复杂的句子,我们直接一眼能分析出句子的核心简单句是读懂句子饿关键。
黄璇同学和大家分享了这么多的经验不知道,同学们有没有受到启发呢?认真训练语法,总结规律,你也可以和黄璇同学一样,进入高分学员榜。
第二篇:GMAT逻辑专题:新东方高分学员经验分享(三)(精)(共)
更多丰富的学习资料和新鲜度的考试资讯随时放送给广大G 友,敬请关注: 新gre 人人公共主页:http://page.renren.com/601374366 新gmat 人人公共主页:http://page.renren.com/601354805 GMAT 逻辑专题:新东方高分学员经验分享(三采访对象:黄璇 GMAT 成绩:740 单项成绩:语文40数学50 所在学校:宁波诺丁汉大学 参加课程:GMAT*强化暑假住宿班
黄璇同学在我们的采访过程中,逻辑性很强,并且表达清楚。阳关健谈的她,特别愿意将自己的GMAT 经验很大家一起分享。在此次采访中,我们主要询问了黄璇同学在逻辑备考方面的心得。让我们一起走进黄璇同学来了解她的备考方法。
【逻辑课上收获多】
黄璇同学告诉记者,在逻辑课上她的收获就是,课上所讲的所有知识点和解题技巧她都在以后的做题中应用上了,并且特别管用。她也将在课上学到的很多解题技巧和大家分享。
黄璇同学说,在课上,老师首先将题目分类,一共分为:削弱题、假设题、解释题、评价题、归纳题、填空题、论证方法题。分为这几个类别后,老师分别讲解了每一种类型题的解题技巧。
小璇说,老师在讲削弱题告诉大家,选项中若出现some、not all、not every 等削弱词的时候,一般不选;选项中若出现A 与B 比较的时候,除非A 在文章中出现过,否则不能选;条件句选项一般不能选。这三条规律是有关削弱题的。当然在课堂上,老师也讲了其他的题型的做题方法。黄璇同学说,这是很有用的技巧。因为老师通过真题的总结,得到了很多经验,因此这样的技巧很适实用。
黄璇同学说,这些考试技巧是在老师讲过完整的做题思路之后才给大家的,因为怕大家只用技巧而忘记了学习真正的能力。
另外,黄璇同学建议同学们先掌握老师在课堂上所讲的做题的步骤和方法,再进行练习,这样的做题的正确率会有所提升。
【逻辑训练有方法——掌握步骤做题准】
黄璇同学说,其实在GMAT 的逻辑考试中,除了考试的技巧和考试的方法以外,从一开始时就训练自己的做题步骤是十分有必要的,因为在确立了做题步骤以后,同学们才能在排除无关干扰之后,真正的训练逻辑。黄璇同学告诉备考GMAT 逻辑的同学们,在做逻辑题时的主要步骤就是:
1、找到文章的论据和结论。
2、优先选出否定句选项,挑出无关词汇和极端词汇。
3、找到原题中与选项最接近的选项。
4、去掉not 看是否是反对结论,或者直接挑出支撑文章的结论的选项。在这样的思路指导下,黄璇同学做逻辑题就不再发愁,而且这种方法,老师在课上用的十分多,所以,在课堂上黄璇同学就已经掌握了这种步骤以及这样做的好处。因而她在即做 题中,也是按照这样的步骤做的。所以效果很好。很快的就可以判断出文章的哪个选项可以去掉,哪些选项是有可能的了。
黄璇同学说,只有在步骤和技巧同时运用的基础上,将题目又快有准的做出来才不是难事。因而只掌握技巧是远远不够的,还要有做题方法、词汇、语法等的分析。
【学习方法因人而异】
黄璇同学说,学习方法确实是因人而异的,因此老师在课上讲的学习方法是可以在融入自己的理解后,变成新的学习方法的。比如,老师在课上讲的逻辑题型的分类。在运用的过程中,同学们可能会发现只靠逻辑是远远不够的,因而我们可以加上语法的分析。
在有的句子看不懂时完全可以按照,句法成分的分析方法,加之逻辑的分析。同时在自己记录错题时一定要讲错题分类,这样才能更有效的了解到自己到底是哪个环节薄弱,因而在今后的练习中,可以着重找到哪类题型来做。有的放矢的训练,才能真正的提高分数,尽信书不如无书。
同学们在平时做题时要认真的总结了自己的学习方法,特别是做逻辑题的方法。每想一种方法,或者遇到一个困难都要把他们写出来,因为写出来后便于自己查找。在备考GMAT 时是千万不能马虎的,因为一旦马虎就容易错过自己纠错的机会。
而且同学们也要正视错题,做了错题不要灰心,因为做错题是发现问题的好机会。在同学们做提前都会看笔记看讲义,但是只看不行动是不管用的。备考的同学们只有在看了讲义并且认真做题后,才能领会到GMAT 逻辑考试的精髓。
结语: GMAT 不仅是一场考试,也是对同学们学习态度和学习方法的一次检验。新东方也会为所有考生提供最良好的后背支持,以帮助同学们实现自己的梦想。当你了解了考试,战胜了自己,你就不用再羡慕其他的高分学员,你已经在GMAT 的考试中找到了自己,找到了未来的方向。你们只有一件事要去做那就是:坚定的向前走。
第三篇:GMAT语法改错
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
第一篇 总论
一、GMAT句子改错题的要求
GMAT句子改错题在笔考时,一般有22道题,限时25分钟完成,其基本要求如下:Direction:In each of the following sentences,some part of the sentence or the entire sentence isunderlined.Beneath each sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part.Thefirst of these repeats the original;the other four are different.If you think the original is the bestof these answer choices,choose answer A;otherwise,choose one of the others.Select the bestversion and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet.
This is a test of correctness and effectiveness of expression.In choosing answers,follow therequirements of standard written English;that is,pay attention to grammar,choice of words,and sentence construction.Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence;this an—swer should be clear mad exact,without awkwardness,ambiguity,redundancy,or grammaticalerror.在实行CAT考试后,该要求没有变化,只不过题量减少了,约为16~18题。
二、GMAT改错题的正确选项的特征
在GMAT中,改错题与其他英语考试中的改错题并不太一样,它更强调表达的准确性和有效性,而不像TOEFL,只着重语法错误。那么,初学者会问,就ETS而言,在GMAT改错中,当把正确答案替换到原句中,该句子应具有什么样的特征呢?笔者认为,该句子至少有以下3个特征:
1.保证原句基本意思及保持原句重心。也就是说,句子的原意不能发生改变,同时原句的主从关系不能发生改变,作次要成分的不能充当句子的主要成分,而句子的主要成分不能下降为从属地位,作修饰成分。
2.意思单一,简洁有效。即在句子中,不能出现模棱两可、含糊不清的意思表示。同时表达尽量简洁,不要I罗嗦,能用短语表达的,就不用从句;能用一个词表示的,就不用词组。
3.5个中的最优。而并非最完美的表达。
下面:我们以一个例子来说明以上几点:
F—l Beatrix Potters,in her book illustrations,carefully coordinating them with her narratives,capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.(A)Beatrix Potters,in her book illustrations,carefully coordinating them with her narratives,(B)In her book illustrations,carefully coordinating them with her narratives,Beatrix Potter(C)In her book illustrations,which she carefully coordinated with her narratives,Beat—rix Potter(D)Carefully 000rdinated with her narratives,Beatrix Potter,in her book illustrations,(E)Beatrix Potter,in her book illustrations,carefully coordinated them with her narra—tives and题解:A、B之所以错,是因为它违反了意思单一原则,其中的coordinating分词短语的修饰关系是模糊的,既可修饰illustrations,又可修饰后面的主句。D错,是因为它违反了第一条原则:保证原句意思。其中coordinated过去分词短语在句首,就表明了该短语修饰主语:Beatrix Porrer改变了句意。而E中,由于其将coordinate与capitalize并列作为主要谓语动词,改变了本属于从属地位的coordinating短语,从而改变了句子重心(coordi-nate与capitalize两个动作毫不相关,并列起来不恰当)。C意思单一,which从句限定修饰illustrations,主从关系明确,因而为正确答案。答案:C
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
至于第三个特征,我们将在以后的相关例子中提到。
三、GMAT解题方法
1.抓住明显错误进行排除:有时划线部分中有明显的语法错误或逻辑错误,我们就可由此作为突破口,进行排除,缩小包围圈。
F—2 The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike;vast quantities ofpeople were dangerously overextended,credit was absurdly easy to obtain,and most broderagehouses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on ―margin.‖
(A)rich and poor alike;vast quantities of people were dangerously overextended
(B)both rich and poor alike;large amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves(C)rich and poor alike;great numbers of people were dangerously overextended them—selves
(D)both rich and poor alike;vast amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves
(E)both rich and poor;great quantities of people were dangerously overextended
题解:看完划线部分后,我们会发现一个明显的错误,即:A中用quantities来修饰可数名词people,这在语法中是不能接受的,由此点错误,我们就可排除含有此错误点的A、E。同时,我们在对选项进行扫描的过程中,又发现B、D用amount来修饰people,这同样是不能接受的。因而我们又可排除B,D。仅剩C可选。B,D、E中:both rich and poor alike的表达是哕嗦的,因为both和alike在语义上有重复。在本句中,需要提出的是:rich和poor之前并未加the,也可表示一类人的含义。答案:C
2.利用未划线部分寻找暗示和启发。有时候仅就选项部分而言,会有几个选项在表达上和句意上都是无可挑剔的。在此种情况下,再进行选项比较已毫无意义,而应该把目光放宽一些,到未划线部分中去寻找一些暗示。比如说划线部分与未划线部分在人称上是否一致,在数上是否一致等等。这些暗示会使你确认,这几个选项中仅有一个正确。
F一3 Without hearing a word of—what is being—said or shouted,an experienced trader on thefloor of the stock exchange can listen to the hum of voices around them and tell what ishappening.(A)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted,an experienced trader
(B)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted,experienced traders
(C)Even though the person has not heard a word of what is being said or shouted,anexperienced trader
(D)Even when the person has not heard a word that is being said or shouted,experiences traders(E)In spite of not hearing a word of what is being said or shouted,an experienced trader题解:根据下一篇所讲的内容,我们会很容易排除C,D、E(此处排除这三个选项的原因由大家在学完第二篇内容后自行解决)。对于选项A、B,我们发现两者都说得通,只不过A中用单数主语,B用复数主语。此时,我们就需再回到未划线部分,搜索能为我们证实A、B中某一个必对而另一个必错的线索。当读到句末的around them时,我们的目光会为之一亮。them从句意讲,指代主句主语,同时them所指代的应是复数名词,因而A错B对。答案:B
3.利用对称性解题:英语在行文上,像我们汉语一样,也讲究前后的对称性。而这一点在比较句中,对照,对比句中和平行结构中表现得尤为突出,即要求尽可能在语法功能上、表达形式上前后一致。我们则可通过未划线部分中的表达形式及语法功能确定划线部分中与之相对应部分的语法功能及表达形式,很快排除错误选项。
F一4 At ground level,ozone is a harmful pollutant,but.in the stratosphere it shields the earthGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
from the most biologically harmful radiation emitted by the Sun,radiation in the ultravio-let band of the spectrum.
(A)in the stratosphere
(B)in the stratosphere,in which
(C)it is in the stratosphere in、which
(D)in the stratosphere where
(E)it is in the stratosphere and
题解:由but表明前后是转折关系,即存在着对比。but之前的地点状语是at ground level因而but之后用in the stratosphere,无论从结构上还是形式上均与at ground level对称。选A是正确的,B,D使but分句的句子结构不完整。E改变句意,而C与but之前的形式缺乏对应关系,表达啰嗦。
答案:A
4.以薄弱环节作为切入点:在GMAT改错中,划线部分中经常出现的错误就是代词指代混乱和限定性定语从句的引导词指代混乱。因而,如果划线部分中出现了此两类词,在未发现明显错误之前,我们应以此两类词为切人点,通过确认其真实指代对象与其语法指代对象是否一致来排除错误选项。
F一5 The Gorton—Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they willdelay access to funds from deposited checks.(A)that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from
deposited checks.
(B)a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a
deposited check.
(C)that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from depositedchecks。
(D)a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds
from a deposited check。
(E)that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check
is to be delayed.
题解:划线中出现了两个代词:they和their,首先需要确认其指代对象。在their之前未出现过复数名词,而仅出现单数名词a bank,从句意判断,their本应指代the bank。由此矛盾,我们可判断their属误用,应用its替代;同理第--4“they也应用it替代。由此我们可排除含their或they的A、B、E。C、D比较,D有两个缺陷:(1)require的用法不妥;(2)itscustomers和之后的a deposited check在数上是不一致的。而C中:require + that从句(带虚拟语气动词)的用法正确,its customers和之后的checks在数上一致。答案:C
5.通过比较答案来寻找解题思路:有时候,划线部分既无明显错误,又无对称性可言,也不存在代词指代问题。一眼看过去,划线部分似乎没有什么毛病,此时,我们就需要对5个选项进行比较,找出5个选项中的主要差异(1~2个),分析并代回原句中。从句意、表达上进行对比,确认句子的主要结构,排除错误选项。
F一6 The technical term‖pagination‖is a process that leaves editors,instead of printers, assemblethe page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing.
(A)is a process that leaves editors,instead of printers,assemble
(B)refers to a process that allows editors,rather than printers,to assemble
(C)is a process 1caving the editors,rather than printers,to assemble
(D)refers to a process which allows editors,but not to printers,the assembly of
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
(E)has reference to the process leaving to editors,instead of the printer,assembling题解:第一遍读划线部分时,似乎看不出什么错误,但通过对5个选项进行比较后,我们发现了两个差异:(1)谓语动词用系动词is,还是用行为动词refer to。(2)that从句中:谓语动词用leave还是allow。把第(1)个差异代人原句中,is代回―这个术语是一个过程”refer to代人原句,意为:―这个术语指一个过程“。从逻辑搭配上看,后者优于前者,且表达句意,而前者句意模糊,不易理解。断定此点后,我们就排除 A、C。同理,把差异(2)代入。allow明显要比leave更适合与a process搭配。由此排除E。B、D比较,D有3个缺陷:(1)allow用法不当,应使用allow sb.to do sth.的结构;(2)but not to printers不如B中用rather thanprinters准确、简洁。(3)公理中,我们提到过,除非先行词为介宾,which不引导限制性从句,此处D违反了此原则。(详看紧接着的公理部分)答案:B
对于以上5种方法,作者在此提出两点说明。
(1)以上5种思路仅是解题基本方法,并未囊括也不可能囊括GMAT改错中的所有方法。这是一个case-by-case,对有些题大家完全可以采用其他更快捷、更准确的方法来解题。(2)对于以上5种基本方法,希望大家不要僵化地、孤立地使用,而应该灵活、有机地将5种方法结合在一起,达到更快、更准的解题目的。
四、GMAT公理
所谓公理,也就是经过人们长期实践检验、不需要证明同时也无法去证明的客观规律,如我们在初中平面几何开篇所学的―两点之间可以画一条直线,并且只可以画一条直线‖,―三点确定一个平‖等公理。而正是在这些公理的基础上,才建立起平面几何这门学科。同样,在我们的GMAT改错中,存在一些不言自明、经过实践总结的规律,它们对我们的解题有极大帮助,我们把它们命名为―GMAT公理‖。不过,这里的公理,并不像平面几何的公理一样,可以放之四海而皆准,即:使用这些公理,有些可以保证我们100%的正确性,而有些可能只能保证95%以上的正确性,另外的5%,可能需要与句意共同考虑来选择一个最优。毕竟,GMAT改错是一种对语言表达的有效性、简洁性的考核,是有灵活性的,而不像平面几何那样是一门要求严密逻辑的科学。不过就这些GMAT公理在解题中所起到的巨大贡献而言,它们的那些微小的局限性可忽略不计。
下面是对这些公理的具体叙述。
1.在我们通常使用的there be句型中,以下几种表达必定错。(1)there could be done sth.(2)there be sth.done(3)there being+名词词组(4)there was sth.(抽象性表动作的名词),如there was a transmission的表达不对。一般来说GMAT中there be仅用于―某处有某物‖,而此物是指一具体名词,如 wolf,stone,star,而不是指 抽象名词:如 conversion,relation等。(其中done代表过去分词。)
2.在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思,最佳答案的选择依据是,can do>be able to do>has(have)ability to do>has(have)a capability of doing…。(其中―>‖指―优先于”,有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项,在选项中不含有can do时,再找有be able to的选项,依此类推。
3.在从句中,以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意:
(1)which(或代词 it)绝对不可指代前面的整个句子,而此用法在一般语法书中均是可以接受的
(2)because不可引导名词性从句;
(3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略;
(4)if绝不可以引导名词性从句,如要表示―是否“,只能用whether引导;
(5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定性修饰,只用that而不用which。而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句。
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
4.在require、demand等表―建议,命令”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不加should。
5.绝不可以单独使用this,these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词,而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词,或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代。如sth.of this kind,like this/these等模糊表达均要用such + n.(n.即重复this,these所指代的对象)来取代,意为―这些…‖。另外,在“such.that‖结构中,such只修饰具体名词,而不修饰抽象名词(女I rapidity,severity)。
6.绝对不可以单独使用that指代前面的单数或不可数名词,而一般是用that of+n.结构指代或换用其他表达方式。(可参看第十一章中 it/they,one/ones,that/ttx~指代的区别)
7.当我们需要举例时,一律用such as结构,而不用like。
8.在GMAT改错题中,ETS倾向于用主动语态而非用被动语态,也就是说,当用主动或用被动语态的选项在语法和句意上都无错误时,选择用主动语态表达的选项,即―主动优先原则”。
9.在GMAT中,关于being的以下使用必错:(1)being + n.(2)being + adj.(3)as being+n./adj/v-ing,因为在以上表达中,being属多余。
10.当我们对一动宾结构进行替代时,不用do it,一律用do so。
11.介词短语:on account of,because of,despite(in spite of),as a result of之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语,或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分、词来修饰时,应改为与其相同意义的连词because,although等引导的从句形式。12.几种简洁的表达方式:
(1)n.that is(are)adj.必然要换为adj.+n.的名词短语结构,如:a man who is poor的选项必错,而应选含有a poor man的选项.(2)当表示谓语部分,尤其是表示实义动词的含义时,就直接用其动词形式表示,而不要用名词形式或形容词形式表示,如:be a cause一定会被cause(动词)替代;be suggestive of就一定会被suggest所替代。
(3)一些常见词的替换方式:not any一定会被no替代;that which一定会被what替代;having been done会被done(作限定词)所替代.13.平行结构的最后一个成分之前必定有一个连词and,0r,neither,nor或as well as,否则此并列结构必存在问题。如:to do A,do B,do C的表达就必然错误,而必然是被to doA,do B,and do C或to do A,to do B,and to do C替代。
14.在平行结构中,对于―不是…而是‖的结构,ETS倾向于用rather than,而很少用instead of。在具体实战中,若5个选项中存在这两个词组的互换,请直接在含rather than的选项中找答案,除非含rather than的结构有语法或逻辑错误,再到含有instead of的选项中找答案。
15.若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类似语气的词出现。实战中,此原则可转化为:不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项,立即排除.GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
第二篇 实战篇
通过上一篇的简单概述,我们对GMAT的改错要求,相应的解题技巧和原则有了初步的了解。但是,仅有上述的条条框框,显然不足以让我们这些MBA精英顺利攻陷ETS的防线,正如一个光懂纸上谈兵而无任何实战经验的将军在战场上只能铩羽而归一样。因而在本篇中,笔者试图通过分类,把繁多而复杂的改错真题汇集在一个个小的section中,对典型题型进行详细剖析,使读者能尽快掌握GMAT改错题的规律,逐步提高大家的实战经验,能够迅速把握ETS“排兵布阵‖的套路,并识破其设置的各种―路障‖,从而在本部分取得好成绩,为最后攻陷ETS防线打下坚实基础。
在此指导思想下,本篇的布局结构如下:
一、本篇分12个section
二、在每一个section中,首先是一些必要语法知识的补充(考虑到大多数商业人士的语法知识已经比较模糊);接着是该类下的小分类及典型题型剖析,其中包括题解、解题技巧和语法点提示,最后是一些练习题及练习题的答案。
三、学完本篇之后,会有3个test用来做模考(综合本篇中所有考试重点)。
需要强调的是:
1.本书着重实用,其分类体系与一般语法书分类不完全一致。
2.读者在使用此书时,应先做题后看题解。
第一章 名词词组与动名词
一提到名词,大家脑海中可能会蹦出名词的单复数、可数与不可数等概念。在 GMAT改错中,这些较少成为考试的重点,更多而且更难的是,ETS经常考查我们对名词的强调状态性和动名词强调动作性的深入理解及名词词组的中心词(或核心词)的辨认。而这些恰恰是我们在平常学习较少或根本未考虑的问题,并且这些考点在选项中迷惑性特别大,以致我们GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
初学时觉得每个选项都差不多,不知应该选哪一个。为此,我们将对以上几个难点分别给以详细解释。一、一般抽象名词与动名词之间的选择
一般来说,我们认为动名词可以充当名词,但它强调的是一种动作;而我们说的一般抽象名词,表明的则是一种状态,或者是动作的结果。比如说,动名词burning强调燃烧这个动作,而combustion则强调这种燃烧动作的结果,表明了一种状态。For example:1—1 Contrary to earlier conjectures,it may be that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a
result of burning fossil fuels would cool the globe by reducing the amount of solar energy
absorbed by snow.
(A)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning
(B)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of
(C)increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of
(D)carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that increased from burnying
(E)atmospheric carbon dioxide that increased from burning
题解:题意是由于化石燃料的燃烧而增加的大气中的CO2会通过减少雪吸收的太阳能量而降低全球温度。A中as a result of使用不妥,因为该词组总是作为状语来修饰整个句子的,而不能修饰一个名词,此处修饰dioxide是不对的;接着通过B、C的提示,我们发现B、C用combustion代替burning。刚才我们已提过,前者指结果,而后者指动作。那么,究竟是―燃烧这个动作导致了CO2的增加‖呢?还是―燃烧后的结果导致了CO2的增加‖呢?对比后,我们觉得后者是合乎逻辑的。由于确定了用combustion代替burning,则A、D、E均为错;B、C用resulting from代替了as a result of,改正了此处错误。B、C中最大的区别在于是用过去分词increased还是increasing修饰CO2,我们知道,现在分词表示主动、持续的动作,而过去分GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
词作定语表示被动、完成的动作。在本句中,CO2后的resulting from
已充分表明increase是被动动作,因而我们选B不选C。另外,C中把原句的atmospheric改为后置的in the atmosphere修饰,是不简洁的,B中的increased和atmospheric共同修饰CQ是很简洁的表达方式。答案.B
解题技巧:GMAT中,在选择用increased还是用increasing修饰名词时,几乎都用increased语法点提示:it may be that... …是可能的
1—2 Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing
number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to
specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their
crops for buying necessities.
(A)selling their crops for buying
(B)the sales of their crops for buying
(C)their selling of crops SO as to buy
(D)their selling crops for buying of
(E)the sale of their crops to buy 题解:本题中有三个语法点值得注意:rather than短语在句首,continue用原形与主语中的began相对应(在第五章平行结构中有对rather than的用法详述),specialize in sth.及usesth.to do sth.。在这里,仍然是在考查用selling还是用sales的选择。同上题一样,在心 中默问自己:cash proceeds 是来自销售这个动作 selling 呢,还是来自于销售谷物后的结果sales?从逻辑上讲,用sales更好,再加上Use的用法,我们可选择E。其实,在考试现场,如果你熟悉use的用法的话,那么只有一个选项可供选,即E。答案:E
语法点提示:specialize in sth.; Use sth.to do sth.
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
二、动名词的名词化
指当某一动词无相应的同源名词形式,但又需要用它来表示一个状态性动作时,可通过在该动词的.ing形式前面加上冠词a或者the来达到此目的。需引起注意的是,如一动词有相应的名词形式,就应直接用名词形式而不是用动名词形式。如increasing就不能作名词形式,因为inc般瞬本身可作名词。另外某些动名词已成为名词形式:如lending(借贷),就可直接使用。
1—3 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused
reversals in the Earth‘s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents
80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A)splitting apart continents
(B)the splitting apart of continents
(C)split apart continents
(D)continents split apart
(E)continents that were split apart
题解:根据句意看,划线部分应该表明一种状态,是指80 million years ago的那次分离,只有这样才能与其余部分并列起来形成平行结构(第五章.):磁极的颠倒,冰川时期的开始,大陆的分离及火山的爆发。由此可排除A,它是动名词词组,强调动作,与其余名词词组的都不匹配;C.是一个动宾词组,结构上不对应;D是一个句子,结构不对;E与原句意思相差太远,原句指那次分离,E却指被分离的大陆;因而只有B是最正确,通过在splitting前加上 the 表明了是发生在 8 亿年前的那一次分离,而不是其他时期的分离。apart ofcontinents短语对the splitting作修饰。答案:B
1-4 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead toGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
lowering interest rates, as well as lowering tears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, anda weakening of the dollar.(A)lowing interest rates,as well as lowering fears about inflation,(B)a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,(C)a lowering of interest rates,along with fears about inflation,(D)interest rates being lowered,along with fears about inflation,(E)interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered,with
题解:划线部分其实是一个并列宾语中的一个部分。根据划线部分后的―股票和债券市场的止跌回稳及美元的疲软”,可以断定划线部分的意思是:利率的降低和对通货膨胀的恐惧的降低。由此可推断出D、E中的中心词为interest rates不对,因为未划线的平行结构中均是抽象名词(a rally,a weakening)为中心词,而interest rates是一具体名词,且D中的along withfears about inflation与原意的―恐惧的减少‖刚好相反;E中with是无根据的,破坏了平行结构;A是动名词词组,符合状态性名词并列的要求;B、C的a lowering达到了名词化效果,但C中的along with介短语含义是模糊的,它有可能指利率降低伴随着恐惧减少,更可能是指lead to的一个宾语部分,即导致恐惧,这正好与原意相反。而B中interest rates和fears之间加上and,并在and之后补上of,表明了即两者同时的降低,正确表达了原意。注意此处:在fear之前补出of的重要性,明确fears about inflation是of的宾语,进而修饰a lowering。另外,未划线部分的a weakening of dollar实际上已提示我们划线部分应采用与其相同的形式。答案:B
三、名词的泛指和特指
名词的泛指和特指在英语表达中非常重要,两者的用法及意义是不同的。一般来说,特指明确,范围窄,不会产生歧义;而泛指模糊,范围宽会有歧义。要表明一个名词特指,通GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
常手法是在前面加冠词the、物主代词或其他限定词;而要表明一个名词泛指,则在前面加a或不加限定词(可数名词用复数),两者所用场合不同,混用必然导致错误。
1—5C0nsuinerS may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances,butmany of them can be harmful to health especially ii they are used improperly.(A)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be
(B)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being
(C)A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being
(D)A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as(E)Household cleaning products may not be thought of,by consumers, as
题解:在本句中考到一个习惯用法:think of sth.as sth.。A、B、C中think of sth.to be或think of sth.being都不符合习惯;E在明显有动作执行者customers的情况下,用了被动语态。我们在第一篇―公理‖中已强调主动优先于被动,D为正确答案。你会说,D中用a customer而原句是customers,两者并不一致。上面我们说过,a customer和customers均为泛指,含义上是无区别的,都代表一类人:顾客。答案:D
1—6 In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste,compact disc manufacturersare attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package theirproduct.
(A)the disposable plastic box in which they
(B)the disposable plastic box where they
(C)a disposable plastic box in which to
(D)disposable plastic boxes inside which they
(E)the disposable plastic boxes in which to
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
题解:把划线部分的定语从句还原,就是:they package their products in boxes。因而A没有错误;同时可看出D是错的,介词inside的使用不准确。此句的关键在于:判定disposableplastic box是特指还是泛指。从句意上看,这种盒子是现有的,并用于包装特定产品的,显然应该用特指,因而在前面应加the,由此排除C;B中用where是模糊的,在GMAT公理中,我们已强调在引导定语从句时,in which或其他介词+which一定优先于where;只剩A和E,E有the,且in which to的表达方式很简洁,E岂不比A更好?但E的缺陷在于它用了复数形式boxes而非A中的单数box,A表明现有的这一种盒子,在特指的情况下包括了很广的范围(整个compact disc行业),而E中的the boxes却把范围缩小了,似乎表明某一批或某一时期的这么多的盒子,显然A反映了原意。从集合角度理解为:the box,表示全集,theboxes是the box的一个子集。答案:A
四、名词词组中的核心词
所谓核心词,即除去名词词组中的所有修饰成分所剩下的那个名词,它正确表达了原句的主要意思。比如说:在a of b中,a就是核心词,而b不是。这一点,我们中国学生经常忽略,开始理解起来也不太容易。而ETS就喜欢在此点上出题,把一些修饰词名词化,而把核心名词形容词化,或将a of b结构换成b of a结构,从而造成混淆,导致考生失分。1—7 Following the nutrition board‘s advice on salt consumption would mean a virtual end of theof salt in cooking, and avoidance of obviously salty foods, and reducing the reliance on processedfoods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium.(A)reducing the reliance processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium(B)reducing the reliance on processed foods containing often hidden but significant amounts ofsodium
(C)a reduction of the reliance on processed food, containing as they do often hidden sodium inGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
significant amounts
(D)a reduced reliance on the significant amounts of hidden sodium often contained in processedfoods
(E)a reduced reliance on processed foods that contain significant but often hidden amounts ofsodium
题解:根据前面知识,可以看出,划线部分与前面的a virtual end和锄avoidance是并列的,因而以reducing开头的选项必错(它需要名词化),所以A、B可排除;C中名词词组的中心词是reduction,D、E中均为reliance,根据句意理解,划线部分的名词词组的核心词,应该是reliance而不是reduction。如果你觉得对于此点不好理解,我们可以暂时回避此问题。继续看C项,发现另一个致命错误:containing +as从句的表达不够简洁,不如用一形容词短语,由此可以确认C错;再看D、E,在介词on后面,你又会发现一个中心词的选择问题,是reliance on sodium还是reliance on foods,不过,这个选择比起前一个中心词选择简单得多,显然应该是后者,而D弄错了reliance的对象,注意E对sodium的修饰语做了小修改,significant和hidden amounts of是对sodium的并列修饰,中间用but often(but表转折,often修饰hidden)连接,清楚而准确地表明了―大量的但却总是隐藏的盐“的含意。答案:E
五、对抽象名词的解释:是用of that同位语从句呢?
一般来说,抽象名词后可用of或that对其做详细解释,但何时应用of短语,何时应用that同位语从句并无一定论(类似的抽象名词:如likelihood,possibility,theory,hypothesis等)。在这里,我们给出三条原则进行判定。
1.根据我们上面所说的中心词原则,通过对选项中的of后的内容(核心词)与that从句内容比较,一般都能从意思上判定出。
2.a fact后一般跟that同位语,importance一般后面跟of介词短语做解释,conclusionGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
ofsth.指sth.的结局或结果,而conclusion that是对conclusion的具体解释。
3.实用原则:如发现抽象名词之后的of短语是一个简短的名词词组,则此结构必正确;若of短语之后是一个复杂的名词短语(套着从句或其他繁冗的修饰成分)或是一个较长的动名词短语,选项基本上都改为that从句修饰,因为这样简洁而准确,而用of短语修饰是笨拙的,且辞不达意。另外,如果题目是在抽象名词之后划线,选项中有用of或有用that从句对其进行解释。答案均为含that从句的选项。
1—8 The brochure notes that in the seminar the—importance that communication is atwo-way.process will be emphasized.(A)importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized
(B)importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized(c)importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis
(D)fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance
(E)emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important
题解:根据我们上面提到的第二条原则,A是错的(在GMAT中出现的importance的句子,都无一例外地使用importance of结构。B选项符合我们的原则。C与B几乎一样,惟一区别是用being代替B中的as,在上一篇―公理‖中我们提到过,being属多余,在GMAT很少用,出现的地方几乎都是错误选项(惟有两句例外,碰到时我们会提到)。D中用fact +that同位语从句与B的名词短语比起来,显得冗长和笨拙,并且它改变了原意(交流是一个双向过程的重要性),改成了―交流是双向的并且是重要的‖,这种对原意的篡改是不能接受的;E中being的使用是绝对错误的,同时,它也改变了原句句意,原句认为:‗‗交流是双向的重要性将会在讨论中被强调‖,而E改成了―在讨论中,交流的双向性是重要的这一话题将是重点‖,显然―讨论中的强调问题”与―重点‖并不完全一致。答案:B
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
1—9 Stable interest rates on long—term bonds are the financial market‘s vote of confidence in theFederal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.(A)in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation
(B)that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under 00ntrol
(C)for the Federal Reserve,that it would keep control of inflation
(D)that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve
(E)that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve
题解:根据核心词原则,A表示对美联储的信心。而句意却是:这种信心,即美联储能把通货膨胀控制下来的信心。同时,A中的keep in control of sth.的用法不对,应是keep sth.undercontrol。另外补充一种用法take(gain)control of对…控制;lu-1~C错,同时C的介词用错,用in而不是for,即confidence in sth.,其中的that从句不知作什么成分。通过以上排除,剩下B、D、E(注:其实通过刚才的第三条原则,可以很快到达这一步),我们发现D、E中共同的结构是被动语态,且还出现了动作的执行者by the Federal Reserve,根据GMAT倾向主动原则,B为正确答案。
六、对名词的几种修饰方法
1.n.+ adj.短语,如:the jobs available to Women
2.n.+介词短语,如:a child with reading problems
3.adv.+V.-ed+n.,如:seemingly limited number
4.n.+v.-ed短语或-ing短语
5.n.,V.-ed短语或-ing短语,that从句(对名词的复杂修饰,有二重修饰,第一重是分词短语的修饰,第二重是限定性从句的修饰),如例7—8
6·n.,which从句,of sth.(同样是二重修饰,第一重是which的非限定性从句修饰,第GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
二重是介词短语of sth.的修饰)
1—10 Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly changeits genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies,each specifically targeted at aninvading microbe or foreign substance.(A)seeming unlimited number of antibodies,each specifically targeted at
(B)seeming unlimited number of antibodies,each targeted specifically to
(C)seeming unlimited number of antibodies,all specifically targeted at
(D)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies,all of them targeted specifically to
(E)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies,each targeted specifically at
题解:根据未划线部分的an invading microbe及每个选项中都有的specially,可断定targeted分词短语修饰单数形式each,而不是复数形式all,由此可排除c、D;在A、B中名词短语seeming unlimited number表明seeming和unlimited共同修饰number,即为―看上去的、不受限制的数量。‖而E中,seemingly unlimited number 表明seemingly修饰形容词u11limited,unlimited修饰名词number,意为―看上去不受限制的数量‖,显然,A、B中该名词短语的意思不符合逻辑,而E的表达清楚。另外,target是与at搭配,而不与to连用。答案:E
语法点提示:本句有两个习惯表达,win sth.for sth./doing sth.因…而获得…; targetat 把…作为目标。
七、动名词
语法准备:动名词的构成:动词+ing;在语法功能上有名词的性质,但强调动作;动名词主语、表语及动词或介词的宾语;有些动词短语是由―动词+to‖构成,这个to不是不定式的符号,而是介词,后面要跟动名词,如:adhere to(坚持、粘附),attribute to(归因),contributeto(促成,捐助),resort to(求助),assent to(同意),aspire to(渴望),appeal to(吸引),attach to(隶GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
属,附着),yield to(屈服于),look forward to(期望),object to(反对)等;有些动词定额管理只能跟动名词作宾词,如:advocate appreciatc avoid deny enjoy fancy imagine justifymiss postpone practice prevent quit resist risk suggest warrant 等。
1——11 Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go towardslower taxes or increased spending on social programs.(A)over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending
(B)over whether a budget surplus should go towards lowering taxes or increasing spending
(C)about a budget surplus going towards lower taxes or increasing spending
(D)about if lower taxes should come from budget surplus or spending increases
(E)concerning a budget surplus and its going towards lower taxes or increased spending
题解:划线句意:预算是否应该用于降低税收或增加在公益性项目上的毫出。根据GMAT公理,if不能引导名词性从句,因而A错,A中另一错误是lower taxes和increased spending词组强调状态,而题意强调动作:降低税收或增加支出;D用if是错的,且if从句中意思也大大改变;C、E中介词towards后的词组仍未能体现动作化名词的要求,且它们强调的核心词与原旬核心词相差甚远;B纠正A中的两个错误:whether替换了if,towards之后用动名词短语作介词宾语替换了名词短语,清楚准确地表达了原句意思。答案:B
语法点提示:go towards sth.(一部分钱)用于做…;debate over sth.关于…的辩论,concerning(介词),意为关于…
EXERCI SES
16题,限时20分钟
E1—1 Once an apolitical confrontation of the world‘s best athletes,the Summer Olympics have
been increasingly politicized in recent years as the superpowers have denied many of theGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
best athletes access to competition.
(A)been increasingly politicized
(B)been increasing politicization
(C)been of increased politicization
(D)politicized,increasingly,(E)increased politicization
E1—2 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden
downturns in the market,hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses,loosing the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still be
undercapitalized.
(A)loosing the interest rates in Washington,and fearing the company may still beundercapitalized
(B)loosening the interest rates in Washington,and a fear of the company still being
undercapitalized
(C)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington,and fearing that the company may
still be undercapitalized
(D)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington,and a fear of the still undercapitalizedcompany
(E)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington,and a fear that the company may
still be undercapitalized
E1—3 Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades
were the high cost of land,the pressure of housing and commercial development,andGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and
California.(A)basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia
(B)basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida andCalifornia(C)basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida andCalifornia
(D)a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia
(E)a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and CaliforniaEl一4 School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central—city areas
have contributed,according to a recent study,to significant increases in housing
integration, which, in turn reduces any future need for busing.(A)significant increases in housing integration,which, in turn, reduces
(B)significant integration increases in housing,which, in turn, reduces
(C)increase housing integration significantly,which, in turn, reduces
(D)increase housing integration significantly,in turn reducing
(E)significantly increase housing integration,which, in turn, reduce
E1—5 South Korea has witnessed the world‘s most dramatic growth of Christian congregations:
church membership is expanding by 6.6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth
coming from conversions rather than the population increasing.GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
(A)coming from conversions rather than the population increasing
(B)coming from conversions rather than increases in the population
(C)coming from conversions instead of the population‘s increasing
(D)is from conversations instead of population increases
(E)is from conversions rather than increasing the increases
E1—6 Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bondyields to the dividends available on common stocks.(A)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to
(B)among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to
(C)between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with
(D)among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and
(E)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with
E1—7 A ―calendar stick‖carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the firstevidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem on systematic astronomical observation.(A)that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem
(B)of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars andbasing them
(C)of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians,basing them
(D)of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendarsGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
based
(E)that the North American Indians developed advanced full-—year calendars based
E1—8 Gall‘s hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different partsof the brain is widely accepted today.(A)of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain iswidely accepted today
(B)of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widelyaccepted tobay
(C)that different mental functions ale localized in different parts of the brain is widely
accepted today
(D)which is that there are different functions localized in different parts of the brain is
widely accepted today
(E)which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized
in different parts of the brain
E1—9 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions hascreateda growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services moreefficiently and at lower cost.
(A)The rising of costs
(B)Rising costs
(C)The rising cost
(D)Because the rising cost
(E)Because of rising cost
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
E1—10 The decision by one of the nation‘s largest banks to admit to$30 billion in potential
losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developingcountries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the fund.
(A)increasing the pressure
(B)the increasing pressure
(C)increased pressure
(D)the pressure increased
(E)the pressure increasing
E1—11 In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminalcharges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than$16 million in civil damages forcars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.(A)cars that were test—driven with their odometers disconnected
(B)cars that it had test—driven with disconnected odometers
(C)its cars having been test—driven with disconnected odometers
(D)having test—driven cars with their odometers disconnected
(E)having cars that were test—driven with disconnected odometers
El一12 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting thetheory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact t—h—at contributed to the extinction ofthe dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago.
(A)supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that
(B)supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact
(C)that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact andGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
that
(D)in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by meteorite impact and that
(E)of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and
E1—13 Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice.which datesfrom the eighth century,was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders.
(A)to keep from
(B)to keep it from
(C)to avoid
(D)in order that it would avoid
(E)in order to keep from
E1—14 As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate,less people will enter the laborforce in the 1980‘sthandid in the 1960‘s and 1970‘s ,a twenty-year period during which peopleborn after the war swelled the ranks of workers.(A)lass people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than(B)le88 people will be entering the labor force in 1980‘S as
(C)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S as
(D)fewer people will be entering the labor force in the 1980‘S as
(E)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than
E1—15 It appears illogical to some people that West Germany.which bans such seeminglesser evils as lawn-moving on Sundays,still has some 4,000 miles of highway with no speedlimit.
(A)which bans such seeming lesser evils as
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
(B)which bans such seemingly lesser evils as
(C)which is banning such seeming lesser evils like
(D)banning such evils that seem lesser,for example
(E)banning such seeming lesser evils like
E1—16 In 1933 the rubber,clothing,and shipbuilding industries put into effect a six.hourworkday,believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought was an economy made overproduction by advances in technology.
(A)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought Was
(B)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation instead of a temporary expedient.forwhat many observers thought Was
(C)believing that it Was not a temporary expedient but a seeming permanent accommodationto what many observers thought of as a
(D)not as a temporary expedient but as a seemingly permanent accommodation towhat many observers thought Was
(E)not as a temporary expedient but believing it a seemingly permanent accommodation forwhat many observers thought
The keys to Exercises 1.A 2.E 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.E 8.C 9.C 10.C11.D12.B 13.C 14.E 15.B 16.D
练习题题解:
E1—1答案:A D、E中的主动语态不对,句意是强调―政治化‖这一动作,而不是一固定的状态。
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
E1—2答案:E本句是一组名词词组的并列,而划线部分的动名词短语在形式上与前面部分不一致,需要名词化,给loosening加一个不定冠词a,fearing可用名词形式a fear替换,另a fear的内容用一名词词组是表达不了的,而应用同位语从句进行补充解释。
E1—3答案:D本句是一组名词词组的并列,而划线部分的动名词短语在形式上与前面的部分不一致,需要名词化,排除A、B、C。E错,its所指不清;同时,importing短语在system之后变成了―进口农产品的系统‖改变句意,D表达了正确意思:该系统是以从佛罗里达和加州的农产品为基础。E1—4答案:A B中,integration本是被housing修饰,却改为修饰increase;改变了句意。C、D、E中的significantly都表明increase为动词,但contribute t0结构中t0为介词,而非动词不定式的标志。
E1—5答案:B既然A、C中的increasing作为名词使用,并有population修饰就应用自己的名词形式increase.D、E中,本来原句是用一名词短语对―6.6%的增长‖做一补充解释,D、E却把其改为句子,使得结构复杂化。同时,两个句子之间无任何连词,构成run一on句(仅用逗号连接的句子,错)。还有,population increases和increasing the population的表达都不符合习惯,应为increases in the population。
E1—6答案:C根据两者之间用between而不用among、两者之间比较用compare with而不用compare to的原则,可迅速排除A、B、D。剩下C、E,二者在语法上都是完全正确的,这时我们就应从逻辑上考虑,究竟用comparison还是用comparing,我们知道,前者表示一种状态或结果,而后者则强调比较这个动作,那么,在投资上,我们选择股票或国库券的根据是基于两者的收入比较之后的结果上呢,还是基于比较这两种收入的动作上呢?显然,应是前者,选C。这是在GMT中很典型的题,考虑究竟是强调―动作‖还是―状态‖。
El一7答案:E本句是考抽象名词之后用of短语,还是用that,从句进行解释。根据GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
该节第三条原则,排除B、C、D。A中,have developed表示的现在完成时不对,basing表达不妥。
E1—8答案:c同上题一样,hypothesis之后是一串复杂结构,应用that引导的同位语从句,A、B错;D、E中用which引导的限定性从句使句子结构复杂化,且which一般不引导限定性从句(可查阅公理)。
E1—9答案:C A中rising有自己的名词形式rise,在这里用rising作名词是不恰当的。B中costs与谓语动词has不一致,D使句子无主句,E使主句无主语。
E1—10答案:C A、D、E中,increasing或者increased的位置都不对。B中用the是不恰当的,因为前面并未出现过pressure,加the特指是不必要的。同时,在本章第一个例题就提到过,选含有increased而不是含有increasing的选项。
E1一11答案:D test—driven是形容词,本可直接修饰cars,因此,A、E中,用that从句修饰cars使得表达不够简洁,同时使cars和with短语的紧密关系被分裂开来。C中,现在分词的完成 式不能作名词的修饰成分(可查阅第七章内容),因而C错。B的意思是―为那些车支付$16rillion,逻辑不通。而原句意为:他(这个制造商)使本应带有数码表的测试车与其数码表分离,为此行为,他需支付$16 million;D中的‘have sth.done结构表达了此意,for表原因。
E1—12答案:B A、C、E中,theory之后用of修饰,改变了句子重心,变成了―森林火的理论‖,应排除。而在D中,第二个that从句的先行词找不到,同时,前句的同位语从句与这里的定语从句不可以构成平行结构,且in support of没有supporting简洁。B中的that从句是同位语从句,ignited过去分词短语修饰fire。
语法点提示:a contribute to b a导致了b的发生
E1—13答案:C keep from在此处与avoid是同义的,可互相替换,但keep from的完整GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
结构应是keep sb.(sth.)from doing sth.,A项keep之后缺宾语,因此排除A,其余3个选项均比C复杂,所以选C,avoid之后跟动名词-ing形式。
E1—14答案:E people是可数名词,用less来修饰people绝对错误,应改用fewer,排除A、B。由于fewer的存在,决定了此句是比较状语,C、D中未有无比较连词―than‖出现,错。
E1—15答案:B由例题1~i0的思路,可以断定应用seemingly修饰形容词lesser,而不应用seeming 修饰evils,排除A、C、E。D中用such…for example,不仅结构复杂难懂,也不够简洁,不如用such as来举例。B恰当。
E1—16答案:D同上,seemingly permanent accommodation的修饰关系才是正确的,排除A、B.C。再由not…but的平行结构,排除E,同时E中accommodation之后用for是不恰当的,应用to。
语法点提示:accommodation to sth. 包容,容纳某物
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
第二章 主谓一致
主谓一致,简而言之,就是指谓语动词的形式应与主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:如果主语是it,谓语用复数形式(如have,were,are,do)就肯定错,而只能用单数形式动词(如has。was,is,does三等)。在GMAT改错中,主谓一致总是考核重点。对于主谓一致原则的熟练掌握,会使你很快排除一些选项,缩小包围,扩大命中率。
但是,关于主谓一致的问题,有繁多的条款需要分别予以区分,在这里我们列出GMAT中经常考的一些主谓一致原则,希望大家牢牢记住。
语法准备:
总则:谓语只跟主语的中心词取得一致.中心词前后的修饰词不起作用。
1.―there be‖句型中be用单数还是复数,由后面的真正主语而定。
2.倒装句的谓语与后面的主语保持一致;在强调句型中对主语进行强调时,记住who后的谓语的单、复数要与wll0前面的真正主语保持一致,如:It was Mary who does the jobwell.(does对应Mary)。
3.―one of,结构作主语时,谓语用单数,―two of‖就要用复数谓语。
4.单个的动名词或动词不定式作主语,谓语用单数,若用and连接上述相同的两个成分,谓语才用复数。5.单个的名词从句作主语时,谓语用单数;如果用and或both and连接两个以上的成分作主语.谓语用复数。
6.有时用and连接的两个名词是指同一个人、同一件事,而且and后面的名词前又无冠词(如:My 110use and home)谓语应用单数;如果后面那个名词前面加上了冠词,主语则变成了复数,谓语要用复数。如:My friend and the classmate Jane;如果and后面的名词前加了not,主语又变成单数,谓语要用单数形式,如The farmer,and not the city dweller,is hurtwhen food price falls.
7.单数主语由下列词组修饰时,谓语不受这些修饰词组的影响,仍用单数形式:along with。as well as,accompanied by,besides,combined with,in addition to,including(包括),ratherthan(而不是),no less than(与…一样),together with(与…一起),with(与…),for example 如He,rather than we,does the job。
8.由下列连词连接两个名词作主语,谓语要与其相邻的词保持一致。如:either…or,neither…nor,not only…but(also),nor,or。如Either offices or the classroom need。cleaning.
9.量词修饰的主谓一致:
(1)‖form(type,kind)of+主语‖,谓语单复数由主语的单复数定;
(2)―half(rest,plenty,part,fifty percent,etc.)of+主语‖中,如主语是可数名词,谓语用复数,主语是不可数名词,谓语用单数。
(3)―an amount(sum)of+不可数名词‖作主语,谓语只用单数;―quantity of+不可数名词‖作主语时,谓语只用单数;而―a large sums of或quantities of+可数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语用复数:―a number of+复数名词‖作主语,谓语用复数(意为:大量的…);―the numberof+复数名词‖作主语,谓语用单数(意为:…的数量)。
注意:在选项中若发现有amount和number的替换,little和few的替换或many和much的替换,请一定注意看其修饰的对象是可数还是不可数。若为前者,只能用number或few或many修饰;若为后者,则只能由amount,little或much修饰(而―numbers of+可数名词‖的修饰必错)。
例如:Some new types of buses are now on show.
The total amount of money is$100.
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.
10.不定代词,物主代词作主语时的主谓一致:
(1)―both(few,many,several)of+复数名词‖中,谓语用复数;
(2)―all(80me,none,most,any)of+复数可数名词(或不可数名词)‖时谓语要看所修饰的名词,若为复数名词,谓语用复数形式,若为不可数名词,谓语用单数形式。
(3)―either(neither)of‖修饰名词作主语,谓语要用单数形式。
(4)no修饰名词作主语时,看名词的单复数形式;若名词为单数,谓语用单数;若名词为复数,谓语用复数形式。
(5)another,each one,no one,neither,the other,each(each of),either,everything(one,-body),anything(-one,-body)和something(-one,-body)作主语时,谓语用单数。
(6)若是―名词或代词+each‖作主语时,谓语动词的形式与each之前名词的形式保持一致,不受each的影响,如:The students each have a book. 11.定语从句中的主谓一致:
(1)在―n.of n.that定语从句‖中,that从句中的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。一般来说,of之前的名词是先行词,但有时of之后的名词也可作that从句的先行词(这需从逻辑上判断)。
(2)在―one of+复数名词+that(who)从句‖中,从句中的动词用复数形式,因为此时that的先行词是复数名词,而在―the only one(the first one)of+复数名词+that(who)从句‖中,从句中的动词一般用单数,因为此时that的先行词是单数名词one。
12.专有名词,表示时间、距离、度量的名词作主语,谓语用单数。
13.带有-ics结尾的科学名称若表示学科时,谓语用单数;若表示一种实践活动时,谓语要用复数,如:statistics(作学科)翻译为―统计学‖,作为后者,指―统计资料‖,此时谓语用复数。
14.一些外来词的复数形式:
(1)以.is结尾的词变复数时-is改为-as:analysis-analyses,crisis---crises;
(2)以-um结尾的词变复数时-um改为-a:bacterium--bacteria,datum—data;
(3)以-on结尾的词变复数时-on改为-a:criterion--criteria;
(4)以-us结尾的词变复数时-us改为-i:nucleus--nuclei,stimulus---stimuli;
(5)以-a结尾的词变复数时.a改为-ae:lava-lavae,formula--formulae;
(6)以-ex/-ix结尾的词变复数时-ex/-ix改为一ices,index-indices; 例题详解:
2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans,American Indians,and HispanicAmericans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while thenumber of other students who enter the field fallen.
(A)has steadily increased,while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen
(B)has steadily increased,while other students entering the field have declined in number
(C)increased steadily,while there Was a decline in the number of other students entering thefield
(D)have steadily increased,while the number of other students entering the field has fallen
(E)have steadily increased,while that of other students who enter the field fell
题解:跳过enrollments之后的of到states之间的部分(这一长串都是对enrollments的修饰)。本句的结构就极其简单。A、B错,因为主语enrollments是复数形式,谓语应用have,而不是has;C中的increased所反映的时态不对,因为since 1986这一时间状语及句意都表明该句应用现在完成时态;E前半段是正确的,但在while从句中有两处明显的错误:(1)thatGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
指代不正确,主句中的enrollments是复数形式,避免重复的指示代词应用those,而非that;(2)while从句中用了过去时态而非题意需要的现在完成时;D中前后都用完成时态,前面用have对应enrollments,后面用has对应the number of词组,因而是正确的。
请注意:在D中while从句中,students后的修饰词从A中的who从句改为了一个分词短语。这一变动使得D项更加简洁,强调enter的动作与has fallen的动作是同时的,而从句只能表示现在的状态(从句与现在分词的区别会在分词一章重点提及)。答案:D
解题技巧:在GMAT改错中,我们经常需要把复杂的句子结构简单化,即抛除一切修饰部分,抓主干,找出主谓,在主谓一致的判别中该技巧尤其重要。
语法点提示:enrollment一词在作―入学或注册人数‖解释时为可数名词,而在作为―参加‖的意思时.为不可数名词。
2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid—to-late 1800‘s have made someBlack inventions difficult to trace to their originators.
(A)have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators
(B)have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(C)have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(D)has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators
(E)has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators
题解:本题较为简单,考主谓一致与make的用法。用上题思路,简化句子,发现主语是the lack。因而A、B、C均错,它们的谓语动词是have;在D、E中正确的选择基于对make用法的了解:make it adj.+to do sth.是一种惯用法,因而选D;E中的make it adj.+indoing sth.是不符合习惯的。答案:D
语法点提示:lack一词可作及物动词或不可数名词(常用of短语补充解释),make的用法一般是:make sth.sth.使…成为…,make it adj.+to do sth.表明使做某事是…的(it指代后面的动词不定式短语)。2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land。Cleveland is but one of alarge number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way toimprove the quality of urban lire and attract new businesses.
(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B)is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C)are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D)are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life andattracting
(E)are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban lifeand attract
题解:题干中的but在此作副词,可译为―只不过‖(与only比较一下)。根据前述的第11条中的第(2)点,可知此题that指代communities而不是but one,因而A、B在that从句中用is是错误的;D中虽是用are作谓语,但其中的its water fronts显然与that所指代的communities在指代上不相配,D错;在C、E之间做选择涉及对短语look to与look at的区分,前者一般是:look to sth.to do sth.译为―指望…做…‖,而后者look at sth.译为看…99,根据题意,应该选用 look to(指望这些滨水区能提高城市生活质量和吸引新的生意),因而E错;C在that从句中用了&re,正确使用了look to结构,在attract之前省略了to(与to improve并列),并省去了多余的as a way。在考试现场,如不知look to的用法,我们仍可用其他缺陷排除 E:as a way 后的 they 指代含糊不清,从语法上讲倾向于指代communities而不是water fronts.答案:C
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
语法点提示:plan作名词,其后经常用动词不定式修饰;but的这种副词用法及lookto sth.to do sth.用法。2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded thatmuch of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from theincineration of wastes.
(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes
(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come
(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans areexposed to comes
(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed tocome
(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come
题解:A、B、C用much of,D、E用many of,根据上述第9条原则,我们几乎可以立刻断定本题是在考主谓一致。跳过修饰词,实际上是用much of dioxins还是many of dioxins的 选择,尽管我们很可能不知道dioxins是何意思,但从其形式上看,它是复数形式,因而应用many 0f(1ioXinS,从而排除A、B、C;D中有两个缺陷:(1)在首篇GMAT公理中我们说过,n.+that is(are)adj.这种表达不简洁,均要改为adj.+n.的名词短语形式,D中的dioxins that are currently controlled表达属于此类;(2)dioxin是介词to的宾语,在正规书面表达中,如果对dioxin用定语从句修饰,应该把to提前在引导词which之前(不用that),而在D选项中,用了that引导,to未提前;而E避免了这两处错误,是正确答案。答案:E
语法点提示:be exposed to暴露于…
2—5 Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density,allowsfor more open space in areas where—little water or—services exist.(A)little water or services exist
(B)little water or services exists
(C)few services and little water exists
(D)there is little water or services available
(E)there are few services and little available water
题解:根据第5条原则,and连接主语,谓语用复数形式,C错;根据第8条原则,由or连接主语,谓语形式与最近的主语保持一致,B错;A、D、E根据主谓一致原则是对的。再深入思考。我们会发现1ittle water 0r services这种表达是模糊的,有可能造成歧义,即little不仅修饰water,同时还修饰services而显然,services是复数形式,不可能用little来修饰,因而A、D都错;E弥补了这个缺陷,用few修饰services和用little修饰water,中间用and连接,表明两者是共存关系,而非其中之一的关系。答案:E
EXERCISES
17题,限时20分钟
E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.
(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four,three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle.
(C)Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the UnitedStates.
(D)In the United States,three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States,bicycles are also owned bythree.
E2—2Two valence states of u枷um,one with a deficit of four electrons and the other onewith a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium‘s behavior.
(A)the 0ther one with a deficit of six,Occurs in nature and contributes
(B)the other one a deficit of six,occur in nature and contribute
(C)the other with a deficit of six,occur in nature and contributes
(D)the other with a deficit of six,occur in nature and contribute
(E)one with six,occurs in nature and contributes
E2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease.Remain controversial, althoughstatistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity.
(A)remain controversial,although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B)remain controversial,although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C)remain controversial,although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial,although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial,although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy toE2—4 Green anole lizards。familiar to school children as chameleons,have recently becomefamiliar to biologists as an exce11ent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction betweenstimuli with hormones.
(A)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with
(B)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and
(C)being excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with
(D)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with
(E)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and
E2—5 Several recent studies suggest that a child born into a family whose members haveallergies will probably themselves develop allergies following the onset of a minor viral infection.(A)a child born into a family whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies
(B)children born into families whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies
(C)a child born into a family the members of which have allergies will probably develop anallergy
(D)in those families where members have allergies,children will probably develop allergiesthemselves
(E)children born into fl family in which there are allergies will themselves probably developan allergy E2—6The major areas of medicine in which lasers are effective.Is in the cutting and closingof blood vessels, and in the destruction of tumors.
(A)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels,and in the destruction
(B)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels,and also the cases of destroying
(C)are the cutting,closing of blood vessels,and in the destroying
(D)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels,and the destruction
(E)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels,and the destroying
E2—7 Discrimination in wages paid in occupations that are predominantly male over theGMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
predominantly female have given rise to substantial differentials between the wages ofhousepainters and secretaries and between the wages of parking—lot attendants and libraryassistants.
(A)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over the predominantly femalehave
(B)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over those that are predominantlyfemale have
(C)that favors predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female have
(D)that favors predominantly male occupations over those that ale predominantly femalehas(E)in predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female has
E2—8 Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts,a major goal of educationreformers and many states in the 1970‘s has not significantly reduced the gaps existing betweenthe richest and poorest districts.
(A)has not significantly reduced the gaps existing
(B)has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists
(C)has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists
(D)have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
(E)have not been significant in a reduction of the gap existing
E2··9The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensurethe safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant,but it approved the installationbecause it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken.
(A)no amount of money or staff members
(B)neither vast amounts of money nor staff members
(C)neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members
(D)neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff
(E)no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money E2—10Each of Hemingway‘s wives---Hadley Bichardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh-were strong and interesting women,very different from the often pallid womenwho populate his novels.
(A)Each of Hemingway‘s、7lrives—Hadley Bichardson,Pauline Pfeiffer,Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh——were strong and interesting women,(B)Hadley Bichardson,Pauline Pfeiffer,Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh--each of themHemingway‘s wives—were strong and interesting women,(C)Hemingway‘s wives一Hadley Bichardson,Pauline Pfeiffer,Martha Gellhorn, and MaryWelsh—were all strong and interesting women.
(D)Strong and interesting women—Hadley Bichardson,Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh--each a wife of Hemingway, was
(E)Strong and interesting women--Hadley Bichardson,Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh—every one of Hemingway‘s wives were
E2—11 Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but about50 percent greater than the rate of price increases for other items included in theconsumer priceindex.
GMAT语法改错精解(刘振民)
(A)Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were
(B)Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was
(C)In 1986 inflation in medical costs were slowed for fifth consecutive year but were(D)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year in which inflation in medical costs slowed but
(E)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year that inflation in medical costs were slowed, but theywere
E2—12 While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing, operations,many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgradingdata-processing equipment and with the development and rnaintenance of new products andtechnical staff are prohibitive.
(A)cost associated with
(B)costs associated with
(C)costs arising from
(D)cost of
(E)costs of
E2—13 The record of the past is always incomplete,and the historian who writes about itinevitably reflects the preoccupations of their own time.
(A)the historian who writes about it inevitably reflects
(B)the historian writing about it will inevitably reflect
(C)a historian writing about it inevitably reflects
(D)writing about it,it is inevitable for historians to reflect
第四篇:GMAT语法比较结构
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GMAT语法比较结构
比较对象之间如果要能够可比的话,他们首先是概念必须对等。就是说要术语同一个类型的,如果不是同个类型,也就没有比较的需要了,因此大家注意一定要是同一类概念的才能比较,接下来小编就把GMAT语法比较结构的相关信息为大家介绍一下,希望考生能够参考,顺利备考GMAT语法考试。
比较结构指一个人、事、物与另一个人、事、物或几个人事物之间就行为、性质、特征进行比较,也可以是数量上的比较和对比。比较对象之间如果要能够可比的话,他们首先是概念必须对等。就是说要术语同一个类型的,如果不是同个类型,也就没有比较的需要了,因此大家注意一定要是同一类概念的才能比较。
在比较结构中有替代原则。比较从句中与比较对象重复的名词尽可能用that或those来代替。具体地说,在前面已经出现的不可数名词或单数名词,用that代替,在前面已经出现的复数名词,用those代替。对称原则,比较的对应部分在形式上应尽可能保持对称。语序原则。比较从句使用倒装结构和陈述语序皆可。从属原则,当一个事物与它所属的类别比较时,必须用any other把它自身排除在从属范围之外,这几点需要大家关注一下,在平时做练习遇到时也要注意。
As或than引导的比较从句中我们要注意适当的省略,不然句子显得太长了,比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同,可用do,did,does来代替。比较从句联系动词be与主句联系动词be相同,可以省略be,也可以不省略。主句谓语动词短语使用助动词或情态动词+verb形式时,比较从句往往省略verb,保留助动词或情态动词。比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时,可以全部省略,常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。比较从句的主语和主句主语相同,可以省略。
比较从句和主句时态一致的话,两个比较对象的动作发生时间相同,同一事物的不同动作发生的时间相同。比较从句与主句时态不一致,两个比较对象的动作是相同的,但其发生的时间却不一致,或同一事物的相同动作发生的时间不同,than或as从句中补充的助动词的时态由时间状语和句子意思决定的。
以上就是关于GMAT语法比较结构的相关内容介绍,希望大家能够了解。多多备考了解GMAT相关信息,争取做到万无一失。更多关于GMAT考试备考重点的介绍小编会为大家呈现。最后祝大家顺利备考GMAT考试,早日梦圆名校。
第五篇:GMAT高分心得
许的背景介绍:
成都申友GMAT班学员,考试经历很曲折,共5次,其中2次缺考,最初成绩520(数学47,语文16),1月刚考出的成绩690(数学50,语文34),语文从16进步到34,可谓飞跃式发展。
备考心得:
老师想让我说一点自己的经验,鼓励鼓励各位同学,但我的语文真的很不好,也很久不写这样的文章了。先做个自我介绍,我毕业于University of Minnesota Twin Cities,学的专业是BS 经济,辅修统计,3年毕业,GPA3.75,专业课基本全A,所以我爸妈,我同学对于我的评价都是很能学,很聪明,很自觉。但是GMAT着实给了我一个大大的打击。
从小学到初中到高中,我从来没有完完整整学过语法,对于英语的语法都是零零散散,到了美国这几年,更是忘得一干二净了。最开始接触GMAT是10年夏天,我大一暑假,买了一整套Manhattan,只是看了看数学,觉得简单,又瞄了几眼Verbal,觉得看不懂,想着反正我时间多,以后再说。到了11年暑假,意识到马上大三了,该毕业了,要申请了,GMAT还一点不知道,就在完全不知GMAT是什么的情况下报了X森,结果是我还是完全不知道它要干嘛,一点概念都没有。回到学校,超20credits一学期的课压得人喘不过气,最后和家人商量,放弃申请Fall 2012,改为Fall 2013.顺便,我也去参加了一次GMAT,明白了考试的流程,结果自然惨不忍睹。
2012年夏天,我回到成都,在建行工作,这对于我完全是挑战,早上9点上班,我8点到办公室,趁着没人,看1小时书;中午,别的员工午睡,我再看1小时书,周末,我去成都市图书馆。就在这样的条件下,我懵懵懂懂算自己理清了CR的思路。这样的效率确实不高。国庆后,我开始专攻语法,从最开始的Manhattan到白勇语法。明白了大致考哪些,但还是找不准考点,也不知道哪些是考点。这条自学的路真的不好走。2012年光棍节
第二天,我在上海参加了考试,比第一好了不少,但verbal仍然是死穴。走出考场,我很迷茫,不明白为什么我自学的方法失败了。
在我回到成都,感觉筋疲力尽,但又不甘心的时候,我妈妈提醒我,也许我该参加一个培训班,让人提点一下,就会豁然开朗。于是我参加了申友的班,从12月8号开始上课,到我最后1月16号考试,这一个月,按我爸说的话,我是把吃奶的劲都使上了。我没有参加过高考,但我觉得,GMAT就是我的高考。
我复习的过程,上完课回家马上整理笔记,对应着勾画重点,完了之后把讲义的题做完,错误的标记。然后,开始Prep,OG的练习,基本按每天100-120道SC和50-70道CR的量在做。Prep,OG我打印了好几次,反复做,不管做对做错的题,都参照了考gmat上的解析。因为我不确定自己的思路是否正确。基本当我搞定Prep和OG,我剩下的时间也不多了。
我最大的感受,最开始的时候,抓不准考点,感觉是在走迷宫,东撞一下,西碰一下,始终没有头绪。当我整理完讲义,反复研究之后,加上大量练题,感觉自己站在迷宫上方的,能有有宏观的感觉。不会因为一个单词,一句没读懂,或者题材不是我熟悉的就惊惶失措。我也觉得我参加培训的时间点非常好,当我自己已经走投无路的时候,有专业的老师点拨一下,kevin老师的方法很好,思路一下就清晰了。
不夸张,这一个月,我用烂了以前我一年在美国都用不完的笔,打完了我妈妈办公室两台打印机的墨,我也因为担心GMAT考不好,影响我的前程,睡不着,吃不下,瘦了好几斤,当然这也算GMAT给我带来的福音,但是满脸长痘痘。经过这么,我觉得GMAT不仅是一次考试,也是一次心理测试,教会我怎么扛住压力,怎么咬牙挺住。
补充一下:我总共报考过5次GMAT,第一次是我纯碎的想看看GMAT是什么样。第二次,因为我自己身体原因,缺考了。第三次,因成都没有考位,转战上海,早上7点半的飞机,谁知道在三环路,爸爸车胎爆了,我和妈妈只能5点多三环打车。第四次,我报的是成都1月10号,信心满满的到了川大,我以为时间也是和上海一样9点,谁知道成都是8点,就这么我错过了。离开教室,我给申友的Alice老师打了一个电话,痛哭一场。回家重新报名,显示要等31天,我傻眼了,无奈之下,给考试中心打了电话,她们告诉我,等状态更改后,缺考的人可以马上重新报名,我就报了16号早上8点。考完的时候,我觉得这一切的磨难,痛苦都是好事多磨。也真的印证了那句话,困难是躲不掉的,只能把它conquer。
补充一点我认为很有用的GMAT方法:作文,知道常见的几种错误方式,这个挺容易。对于CR,逻辑本质论真的很有用,特别在不太明白那段话讲的内容的时候,当然逻辑的思路也是有套路的。SC:当然是对比选项,差异既是考点,马上回忆考点。加一句,我考试前,6点多,还抓紧时间练了20道,因为我有点慢热,需要练几道题才能熟悉。RC:Alice老师的方法非常有用,对于递进,举例之类的,第一次可以省略,注意转折词,高清逻辑链。这样主旨题和作者观点自然一目了然。细节题一定回文定位。只是在时间紧迫的时候,心态一定要好。