第一篇：新东方笔记总结语法+词汇
第1课
如果想达到85分以上，词汇应该错6个以内。
Jump for the sun, at least you land on the moon.目标定的高一点有好处。
4200单词要求对于4级考试，高三毕业是1800个单词。
我喜欢这里： I like here.Right: I like it here.I can succeed.Right: I can do it.I can make it.注意生活中的英语： Nike胜利女神。Just do it.生活中的英语： Did you have a pleasant journey?(这时要用降调)
I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me.Oh, thank god!He’s not the president now.(我很害怕)I was just screwed up.(我一团糟)四级考试中常见的考察词汇的题型：
I 押韵题型（押头韵、押尾韵）；
答案总在相似中，如果有三个一样，基本上就在其中了。
54.The rain was heavy and _A_ the land was flooded.A consequently B continuously C constantly D consistently
continue v.继续，连续； continually adv.时断时续地； continuously adv.连续不断地。
说不停的咳嗽时，continually是间歇的时断时续的咳嗽，continuously是一直不停的咳嗽。
consequently adv.因此，所以；(heavy rain大雨, light rain小雨)constantly adv.始终如一地，连续发生地；constant temperature 恒温
consistently adv.一贯地，一致地； consistent adj.consistent policy 一贯的政策。
36.I hate people who _C_ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.A revise B rewrite C reveal D reverse
rewrite v.重写，改写； revise vt.修改，修正； reveal vt.揭示，揭露；
reverse vt.颠倒，使反转，使反向。(vers是词根，表示转动；re是前缀，表示向相反方向)42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available
performance n.表演，演出，演奏； perform vt.possible adj.可能的
动词后加able构成形容词通常表示“可…的” read-> readable accept-> acceptable consider vt.考虑； considerable adj.(数量或尺寸)相当大(或多)的。
preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；
available* adj.可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。(重点词)
33.In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total _D_ for living expenses.A acceptable B applicable C advisable D available living expenses 生活费； acceptable adj.可接受的；
apply vt.申请，应用； applicable adj.可应用的，适当的，合适的；
advise vt.建议； advice n.建议； advisable adj.明智的，可取的。
54.It is our _A_ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A consistent B continuous C considerate D continual
achieve unity through peaceful means 通过和平手段取得统一； consistent policy 一贯政策
II 构词法题型(词的转化，合成，派生)；
构成符合形容词的名词和数量词一律用单数。(见下面2个例题)
31.Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _B_ movie could not hold our 1 attention.A three-hours B three-hour C three-hours’ D three-hour’s 267.Professor White wrote a _C_ report yesterday.A two-thousand-words B two-thousands-word C two-thousand-word D two-thousands-words
以ly结尾的不全是副词； friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, lively adj.考试中常见的否定前缀： un-、dis-、in-、im-
56._B_ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.A Dislike B Unlike C Alike D Liking
like vt.喜欢； dislike vt.不喜欢，厌恶； unlike prep.不象…；
alike adj.& adv.同样的(地)，相象的(地)； liking n.爱好，嗜好；
take a liking for喜欢…，对…产生好感。
III近义词含义比较；
44.There were some _A_ flowers on the table.A artificial B unnatural C false D unreal
unreal adj.不真实的(不是真实世界所拥有的，虚幻的)； Ends justify means 不择手段；
false adj.具有欺骗性的，假的，伪造的； false coin/passport/hair，a false tooth/false teeth unnatural adj.不自然的，经常用来修饰人的行为举止，表示做作的，矫揉造作的。
artificial adj.人造人为的 artificial leg 假肢artificial leather 人造皮 genuine leather 真皮
54.When people become unemployed, it is _C_ which is often worse than lack of wages.A laziness B poverty C idleness D inability
laziness n.懒惰； poverty n.贫穷； poor adj.贫穷的；
idleness n.无事可做(中性，有时也有贬义含义)； inability n.没有能力，没有办法。
69.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough _A_.A nuisance B trouble C worry D anxiety
invade 进攻，侵略； nuisance n.(具体的)令人讨厌的东西； trouble n.烦恼，麻烦，问题；
worry n.担心，发愁； anxiety n.焦虑。What a nuisance.真是烦。
IV 搭配关系问题；
extent n.程度； to...extent 到达…程度，在…程度之上； extent 只能和to搭配。
object vi.反对； object + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。
objection n.反对； objection + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。
V 形相近，意相远；
65.In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _A_ spring.A late B last C latter D later
late adj.晚的，晚于通常时间的； late spring 晚春、暮春； last adj.最后的，最终的；
later adj.更晚的（late的比较级）、时间概念后一半的；只适用于表示某个世纪的后半期；
The later twentieth century.二十世纪的后一半。
latter adj.（两者中）后者的； former adj.（两者中）前者的；
59.Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _B_ in the market.A batteries B bargains C baskets D barrels
battery n.电池； bargain n.特价商品； It’s really a bargain.你真会买东西，不是说真便宜。
basket n.篮子； barrel n.桶； wonderful bargain 物美价廉的商品；bargain v.讨价还价；
53.Remember that customers don’t _D_ about prices in that city.2 A debate B consult C dispute D bargain-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------
41.The bridge was named _A_ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A after B with C by D from
cause 事业； be named after 以…的名字命名；
42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；
358._C_ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.A Inferior to B Superior to C Prior to D Preferable to
具有比较意味的形容词只要与介词to搭配即可表示其比较级。super-表示在…上方，超过… inferior adj.低于…的，劣于…的； superior adj.高于…的，优于…的； prior adj.在…之前的Revolutionary War 特指美国独立战争；second adj.第二的（含有比较意味，也与to搭配）
He is second to none.首屈一指，无与伦比；
30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from
43.It wasn't such a good dinner _C_ she had promised us.A that B which C as D what
such … that … 如此… 以至于… ； sb + be + ___ + sth 空格处应为能加双宾语的动词；
加双宾语的动词的用法：动词 + sb + sth（主动形式）； sb + be + pp + sth（被动形式）；
59.American women were _D_ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.[the right to vote 选举权]
A ignored B neglected C refused D denied deny v.否认，拒绝；deny sb sth 拒绝给予某人某物；
44.They decided to chase the cow away _C_ it did more damage.A unless B until C before D although
45._B_ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A Each B Any C Either D One
common sense 常识； each 这个词在英语中强调的是个体与众不同的特点；
any 这个词强调的是很多东西在一起的共性； either 两者之间任何一个；
31.The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at _C_ chemist’s.A each B some C any D certain
46.All _D_ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A what is needed B for our needs C the thing needed D that is needed
当all作定语从句的先行词时，从句只能用that来引导； all that = what
47._A_ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A When compared B Compare C While comparing D Comparing
本题的关键是弄清compare与mountain的关系； when 可以直接加过去分词；
before(after)+ being + 过去分词；
44.After _A_ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A being interviewed B interviewed C interviewing D having interviewed They lose their health to make money, and they lose their money to restore health.48._C_ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.[专家] A That was from Stephen B It was Stephen whom
C It was from Stephen that D It was Stephen that
本题重点是强调句式； 当被强调部分指人且在句子中作宾语时，其余部分可用whom引导；
49.If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller _D_.A suit B set C one D pair
50.Many new _A_ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.A opportunities B necessities C realities D probabilities 51.He must have had an accident, or he _A_ then.A would have been here B had to be here C should be here D would be here must have + 过去分词 表示对过去行为的肯定推测；
与过去事态相反用：情态动词 + have + 过去分词 来体现虚拟语气；
must 一定，必须； needn't, don't have to 不必；
53.You _A_ all those calculations!We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A needn’t have done B must not have done C shouldn’t have done D can not have done
should have + 过去分词 本应该，本应当； shouldn't have done本不应该，本不应当；
44.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _D_ it.A mustn’t have done B wouldn’t have done C mightn’t have done D didn’t have to do
52.It was essential that the applications forms _C_ back before the deadline.A must be sent B would be sent C be sent D were sent
It be essential that 后面一定用虚拟语气，且句子谓语动词固定为(should)+ 动词原型；
It was essential that the applications forms send back before the deadline.53.We _D_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A just have had B have just had C just had D had just had when 还可以表示①刚..就…（有动作先后关系）、②恰在此时；
44.I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _D_ I heard voices.A as B while C after D when
45.I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _C_ something occurred which attracted my attention.A unless B until C when D while
46.It was essential that these application forms _D_ back as early as possible.A must be sent B will be sent C are sent D be sent
第2课
非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子（或者句子，短语）
1.当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。
独立主格的结构1：名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。作题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。
54.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.A followed B following C to follow D being followed
49.All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
call off 取消； cancel vt.取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
36.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged as well as 和（相当于and）； be encouraged不会考。
动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；
been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励
2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt.表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的动词：
第一点：forget 忘记； [反义] remember 记得；
这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为；这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事； forget doing sth.忘记做过某事；
remember to do sth.记得要去做某事； remember doing sth.记得做过某事；
62.I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him offer vt.提出，提供； offer sb.sth./ offer to do sth.him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。
动作发出者 + 动名词；当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词；当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词（宾格）+ 动名词。
形容词物主代词：his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二点：want 想要； want to do sth.想做某事； want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
48.Your hair wants _B_.You'd better have it done tomorrow.A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut 注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
18.This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三点：mean 意味； mean to do sth.打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味着，…的意思是…
25.There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble.[reception desk 接待台]
A making B to make C to have made D having made
5-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------55.The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected watch 看电视用，看比赛用； see 看电影用；
感官动词watch, see, hear； 感官动词 + 名词（代词）+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的结果； being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
56.The engine _D_ smoke and steam.A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放弃； give in 屈服，让步； give off 释放，放出（烟和气体）；
give away 泄露，走漏风声；婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程；赠送礼品。
57.The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb.+ 分词； inform v.通知，告知； inform sb.of sth.通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
60.The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb.（注意要看整个句子）； fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him.我和他打起来了。I fight with him against her.我和他并肩对付她。
61.I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.A all in all B above all C after all D over all
all in all 总而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 毕竟，终究；overall 全面的，总体的in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。
62._B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now
now that 既然，由于（相当于since）； ever since 自从…以来。
与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：
now that 既然，由于； in that 因为； except that 除…之外。
except后面加名词或代词；except that后面加句子。
63.What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to
be attached to 连接，附属； This school is attached to Beida.这所学校附属于北大。
responsible to 对…负有责任； resistant adj.反抗的，抵抗的； water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 与..相反（相违背）。
64.John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做过某事； regret to do sth.遗憾的做某事（应用语境非常有限）。
63.We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice
out of work 失业； out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着； out of practice 缺乏练习。
65.They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward in spite of 尽管； carry on 坚持，继续。
66.Mrs.Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.A to have left B to be leaving C to leave D to have been left
be supposed to do sth.应该（理应）做某事。
37.He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.A known B considered C regarded D supposed regard as 把…认作
67.My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A treated B adjusted C adopted D remedied
treat 对待，处理； I’ll treat you.我请客，应用于真正请客之前。It’s on me.应用于结帐时。
adjust vt.调整，调节； adopt vt.收养，领养； remedy vt.弥补，补救，修正；
68.A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A working out B having worked out
C having been worked out D to have been worded out yields 产量； work out 作出，推出
关于百分数之前介词的用法
increase to 80 percent 增加到80%（增加到用to）
increase by 60 percent增加了60%（表示增加的幅度用by）
55.Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.A by B for C to D in
69.Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.A hurt B damaged C spoiled D harmed spoil vt.宠坏，溺爱
70.When Mr.Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.A take B hand C think D get
take over 接管接收； hand over 移交，交出； think over 仔细考虑； get over 克服，战胜。
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41.We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have _A_ one this month.A another B more C the other D other
不定代词：1 两者中的一个用one；另一个则用the other； 2 很多东西中的一个用one；
剩下的所有叫the others； 3 很多东西中的一个用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一个叫another；
在剩下的里面再拿一个还叫another（单数概念）； 4 很多东西中拿了若干出来用some；
剩下所有叫others； other 后通常要加可数名词的复数形式； more 要用在数词的后面
once more 再来一个（用于很不正式的场合）vravo 再来一个（用于正式场合）
44.No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.A the other B any other C another D other neither 两者中任意一者都不
42.It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.A impression B reaction C comment D opinion reaction n.反应； reaction to 对…作出反应。
43.I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.A finish what I did B finished what I did
C would finish what I was doing D finished what I was doing
as soon as所引导的时间状语从句与主句的时态搭配有一种情况是主从句都用一般过去时。
45.We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.A benefits B affects C guides D effects
affect vt.影响； effect n.影响。
46.Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?
A in relation to B in contrast to C in excess of D in favor of in relation to 与…相比； in contrast to 与…形成对照；
in excess of 超过，超出（一定的限定范围）； in favor of 赞同，支持。
47.Children are very curious _D_.A at heart B in person C on purpose D by nature
at heart 在心理，在内心； heart 强调的是内心的感情，mind 强调的是思维，头脑，soul 灵魂
in person 亲自，本人； on purpose 有意的，故意的； by nature 生性（天性）使然。
48.The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.A objected to having B were objected to have C objected to have D were objected to having
58.The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.A have told B having told C being told D be told confess v.忏悔； confess to 承认，坦白。
49.The teacher doesn’t permit _C_ in class.A smoke B to smoke C smoking D to have a smoke
permit v.允许，准许； permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事； permit doing 允许做某事。
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21.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.A postpone B refuse C delay D cancel
22.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.A all the information B all the informations C all of information D all of the informations
23.Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.A had he arrived B would he have arrived C did he arrive D should he have arrived 24.Young people are not _B_ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.[参与，参加]
A conservative B content C confident D generous
conservative adj.保守的； conservative party 保守党； content adj.甘愿的，满足的；
confident adj.自信的，有信心的； generous adj.慷慨的，大方的。
25.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.A granted B implied C exaggerated D remedied
maintain 坚持认为； medium n.媒体单数，media n.媒体复数；
grant vt.授予，给予； imply vt.隐含，暗示； exaggerate v.夸大，夸张，高估；
remedy vt.弥补，补救，修正。
26.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.[victims 受害人]
A unrecorded B to be unrecorded C unrecording D to have been unrecorded 27.I have no objection _B_ your story again.[object to + 动名词] A to hear B to hearing C to having heard D to have heard
28.The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.A curiosity B status C determination D significance status n.身份，地位； significance n.意义，重要性；
29.By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.A accurate B urgent C excessive D adequate
accurate adj.精确的； urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的； excessive adj.过多的，过度的；
adequate adj.充足的，足够的。
30.You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.A to be advertised B advertised C advertise D advertising
31.The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.A go along with B go back on C go through D go into go through 经历
32.The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A would present B present C presents D ought to present
suggestion, suggest 所引导的句子都用虚拟语气。should +（动词原形）
34.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.A to stop B stopping C stop D having stopped suggest + doing也可以
33.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A whose B which C that D what whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.35.I didn't know the word.I had to _C_ a dictionary.A look out B make out C refer to D go over
look up 查阅； look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查单词；
reference n.参考书目； reference room 资料室；
36.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory.[sufficient 充足的，足够的；grounds 论据；arguments 论点] A to be based on B to base on C which to base on D on which to base
base vt.以…作基础，基于… which引导从句时，如果从句是介词结尾则介词应在which之前。
on which(he is)to base
37.There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A that B which C in which D whose
sign n.迹象； fact n.事实； evidence n.证据；后面常加同位语从句来说明具体内容。
同位语从句用that（不能省略）引导。
38.I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.[or else 否则，要不然]
A or else B and then C or so D even so
39.It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.A partial B beneficial C preferable D liable
partial adj.偏袒的，偏爱的（经常与to或towards搭配）
40.In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures.[figures 数目，数据；extra 额外的，附加的]
A extensive B spare C extra D supreme
41.“I'm sorry.Mr.Williams _A_ to a conference long before then.” A will have gone B had gone C would have gone D has gone
当要表达将来的行为在将来的某时间之前完成用将来完成时，将来完成时结构：will have + p.p.42.You _D_ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A shouldn't follow B mustn't follow
C couldn't' have been following D shouldn't have been following should have + p.p.本应该； shouldn’t have + p.p.本不应该
43.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A have allowed B allow C allowing D allows
part-time 兼职； full-time 全职； flexible working patterns 弹性工作制； training 培训；
retraining 再培训； take advantage 利用；
44.Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A assembled B accumulated C piled D joined assembled 聚集； secretary 书记。
45.Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.A include B involve C contain D comprise involve 引起，与…直接有关
46.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least.[the least 最高级]
A with which B for which C of which D which
42.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _C_ obtaining water is not the least.[the least 最高级]
A for which B to which C of which D in which
47.In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to million.[in the event of 万一，如果]
A face B time C event D course
in the face of 面对； in the time of 在…时期； in the course of 在…期间。
48.The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.A had not worked B not to work C does not work D did not work
would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词用一般过去时）
49._D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her
如果用although引导则应改成：Although he likes her very much, …
50.The British constitution is _B_ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.[无论是在空格前还是后，如果出现了名词extent要找介词就着to] A within B to C by D at to a large extent 在很大程度上。
第3课
倒装：倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。
谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。
谓语中的一部分通常是指：
1、系动词；
2、助动词；
3、情态动词。
全部倒装的五条原则：
1.There be句型（表示有）；
2.以There或now开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；
There you go again.你又去那里了。
3.以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are.拿去。
4.以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；
在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。
5.以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。
部分倒装的六条原则：
1.so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；
nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；
2.省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；
3.as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；
系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。
例如：She is beautiful.They are students.四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。
26._B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published
当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。
being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被出版。
此句恢复正常语序应为： As it was published at such a time … 4.表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；
常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly(… when), scarcely(… when)；
seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；
under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。
5.only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）
43.Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。
6.注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。
-------------------------1991-06-------------------------强调句式的补充内容：被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。
60.When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is prevent sb.from doing sth.妨碍（阻止）某人做某事。
强调部分本为： it is what that prevents so many …
又因为句中有疑问词，应写为： what is it that prevents so...11 但强调句式在句中作宾语成分，故正确写法为： what it is that … 50.I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go
than 除构成固定短语外就要与比较级搭配，不会单独出现； rather than + 动词原形；
平行结构，遇到平行结构时应做的两步： 找出连接词，2 使要填部分与已给出的对应部分形式完全一样。
51.I appreciate _D_ to your home.A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited appreciate + 动名词（不能加动词原形，不能加句子）。
41.I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep your keeping 动名词的复合结构。you keeping 也是正确的。
52.I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.A regard B counting C account D observation take sth.into account 考虑。
54.Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.A take away B take over C take up [占据] D take in
55.When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.A got off B got across C got away D got over got over it 克服战胜。
56.Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.A rate B speed C pace D growth
pace 节奏； rapid pace of modern life现在生活快节奏。
57.San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely
rarely, usually 都是频度副词。通常频度副词的位置在系动词之后，表示实在意思的词前面。
58.The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A having known B being known C knowing D known
know 没有现在分词；know 用主动形式时只能和两个介词搭配：of, about。
known for 以…而著名。
60.I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.A a large enough coat B an enough large coat C a large coat enough D a coat enough large enough 修饰形容词时要放到形容词后面。
61.I always _B_ what I have said.A get to B hold to C lead to D see to
本题所有选项中的to都是介词，其后加动词动名词的形式。
hold to 坚守，信守； see to 负责做，处理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）
62.No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.A when B then C than D until no sooner … than 一…就…
63.Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A what B which C that D whose
evidence 证据、sign 迹象、fact 事实，后面都要带同位语从句，且从句用that引导。
64.He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York.[too … to，太…而不能…]
A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to 65.He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable
guilty adj.有罪的； be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj.悲惨的。
66.The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.A in B at C during D over
ceremony n.典礼，仪式。要表达在某典礼（仪式）上用介词at。
at the graduation ceremony 在毕业典礼上。
67.What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose do you supposed 常做插入语。
68._D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.[despite prep.尽管； as for 关于，至于] A As for B Besides C Except D Despite
69.How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.A have B has C having D to have
influence on 对…造成影响，很大的影响中形容词用的是strong。
70.He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself hurt oneself 自残； be to + 动词原形，将要做某事；
-------------------------1993-06-------------------------
41.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
42.Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.A and B but C or D an order
and 在这里表示一种结果，翻译成“那么（和）”。只有两种情况下and才会这样翻译：
1.省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2.祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。
47.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen
43.I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order order n.定购，订单； purchase n.购买。
45.By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding 如果一个句子的时间状语是由by引导的，则时态要选择完成时态。
将来的行为在将来的某个时间之前就已完成用将来完成时。
solution to a problem 一个问题的解决方案。
46.Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.A take on B get on C put up D look up take on 承担； take on responsibility 承担责任。
47.Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one dinner n.正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n.夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n.早餐； lunch n.午餐；
brunch n.早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]
48.We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.A inform B informs C informed D has informed
desire v.要求，表要求时后面加句子要用虚拟语气，(should)+ 动词原形。
其他同样用法的词还有ask, demand, request, require.49.Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。vary vi.变化。
vary from … to … 从一种形式变化到另一种形式。vary between … and … 在两者之间进行变化。
29.Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.A change B vary C alter D convert
individual n.个人，个体； individualism n.个人主义。
44.The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A alter B shift C transfer D vary
50.A man escaped from the prison last night.It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D when
It + 系动词 + 一段时间 + before引导的句子 在…之前花费多少时间。
54.Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A since B when C after D before
51.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail.[keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神] A in B at C for D on
52.There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.A retain B endure C maintain D survive
retain vt.保持，保留； endure v.忍受； maintain vt.维持，保持，坚持认为；
survive vi.生存； vt.活过 …（宾语为某种灾难）。survive a flood 活过一场洪水。
前缀sur表示过 …，外，超； vive 表示生活，强调活着。
54.They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.A which is B which was C they have D it is
less … than句子前后要平衡结构。
55.In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.14 A attend B attended C to attend D attending
far more than 远远多于，远不止于；也要句子前后平衡结构。
56.The French pianist [n.钢琴师] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down
turn up 后面不加宾语表示出现，后面加宾语表示将声音调高，调大；
turn in + 宾语 上缴，交出； turn down 将声音调低，调小；拒绝；
refuse sb.指直接的回绝； turn sb.down 则指委婉的拒绝；
turn out + 动词不定式 最终证明是，结果是。
57.Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.A risen B arisen C raised D arrived
因本句未加宾语，估不应选不及物动词，可排除C项； arrive vi.到达，抵达；
rise vi.升起，升高（侧重指旗帜或太阳升起）；数量的增高（侧重指水位、价位）；
the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太阳东升西落。
arise vi.升起，升高，出现，发生（经常与抽象名词联用）。
69.A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.A arise B rise C raise D arouse
33.Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.A raised B aroused C arose D rose
58.He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.A genuine B minimum C modest D generous
name after 以…的名字来命名。genuine adj.真正的，货真价实的； genuine leather 真皮；
minimum adj.最低的，最小的； modest adj.谦虚谨慎的，适度的；
generous adj.慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修饰贡献等用这个）。
59.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.A who B that C what D which
which在这里是引导非限定性定语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句有2个特点：
1.which前面有逗号与其他句子分开。2.which指的是前面整句话的内容。
as也可以引导非限定性定语从句，指的都是一句话的内容。
which指一句话的内容只能置于该句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。
67._C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.A That B Which C As D It
60.In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.A gaps B intervals C length D distance
interval n.间隔（即可指空间间隔，也可指时间间隔），四级考试中专考时间间隔的概念。
interval是固定与介词at搭配的。
23.Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.A gaps B rate C length D intervals
at regular rate 以规则的速度； at regular interval 以规则的时间间隔；
61.Mr.Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given
64.Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A destroy B resist C assume D cancel 65.She is _C_ a musician than her brother.A much of B much as C more of D more as be of 具有某种性质、品质或特点；
66.Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.A service B sentence C crime D crisis
sentence n.判决，判刑； crisis n.危机； economic crisis 经济危机；
68.The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A all their homes B all whose homes C all of whose homes D all of their homes 当给出了句子的主语，且后面有两部分谓语动词，这两部分谓语动词之间又没有连接词，时态也不同时，离主语近的谓语动词应为从句的组合成分。
69.You can't afford to let the situation get worse.You must take _D_ to put it right.A decisions B directions C sides D steps
take steps 采取措施，采取行动； take measures 采取措施；
70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
1.如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气。
2.如果if only后面的句子表示与过去的事实相反，这时谓语动词用过去完成时体现虚拟语气。
47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时，也可以用would + 动词原形。
-------------------------1995-06-------------------------
42.Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A having been fined B to have been fined C being fined B to be fined escape + 动名词。
44.It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started
recommend vt.推荐，建议，后面加句子要用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式：(should)+ 动词原形
45.I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept
wish 后面的句子要用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。
might经常被翻译成或许。
46.We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.A had telephoned B must have telephoned C would telephone D would have telephoned
otherwise, or等表示“否则”的词，后面句子都要用虚拟语气。
48.While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news [最新的消息], it is unlikely that television _A_ the newspaper completely.16 A will replace B have replaced C replace D replaced
49.An Olympic Marathon [马拉松] is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately [大约] _B_ from Marathon to Athens [雅典].A distance B the distance C is the distance D the distance is
50.You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _D_ to suspend your tent.A there B them C where D which
介词 + which + 动词不定式(to do sth.)整体做定语。
本句可改写为：You will want two tress about ten feet apart, to suspend your tent from.只要见到有介词出现在空格之前，而选项中有which, them, there, where等词则应选which。
51.As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _C_ to ask my boss.A many B most C much D more
当many没有修饰任何其他词而单独出现时表示很多人。much在这里相当于many things。
52._A_ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A Until B Before C From D Since
until recently 直到最近； not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。
53.The survival of civilization as we know it is _C_ threat.A within B towards C under D upon under threat 受到威胁。
55.In some countries, _D_ is called “equality” [平等] does not really mean equal rights for all people.A which B one C that D what
that可以引导主语从句，但只做引导词而不充当任何成分。
56.I walked too much yesterday and _A_ are still aching now.A my leg muscles B my muscles of leg C my leg's muscles D my muscles of the leg 英语中一个名词修饰另外一个名词时第一个名词要用单数。apple trees, eye drops 57.Radio, television and press _B_ of conveying news and information.A are the most three common means B are the three most common means C are the most common three means D are three the most common means
几个词修饰一个名词时修饰词的顺序应为：1.定冠词the应该放在最前面（离名词最远）的位置；
2.数词应放在第二位；3.最后考虑其他形容词。
58.Liquids are like solids _C_ they have a definite volume.A with that B for that C in that D at that
三个与that的搭配的表达形式：now that, in that [因为], except that。
59.When a fire _C_ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A broke off B broke down C broke out D broke up break out（火灾、战争）突然发生，爆发；
60.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _D_.[make up for 弥补]
A stand up to B put up with C come up with D make up for
61.Then the speaker _B_ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A went after B went into C went for D went on
go after 追求，设法得到； go into 谈论，叙述； go for 袭击/支持； go on 继续。
62.The students was just about to _C_ the questions, when suddenly he found the answer A arrive at B submit to C give up D work out
63.When there are small children around, it is necessary to put bottles of pills out of _B_.A hand B reach C hold D place
out of reach 够不着； within reach 够得找。
64.The _D_ of blood always makes him feel sick.A form B look C view D sight
form n.形式，形状； view n.风景，景色/视野，视域； look 指的是主观有意识的看；
sight n.看见，瞥见（不强调主客观）。
66.Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as _B_ sickness A normal B ordinary C average D regular
sickness of mind 精神病； normal adj.正常的； average adj.平均的，中等水平的；
regular adj.有规律的，规则的； ordinary sickness 一般性疾病。
68.Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only _C_ to his confusion.A extended B amounted C added [add to 增加] D turned 70.It took him several months to ___ the wild horse.A tend B cultivate C tame D breed
tame vt.驯服； breed 强调的是繁殖，侧重指大批量的繁殖。
It take sb.sometime to do sth.做某事花了某人多少时间。
第4课
主谓一致：指的就是给出主语，要求判断谓语动词是用单数还是复数的问题。
一、就近原则：
指句子的主语由两部分单词或短语构成时，由离谓语动词近的那部分主语来决定谓语动词的单复数。
只有当以下单词或短语连接主句的两部分时就近原则才适用：
1.or 或者； 2.either … or … 不是…就是…，…或… ； 3.neither … nor … 既不…也不… ；
4.not only … but also … 不但…而且… ； 5.not … but … 不是…而是… 例如：主语1 or 主语2 谓语动词。此时由主语2决定谓语动词。
10._C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A Are B Where C Is D Does
如果题目改变为：Either he or his accountants ___ going … 则应选A
二、句子谓语动词一定用复数的两种情况：
1.集合名词做主语，集合名词没有复数形式，因为他本身就代表一个复数概念。
常见的几个复合名词： people 人民，人们； police 警察； cattle 牛； poultry 家禽。
2.表示数量的复数名词 + 不可数名词，整体做主语时
例如：去年出口了八百万顿煤。Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.三、谓语动词一定用单数的六种情况：
1.句子的主语是由从句充当的、动词不定式短语作主语、动名词短语作主语；
2.表示时间、重量、长度、价值四方面的词做主语；
399.--“How many days?”
0--“Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?”
A are B were C was D is
3.表示单数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词也用单数；
因为此结构中短语只是对主语提供附加说明情况，所以谓语动词也用单数。
当以下这些标志性的介词或介词短语出现在此结构中时可以不管中间的附加说明情况：
with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as 注意：表示复数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词应用复数。
4.each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六个词中任何一个所构成的复合代词作主语时；
some经常构成的三个复合代词：something, somebody, someone；
no经常构成的三个复合代词：nothing, nobody, no one； either of + 短语；
5.通常由and连接两部分这种形式做主语谓语动词要用复数，但在以下两种情况下则应用单数；
1> and连接的两部分指的是同一事物；
2> and连接的两部分被no, each, every中任何一个词修饰时；
例如：每位男士和女士都要着装得体。be supposed to do sth.理应，应该做某事。
Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.11.Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them
many a(an)很多，相当于many； many a(an)+ 可数名词单数，做主语时谓语动词用单数。
6.many a(an)+ 可数名词单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
9.Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.A have known B know C knows D is knowing not only … but also … 的一种变形形式，not only … but … 另一种变形形式not only … but … as well
combination n.密码； combination to the safe 保险箱密码； securities有价证券。
-------------------------2000-01-------------------------
41.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she _A_ too long.A has been reading B had read C is reading D read had read 过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。
has been reading 现在完成进行时：指某行为从过去一点到现在一直在进行。
42.Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.A attention B attraction C appointment D arrangement
tourist attraction 旅游胜地； attention n.注意力； appointment n.委任的职位，约会；
date n.日期，约会，枣；表示约会时指的是异性之间的私人约会。arrangement n.布置，安排
blind date 两人第一次见面的约会。appointment 指公事性质的，比较正式的约会。
43.I don't mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.A you to delay making B your delaying making C your delaying to make D you delay to make
mind 后要加动名词； delay v.耽搁，延误（后面也要加动名词）
45.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.A being cultivated B been cultivated C having cultivated D cultivating
46.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.19 A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated 注意：seat是及物动词，及物动词用主动形式，后面要直接加宾语。
Be seated please.请坐。英语中只有及物动词才有被动语态。
47.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.A is worn B wears C wearing D are worn
当wear表穿戴时，而句子的主语是被穿戴的东西时，wear是不及物动词，没有被动语态。
65.The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.A transformed B transported C transferred D transmitted 字根trans在四级中着重考的含义是“从一个地方到另一个地方”。
transform 改革，变革，改变； transport 运输； transfer 转移，移动；
transmit 传送，播送；疾病的传染，传播； transplant 移植。
48.Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.A transplanted B transformed C transported D transmitted 49.Wouldn't you rather your child _B_ to bed early? A go B went C would go D goes
would rather的两种用法：1 would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（句子谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气）。
50.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life.[wonder后面要加疑问词] A that B what C it D this
51.The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind.He is still influenced by them.[lasting adj.持久的，永久的； liberal adj.开明的，心胸开阔的] A long B lively C lasting D liberal 52.Mike's uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.A staying not B not to stay C that he would not stay D that he not stay insist的两种用法：1 insist on … 坚持，坚决要求； insist + that引导的从句（从句谓语动词为[should] + 动词原形）
53.We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.A whatever B whomever C whichever D whoever they thought是插入语，可以不看； tourist guide 导游。
56.Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A by which B to which C in that D so that
句子的意思是：如果冲突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。
in that 因为； conflict n.冲突； relative merits 相比较而言的优点； so that 以至于。
57.He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A optimistic B optional C outstanding D obvious
optimistic adj.乐观的； pessimistic adj.悲观的； be optimistic about 对…持乐观态度。
optional adj.随意的，任选的，非强制性的； optional courses 选修课；
outstanding adj.卓越的，杰出的； obvious adj.明显的。
58.Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.A be living B were living C would live D would have lived wish后加的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
与现在事实相反，wish后的句子经常用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。
59.The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.A at B in C of D with
be critical of 对...爱挑剔的，批评。
60.In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.A attack B burst C split D blast
within reach 够得着； out of reach 够不着； burst 爆发，迸发；
burst可以与很多词语搭配表示突然发作： 能与人的情绪（喜、怒、哀、乐）搭配； 2 能与掌声、笑声搭配。
61._D_ she realized it was too late to go home.A No sooner it grew dark than B Hardly did it grow dark that C Scarcely had it grown dark than D It was not until dark that
no sooner在句首时句子要用部分倒装；hardly要与when搭配；scarcely也要与when搭配。
62.In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.A swallow B dispose C consume D exhaust
swallow 吞，咽； dispose 去掉，处理，安排； consume 消费，消耗； consumer 消费者；
exhaust 将资源消耗殆尽；如果与人在一个句子中搭配则表示使人精疲力竭。
63.I'd _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A take into account B account for C make up for D make out take into account 考虑； make up for 弥补，补偿。
65.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.A mild B slight C light D tender
mild adj.不辣的； hot adj.辣的； extra hot 极辣的；
light adj.清淡的，容易消化的；蛋糕点心等松软的； muffin n.松饼；
slight adj.轻微的，少量的； tender adj.肉嫩的。
steak n.牛排；rare 三成熟的；medium 七成熟的；well-done 全熟的；medium rare 五成熟。
66.We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.A beyond B for C without D under
take sth.for granted 把什么事当成理所当然的而不重视； beyond prep.超出 … 的范围。
67.The computer revolution may well change society as _C_ as did the Industrial Revolution.A certainly B insignificantly C fundamentally D comparatively
certainly 当然的，确定无疑的（主观思想较浓厚）； insignificantly 没有意义的，无足轻重的；
comparatively 相比较而言的； fundamentally 根本性的，从本质上来说。
68._C_ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.A To look at B Looking at C Looked at D To be looked at
70.Some women _D_ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.A must make B should have made C would make D could have made for the sake of为了… ；为了…的利益；
与过去事实相反时用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词；
should have + 动词过去分词，表示本应该…-------------------------1997-06-------------------------32.You cannot be _B_ careful when you drive a car.A very B too C so D enough
cannot too 在…也不为过，越…越好。
34.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _A_ the color of his skin.[regardless of 不管，不顾]
A regardless of B in the light of C by virtue of D with the exception of
35.Housewives who do not go out to work feel they are not working to their full _B_.A strength B capacity C length D possibility
strength n.力量，体力，实力； capacity n.才能，才智（能力方面）。
38.The old couple decided to _C_ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.A adapt B bring C adopt D receive
39.The government is trying to do something to _D_ better understanding between the two countries.A raise B increase C heighten D promote promote better understanding 增进理解。
40.The newspaper did not mention the _A_ of the damage caused by the fire.A extent B level C range D quantity
extent作核心名词，表示到…程度了，介词用to。
41.The soldier was _A_ of running away when the enemy attacked.A accused B charged C scolded D punished
be accused of 被指控，被职责； be charged with 被指控。
42.Had he worked harder, he _D_ the exams.A must have got through B could get through C would get through D would have got through
had he worked harder(虚拟语气)= if he had worked harder … 与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词的过去分词。
45.It seems oil _B_ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A had leaked B has been leaking C leaked D is leaking
for + 一段时间，做时间状语，谓语动词用完成时态。过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。
46.When he arrived, he found _C_ the aged and the sick at home.A nothing but B none other C none but D no other than 形容词前加the表示一类人。none but 只有，仅有。
47.The pressure _B_ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A competing B to compete C to be competed D having competed the right to vote 选举权。动词不定式作后置定语要用主动形式。
the pressure to compete 竞争的压力。
49.As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _C_.A have to be said B must say C ought to be said D need to say
50.Once environmental damage _A_, it takes many years for the system to recover.A is done B is to do C does D has done
51.Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, _B_ a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.A as for B such as C in case of D in view of contribute to 对…做出贡献。
52.He will agree to do what you require _D_ him.A for B from C to D of
require sth.of sb.要求某人做某事。
53.The mere fact _A_ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A that B which C what D why fact后面要加同位语从句。
54.John seems nice person._C_, I don't trust him.A Even though B Therefore C Even so D Though even so 即便如此，尽管如此。
55.I don't think it advisable that Tom _A_ to the job since he has no experience.A be assigned B will be assigned C is assigned D has been assigned advisable后面加句子要用虚拟语气，形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
56._D_, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A Other things to be equal B Were other things equal C To be equal to other things D Other things being equal B项如果不省略if应为：If other things were equal 如果从句用虚拟语气，主句也必须用虚拟语气形式。
other things being equal 在这里是独立主格做条件状语。
57._C_ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A For B Since C Now D Despite 注意以下三个后面加句子的表达形式：
in that 由于，因为； 2 now that 既然，由于； 3 except that 除了…之外。
59.By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _B_ children as Coca-Cola.A for B with C to D in
be popular with + 人的群体 受…欢迎。
60.Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _A_ his opinion.A stuck to B strove for C stuck at D stood for
be convinced of 深信，确信； stick to 坚持； strive for 力求，拼命争取。
Don’t strive for perfection.不要凡是都力求达到完美状态。
-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------48.It’s no use _B_ me not to worry.A you tell B your telling C for you to have told D having told
It's no use + 动名词。动名词的复合结构，宾格（形容词性物主代词）+ 动名词。
52.If it _A_ too much trouble, I’d love a cup of tea.A isn’t B wasn’t C weren’t D hadn’t been 一般日常用语，用一般时。
56.She was glad that her success would ___ for the women who would follow.A make things easier B make it easier C be easier D be easier to make make for 导致，促成；朝某个方向前进，走向那里。
不要选有代词指代不明的选项。A项中的things指的是境况，境遇。
60.We object _C_ punishing a whole group for one person’s fault.A against B about C to D for
68.The newest satellite can _A_ a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time.A carry B extend C bring D take
carry vt.传送，传输； extend vt.延伸，延续（extend to 延伸到，延续到）。
fetch vt.去拿来，去请来，去叫来； fetch water 打水。
-------------------------1995-01-------------------------
41.The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _B_.[spare parts零部件]
A are producing B are produced C produced D being produced
48._A_ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.A To become B Become C One become D On becoming
master's degree 硕士学位； 当介词on后面加动词ing形式时表示时间概念“在…之后”。
49.The little man was _C_ more than one metre fifty tall.A nearly B quite C hardly D almost hardly more than 不足，不到。
36.The little man was _B_ one metre fifty high.A almost more than B hardly more than C nearly more than D as much as 53.Medical care reform has become this country's most important public health _C_.A question B stuff C matter D issue
matter 事物，事情； question 有疑而问，并且有待回答的问题；
questions and answers Q & A 问与答； issue n.问题（强调的是政治方面的问题）。
1999年前，台湾问题Taiwan issue；1999年后，台湾问题Taiwan question，态度转变。
60.If you don't like to swim, you _B_ stay at home.A should as well B may as well C can as well D would as well may as well 还是，到不如。
70.They are teachers and don't realize _A_ to start and run a company.A what it takes B what takes it C what they take D what takes them start and run a company 创立并经营一家公司。
-------------------------1996-06-------------------------
23.A healthy life is frequently thought to be _D_ with the open countryside and homegrown food.A tied B bound C involved D associated
be involved with 牵涉，卷入； be associated with 与...相关，联系起来。
homegrown food 自家种的食品； wine 葡萄酒； house wine 自家的酒。
33.The traditional approach _A_ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A to dealing B in dealing C dealing D to deal approach n.方式，方法； approach to + 动名词。
43.It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _C_?
A we are going home B we go home C we went home D we can go home it's about time后面加句子，要用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。
44.Lightning is a _A_ of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to another.[Lightning n.闪电]
A rush B rainbow C rack D ribbon
rush n.冲撞，冲击，撞击； rainbow n.彩虹，幻想； rack n.支架，挂架；
ribbon n.缎带，丝带，绒带。
46.I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, _A_.A however much it costs B however does it costs much C how much does it cost D no matter how it costs
however在这里不表示转折，而是句子的引导词，这种情况下它相当于：no matter how。
意思是，我已经决定要买了，不管多少钱。
47.New York _A_ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000 pounds this year.[rank 排名，名列第几，强调名列前茅；Big Apple 纽约] A ranked B occupied C arranged D classified
第5课
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的规则用法：
1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：had + 动词过去分词；
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。
注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should, could, would, might.使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could, would.2 主、从句都表示与现在事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + 动词原形。主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：were to + 动词原形（重点）、should + 动词原形、动词过去式；
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + 动词原形。
二、虚拟语气的特殊应用： would rather + 句子，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。
有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：
a.如果该句子如果表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。
b.如果该句子如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。
70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed
47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
注意：当if only后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would + 动词原形。当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。
a.表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.[move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气] b.表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.c.表示指挥、命令的：order, command, direct.d.表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.25 4 it is + 第三点中动词的过去分词 + that引导的从句。
这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：
important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）。第三点中动词相应的名词形式 + that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.6 以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
or(表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)
当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。
含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的：
lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..条件下)它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。it is time 是...的时候了。
这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：it is high time / it is about time.这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。注意以下两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。
这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。
a.四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect.它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。
I don't believe that he should be cheated.我不相信他也会被骗。
b.it is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪
以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。
错综时态的虚拟语气
错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。
60.If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.A wouldn't be smiling B couldn't have smiled C won't smile D didn't smile 2.If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.A you won’t find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now 3.He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed 16.It is a shame that he _B_ that poor little girl!
A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving
18.Mrs.bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _D_ her son's sleep.[lest(以免，防备)后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形] A would interfere with B had interfered with C interfered with D should interfere with-------------------------1996-01-------------------------
21.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfected now.A)developed B have developed C are being developed D will have been developed
22.This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A gives B grants C entitles D credits
A,B两项都要加双宾语，结构为：gives / grants sb.sth.entitle sb.to sth.使某人有权得到某物； credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。
相信飞机失事是由飞行员错误造成的。Credit the crash to the pilot's mistake.crash 坠落，坠毁（专指飞机失事）； collision 碰撞（强调两个物体碰撞，如火车、汽车等）。
we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.23.You _D_ her in her office last Friday;she's been out of town for two weeks.A needn't have seen B must have seen C might have seen D can't have seen
24.That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D_ the police.A called in B calling in C call in D to call in have no choice but to do sth.别无选择，只能做...25.She was so _B_ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door.A attracted B absorbed C drawn D concentrated
be attracted by 被…所吸引； be absorbed in 全神贯注（专注）于做… be drawn in 被诱骗（诱使）做...； concentrate on 专注于。
I was simply drawn in.我是被诱骗上钩的。
27.At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _B_ to another subject.A committed B switched C favoured D transmitted
switch to another subject 转换话题； switch to another channel 转换频道。
28.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 o'clock at night.[虚拟语气]
A were not played B not to play C not be played D did not play
29.Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _D_ through the window.A vision B look C picture D view view n.景色，风景，视野，视域。
30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from
具有比较意味的形容词都要与介词to搭配。
32.The manager needs an assistant that he can _A_ to take care of problems in his absence.[in his absence 在某人不在场的情况下]
A count on B count in C count up D count out
presence n.到场，出席； in one’s presence 在某人在场的情况下。
count on=depend on 指望，依靠，依赖； count up 算出总数；
count in 把…算在内； count out 把...排除在外。
33.The organization had broken no rules, but _A_ had it acted responsibly.A neither B so C either D both
34.We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _D_ view.A from B in C before D into
come into view 进入视野，进入眼帘。cheer n.欢呼； cheers 干杯；
cheer-team 拉拉队； cheer-leader 拉拉队长。英语中为了…干杯用介词to引起。
to your health 为了你的健康干杯； to friendship为了友谊干杯。bottom up 先干了。
35.They took _D_ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A fruitful B beneficial C valid D effective
take effective measures 采取有效措施。valid adj.有效的，成立的。
36.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _A_ it comes to classroom tests.A when B since C before D after
sure 做定语时表示“可靠的、稳妥的”。come to 谈到，提及。
37.Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _D_ directed.A like B so C which D as
drug n.药品，毒品。gay adj.放荡的，快乐的； n.同性恋者，尤指男性同性恋。
so后面加过去分词表示一种程度。as后面加过去分词时表示“如同…那样，正如…那样”。
53.I hope all the precautions against air pollution, _D_ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.A while B since C after D as
precautions n.防治措施； precautions against 防治…的措施。
after being + 过去分词，注意：after后面不能直接加过去分词。
38.In developing countries people are _C_ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.A breaking B filling C pouring D hurrying pour into 涌入，蜂拥而入。break into 强行闯入。
39.It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _A_ by about 10%.[output 产量]
A will have risen B has risen C will be rising D has been rising 表达将来的行为在将来某时间之前完成用将来完成时。
40.If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have got in.A to close B closing C to have closed D having closed remember to do sth.记得要做某事但没做。
41.There are other problems which I don't propose to _A_ at the moment.A go into B go around C go for D go up at the moment 目前，现在。go into 谈论，讨论。
42.Don't get your schedule _C_;stay with us in this class.A to change B changing C changed D change
43.It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _A_ knowledge.A extensive B expansive C intensive D expensive
extensive adj.范围广大的，广博的； extensive knowledge 知识渊博。
expansive adj.扩张的，面积广阔的； expensive adj.昂贵的，高价的。
intensive adj.仔细深入的，细致入微的。
54.The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into _C_ care.A tense B rigid C intensive D tight
to such an extent 到如此的程度。intensive care 特级护理。
44.Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _B_ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.A has to get B were to get C had got D could have got
46.A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _B_ much sharing of interests and responsibilities.[a love marriage因相爱而结婚形成的婚姻] A take over B result in C hold on D keep to
not necessarily 未必； interests n.利益。take over 接管，接收；
result in 导致，结果是； hold on 坚持，挺住； keep to 坚持，遵守。
47.The ability to store knowledge makes computers different form every other machine _A_ invented.[ever adj.曾经，以往任何时候] A ever B thus C yet D as
48.I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a(n)_C_ promise to help you.A exact B defined C definite D sure
definite: unlikely to be changed 不可能被改变的； definite promise 不可能被改变的诺言。
49.I have kept that portrait _B_ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.A which B where C whether D when
which在定语从句中除了做主语就是做宾语，when在定语从句中只能做时间状语。
remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事。
50.The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _D_ because of the bad weather.[sports meet=sports meeting 运动会] A set off B broken off C worn off D called off-------------------------1997-01-------------------------21.Until then, his family _D_ from him for six months.A didn't hear B hasn't been hearing C hasn't heard D hadn't heard until then 直到那时。hear from sb.收到某人的来信，得到某人的消息。
22.The conference _B_ a full week by the time it ends.A must have lasted B will have lasted C would last D has lasted 见到介词by引导的时间状语，谓语动词就应是完成时态。
24.Physics is _B_ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.A alike B equivalent C likely D uniform
be alike to sb.对于某人来说均是一样的。be equivalent to 相当于。
All tastes are alike to him.所有味道对他来说都一样。
27.The new appointment of our president _A_ from the very beginning of next semester.A takes effect B takes part C takes place D takes turns
semester n.学期； president n.大学校长； take effect 生效，发生效力；
take part in 参与，参加； take place=happen 发生； takes turn to do sth.轮流做某事。
28.The president made a _A_ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.A vigorous B tedious C flat D harsh
ceremony n.典礼，仪式；表达在某个典礼上介词用at。vigorous adj.强劲有力的，强有力的。
harsh adj.刺耳的，令人不愉快的； flat adj.平淡无奇的； tedious adj.冗长无聊的。
29.It is useful to be able to predict the extent _C_ which a price change will affect supply and demand.[extent to]
A from B with C to D for
30.Finding a job in such a big company has always been _D_ his wildest dreams.29 A under B over C above D beyond beyond one’s wildest dreams 做梦也想不到。
31.It is not easy to learn English well, but if you _C_, you will succeed in the end.A hang up B hang about C hang on D hang onto hang on 坚持，继续下去。
32.It is reported that _C_ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.A the most B most of C most D the most of
most单独出现的时候有两种词性要考虑：1 adv.非常；2 adj.大多数的。
the most后面加多音节的形容词或副词构成该句的最高级。
most of + 名词，表示这些名词中的大多数。make the most of 充分利用。
34._D_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.[Were they to arrive=If they were to arrive]
A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive 35.The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages: several fishing boats were _A_ and many houses collapsed.A wrecked B spoiled C torn D injured
collapse vi.倒塌，坍塌； wreck vt.（船只）遭到破坏。
torn原形是tear，n.眼泪，vt.撕裂，撕开。
37.As _B_ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.A being B is C to be D been
注意两个非限定性定语从句的引导词：as, which。
which在做非限定性定语从句引导词时有两个特点： which前要有逗号与前面句子分开； 2 which引导非限定性定语从句指的是前面整句话的内容。
只要引导非限定性定语从句as和which都指一句话内容，区别在于which只能放在它所指那句话的后面，而as可以在前面也可以在后面。
38.You see the lightning _A_ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A the instant B for an instant C on the instant D in an instant the instant=as soon as 一…就…
39.The manager lost his _B_ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A mood B temper C mind D passion lose one’s temper 发脾气。
40.Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _C_ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A are to challenge B may be challenged C have been challenged D are challenging as表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以放在引导词之前构成部分倒装。
41.Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you _D_ the new carpet.A crash B pollute C spot D stain
pollute vt.污染； spot n.地点，场所，斑点，污点；v.使…上有斑点、污点。
spotted dog 斑点狗。stain v.弄脏，玷污，染色。
59.The tomato juice left brown _A_ on the front of my jacket.A spot B point C track D trace
42.I'd rather read than watch television;the programs seem _B_ all the time.A to get worse B to be getting worse C to have got worse D getting worse
all the time 始终，一直。
43.Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are _D_ in grocery stores.A ready B approachable C probable D available
convenience foods 方便食品； instant coffee/noodle 速容咖啡/速食面。
ready adj.准备好的； approachable adj.可接近的，平易近人的，亲切的。
probable adj.可能的； available adj.可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。
44.When I caught him _A_ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A cheating B cheat C to cheat D to be cheating
45.It is important that enough money _A_ to fund the project.A be collected B must be collected C was collected D can be collected 46.Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't _C_ so much noise.A resist B sustain C tolerate D undergo tolerate vt.忍受，容忍； undergo vt.经历，遭受。
48._C_ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.[at one time 曾经，一度] A On B By C At D Of
49._A_ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A Believe B To believe C Believing D Believed believe it or not 信不信由你。creat a stir 引起轰动。
50.Mr.Morgan can be very sad _C_, though in public he is extremely cheerful.A by himself B in person C in private D as individual in public 在公众面前； in private 私下单独一个人的时候。
第6课
关于逗号的一些知识
原则：逗号没有能力连接两个单独的句子。
如何区分短语与句子？一个结构如果有完整的谓语部分就是句子。
何为完整的谓语部分？如果能判断出一个结构的时态就可以称这个结构为完整的谓语部分。
在什么样的情况下一个逗号可以将句子分成两部分，而这两部分都有完整的谓语呢？两个句子中间有连接词连接； 这两个句子是主从句关系（主从句之间一定要有句子引导词来引导）。
10.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _A_, we declined the offer.[declined v.婉言谢绝]
A not being finished B not having finished C had not been finished D was not finished
42.A survey was carrie3d out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _D_ were surprising.[survey 调查]
A as results B which results C the results of it D the results of which
51.All flights _D_ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could no nothing but take the train.[having been canceled这里是独立主格作原因状语] A had been canceled B have been canceled C were canceled D having been canceled
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46._A_ the calculation is right scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.[variable n.变项，变量；model vt.建模] A Even if B As far as C If only D So long as
even if 即使，即便； so long as（后面加句子时）只要。
47.My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there _B_ by then.A would leave B will have left C has left D had left 将来完成时：will have + 动词过去分词。
49.Harry was _A_ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.A stung B stuck C bitten D scratched
sting v.（蜜蜂）叮，蛰； bite v.（蚊子等）咬； scratch vt.抓伤，划破（通常指猫抓人）。
once bitten, twice shy.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。
50.The thief tried to open the locked door but _B_.A in no way B in vain C without effect D at a loss
in vain 徒劳，白费工夫； But很少与介词without联用； at a loss 不知所措。
52._B_ seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.A By B On C At D For
on后面加动词ing形式表示“在…之后”这个时间概念。
54.Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _C_ during the day.A should have done B would have done C may have done D must have done
should have + 动词过去分词，表示本应该做； may have + 动词过去分词，表示可能做过；
与过去事实相反的虚拟语气主句谓语动词的表达形式可能用到：would have + 动词过去分词。
must have + 动词过去分词，表示对过去行为进行肯定推测。表示一定做过；
can't have + 动词过去分词，表示对过去行为进行否定推测，表示不可能做过。
56.This crop does not do well in soils[各种土壤] _B_ the one for which it has been specially developed.A outside B other than C beyond D rather than
outside prep.在…外边； rather than 而不是（肯定前者，否定后者）。
beyond prep.超出…的范围； beyond his wildest dreams 超出他最狂野的梦想。
other than 不同于，而非，当它与否定词no或not出现在同一个句子中时表示“除…之外”。
66.In no country _A_ Britain, it has been said, can on experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A other than B more than C better than D rather than 63.My father seemed to be in no _A_ to look at my school report.A mood B emotion C attitude D feeling
be in no mood to do/doing sth.没有情绪（心情）做什么事情。
67.I'm sorry I can't see you immediately;but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you _B_.[in a moment 马上，立即（它作为时间状语时一定与将来时态搭配）= in an instant.] A for a moment B in a moment C for the moment D at the moment
68.The trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasn't bothered by his loudness _D_ by his lack of talent.[trumpet 小号]
A than B more than C as D so much as
当否定词not与so much as出现在同一句子中时，它们的含义是：与其说…不如说… 70.Our journey was slow because the train stopped _D_ at different villages.A unceasingly B gradually C continuously D continually
unceasingly adv.不停止地，不休止地； gradually adv.逐渐地，逐步地；= step by step.continuously adv.连续不断地； continually adv.时断时续地。
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43.Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most _A_ populated regions of Western Europe.A densely B vastly C enormously D largely
densely populated 人口分布稠密； sparsely populated 人口分布稀疏。
52._D_ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.A None B Either C Both D Neither
none表示的是三者或三者以上都不； either表示的是两者之间任意一者。
55.Beethoven is my favorite musician.I regard him as _A_ other musicians.A superior to B more superior than C more superior to D superior than 注意：具有比较意味的形容词只需要与to搭配，而无须more, than。
58.She is a very _D_ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake.A anxious B effective C adequate D efficient
anxious adj.忧虑的，焦虑的； anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑； effective adj.有效的；
take effective measures 采取有效的措施； adequate adj.充足的，足够的；= surficient.efficient adj.效率高的，能胜任的。
64.The computer has brought about surprising technological changes _B_ we organize and produce information.A in a way B in the way C in that way D in no way in the way 引导句子时表示“在...方面”。
170.Please move this chair, it is _A_.A in the way B on the way C in a way D by the way in the way在没有引导句子时表示“挡路的，妨碍某人的”。
67.In Australia the Asians make their influence _C_ in businesses large and small.A feeling B feel C felt D to be felt
考试中常见的几个使役动词：make, get, keep, leave.考试中的形式：使役动词 + sb.(sth.)+ ___ 此时空格处应填分词
具体是要填现在还是过去分词由空格前的sb.(sth.)决定，如果它是动作的发出者则填现在分词，如果它是动作的承受者则填过去分词。
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41.He came back late, _B_ which time all the guests had already left.A after B by C at D during
介词by引导时间状语时一定与完成时态搭配。
45.His remarks left me _D_ about his real purpose.A wondered B wonder C to wonder D wondering
49.Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still _D_.A blank B hollow C vacant D bare
blank adj.空白的（因为没写字而空白）； hollow adj.空心的，中空的；
bare adj.光突突的（山上没有树和草）；没带首饰的； bald adj.秃顶的。
50.Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of travelling _D_ heavy schedules.33 A with regard to B as to C in relation to D owing to owning to = due to 因为。
52.William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _C_ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A peculiarly B indifferently C vigorously D inevitably peculiar adj.奇特的； indifferently adv.冷漠地，不积极地；
vigorously adv.强有力的，强劲有力的； inevitably adv.不可避免地，必然地。
60.We have been told that under no circumstances _A_ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A may we use B we may use C we could use D did we use
61.In previous times, then fresh meat was in short _D_, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.[in short supply 供应不足] A store B provision C reserve D supply
in previous times 从前； fresh water 淡水； fresh meat 鲜肉； dove n.鸽子；
bean curd 豆腐； Bible 圣经； bible 具有权威性的书； God 上帝； god 神。
62.As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _C_ for our defense.A had been taken B would be taken C be taken D to be taken 以下几个表示“指挥，命令”的动词：order, command, direct.在引导宾语从句时从句要用“(should)+ 动词原形”来体现虚拟语气。
63.A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _A_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A had come B coming C come D that came
65.I was _B_ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A to B on C at D in
to the point of 到了…程度； on the point of doing sth.正要做某事情；
at the point of 在某点上； when除了表示“当…时候”外，还可以表示“恰在此时”或“刚…就…” 68.The project _C_ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A accomplished B being accomplished
C to be accomplished D having been accomplished
69._C_ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A If being B It is C There is D There being
evidence表示“证据”，最大的特点是后面经常带同位语从句说明证据的内容。
language-acquiring ability 语言习得能力。evidence不用在“it is …”这种结构当中。
64.After the guests left, she spent half an hour _C_ the sitting-room[客厅].A ordering B arranging C tidying up D clearing away
order vt.命令；订购；整理，使有条理性； order one's thoughts 整理思路，整理思绪；
arrange v.布置，安排； tidy up 整理，使整洁（后面通常加某个房间）；
clear away 把…清除掉。
67.A lorry[卡车] _A_ Jane's cat and sped away.A ran over B ran into C ran through D ran down
run over 撞倒并碾过； run into 不期然地遇到； run through 贯穿（多用于抽象事物）；
run down 贬低； run down one's opinion.34 70.Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _A_.A appreciated B approved C appealed D applied
rare books 珍藏本的书籍； appreciate 重视，欣赏，感激； approve 批准，通过，赞成；
approve of 赞成，满意； apply 应用，运用；
appeal 呼吁（表示此意义时它经常于for搭配）；申诉，上诉（表示此意义时它要于to搭配）。
-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------15.Will you _C_ coming to dinner with me? A have the pleasure of B give the pleasure in C do me the pleasure of D take pleasure in
pleasure n.荣幸； 第二选项的正确形式应为：give me the pleasure of C选项也可写为：do me the favor(favour)of
18._C_ Goul had said it, he knew what a mistake he had made.A at once B No sooner C The moment D Hardly
以下几个引导词都可以表示“一…就…”：as soon as, the instant, the moment.25.Norin received a bad wound _B_ the leg when he was shot at.A on B in C at D of
表示身体某一部位受伤用介词in。hit sb.in the face 打某人一个耳光。
28.Cork was angry;_D_ he listened to me.A and B but C so D nevertheless
cork n.软木塞。nevertheless conj.尽管如此。
34.That _A_ instrument can record even very slightly changes.A delicate B feeble C sensible D feasible
instrument n.仪器，（弹奏的）乐器； delicate instrument 精密仪器。
delicate adj.精密的，准确的； feeble adj.软弱的，无力的； sensible adj.明智的；
sensitive adj.敏感的； be sensitive to 对…很敏感； feasible adj.可行的，行得通的。
40.Let’s begin the lesson at the place where we _A_ last time.A left off B left out C left to D left up leave off 停止，中断； leave out = omit 遗漏；
43.Education does not _D_ simply _D_ learning a lot of facts.A consist;of B consist;from C consist;for D consist;in consist of 包括； consist in（抽象意义的）在于 = lie in在于。
49.There is no tree _A_ bears some fruit.A but B which C that D unless
but用在否定句中并且后面引导一个句子时相当于“that...not”。
本句可改写为这种形式：There is no tree that does not bears some fruit.50.“Will you be able to finish the job this week?” “_D_.”
A I don’t know so B I can’t say so C I’m not sure so D I don’t expect so I don't expect so 恐怕不行。
394.“I hope that John will play basketball tomorrow.” “Yes, I _D_.” A hope it too B hope too C hope that too D hope so too 395.“I slipped on the stairs.I think my arm is broke.” “Oh, I _D_.” A do not hope so B do not hope C hope not so D hope not 肯定用：I hope so.否定用：I hope not.51.She died when she was ninety, not of old age, but _B_ head injury when she fell down a 35 flight of stairs.A of B from C with D for
die of 表示因年老，疾病或饥饿而死亡； die from 指因为受伤而死亡。
57.You have no busniess _D_ to me the way you did the other day.A to be talked B being talked C to talk D talking have no business doing sth.没有理由（权利）做某事。
132._B_ day Bill was starting his motor-bike when his sister Mary came out and asked for a lift.[the other day 几天前]
A Some B The other C Another D On one 65.I’d just as soon _A_ rudely to her.A you didn’t speak B that you don’t speak C that you won’t speak D you hadn’t speak
wish, would rather后面加句子，句子谓语动词用一般过去时。
would just as soon的用法与would rather完全相同。
69.Which screw do you want? _A_ will do.A Any one B Not one C Everyone D Anyone
any one 任何一个（指事物）； no one 没有人； everyone 每个人； anyone 任何人。
73.I suppose you’re not serious, _C_? A don’t you B do I C are you D aren’t you 主、从句整体变反意疑问句时通常都与主句保持一致。
但suppose, think, believe, imagine这四个动词后面加了宾语从句，然后对整个句子来变反意疑问句时反意疑问句部分与从句保持一致。
82.The chair belongs _B_ the corner.A to B in C on D with
belong to 属于（表示归属关系）； belong in 在…有适当的位置。
94.The terrible noise is _B_ me mad.A turing B driving C setting D putting drive sb.mad(crazy)使某人发疯。
114.We are bound _B_ with difficulties in our English study.A to have met B to meet C meeting D having met be bound to do sth.一定会做某事。
118.Everyone assumed what he said _B_ based on facts.A is B to be C were D being
assume sb.(sth.)to do sth.想当然的认为某人（某事物）要做某事。
assume + that引导的从句。
129.The shape of Italy on a map has often been compared _C_ a long Wellington boot.A as B with C to D against
compare与with搭配，表示将A与B进行比较； compare与to搭配，表示将A比作B。
130.Since everyone would like to find an apartment near the university, there are very few _C_ apartments in the area.A free B empty C vacant D reserved vacant adj.空闲的。
144.I know Jonathan quite well and never doubt _B_ he can do a good job of it.A whether B that C when D what
doubt + whether引导的从句，怀疑是否… ； doubt + that引导的从句。对...真的有疑虑。
156.Let bygones be bygones.Don’t _D_ so much on the past.A lie B lay C dwelt D dwell
let bygones be bygones.让过去的过去吧。dwell vi.居住； dwell on 老是想着… 162.Intellect is to the mind _B_ sight is to the body.A which B what C where D but
what这时连接两个句子，表示“有如”或“就像…一样”。
what只有用在这种“A对于B来说就象C对于D一样”句型当中时。
Air is to man what water is to the fish.空气对于人类来说就象水对于鱼来说一样重要。
165.His honesty is _D_, nobody can doubt it.A in question B beside the question C out of the question D without question in question = under discussion 正在讨论中的； beside the question 离题，与题无关；
out of the question 不可能的； out of question 没有问题的，毫无疑问的；
without question 没有问题的，毫无疑问的 = out of question.172.Nearly all major cities in the US are crime-ridden.New York is _A_.A a case in point B a case to point C the case D in the case of a case in point 有说服力的例子。
185.“Frank is up late working again.”
“This is the third time this week he’s had to study late, _A_?” A isn’t it B hasn’t it C isn’t he D hasn’t he 这里it是代词，指代前面整句话的内容。
表示“第几次做某事”变成反意疑问句经常用it指代整句话的内容。
252.This is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months, _B_? A hasn’t he B isn’t it C isn’t he D hasn’t it 191.A judge must be _B_ when weighing evidence.A interested B disinterested C uninterested D disconnected
weigh vt.斟酌，考虑； interested adj.有兴趣的； disinterested adj.公正的，无私的；
uninterested adj.不感兴趣的； disconnected adj.分离的，不连贯的。
217.Although he sometimes lost his temper, his pupils liked him _D_ for it.A not so much B not so little C no more D no less lose one’s temper 发脾气。
222.Wise men seek after truth, _A_ fools desire knowledge.A whereas B or C as well as D hence whereas conj.反之，但是。
239.Water and air are _D_ to living.A independent B initial C dependent D indispensable be indispensable to 至关重要的，不可或缺的；
240.This report throws light _B_ the situation.A in B on C with D to
throw light on 把光投到…上去，（引申）清楚的阐述。
246._B_ that we will go abroad.A It’s like B Chances are C The most likely D Chances will be chances are 很有可能… ； chances were 很有可能… 253.Is there any chance _B_?
A whichever B whatsoever C wherever D whenever
whatsoever经常放在一些名词后面作后置定语，表示“任何的”或“丝毫的”。
whatsoever作后置定语通常放在有any的，或者是否定的句子中。
262.She is so clever as to speak several foreign languages, not to _D_ of English.A say B tell C read D speak not speak of 更不用说 = not to mention 270.What he did was _C_ than a practical joke.A anything else B or else C nothing else D more else practical joke 恶作剧； nothing else than 只不过，仅仅。
283.I’ll be away for about six months but you can write to me _A_ my brother.A in care of B by care of C with care of D under care of in care of 由…转交。= C/O
284.Correct the errors, _D_, in the sentence.A if there will be any B if there are some C if they have any D if any if any是一个口语中经常加的插入语成分，表示“如果说有…的话”。
288.There is no point _C_ in a dangerous place if you can’t do anything _C_ the people who have to stay here.A remaining … helping B to remain … to help C in remaining … to help D in remaining … helping
there is no point in doing sth.做某事也是毫无意义； 这里point表示“作用，用途”。
291.Do most of us seeing people grasp casually the outward features of a face and _D_? A let it alone B let alone C let well alone D let it go at that seeing people 视力健全的人； casually 随意地，随便地；
let is go at that表示“不去多操心，不再多说，随它去了”。
316.The policemen went into action _C_ they heard the alarm.A presently B promptly C directly D quickly directly adv.直接的； conj.一…就…，一当…时候。
表示“一…就…”的几个短语：as soon as, the instant, the moment, directly.323.The cat is, _D_, a member of the family.A as to speak B no wonder C as a fact D so to speak so to speak 可以这么说。
335.“What can I do for you?” “If you _C_ see Mr.Keller, give him my regards.” A would B will C should D shall regard n.关心，致意，问候，考虑；
356.The Mayor and Corporation of Hamelin were _A_ for some way of ridding the town of rats.[The Mayor and Corporation 市长和市政当局]
A at their wit’s end B at their wits end C in their wit’s end D for their wits end at one's wit's end 智穷才竭，黔驴技穷。
383.I think your sister is old enough to know _B_ to spend all her money on fancy goods.A other than B better than C rather than D more than know better than 明白事理而不至于做…
417.The police looked _B_ the past record of the suspect.A in B into C for D of
第二篇：新东方3500词汇课堂笔记
词根：fem/ femin 词根的意思是“女的，女性的”。
Female，和male相对，简单记一下male是男性，所以female则是女性。因为“fe”读音同“非”。从构词法角度看，female是由“fem+ ale（adj.词根）”组成。由上面的词根意思可以得出这个单词的意思。
Feminine，同样也是跟女性有关的一个词。意为“女性的、妇女的”
Feminism这个词是由“femin+ ism（主义、思想）”组成。那么它的意思是女性主义。
词根circum，它作为词根的意思是“环绕、周围”的意思。
第一个单词：circumstance，是由“circum+ stance”组成，这个stance是个名词性的后缀，和stand这个词很相近，这里理解为“站”，一个站着，它的周围是什么？当然是环境，周遭的意思啦。Circumnavigate这个词同样也是两部分组成，这个词根后面的这个缀是navigate，是由navy加上“-gate”这样一个表示动词属性的缀，我们知道navy是海军，航海的意思。那么navigate其实就是航海的意思。再加上前面的词根，就是环航世界的意思。Circumspect同样也是两部分组成。那么-spect这个词根的意思是“看”，那么如果一个人在一个环境下东看看，西望望，说明这个人怎么样？应该是很小心谨慎的吧。所以我们这样得出这个单词的意思。
好，我们看前缀com/ con, 那么它们俩的意思都是“一致、共同、完全”的意思。第一个单词是combine，是由com+ bine 组成的，那么词根bine的意思是捆绑，集合的意思，所以combine就是联合、结合的意思。记住它的短语叫： combine…with…。Compatriot依然是两部分组成，后面patriot是爱国者，依据词缀含义，那么compatriot为：同胞。Commend由com+ mend 组成，mend作为词根的意思是“信任、命令”。所以commend是赞扬，赞许，推荐的意思。可以看一下下面的词汇扩展，它的意思是因为某事而表扬、赞许某人。
Compete，两部分组成，其中词根pete的意思“追逐，追求”，如果一件事，很多共同去追求，这就形成了比赛，竞争。这个单词的意思也就出来了。它的名词是competition，要记住。
Compress，两部分，词根press是挤压，压缩的意思。所以这个单词的意思也就是压缩，压制。Conclude，两部分，词根clude的意思是“关闭、结束”，之前我们学的include、exclude中的clude就是这个意思。那么conclude什么意思呢？“完全关闭、完全结束”，那当然是总结、作结的意思了。比如，我们写文章得出一个结论，我们就可以说：reach a conclusion（它是conclude的名词），或者说arrive at a ~。
词根phone，作为单词是电话的意思。当它作为词根，意思是“声音”，telephone，两部分组成，tele-是“远程的”，phone是声音，远处传来的声音，应该是电话才能做到吧。Microphone，读音是什么？“麦克风”，对，意思出来了。词根vis，它的意思是“看”，visit，两部分，尾缀it的意思“走”，那么边走边看，当然是访问的意思了。记住这个短语：pay a visit to，访问。下面的一个单词vision，它的后缀是ion，表示名词性的后缀，词根我们已知晓，所以单词的意思肯定跟“看”有关，意思是“视线，视觉”。Visual，同样两部分组成，其中ual是形容词性的后缀，这个单词依然与看有关，所以意思是“视线的，视觉的”。
词根graph，当它作为一个单词时，意思是“图表，曲线”，是个基本词。当它作为词根时，意思表示“写”，由此我们看，telegraph，两部分组成，tele，这个前缀，前面的课程我已经跟大家讲过，它的意思是“远程的、长距离的”，那么“长距离的写”是什么意思？那只有“电报机可以做到。”因为电报机可以这边写，另一边就可以接收的。词根sym，它的意思是“相同，一致”，symmetry，由sym+ metry构成，其中metry这个词根的意思是“结构”。那么“相同的结构”？当然是对称了，它是个名词。Sympathy，它的词根pathy 来自于passion，passion我们都知道它表示的是“情感”，所以把前缀连起来就是“同样的情感”，同情。
例句：重点记住show sympathy for sb.“对某人表示同情”；do sb.a favor 帮助某人。
前缀de，是一个比较常见的前缀，它的主要意思有：去掉、变坏、离开、向下，总之是不好的。
Destruction，三部分：de+ struct+ion，其中struct就是来自于structure，（结构、框架），那么de表示变坏，该单词就是“破坏、毁坏（结构）”。
Desalt，salt大家都知道是什么，de是“去掉”的意思，该单词就表示去掉盐分。
Deforest是什么意思呢？“砍伐、毁坏森林”，动词。Devalue，就是降低、去掉价值。
Depress，press是压制，压缩的意思，那么de表示“向下”，所以该单词的意思是压缩，压制。
下面的两个斜体单词分别是：declare 和determine，它们前面共有的前缀de意思就不是我们上面所陈述的意思了。它表示强调。Declare，de+clare, clare同clear，“澄清，弄清”，所以declare是宣告、宣布的意思。Determine，它的词根termine的意思是决心，所以determine为“下决心”，determine to do something，语气比decide要强。
Detrain，train在这里意思是“火车”，那么该次的意思是下火车。
Decode，code是密码，decode是取消密码，解码。
Defame，fame是名誉，名望的意思，所以defame就是伤及名誉、名望的行为。“诽谤、中伤”。
下面看family，再熟悉不过了，“饭米粒”吗？
Familiar是由family+ ar（表示人、物的名词性后缀），那么家人是不是最熟悉的人？当然！所以familiar作为形容词是“熟悉的”，记住它的两个短语“be familiar with/ to”，一定要知道怎么用。给个公式：主体+ be familiar with+客体。比如，We are familiar with KFC；
二、客体+be familiar to+ 主体。如，Michael Jackson is familiar to us.Unfamiliar是familiar的反义词。
下面我们看，daily，它由两部分组成：day+ly.这个词有三种词性，一、名词，报纸名：China Daily, 这个daily就是“日报”的意思；
二、形容词。Daily work（日常工作）；
三、副词。如，we do our homework daily.我们每天都做作业。
Trial，由try+al变来的。“-al”是一个形容词性兼名词性的后缀。比如arrival，survival里面的al是名词性后缀，所以它们都是名词。既然这个词由try变来，意思肯定跟try还是分不开的，所以它是“尝试、试验”的意思。我们看一下词汇扩展：
第一个，be on trial，意思是“在试验中、在受审中”。例句的意思是：我提到的案子还在审理中，结果将会在今天下午公布出来。
第二个，trial and error，意思是“反复试验”，这个短语务必记住。例句意思是：很幸运，爱迪生通过反复试验，最终发明了电灯泡，他为我们的夜晚带来了光明。
第三个，trials and tribulations，我们先看一下例句，我们必须努力尝试克服—？—达到事业上的成功。句子中问号，我想在读完这句话以后应该能猜出来它的意思了。对，“艰难困苦”。再看几组词：frontier/ boundary 这两个词都有范围，界限的意思，只不过最大的区别是frontier是“国境、边界”的意思，比如漠河那个地方就是一个frontier，因为它是中国与俄罗斯的国界线。而boundary则适合用于像安徽和江苏之间的范围界定，因为它们同属一个范围，属于中国。对不对？
Holiday和holy，holy是个基本词，“神圣的”，所以由它做词根，加上一个后缀day，组成holiday，神圣的日子。在外国，holiday就是神圣的日子，因为它们要做礼拜。下面两个介词短语，on holiday/ on vacation.两个短语意思基本相同，“在度假中”。
课后练习详解：
6、答案选D。这里有一个固定搭配，cause and effect：因果（关系）。其他词都不可以。A项reason是理由的意思；B项impact是“不好”的影响，有个搭配，have an impact on sb./sth.对„„有影响；fact：事实。
7、答案B。A项event，大事件；B项是冒险的意思，但它区别于adventure的地方时，venture的这种冒险很有可能导致“丧命，财产”等这样的损失。D项是expect的名词，表示期望、愿望、期盼。句意：每个新的冒险都有可能赚钱或者亏本。
8、答案选B。在这里，依据句意是店家克扣斤两，意思是缺斤短两。在四个选项中，可以修饰weight的是short，而不选C，就像英语中我们修饰价格一样，你见过expensive/ cheap price这样的表达了吗？
9、答案是B。C项首先排除，因为如果用spend的话，主语一定是人！D项也是的。而答案在A和B，如果用Ａ的话，中间一定加个宾格，如cost sb sth.(money/ time).10、答案选C，所以选项除了D项表示责任以外，其他三项都有错误的意思。而A和B都表示一般性错误，不牵涉到责任的那种错误。而C项则牵涉到责任。电视机爆了，小男孩想要推卸责任。
11、答案选D。A项是trace的现在分词形式，作为动词的意思是追踪、回溯。显然不合题意。而B项，skipping是跳读的意思，不合适。C项是检查、调查的意思，也不合适。而最后一项scanning的意思是浏览。故选。
12、答案是B。依据句意是给连体婴儿做分离手术，好，找下面的四个单词，哪个有分离的意思即可。A项isolate意思是孤立，C项分配，分开的意思，通常和into一起连用。D项是移开、移走的意思。
13、答案是B。依据句意，A项是提高的意思，C项是加强，D项是鼓励。B项是刺激的意思。句子讲的就是喝咖啡有刺激作用，可以让你清醒。
巩固与提高：1、2、3、答案选D。固定搭配。Take one’s advice，接受某人的意见。A项是重视的意思； B项是通知，C项是课程，都不合句意。答案选A。依照句意，是把药品放在儿童够不着的地方，只有A项可以。Out of reach。
答案选A。hold是把扶、扶持的意思。其他的选项不合句意。B、留下；C保持；D、做，完成。
第三篇：新东方笔记2009笔记大总结
阅读
一、主旨大意题
1.问法：
a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型 2.命题规律：a.首段 b.尾段
c.中间段
3.方法：首末句原则法（首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句）4.技巧：①结构 a.2~4→尽可能用完 b.≥5→用过1/2部分
②首段首句问句
③首段尾段独句段：主旨题即为此句
④首段举例/谚语：一定在首段两句
5.选项分析：正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑
错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立 6.词汇：同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇
二、例证题
1．问法：example;case;cite;mention;illustrate;prove/show 2.解题方法：跳开本句，左（90%）顾右（10%）盼
3.技巧：①准确定位 ②例子不看 ③90%→一句 10%→一句二句
三、指代题
1.问法：―代‖→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语
↘which 一定向左，可以指代单词，也可以指代句子 2.方法：代入→语法功能→向左or向右
四、长难句分析
1.定义：30words左右，多个分词，多个从句 2.分析：前→后 寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词
转折让步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳过，定状细节尽量删
五、文章来源题 1.方法：中心思想法
2.来源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography
⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture
六、细节题 ㈠事实细节题
1.问法：4W/H 实义 题干+正确选项=原文一二句 2.方法：寻读①key words（a.实词 b.一次）②research(a.顺序 b.关键词第一次出现的地方)③position（a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同义转换/词性转换/上下文）
3.命题规律：①转折词（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically）附近②专有名词（人名地名年代）③特殊标点符号④段落首末句 4.技巧：①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义 ⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆，不要指着读
5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变
错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调 6.复习：①思路scan ②在找到的位置达到择读 ㈡是非判断题
1.问法： which； true； correct； mention； except 2.命题规则：①中心思想法（3错1对）②并列列举（3对1错）3.方法：① 3错1对 中心思想法 ②3对1错 选项反定位法 4.解题技巧：①判断是3对1错还是3错1对 ②看题目是否有指定段落 ③看是否有关键词
七、论点论据题
1.题型：①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题
2.文章结构：①花开两朵型（总分）②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型（倒序，结果常在开头）④问题解决型（常以问题开头）⑤层层递进（具体→概括 中心常在最后一段）
八、观点态度题
情感词：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary
贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted
中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral 干扰词： indifferent, biased, contemptuous ①
口诀法：有客观选客观，没客观选乐观，没乐观选谨慎，没谨慎选惊讶 ②
中心思想法：寻找情感 技巧：①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度 ②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关 ③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端 ⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确 ⑥I hold,personally---表作者
九、语义理解题
1.命题规律：①一词多义②特殊词（符号/缩略词/拼缀词）③超纲词汇
2.方法：看选项词性（浏览选项）→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃（跳开本句，左顾右盼）3.选项分析：正确答案常为引申含义，错误选项常为表面含义
十、判断推论题（整体推论&局部推论）
1.问法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know 2.方法：5→尾段末两句
1→首段首末句
2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落
↘中心思想
↘中心思想 ↘中心思想 Ⅰ 题顺序
无顺序：主旨大意 作者态度 是非判断 顺序： 事实细节 语义理解 判断推论 Ⅱ 试卷做题顺序
a.阅读A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）b.作文（60min）→阅读A（80~100min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ 点面结合法（全读）①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心
步骤：1.1min通读5个题干（语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项）2.通读全文（7~8min）标记题干，上下段首末句
3.回读标记，选择答案（7~8min）
四原则：a.时间对等 读全文=做题 b.首段原则（关注首段，尤其是转折词之后）c.首末句原则 d.路标原则（离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号）Ⅳ解的结构
⑴中心思想是解 ⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趋势是解（trend to, tendency）⑷变化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具体不是解，概括才是解
⑺简单不是解，复杂才是解 ⑻绝对不是解，相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解 ⑽出乎意料是解 ⑾内容积极向上是解 ⑿常识是解 ⒀本质是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（选项相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）
08年 主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10 翻译
redguard.**
1.信（忠实原文）达（语言通达）雅（习惯修辞）技巧：不翻被动，换主语 ①硬翻 ②主宾颠倒 ③―是‖―有‖→实义 ④添主语 2.考研翻译―八荣八耻‖
以勇于亮剑为荣，以跳过不做为耻；
以直接翻译为荣，以通读全文为耻； 以忠实原文的直译为荣，以天马行空的意译为耻；以宏观把握为荣，以斤斤计较为耻； 以紧扣真题反复训练为荣，以盲目模拟为耻； 以给出一个译文为荣，以给出多个译文为耻； 以做到信达雅为荣，以通篇翻译为耻；
以写对中文汉字为荣，以写错中文汉字为耻。3.做轻重：重---谓语核心 轻---从、分、小
动性词←动词不定式，分词，介词，动名词 承载一个意群（动态意群拆分法）
4.步骤:①找出动性词 ②圈定动性词所辐射的意群范围（引导词、关系词、标点符号）③逐个翻译意群（切块翻译意群）④按中文表达习惯调整语序（调语序做勾联）词法翻译①语境②汉语习惯③词根词缀
1.词义选择---词无本义，意由境生（根据上下文or汉语表达习惯选择词义）2.中英思维区别：英式思维（直线性、重举例、重数据、自爱）
中式思维(迂回性、重说理、轻量化、博爱)3.词义引申：①抽象化引申 ②具体化引申 ③词性转化 4.定语从句：which, that, who要么做主语，要么是宾语
如果定语从句内容简单，信息负载量不大，可以提到中心词前翻译，引导词不需翻；
如果句子内容复杂，信息负载量大，要翻到先行词之后，独立成句，重复先行词。5.状语从句：when, while, that, for, although
从句引导词及从句本身一般都按字面翻译，整个从句翻译后与原文没多大区别。6.同位语从句：同位语从句中 that不充当句子成分
简单的同位语从句往往译成定语，放在名词前； 而复杂同位语从句往往独立成句，that→―：‖
一、并列结构：两个或两个以上的并列成分，有明显的连词或标点连接，翻译时常常需要重复并列成分.最常见的连词是：and, or, but, whether…or…, neither…or…, not only…but also
二、否定结构：
1.部分否定：指代词或副词，如all, both, every, everybody, every one, many,everything等与否定词not搭配使用，常翻译为―并非所有‖，all… not…―不全是‖；both…not…―并非两个都‖；not always―不一定‖，not ofen―不经常‖；not necessary―未必‖ e.g.The situation is not necessary.情况并非如此。
2.全部否定：never, no, not, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, not at all e.g.He is no professor.他根本不是教授。3.否定转移：
1）
否定的主语转为否定谓语
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.能量不能创造，也不能消失。
2）
主语的否定转为从句的否定
She did not come because she wanted to see him.她来了不是因为她想见他。3）
否定主句的谓语转为否定宾语从句的谓语 I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.三、比较结构的翻译 1.AS系列 1）As…as句型：同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样
She is as much interested in music as ever.2）Not so…as句型：跟as…as…相反的结构
3）Not so much…as…句型：与其说，不如说 = not only…but also… He was not so much angry as disappointed.4)Not so much as…句型：甚至没有，甚至不
He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.他甚至都没有让我坐下。2.Than系列
1）
比较级+than to 不至于做
You have more sense than to dump him.你不会把他甩掉吧。2）
More than
More A than B :与其说，不如说
He is more good than bad.More than:
比…多 He more than smiled and laughed.她不仅笑，而且大笑。
She is more than kind to us.她对我们非常友好。
No more than: 既不…也不… He is no more/less a writer than a painter.他既不是画家，也不是作家。/他既是作家也是画家。
四、强调结构的翻译
1.倒装：还原倒装部分后直接翻译
1）
表语前置引起倒装：smart as you are 2）
否定词前置引起倒装：never will they give up the struggle for freedom.2.加助动词do: 加上―的确，务必，千万等词‖ We do have sufficient food and drink.3.it is … that 在被强调部分加上―就是，正是‖等词 it was professor wu that
五、插入结构的翻译：一般直接翻译，但如果修饰整个句子，提到句子前面翻译 1.adv.插入语： incidentally, fortunately, apparently 2.adj.短语作插入语： more important of all, worse still(更为糟糕的是)，strange enough(令人足够奇怪的是)3.介词短语作插入语： all in all, in fact 4.不定式做插入语： to tell you the truth(老实对你说)，to be exact(确切的说)，sa to say(所以说),to be frank(坦率的说)，to say the least of it(至少可以这样说)5.分词短语作插入语：considering, all things considered(从整体上考虑)，allowing for(考虑到)，judging from(从…来判断)，putting it another way(换句话说)，talking of(提到)，taking all things into consideration(全面看来)6.主谓结构
The man, I think, doesn’t deserve your love.常见表达：I think, I believe, I guess据我推测, I’m afraid, It seems, It is said, It is suggested有人建议。
What we call做插入语
What we call, what we used to call, what is called, what the describe as, what can be called, what they regards.新题型
③
排顺序 ②七选五 ③找匹配 七选五： 做题步骤：①先看文章首段，通过阅读文章首段，把握文章主题 ②先阅读后面7个选项，以目标为导向 ③阅读全文并解题
④检验所恢复的文章是否有连贯性和一致性
三大法宝：①由点入面 如果两个可以衔接在的具有关联性和相适性的信息板块，其内容也同样具有千丝万缕的关联性和相近性，存在着许多彼此信息匹配的信息点，通过信息匹配点，判断整个信息板块间的关系
②以点串面 从庞大的信息板块内部确定能形成匹配的信息点通过分析找到的信息点推测两个板块之间是否具有相近性和关联性
③点面结合 上下通读确认是否有连贯性和一致性
1.上下文逻辑关系定位法 在七选五题目中，不论填空出现在段首或段尾，均可以分析和定位该填空上下文的逻辑关系，一旦定位出某种逻辑关系就意味着起着联系上下文作用的该填空必须填入表达这种逻辑关系的信息，这样才能将上下文联系起来。2.复现结构定位
相同词or 不同词 3.无关词排除法
通过在7个待选选项中定位出一些关键词，如果发现这些关键词和原文的主题信息明显无关，那么包含这些关键词的选项很可能和全文主题无关，这说明这些选项失去填回原文的资格（排除错误选项）
4.举例定位法： of these, of those, of them, among…, namely…
观点→例子
例子设置于原文中→上位概念选项 5.总分结构定值
6.时间地点数字的衔接关系定位法 7.指代关系定位法
动词切入点：1）看主语，注意主谓搭配
2）看宾语，看动宾搭配。看宾语是抽象n还是具体n.只能人做主语：believe, regard, think, be impressed by, intend, require, doubt 只能人做宾语：impress, assure of sth 只能物做宾语：ensure 要接具体n.: fasten(the belt), lable the bottle, feed the soil 要接抽象n.: enhance
3)及物和不及物
不及物v.：dispose off, cope with, approve of, speculate on/in, contribute to
4)根据动词后的介词及介词宾语
5）根据句中其他对动词构成限制性成分
名词切入点：①作主语时，谓语和表语线索
②作宾语时，谓语v是线索 ③根据名词前后的介词进行判断
④根据已有名词判断所选n：褒贬意义一致，正式语体一致 ⑤当n后出现从句或前出现adj该修饰成分为线索
形容词切入点：①adj做表语及系表结构时，要看主语和表语搭配的合适性，不是所有的adj都能修饰人or物 ②adv修饰的n，已经受到其修饰成分（另一个adj或从句）修饰要选择的adj要根据该修饰成分修饰 ③由adv修饰时，adv就是线索 ④adj直接修饰n，要注意他们的合适性。
表因果的词：because, for, since, ever since, as, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, accordingly, as a result, due to, because of, thanks to, in that, in response to
表转折的词：but, however, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of，表让步的词：although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 表并列的词：and, and also, or, neither…nor…, either…or…, in the same way, likewise, that is to say, similarly, equally, as well as 表递进的词：also, then, besides, in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, what’s more
完形填空
一、完型填空的误区：
1、很多同学认为完型填空就是语法词汇题
现在考试当中如果还考语法，就考定语从句或同位语从句。语法就准备从句：定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句。语法的变化较慢，词汇的发展较快。完型填空选择的是最佳答案，不是最正确答案。对词汇的把握不能只认识意思，不能只知其一不知其二，不能一叶障目不见森林，不能只知表面意思不知深刻意思。
2、很多同学认为完型填空需要背诵大纲中的5500个单词
背单词的理念：通过真题记单词。背诵真题，把握真题的理念：以真题为圆心，以努力为半径画完美的考研备考的圆。对真题把握的三个标准：1）翻开近十年真题，没有一个单词是生词2）翻开近十年真题，没有一个句子是长难句[好的准备长难句的方法：把真题中所有长难句归类。推荐书籍：《考研英语长难句与词汇突破》李玉技 编著]3）翻开近十年真题，要知道所有选项对错的原因
3、处理好模拟试题与真题的关系，真题是根本，真题是核心
学习过程中应该先做真题，后做模拟试题[建议：做阅读理解方面的模拟试题，做完型填空的模拟题意义不是特别大]
二、完型填空的备考思路
1、背诵近十年真题，要求大家背诵一篇240-280字的文章
2、背诵近十年真题中的所有选项，选项基本上体现了完型填空考查的范围 每个单词一定要知道对错的原因，知道每个单词的准确用法
3、把握解题技巧与方法，没有解题技巧指导的考研完型是比较失败的考研完型
4、背大批量的词组（搜索李玉技高频词组734）
5、适当的做一些模拟试题
三、解题技巧与方法
1、卷子发下来后，利用红花绿叶原则做题。红花词：某个单词在历年真题中每次出现都选 绿叶词：屡出现屡不选，屡不选屡出现 红花词：however yet although because 绿叶词：since ever since now that what if only, in case/lest, or else about, as to, with regard to, in/with reference to What有三大特点：1）what从句只能做主、宾、表从句2）what不能放在名词后3）what后面的从句不完整
涉及虚拟语气的词不选if only +过去式 [only if如果] 注意两个问题：1）红花绿叶原则能做对2-5个题2）红花词偶尔会失手
2、明白ABCD选项的规律
1）ABCD的个数都是4-6个之间，四个答案基本均匀分布2）完型填空中一般而言A较多 3）没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个答案都一样的情况是0-3个，前后答案彼此都不一样的情况是17-20个
4）在五个一组的答案中，至少要出现三个字母（此规律同样适合阅读理解）
3、完型填空文章的基本特点
1）首段首句一般不出题（2001除外），降低了文章的难度。除了首段首句外，基本上每一句话都要出题2）每篇文章都有明确的主题和作者的态度（态度重要）3）总分结构进行到底，降低了完型的难度4）逻辑关系非常明确
[五大逻辑关系：对立关系、因果关系、并列关系、总分关系、递进关系] 重点放在逻辑关系题
句子对应成分分析法：当你发现并列关系出现，尤其是两个句子互为并列关系的时候，那么在完型填空中，这两个句子就可以通过彼此一一对应的方法来获得答案。
复现关系解题法：就完型填空文章而言，如果某个概念出现两次或两次以上，它提法应当是一样的。
For example 1）表达的总分的逻辑关系2）在句子中是个插入状语，不是句子的必然组成成分。
同义原则：在四个选项中，当两个或三个实词互为同义词时，答案往往在其中。当两个或三个虚词互为同义词时，往往都不选。当四个选项有一个共同的意思时，该意思往往不能够入选。
引导省略式的状语从句的条件：1）从句主语与主句主语相一致2）从句必须是主系表结构3）省去从句中的主语和系动词；4）可引导省略式状语从句的连词：while、when、although、until、unless、if 表语题的解题方法：当表语是名词时，它和主语是对等关系；当表语是形容词或相当于形容词的词时，它和主语是修饰关系。
and题型的做题方法：1）句子对应成分分析法；2）选同义词法；3）可以选同一范围的词 although与but的区别：1）Although从属连词，引导的全部是从句，既可放句首，又可放句中。but并列连词，既可连接两个主句，也可连接两个从句，当连词讲时只能放句中，当其放句首时，是做副词用2）从属连词放句中时，前面一般不加逗号；而并列连词放句中时，前面逗号可加可不加
Indeed与furthermore的区别：
Indeed强调肯定前面的事实，一般不作更深刻的推理furthermore一定要从程度上加深意义 动词题解题的六种方法：1)看主语，注意主谓搭配的一致性（主要看主语是人还是物）主语必须是人的动词：believe、regard、think、be impressed by、inten、require、doubt 主语一般是物的动词：manifest 2）看宾语，注意动宾搭配的一致性
宾语怎样确定：（1）看宾语是人还是物
跟人作宾语的动词：assure、impress 跟物作宾语的动词：ensure（2）看宾语是抽象名词还是具体名词
只能跟抽象名词作宾语的动词：enhance只能跟具体名词作宾语的动词：fasten、label、feed既可能抽象也可跟具体名词作宾语的动词：tighten 3）从动词及物或不及物的角度出发做题
不及物动词：dispose、cope、speculate、approve、contribute有时及物和不及物搭配不一样4）根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系判定动词5）根据动词后的介词以及介词宾语判定答案6）根据能够对动词起到限制性成分来判定动词（一般指形容词）
名词题解题的五种方法：1）名词作主语时，谓语或表语就是信息线索2）名词作宾语时，谓语动词就是线索
3）根据名词前后的介词判定名词4）根据已有名词来判定已选名词5）当名词后面出现定语从句或同位语从句时，从句就是线索
形容词解题的四种方法：1）形容词作表语时主语就是线索2）由副词修饰形容此时副词就是线索3）当多个成分同时修饰一个名词时，答案就在修饰成分中4）当形容词修饰名词时，名词就是线索
副词题解题的三种方法：1）根据主旨做题2）同义原则3）根据时态来判断 做题顺序12步法 先看选项，再看文章
看选项：1）利用红花绿叶原则做题2）使用同义原则3）重点做逻辑关系题4）看文章，做好and题，and前后要么选同义词，要么选同一范围的词，要么用句子对应成分分析法做and题5）所有的not题6）表语题7）复现题8）动词题9）名词题10）形容词题11）副词题12）利用概率原则做题
做题方法：1）关键线索定位法2）句子对应成分分析法3）时间线索定位法4）生活常识解题法5）总分结构解题法 重要语法现象：定语从句 三个词引导定语从句的情况：
AS
1）as 关系代词，引导定语从句，其先行词可以是单词，也可以是句子。[先行词可以是句子先行词只有两个：which和as] 2）as引导的定语从句位置灵活3）在引导限制性定语从句的时候，as只能用在固定结构中，which却没有这样的限制。在引导非限制性定语从句的时候，用as表示主句与从句是顺承或一致关系，用which表示主句与从句是对立或否定关系。
THAN 1）than做关系代词引导定语从句2）than在后面的句子当中作主语 3）主句必须要有比较级
BUT
1）but做关系代词引导定语从句2）主句要用否定式 3）but相当于not—that或not who 写作
一、词 3～4种替换
①后词优先（高中+四级词汇）---短语类+长单词
important: significant, essential, crucial, critical, indispensable learn: attain, obtain, acquire, accumulate very: extremely, extraordinarily, unusually, largely ②短语优先
make: make up build: build up accumulate: pile up like: be fond of, be keen on, care for ③派生词优先
important: importance fond: fondness delight: delightful, delighted, delightfully satisfy: satisfied, satisfactory effect: effective, effectively ④名词优先
think: opinion, idea, notion, consideration, concern, assumption, presumption, argument eg.My(individual)consideration is that environment protection(conservation)is of extraordinary significance.二、句
同义转化+句子扩展
1.同义转化
eg.A对B很重要
A play important part(role)in B.A is to B what foundation is to a skyscraper / water to fish / heart to humans.A means / matters a lot / much to B.The significance of A should never be over looked / ignored / denied / neglected in B.A is / means everything / the whole world to B.2.句子扩展（1）词汇扩展
1）n.前修 派生形容词和复合形容词优先
poor→badly-off→underdeveloped→impoverished
后修 介修 in;on;from;at;of
分修 –ed;-ing
句修 名词+ing = 名词+which/ who do/ does/ is/are doing
the impoverish countries which lie in the third world
名词+ed分词=名词+which/ who am /is/are done
the measures which are taken by the government
2）adj.① adv修饰（情感类）②非常 ③一般
sincerely, truly, frankly, honestly, heartfeltly, heartily
surprisingly, shockingly, generally, roughly, virtually
强调副词：absolutely, definitely, undoubtedly 3）v.能用来修饰adj.的adv.均可用来adv.tips:使用v时，adv若想不起来可尽量generally类型，但adj前务必用adv,修饰（2）句子扩展
1）尽量使用分词
tips：小作文中，中间用Being a 身份 who 修饰-----表自己身份
大作文中，Interested in , Concerned about , Disappointed with
（小中，the reason being that ，大中尾），the consequence being that ,.tips:以上两句一定要用在―，‖之后，that之后跟句子
2）使用从句
①原因性从句 since, as, for on account of the fact that
by virtue of the fact that owing to the fact that
②结果性从句 so that with the consequence that
③条件从句
providing/ provided that, assuming/ assumed that
tips:位于句首引出句子，中间逗号隔开；位于句中引出句子可以不加逗号
④转折
yet, while, whereas
⑤让步 even though despite the fact that
inspite of the fact that
（3）篇章扩展
1)必须在文中使用结构衔接词
tips:小作文中间部分，大作文全部
2)注意使用代词的准确照应
tips:①使用代词时需照应离他最近的前文名词
②注意代词和该名词的性、数一致
三、分析学生最常见的语法错误 1）冠词错误
tips：①单数可数名词不能单独出现，前面必须要有a, an;
②复数名词可单独出现，前面不加冠词，但后面有后置修饰语时例外（+the）
③不可数名词可单独出现，但后面有后置修饰语时例外（+the）
2）并列结构:在一个句子中出现的并列结构的形式必须一致
The eyes of the Sammi are twice bigger than Lily’s(those of Lily).The person with(①who has)broad knowledge and rich experience is supposed to live a better life that the person who does(②without them)not.3）搭配错误
Many wild species have(been)extinct in the worsening natural environment.extinct-adj;extinction-n.die out-v.4）串句:在前后两个独立句子间必须使用连词来衔接句子，而绝不能用adv.小作文写作攻略
1.基本信息：商务信函和私人信函都以商务信函对待，题目中出现人名，必为私人信函 Dear Alice, /Dear Sir or Madam，正文使用缩进时，缩四个字母。三个段落
Yours sincerely, Liming 2.小作文操作口诀：首段直抒胸臆说目的 中间谦虚委婉讲理由 结尾真诚重述送祝福
Tips:3段为7句左右最佳，不能超过十句
3.开头：I’m writing this letter to you in order to do …/ with the purpose of doing …/ in the hope of doing…
Tips:目的词必须是亮点词汇，即符合―四词选择‖
The purpose of mine writing this letter to you is to do…
The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong longing/ craving to do…
eg.(2005)The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong craving to present my unwilling decision of resignation from my present job.TIPS: 1)使用简单句式时，词汇能多亮就多亮。2）使用复杂句式时，词汇可以退而求其次，但一定是越亮越好。中间必须用结构衔接词
1.a.Firstly, your R1 is the point I am mostly interested in/ concerned about/ disappointed with b.First and foremost, being a 身份 who , what I am most eager to express in this letter is R1, which actually impresses/ interests/ disappoints me greatly.c.In the first place, the R1,(I derive from 信息来源)is the most crucial information I am interested in.TIPS:中间部分的第一句话的表述，尽量使用中等长度，但词汇需要偏亮
2.a.Secondly, R2 is as well another aspect I have to pay my special attention to in doing（目的）in this letter.TIPS:使用时，R2必须用亮点词汇，且doing的表述方式必须和首段不同
b.Added to the first point(On top of the first point), the fact that R2(句子)is what I eagerly lay particular emphasis on, which proves to be fairly critical in this issue.eg.the fact that the opening hour of our library overly limited is the… c.In the second place, R2(名词), which is believed as the major point in this matter is also where we interest/ concern/ disappoint lies in.TIPS:该组句式复杂，故词汇可在某种程度上选择简单词，但务必注意词汇和句式要求 3.a.Eventually, R3(名词)is obviously the last element I have to put forward in writing this letter to 目的（动词）.TIPS:务必使用亮点名词和动词形式
b.Last but, by no means, least, what I am deeply concerned about in offering my 目的（名词）is the one ,which a large majority of people focus on, namely R3（名词）
c.In the final place, R3（名词）is the last factor which matters/ determines/ means a lot in presenting my longing for 目的（动名）.TIPS:①中间部分必须首先出现框架词汇（第一，第二，首先.etc.）
②可以对这9个句子进行随机组合，但最好出现1～2个长句，建议第二、三句
③切记简单句式使用亮点词
④练习时，从头到尾使用相同结构
结尾：a.My sincere gratitude proposal/ application/ complaints has/ have to be repeated and I truly hope that everything goes smooth with you.b.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.c.Actually, I feel fairly grateful/ indeed for your kindness and attention and sincerely look forward to your quick/ prompt response.TIPS:①不允许出现任何语法拼写错误②务必使用亮点词汇③根据题目要求，可适当对模型中词汇进行改动。eg.（2007）
Dear Sir or Madam, The purpose of my writing this letter to you is to offer several useful/ essential suggestions for the service of the library of our university.First and foremost, being a student who spend most of my time in reading in our library, what I am mostly concerned about is opening hours, which actually disappoints me for the hours are fairly limited.Furthermore, the impatient attitude of employee is another aspect I put forward in presenting my proposal.Last but not least, what I am care about the development of our library is the one, which a large majority of student focus on namely the disappointing collection of books.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.复习建议：1.把开头、中间、结尾最简单句式进行组合 2.进行亮点词替换
3.对小作文的中间①②③点进行任意一句长句替换
4.对最终形成的小作文版本进行真题套写，若字数不到80，增加复杂句式，若超过130，进行句式减肥。
黄金句型
1.It is … that …(使用1～2个)出现在大作文中间or结尾
eg.It is the establishment of harmonious relationship that will enhance the advancement of the society.2.倒数
A.so+ adj/adv +系/助动词+主语+（实义动词）+that+剩余部分 如此..以至于…
So grave/ serious is the environment contamination that wild species expanding numbers have been extinct/ endangered/ on the verge of extinction.B.adj.+ though/ as 主语+系词，主句
Effective as the government’s measures prove to be, there is still powerful/ potent…
C.Under no circumstances/ By no means/ On no occasions/ In no ways +助动词+主语+实义动词+剩余部分
绝不…
eg.On no occasions should on individual ignore/ deny the significance of setting up a harmonious society.D.Only when something is accomplished/ by this means/ in this way/ under this circumstance/ on this occasion +助动词+主语+动词
表预期结果
eg.Only by this means can the society be developed/ advanced/ propelled in a sustainable way.3.插入语（通常是第二、三段）主语和实义动词之间，用逗号隔开 adv.:：
however, nevertheless, therefore, thereby, thus, generally adj.：
needless to say无需说 most important（of all）sure to say 介词词组：from my point of view, from my perspective, in my view, in my position, in my standpoint, on the contrary, in contrast.句子：
as I perceive it, as I see/ view it, I am sure/ certain, I believe/imagine/conceive 4.被选：虚拟 It is high time that sb.did sth.是…该做… 大作文攻略
一、1.时态为一般现在时
2.使用人称为第一人称I或第三人称（图画中的图像，内容），不许用you.3.必须分三段式：凤头、猪肚、豹尾 4.必须在结尾部分明确出现―我认为‖句式
二、复习方法
1.不限时写作，5篇左右，不修改不检查，但字数需上200.2.40min之内完成，5篇左右，修改语法错误，替换亮点词汇.3.30min之内完成，5篇左右，进行中间、开头、结尾的某1～3句的长难句替换，删除开头，中间，结尾所重复的内容。
4.努力记忆自己在10篇作文中频繁用到的，准确无误的词汇、句式、表达
三、逻辑思路
1.矛盾命题是灵魂，寻找积极意义是方向，开篇综述与分述（综述：图画的整体内容即图中英文or中文说明；分述：对图中细节内容描述，如若细节不描述，会扣3分左右）2.中间析因析果析趋势 3.结尾辨证比较给策略
四、写作方法(一)开头
1.物法a.The picture/ drawing/ cartoon/photograph/ line/ curve/ bar graph/ pie graph describes/depicts/ reveals/ illustrates/ demonstrates an interesting phenomenon of 英文注释/中文翻译/自我解读（n.,动名词）
TIPS:尽量体现准确的稍有难度的图画内容的词汇。使用题目中的英文注释时尽量替换词汇
b.The picture vividly/ clearly reveals the interesting phenomenon/fact that+句子
eg.that there existed/ lay/seemed/ appeared an obvious contrast between the different commercial fishing situation of 1900 and 1955.2.人法 a.It is vividly/ clearly/ symbolically depicted in the picture that+综述
b.As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, 句子（综述）
c.What is vividly depicted in the picture is that 句子（综述）3.单图分述：
sb.In this picture, sb.can been seen doing sth.eg.In the picture, a charming foreign girl can been seen/viewed wearing a piece of Chinese traditional/national costume smiling.sth.In this picture, sth in the drawing can been seen/ viewed advertising its ridiculous promise to the public.TIPS:单图描述时，图中人与物务必带上个人色彩的修饰，该修饰词汇能亮则亮，不能亮则可以使用第一反应词，第一段最少写两行半。
4.双图分述：In the first drawing, 单图例句。On the contrary, we can see / recognized / identify 内 容。
eg.In the first drawing, only a single commercial ship was floating/drifting on the sea while countless/innumerable/uncountable fish was swimming happily under the sea in1900.On the contrary, ninety-five years later, the number of ships over the sea was countless whereas only a lonely and poor fish was viewed was swimming under the sea.TIPS:1.开头部分中，单图分述时，语法务必正确，词汇务必闪亮，信息务必详尽。
2.开头部分中，双图分述时，尽量注意两个图描写时的句型差异。
3.注意加入情感元素（悲伤，孤单，骄傲…）
（二）中间----第一句话揭示寓意
1.a.直抒寓意 The purpose/goal/aim of this picture is to convey the message/implication that 寓意（句子）
eg.The purpose of these two pictures is to convey the message that providing that commercial activities stimulated by alluring profits fail to be controlled, the natural resources will be subjected to an immense loss.b.自问自答 What profound message/implication is mirrored/reflected in the picture above? Evidently/Of course,寓意（句子）
eg.Of course, some children who usually grow in the favorable conditions,(like flowers in the greenhouse,)are mostly likely to be frustrated(or even thoroughly damaged)in great difficulties(in adverse conditions).c.承上启下
In frankness, the phenomenon reflected by the picture above is really a complex and complicated one, which should be analyzed in a practical and rational way, 寓意
。2.原因：a原因（名词）is normally considered as the factor contributing to this issue.TIPS:该原因必须使用亮点词汇且有修饰最好
eg.Too much love and care poured by their parents are normally…
The mutual assistance and affection in an individual’s overall development
b.A large majority of people claim/maintain/show their insight that this issue has to be dealt with carefully, the reason being that 原因（句子）
TIPS:该原因句最好用简单句完成，词汇尽量闪亮，但不许出语法错误。
3.结果：As a consequence, a/an disappointing/delightful/admirable phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that 结果（句子）
eg.The loss of family responsibility in the young generation is normally considered as the factor contributed to this issue.As a consequence, a disappointing phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that the aged/senior/elderly people in general will hardly seek out a person even among their own children to rely on and therefore live in a merciful way.4.趋势：Assuming that this tendency tends to grow in the society, some positive/negative influence/significance will be undoubtedly resulted.TIPS:此句话要视中间段落的长度而定，同时注意positive和negative的选择。
（三）结尾
In conclusion, what I discussed/argued/claimed above is considerably significant from my personal perspective is the determine in offering a satisfactory solution.TIPS:策略的表述务必准确地道靓丽。可采用动词不定式、动名词的形式表达策略的内容。It is this strategy that has caused/attracted much attention from both the government and the public.So serious this issue/argument is that nobody shall ever overlook the necessity of dealing with it in a most efficient way.Only by this means can/will the society/human races/human being/nature/mankind/the young/the youth/the youngster/the elderly develop/advance/grow/survive in a sustainable/harmonious/wholesome/spectacular manner.大作文复习TIPS:
1.在所有给出的可选择的句子中，挑选自己较为熟悉和擅于运用的句式框架，进而组合成完整的开头、中间、结尾的三段式模块；
2.使用该简单框架时对08年以前的5年作文进行信息套入，结束后检查句式语法错误； 3.依然对上面所练的5篇文章内容进行亮点词汇替换，并对任何一个部分中所出现的重复句式重复短语进行删减or替换；
4.只使用修改后的句式框架以及亮点词汇对真题or模拟题(3篇左右)进行完整套写； 5.考试前主要阅读自己最终所写的篇章版本，对其中的亮词，亮句进行深化记忆。
词汇链接
重要：significant, crucial, essential
非常：considerably 关于：with reference to, as regard
获得：attain, acquire 也：as well, meanwhile
如果：proving that 结果：consequence
发展：advance, advancement 快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased
不能：fail to 著名：prestigious, celebrated
大：immense, titanic 认为：claim, argue, maintain
能力：competent, competence 可能：perhaps, be likely to do
上进：aggressive, aspiring 尽管：even though, despite, in spite of
许多：quite a few, a large number of, a large amount of, a colony of + 聪明：intelligent, quick-written, talented 不许出现：good, bad, things
关于09年的热点话题
一、奥运的积极意义：
1.提升中国的国际形象 promote the international image of China increase the international position/ranking in the world 2.大幅改善了城市的基础设施建设，进而方便了人们的生活
improve the establishment of the infrastructure in the urban area and thereby make it more accessible for the local people to enjoy the convenience and variety.3.促进了中国与其他不同文化人民间的交流以及大大提高了中国传统文化在国际社会的认可度和知名度
enhance the mutual/reciprocal communication between Chinese people and those from other culture and largely improve the popularity and recognition of Chinese tradition culture in the international world/community.二、个人成长
1.优良品质的培养 cultivation of fine qualities of a person persevering坚韧 persistent坚持 competent能力
cooperative and competitive合作与竞争 tolerant and sympathetic宽容与同情
2.来自于社会、家庭和个人的共同努力 the joint/corporate efforts/endeavors distributed by the society, family and individual.3.身心健康的和谐发展
a harmonious and satisfactory development both bodily and spiritually.三、经济
1.潜在经济困难和经济危机
potential economic pressure and crisis across the globe 2.在严峻的局势下，中国政府和公众展示了极大的决心和信心
in such an adverse financial situation, both the government and the public have manifested strong resolution and confident to conquer the possible recession.3.如此成果主要归功于政府的有效举措和社会各部门的配合
such success shall be attributed to the powerful measures from the central and local government and the satisfactory cooperation between different social organs.
第四篇：新东方四级语法总结
一：时态：所谓的“时态”，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式
一般 进行 完成 过去 did was/were doing had done
现在 do
am/is/are doing have/has done
将来
will/shall do
过去将来 should/would do
will/shall be doing /
will/shall have done should/would have do
用于虚拟语气
完成进行
一般 进行 完成 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去
was/were given
现在
am/is/are given
将来 过去将来
will/shall be given should/would be give
/ was/were being given am/is/are being given / had been given
have/has been given will/shall have been givshould/would have be
iven 完成进行 / / /
CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用一般现在时表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成
一．非谓语动词 一．不定式：
一）不定式的常考形式：
一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生l 成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的
3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略
1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good;It feels comfortable.2)使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do 五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom(oneself)to;be accustomed to;face up to;in addition to;look forward to;object to;be reduced to;resign oneself to;be resigned to;resort to;sink to;be used to;be alternative to;be close/closeness to;be dedication/dedicated to;be opposition/opposed to;be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs(a lot of)encouraging.1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been +-ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等 It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短语动词 Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late.Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep(有被动语态)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits.Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.Vt + adv + O(无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement.在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.在以than a)或 as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.错误的省略
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.一致
如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.代词作主语时的一致
each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you? some, few, both, many 等作复数 some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数: None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the„, most of the „), 动词用单数由and 或 both„ and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数;由not only„but(also), either„or, neither„nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind 如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数: This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.其他问题
书名, 国家名用单数: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.one of those 后用单数.在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：
Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.不定式 形式
一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 主动形式 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing
被动形式 to be done to have been done
完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.功用: 不定式可以作主语(a), 宾语(b), 表语(c), 定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare? e.We have come to learn from you.不带to 的不定式: 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box? 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up 出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.不定式的其他用法
too„to 结构通常表示否定意义: She was too young to understand all that.enough„to结构则表示肯定意义: She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义: He’s only too pleased to help her.so„as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况: It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.形式
完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.句法功用 作主语:
Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity 作宾语:
Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect„of, accuse„of, charge„with, hear of, approve of, prevent„from, keep„from, stop„from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank„for, feel like, excuse„for, aim at, devote„to, set about, spend„in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.作表语:
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together 如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作, 正确)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(错误)
一、宾语从句(Object Clause)
宾语从句为肯定句（由that 引导），在口语中that常省略。
（1）当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.（从句是一般现在时）
She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.（从句是一般将来时）
She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei.（从句是现在完成时）
（2）当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.（从句是一般过去时）
He said(that)he was going to take care of the baby.（从句是过去将来时）
He said(that)they were having a meeting at that time.（从句是过去进行时）
注意：当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。
The teacher told us(that)nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
宾语部分为一般疑问句（由whether引导）
“Can you help me?” He asked.He asked whether(if)I could help him.She asked, “Will Lao Li come to my birthday party?”
She asked whether(if)Lao Li would come to her birthday party.注意：在将一般疑问句转变成宾语从句时，一定要注意陈述句语序。
改写句子
1．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？
→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？
2．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．
→Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．
宾语部分为特殊疑问句
Goals determine what you are going to be.Be absolutely determined to enjoy what you are doing.He wants to know what our plan is for the National Day.Mr.Li asks how he can go to the Beijing Railway Station.The student can read whichever book he likes to read.I want to know when the train leaves.
第五篇：《新东方四级30天90分》词汇学习笔记
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四级考试简介
成绩90分以上需要背4200个单词
成绩70－80分需要背457个单词
单词的重考率极高，比如：available（四级最爱）constrain（六级永陪词汇）主考时态：容易成为答案的时态
1、过去完成时
2、将来完成时
3、完成进行时 课程安排：
1.摸底，讲单词2.时态，非谓语动词3.虚拟语气4.倒装，主谓一致5.从句6.综合串讲 长得像的选项有一个是答案
[P56-24]Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A)conservative
B)content
C)confident
D)generous 注：押头韵去除D。
[P56-29]By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.A)accurate
B)urgent
C)excessive
D)adequate 注：押尾韵去除C。摸底[P56-Unit 17] 21.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _______it.A)postpone
B)refuse
C)delay
D)cancel 注：postpone 推迟 refuse 拒绝
delay 推迟，拖延
cancel 取消
22.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _______ you need.A)all the information
B)all the informationsC)all of information D)all of the informations 注：1.information 不可数名词 2.all of 表示of 中的全部，所以后面名词一定要有明确的范围，必须加以限定。而all 没有这个要求。
23.Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.A)had he arrived
B)would he have arrived C)did he arrive
D)should he have arrived 注：1.not until 句型
2.过去完成时与一般过去时成对使用
24.Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A)conservative B)content
C)confident D)generous
注：conservative 保守的 content 满足；内容
confident 自信的generous 慷慨的
25.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _______.A)granted
B)implied
C)exaggerated D)remedied 注：exaggerated
夸大的
26.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.A)unrecorded B)to be unrecorded C)unrecording D)to have been unrecorded 27.I have no objection _______ your story again.A)to hear
B)to hearing
C)to having heard
D)to have heard 注：object to doing 反对。其中 to为介词。动词跟介词，则相应的名词形式也跟介词 28.The clothes a person wears may express his _______ or social position.A)curiosity
B)status
C)determination D)significance 注：status 地位，身份
29.By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.A)accurate
B)urgent
C)excessive
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注：adequate 足够的
30.You will see this product _______ wherever you go.A)to be advertised
B)advertised
C)advertise
D)advertising 31.The early pioneers had to _______ many hardships to settle on the new land.A)go along with
B)go back on C)go through D)go into 注：1.go through 经历困难而完成congratulation（对新郎）best wishes（对新娘）2.go along with 陪伴
3.go back on 违背，背弃
4.go into 谈论，谈及
32.The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.A)would present
B)present
C)presents D)ought to present注：should 省略虚拟
33.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A)whose
B)which
C)that
D)what 34.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.A)to stop
B)stopping
C)stop
D)having stopped注：suggest doing 建议做...35.I didn't know the word.I had to _______ a dictionary.A)look out
B)make out
C)refer to
D)go over注：refer to 查字典
36.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A)to be based on
B)to base on
C)which to base on D)on which to base 注：on which to do
介词+which+to do 结构相当于定语从句
37.There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A)that
B)which
C)in which
D)whose 注：同位语从句
38.I think I was at school, _______ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.A)or else B)and then
C)or so
D)even so 注：or else 否则要不然 39.It is said that the math teacher seems _______ towards bright students.A)partial
B)beneficial
C)preferable
D)liable注：partial 偏袒的
40.In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _______ trouble over the figures.A)extensive
B)spare
C)extra
D)supreme注：extra 额外的 41.--“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o'clock tonight?”
--“I'm sorry.M.Williams _______ to a conference long before then.” A)will have gone
B)had gone
C)would have gone
D)has gone 注：主考时态：将来完成时，过去完成时
42.You _______ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A)shouldn't follow
B)mustn't follow C)couldn't have been following
D)shouldn't have been following 注：本不应该
43.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A)have allowed B)allow
C)allowing
D)allows 注：主谓一致，复杂主语中心词是growth，谓语动词用单数。
44.Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A)assembled B)accumulated
C)piled
D)joined 注：assemble（人群的）聚集
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45.Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.A)include
B)involve C)containD)comprise注：involve doing = need doing 需要
46.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A)with which B)for which
C)of whichD)which注：of which 其中
47.In the _______ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.A)face
B)time C)even
tD)course 注：in the event of 万一 48.The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.A)had not worked B)not to work
C)does not work D)did not work 注：would rather 加一般过去时表示虚拟。
49._______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A)Although much he likes her
B)Much although he likes her C)As he likes her much
D)Much as he likes her 50.The British constitution is _______ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.A)within
B)to C)by
D)at 单词记忆举例：
Ivy 常春藤 gazelle 瞪羚vigor
精力naive
天真的quaint
古怪的acquaint 使熟悉 背单词的方法： 谐音联想记忆法：
ambition 野心
ambitious野心勃勃的 ponderous沉重的，笨重的sneer嘲笑,讥笑 exhaust 使精疲力尽
nuisance 讨厌的人 bruise 瘀伤brutal 残忍的curse 诅咒
2、近形对照法：
adapt 适应；adopt 采纳；收养adept 有技巧的；熟练的
coast 海岸线（ocean 海洋）;roast 烧，烤;boast 吹嘘;toast 干杯 形象联想法：
look 看；loom 若隐若现；liberty 自由；blush 脸红；amorous 好色的；morose 郁闷的；mortal 必死的；mental 智力的，精神的
记忆类型：
1、视觉型：不断的重复
2、听觉型：自己录自己的讲解，不断的听
3、混合型：记情节，细节
爱情三部曲I：apply 申请
approve 批准
appreciate 感激
attention 注意attract 吸引
arrange 安排
appointment 约会
[P52-42]Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors every year.A)attention
B)attraction
C)appointment
D)arrangement 注：tourist attraction 旅游胜地
[P52-70]Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply ______.A)appreciated
B)approved
C)appealed
D)applied 注：appeal 上诉
subject to 屈从于，使服从
summit 峰会 高频成为答案词汇： 爱情三部曲
apply 申请
approve 批准
appreciate 感激
attention 注意
attract 吸引 arrange 安排
appointment 约会
engagement 约会
in that = because
now that = since
regardless of 不管，不顾 in terms of 根据 object to 反对（to为介词）
bargain v.讨价还价；n.便宜货
pace 节奏 available 可获得的，可得到的（Are you available? 你是否有时间？）
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[P1-42]There were no tickets ______ for Friday‟s performance.A)preferable B)considerable
C)possible
D)available 注：1.preferable 喜欢的，更好的2.considerable 相当多的，大量的； considerate 体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的
[P3-62]______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A)For now
B)Now that C)Ever since
D)By now [P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.A)objected to having B)were objected to have C)objected to have D)were objected to having 注：objected to doing [P6-56]Many people complain of the rapid ______ of modern life.A)rate B)speed
C)pace
D)growth [P13-58]Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume.A)with that
B)for that
C)in that
D)at that [P15-34]Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the color of his skin.A)regardless of
B)in the light of
C)by virtue of
D)with the exception of 注：1.in the light of 根据
2.by virtue of 借助于，依靠，由于 3.with the exception of 除了
[P17-57]______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A)For
B)Since
C)Now
D)Despite [P23-59]He decided to make further improvements on the computer‟s design _________ the light of the requirements of customers.A)an
B)for
C)in
D)with [P27-43]It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _________ knowledge.A)extensive B)expansive C)intensive D)expensive 注：通过押头韵排除C，通过押尾韵排除B 重要的词性：
1、动词和名词：名词是动作的发出者或承受者。
2、形容词和名词：形容词修饰名词。
I love a beautiful girl.3、副词：副词修饰形容词；副词修饰动词；副词修饰副词。
I love a very beautiful girl.I always love a very beautiful girl.Not surprisingly, I always love a very beautiful girl.猪八戒的五大特征： 1.vigorous 精力充沛的 2.glimpse 一瞥
love at the first glimpse 一见钟情
view 风景（不可数）a room with view《看得见风景的房间》；视野 come into view 走进视野
glance 一瞥
gaze 凝视，尤指感兴趣的看（gazelle 瞪羚）
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peep 偷窥
3.considerate 体贴的；
considerable 相当多的，大量的； 4.consistent 一致的，和谐的； 5.be liable for 对……负责
动词：谓语动词有且只有一个。如果再出现动词只能以非谓语形式存在：-ing,-ed, to do
To get a high score, we have to study hard.I came in, followed by two dogs.Seeing is believing.口诀：
谓语非谓经常混
谓语句中就一个
其余动词非谓语
非谓形式有三种
-ing,-ed 和to do
现在分词表主动
过去分词表被动
目的要用不定式
主宾要用动名词
一、谓语动词常考点：时态、语态、情态、倒装、主谓一致
二、谓语动词的时态（共有16 种）：
时间：过去、现在、将来、过将（虚拟）
状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行 三、四级考试中主要考的三个时态：过去完成时、将来完成时、完成进行时
1、过去完成时：到过去某个点为止所完成的动作；在过去发生了两个动作，先过去完成时后一般过去时。
过去完成时与一般过去时常常成对出现。
[P2-53]We _________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A)just have had
B)have just had
C)just had
D)had just had [P28-25]Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _________ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.A)would be B)has been
C)had been
D)would have been 注：时态题，A和D是虚拟语气，应排除。过去完成时所以选C。
A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A)had come
B)coming
C)come
D)that came 注：1.because 从句缺谓语
2.两个逗号中间的found on his clothes 是插入成分
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A)peculiarly
B)indifferently
C)vigorously
D)inevitably 注：1.peculiarly 奇怪地
2.indifferently 冷漠地
3.inevitably 不可避免地
Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker.A)batteries
B)bargains
C)baskets
D)barrels [P56-23]Not until the game had begun_______ at the sports ground.A)had he arrived
B)would he have arrived
C)did he arrive
D)should he have arrived 注：Not until 连词，标明从句。主句倒装，从句不倒装。
Not until the vacation had begun did I pay tuition.Not until I had met Lily did I realize the importance of English.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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Not until I had met Lily did I realize that learning English is so easy.2、将来完成时：到将来某个点为止所完成的动作。
We'll have learned 3000 words by the end of this year.by then 到那个时候
[P8-45]By the end of this month, we surely _________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A)have found B)will be finding C)will have found D)are finding [P8-49]Not _________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A)obviously B)surprisingly C)particularly D)normally [P26-39] It‟s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _________ by about 10%.A)will have risen
B)has risen
C)will be rising D)has been rising 注：rise to 上升到
rise by 上升了
[P54-55]Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.A)by
B)for
C)to
D)in [P54-54]It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A)consistent B)continuous C)considerate
D)continual 注：continuous 连续不断的considerate 体贴的 continual 时断时续的，断断续续的
[P54-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ______ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.A)by which
B)to which
C)in that
D)so that
注：in that 因为 [P26-34]We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _________ view.A)from
B)in
C)before
D)into [P25-29]Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _________ through the window.A)vision
B)look
C)picture
D)view [P24-66]I have no objection _________ the evening with them.A)to spend
B)to spending
C)of spending
D)spending [P43-47]My train arrives in New York at eight o‟clock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there _________ by then.A)would leave
B)will have left
C)has left
D)had left 注：时间状语从句，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
[P43-51]All flights _________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A)had been canceled
B)have been canceled
C)were canceled
D)having been canceled 注：because of 介词，此句为单句，谓语动词有一个，所以选非谓语动词。独立主格 [P43-53]Remember that customers don‟t _________ about prices in that city.A)debate
B)consult
C)dispute
D)bargain
注：1.bargain 讨价还价
2.debate 辩论，争论 3.consult 咨询4.dispute 辩论,争吵 dispute over [P45-42]By the end of the year all but two people _________.A)have left
B)will leave
C)will be leaving
D)will have left [P45-70]Our journey was slow because the train stopped _________ at different villages.A)unceasingly B)gradually
C)continuously
D)continually 注：1.journey 旅行2.unceasingly 不停地，连续不断地3.gradually 逐渐地
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4.continuously 连续不断地 5.continually 时断时续地，断断续续地
[P44-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A)to that
B)besides that
C)in that
D)except that [P66-41]By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London.A)would be leaving
B)am leaving C)have already left
D)shall have left [P63-31]By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ______ here for two days.A)will have stayed
B)shall stay C)have been staying
D)have stayed
3、完成进行时：更加强调时间性。
现在完成进行时为例：They have been standing there for 3 days.[P16-45]It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time.We‟ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked
B)has been leaking
C)leaked
D)is leaking 非谓语动词三大类：分词、动名词、不定式 分词常考题型：做状语、做定语 分词作状语形式：，主谓宾
不管谓语和宾语，只看主语能不能做这件事。分词作状语题型，不定式不是答案。
永远不是答案的形式：having +v-ed, been+ v-ed, be+ v-ed 过去分词强调被动状态，现在分词强调主动进行。例：_____, I am listening to the music.Standing by Mr.LiuB)Stood by Mr.Liu 注：看主语能不能发出这个动作，还是动作的承受者来选择是-ing还是-ed [P11-43] No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A)performed
B)performing
C)to be performed
D)being performed 注：“空格+逗号+主谓宾”表示分词作状语。
现在分词的常见形式：
1.一般式：v-ing 与谓语动词同步发生。2.being+ v-ed 表示正在被做。
3.having +ed 表示动作发生谓语动词之前。（在四级考试中不是正确答案）Having destroyed their house, they lived in a cave [P29-22] ___ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.A)Having believed
B)Believing
C)Believed
D)Being believed 注：分词作状语题型。
[P57-68] ___ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.A)To look at
B)Looking at
C)Looked at
D)To be looked at 注：分词作状语题型，A和D选项首先排除，situation和look是被动关系，所以选C [P57-69] A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough ______.A)nuisance
B)trouble
C)worry
D)anxiety 注：nuisance 讨厌的人 单词记忆：
exhaust 使精疲力尽
sting 蜇，咬
bruise 瘀伤 black and blue 青一块，紫一块，遍体鳞伤的
brutal 残忍的 kagroo 袋鼠
cougar 美洲狮
ignore 忽视
ignorant 无知的
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ignorance 无知
ambition 雄心，野心
sneer 轻视，蔑视 独立主格结构：
1、名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词
2、在句中作状语
3、分词的一种，也有分词的几种事时态
4、with/ without复合结构
P41-49] All things _________, the planned trip will have to be called off.A)considered
B)be considered
C)considering
D)having considered 注：分词题型中 having +ed 都不要考虑
P6-58]The speaker, _________ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A)having known
B)being known
C)knowing
D)known 注：having + v-ed做定语和状语都不会是答案
[P22-44]Homework _________ on time will lead to better grades.A)done
B)be done
C)having done
D)to have been done [P22-45]The speech _________, a lively discussion started.A)being delivered
B)was delivered
C)be delivered
D)having been delivered 注：1.考的是过去式独立主格结构。
2.按时间顺序，先讲座后讨论，所以选D。
[P37-36]As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.A)having
B)to have
C)to have had
D)having had [P44-48]The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly.A)being concerned
B)concerned
C)be concerned
D)concerning 注：1.which he made定语从句本身不是划线的内容的话，可以将其去掉不考虑。
2.concerning 为介词，关于。相当于 about/ over（国外常用）； concerning/ as to（国内考试用）。
3.bother 打扰；brother 兄弟
fiend 魔鬼；friend 朋友 动名词：动作性的名词
1、是名词，可作主语和宾语。
2、两种形式：-ing 形式表示主动Seeing is believing；being + v-ed 表被动 being exposed to。
3、前面可有动作的发出者，即带主语（宾格/所有格）I remember him offering.4、后面可有动作的承受者，即带宾词 Starving troops is necessary.5、动名词作主语时谓语动词一定要用单数。
6、动名词的否定前面直接加not。
口诀：动名词功能多
能做主能做宾
主动形式-ing
被动形式being done
可带宾可加主
主为宾格所有格 [P8-44] After _________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A)being interviewed
B)interviewed
C)interviewing
D)having interviewed 注：介词后缺宾语，应为被动形式。[P44-45] _________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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A)The girl was educated
B)The girl educated C)The girl‟s being educated
D)The girl to be educated 需要接动名词的动词：
COMPARE: consider
object to
mind
prevent/
permit avoid
risk enjoy MISTAKE: miss imagine
suggest
tolerate
appreciate keep escape [P5-49]The teacher doesn‟t permit _________ in class.A)smoke
B)to smoke
C)smoking
D)to have a smoke [P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.A)to be invited
B)to have invited
C)having invited
D)being invited [P8-41] Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination.A)to prepare
B)to be prepared
C)preparing
D)being prepared 注：be busy doing [P11-42]Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A)having been fined
B)to have been fined
C)being fined
D)to be fined [P11-41]I would appreciate ______ it a secret.A)you to keep
B)your keeping
C)that you keep
D)that you will keep [P18-58]The man in the corner confessed to _________ a lie to the manager of the company.A)have told
B)having told
C)being told
D)be told
注：1.to 在这里是介词。（having+v-ed唯一正确的一次）
2.to 作介词的词组：object to, look forward to 等 [P19-48] It‟s no use _________me not to worry.A)you tell B)your telling
C)for you to have told
D)having told 注：固定句型 It's no use doing.做什么事情是没有用的
[P20-55]They are considering _________before the prices go up.A)of buying the house
B)with buying the house C)buying the house D)to buy the house [P20-59]He went ahead _________ all warnings about the danger of his mission.A)in case of B)because of
C)regardless of
D)prior to 注: 1.go ahead 继续
2.mission 任务 [P20-65] None of the servants were _________ when Mr.smith wanted to send a message.A)available B)approachable C)attainable D)applicable 不定式的常考形式：作定语，作状语
1、作状语表目的 To become a teacher, you must have a master degree.2、定语表示将要做，分词作定语表示已完成。the surface to be glued（即将被粘好的）/ the surface glued（已经被粘好的）
3、不定式的省略，如 help，使役动词 have，感观动词 see。
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口诀：一个感觉 feel
两个听 hear/ listen to
三个让 have/ make/ get/ let（听力中）
四个看 notice/ watch/ observe/ see
半个 help 两均可
被动以后 to 还原
[P19-53]My sister‟s professor had her _________ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.A)rewritten
B)to rewrite
C)rewrite
D)rewriting 注：have sb.do sth.让某人做某事 [P20-54] Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _________ it closely.A)followed
B)following
C)to follow
D)being followed 注：1.独立主格结构
2.两个名词之间用-ing形式
3.自然现象用主动形式
[P28-42]Don‟t get your schedule _________;stay with us in this class.A)to change
B)changing
C)changed
D)change [P38-44]They are going to have the technician _________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A)install
B)to install
C)to be installed
D)installed 注：1.主动才能带宾语，have sb.do sth.结构。
2.technician 技术工人
[P50-67]In Australia the Asians make their influence _________ in businesses large and small.A)felling
B)feel
C)felt
D)to be felt [P50-42]I'm very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion.A)interfered
B)offended C)impressed
D)bothered 注：1.interfer 干涉，干扰 2.offend 冒犯 3.impress 印象；express 表达 4.bother 打扰 [P51-46]I have heard both teachers and students _______ well of him.A)to speak
B)spoken
C)to have spoken
D)speak [P51-52]William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A)peculiarly
B)indifferently
C)vigorously
D)inevitably 注: peculiarly 奇特的
[P58-30]You will see this product _______ wherever you go.A)to be advertised B)advertised
C)advertise
D)advertising [P63-16]They noticed a crowd of people in front of the Madeleine _____.A)shouting and cheering
B)to shout and cheer C)to be shouting and cheering
D)being shouted and cheered [P2-55]The children went there to watch the iron tower _______ A)to erect
B)be erected
C)erecting
D)being erected 加不定式与doing含义不一样的动词
FROGS:forget
remember/ regret
go on
stop + doing 表示已做的事情
+ to do 表示没做的事情 [P10-62]I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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A)once offering
B)him once offering
C)him to offer
D)to offer him [P27-40]If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.A)to close
B)closing
C)to have closed
D)having closed 应该类的虚拟语气
1、应该做的事情 I should go!
2、非现实情况的描述 I should be working now!
3、懊悔不已的事情 I should have practiced more.4、要求类动词后需要用虚拟语气，should 可以省略
如：require 命令；request 要求；reticent 沉默的；retinue 随从 innocent 无辜的；天真的 I DROP CAPS:
insist，demmand/ desire
require/ request order
propose command
advice
prefer s uggest [P60-42]You _______ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A)shouldn't follow B)mustn't followC)couldn't have been followingD)shouldn't have been following [P59-32]The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.A)would present
B)present
C)presents
D)ought to present 注：suggest + that 虚拟语气表建议should 可以省略suggest doing suggest 表明，不接虚拟 [P49-65]The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _________ after 11:00p.m.A)not to play loud music
B)shouldn‟t play loud music C)don‟t play loud music
D)couldn‟t play loud music [P18-43]He suggested _________ to tomorrow‟s exhibition together.A)us to go
B)we went
C)we shall go
D)we go [P17-55]I don‟t think it advisable that Tim _________ to the job since he has no experience.A)be assignedB)will be assignedC)is assignedD)has been assigned [P12-44]It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.A)not be started B)will not be started
C)is not started
D)is not to be started [P26-28]It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _________ after 11 o‟clock at night.A)were not playedB)not to playC)not be playedD)did not play It is + adj.+ that 句型，should 可以省略的虚拟。
adj.important necessary essential incredible strange
naturalpity ashame
no wander 与事实相反类的虚拟
1、与现在事实相反：用一般过去时（系动词用were）I wish I were not here.2、与过去事实相反：用过去完成时 I wish I had passed CET-4.I wish I could have passed CET-4.(非正式表达方式）
[P56-58]Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place.A)be living
B)were living
C)would live
D)would have lived [P56-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful
it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.A)by which
B)to which
C)in that
D)so that [P56-57]He is ______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A)optimistic
B)optional
C)outstanding
D)obvious 注：1.optimistic 乐观的2.optional 可选择的3.outstanding 突出的声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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[P56-64]It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible.A)must be sent B)will be sent C)are sent D)be sent注：It is + adj.+that 句型。[P11-70]Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _________ your advice.A)follow B)had followed
C)would follow
D)have followed 注：表示与过去事实相反。
[P12-45]I wish I _________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A)have slept
B)slept C)might have slept
D)could have slept 注：表示与过去事实相反。
3、对将来事实可能出现的现象的否定推测，用虚拟语气。
I wish you couldn't smoke any more.would/ could/ should/ might + v.用be to 表示将来，虚拟语气中经常出现were to do（考点）
I am to go shopping.---I were to go shopping.If only I were to go shopping.[P35-47]If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A)approve
B)will approve
C)can approve
D)would approve 虚拟条件句
定义：在一个与事实相反的条件的基础之上所得出的应该的亦或是可能的结论。虚拟条件句的结构：与事实相反类（条件）＋ 应该类（结论）
这两个部分没有必然而直接的联系，在解题时先看结论再看条件。If Mr.Wang hadn't cultivated me, I shouldn't be working now.同义词辨析：tame 驯化
breed 繁殖
raise 抚养
cultivate 培养 结论部分：would/ could/ should/ might + 虚拟
规律：如果把空格划在条件部分，一定要选择 were to；
如果把空格划在结论部分，有could/ would/ should/ might +have +v.-ed 为正确答案。
有时一些介词也可以表示条件：In your position I would kill myself.= If I were in your position...此类词有：otherwise/ but for/ without/ with 虚拟语气中 If 可以省略，但是句序要变，If I were you...改为Were I you...[P34-34]________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A)Had they arrivedB)Would they arriveC)Were they arrivingD)Were they to arrive [P34-33]Last year the advertising rate ________ by 20 percent.A)raised
B)aroused
C)arose
D)rose [P16-42] Had he worked harder, he _________ the exams.A)must have got throughB)could get through C)would get throughD)would have got through 注：条件部分省略了if 用了倒装。
[P28-44]Jean doesn‟t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn‟t be able to see her friends very often.A)has to ge
tB)were to get
C)had got
D)could have got [P31-42]_________ right now, she would get there on Sunday.A)Would she leave
B)If she leaves
C)Were she to leave
D)If she had left 声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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[P12-46]We didn‟t know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.A)had telephoned B)must have telephoned C)would telephon D)would have telephoned [P12-52]_____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A)Until
B)Before
C)From
D)Since 注：not...until...的句型。
[P13-58]Liquids are like solids _________ they have a definite volume.A)with that
B)for that
C)in that
D)at that [P2-51]He must have had an accident, or he _________ then.A)would have been here
B)had to be here C)should be here
D)would be here 注：1.must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测
2.or 表否定
[P2-52]It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline.A)must be sent B)would be sent C)be sent
D)were sent [P3-62]_____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work..A)For now
B)Now that
C)Ever sine
D)By now 注：1.for now 眼下，目前 2.now that 既然 3.ever since 自从以来 4.by now 至今为止 特殊句型：
1.would rather 加宾从时用一般过去时表示虚拟。
I would rather you didn't appear in my life.联想单词记忆: Cupid 丘比特
Venus 维纳斯；金星
volcano 火山
Mars 战神
Apollo 阿波罗，太阳神 Diana 月亮女神
meander 蜿蜒而流
laurel 月桂树，桂冠 cupidity 贪婪
avenue 林荫大 revenue 收入，税入 adamant 坚强的 Adam's apple 喉结
2.would rather 加动词（原形）时表示宁愿，相当于情态动词。
I would rather stay here.3.would rather 与 than 搭配。
I would rather stay here than go home.4.It is time...句型，用一般过去时表虚拟语气。
It is time you picked up a girl.[P45-57]“You are very selfish.It‟s high time you _________ that you are not the most important person in the world, ” Edgar said to his boss angrily.A)realized
B)have realized
C)realize
D)should realize [P45-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A)to that
B)besides that
C)in that
D)except that [P45-60]If I hadn‟t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _________ now.A)wouldn‟t be smiling
B)couldn‟t have smiled
C)won‟t smile
D)didn‟t smile 注：混合虚拟语气
首先判断是否是虚拟语气；如果是虚拟语气的话，见到now就是混合虚拟语气 [P41-48]I‟d rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A)don‟t
B)wouldn„t
C)didn‟t
D)shouldn‟t
[P41-53]If she doesn‟t tell him the truth now, he‟ll simply keep on asking her until she _____.A)does
B)has done
C)will do
D)would do 注：在条件句中在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
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[P39-59]You don‟t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _______ on business first.A)would go
B)will go
C)went
D)have gone [P31-43]It‟s already 5 o‟clock now.Don‟t you think it‟s about time ________?
A)we are going home B)we go home
C)we went home
D)we can go home [P24-61]To be frank, I‟d rather you ________ in the case.A)will not be involved
B)not involved
C)not to be involved
D)were not involved [P24-66] I have no objection ________ the evening with them.A)to spend
B)to spending
C)of spending
D)spending [P14-70]It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.A)tendB)
cultivate
C)tame
D)breed 注：tend to 打算做某事
tend 照料
bar tender 调酒师 bargain 讨价还价，便宜货(some bargains)
bar 酒吧，棍子 embarrass 尴尬
ass 屁股，驴子，笨蛋
donkey 驴
barbarian 野蛮人
barren 贫瘠的assassin 暗杀者
[P14-69]A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.A)rise
B)arise
C)raise
D)arous 爱情三步曲II：
今天又是一个Friday，俺无事可做idleness，人也很lazy，班长inform（通知）我，说今晚有个party，一想到晚会上会assemble（无数）lady，心里感到阵阵(burst)happy，今晚上帝对俺特别的mercy（仁慈），在墙角居然坐着个fairy（仙女），lonely（孤单的）的眼神，迷人的appearance（外表），给俺留下很深的impression（印象），俺决定把握住这次opportunity（机会），【Opportunity knocks only once.】
于是上前说：Hi, baby!她看也不看就说busy，眼神中透露出indifferently（冷漠），于是俺说：俺多少也算是个celebrity（名人），这一招果然effective（有效），她抬起眼看了看说really? 于是我摆了个pose说：你看我像不像Snoopy? 她说：切！那我就是lovely kitty。笑容也变得sunny（阳光的），就这样我认识了我的honey，这个故事听起来像fantasy（幻想，白日梦）一致关系： 结构一致
平行并列结构是由平行结构的连接词连接两个或两个以上对等的对象构成的。SOFTEN 原则：Smile, Open，Forward，Touch，Eye contact，Nod平行结构标志词 FANOYERMB：for, and, as well as, not...but, not only...but also, neither...nor, other than, yet, either...or, rather than, more than, but I have nothing to do but call the police.平行结构的原则：形式对称
[P5-50]I like watching TV _________ to the cinema.A)more than to go
B)than going
C)more than going
D)rather than to go [P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.A)to be invited
B)to have invited
C)having invited
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[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard court.A)objected to having B)were objected to haveC)objected to haveD)were objected to having [P8-47]Having no money but _______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A)not to want anyoneB)not wanting anyoneC)wanted no oneD)to want no one [P8-46]Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to _______ any further responsibilities.A)take on
B)get on C)put up
D)look up 注：1.take on 承担；流行
2.get on 上车
g et into 钻进车里
3.put up 建立
[P8-41]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination.A)to prepare B)to be prepared
C)preparing
D)being prepared [P9-48]We desire that the tour leader _______ us immediately of any change in plans.A)inform B)informs
C)informed
D)has informed [P9-55]In the course of a day students do far more than just _______ classes.A)attend B)attended C)to attend
D)attending [P9-53]Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _________ harm them.A)more than B)other than
C)rather than
D)better than 注：1.rather than 而不是2.more than 胜过
3.better than 比……好 [P23-54]Not that John doesn‟t want to help you, _______ it‟s beyond his power.A)but that
B)for that
C)and that
D)in that 注：1.考的是not...but...平行结构。2.beyond 超越
beyond one's imagination 超乎想象 [P25-67]Realizing that he hadn‟t enough money and _______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.A)not wanted
B)not to want
C)not wanting
D)wanting not 代词指代一致：
one...another...one...the other...some...others...one...the others...any 任何（共性）
each 每个（个性）
[P19-44]No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _____.A)the other B)any other C)another rD)other 注：neither 两者都不 P19-49] I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets.A)both B)neither
C)either
D)none 注：common sense 常识
nonsense 胡说，谦虚地说
[P1-45____student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A)Each
B)Any
C)Either
D)One [P1-42]There were no tickets _________for Friday‟s performance.A)preferable B)considerable
C)possible
D)available 注：1.preferable 更好的，更可取的具有比较意义的形容词要求和 to 来搭配，如 superior, senior, junior, inferior, A is sencond only to B
2.considerable 相当多的，大量的
[P15-31]The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at ________ chemist‟s.A)each
B)some C)any
D)certain [P15-34] Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of his skin.A)regardless of
B)in the light of
C)by virtue of
D)with the exception of
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注：1.in the light of 根据
2.by virtue of 借助，由于
3.with the exception of 除了，相当于 other than [P31-39]All the students in this class passed the English exam _________ the exception of Li Ming.A)on
B)in
C)for
D)with P31-40]Young adults _________ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.A)other than
B)more than
C)less than
D)rather than 注：rather than 而不是
[P4-41]We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let‟s have ________ one this month.A)another
rB)more
C)the other
D)other [P4-68] A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A)working out B)having worked out C)having been worked outD)to have been worked out 注：非谓语动词题型，句首出现名词为独立主格结构。定语从句引导词：关系代词
1.which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代词/序数词/最高级时用that。2.which 用在非限制定语从句（有逗号），如：
He always changed his mind, which makes me angry.3.as 也可以引导非限制定语从句。
as与which 的区别：
1)which只能用在句子中间和后边，而as可用在句首和句尾。
As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.2)as 搭配：same as/ such as
the same watch as you have [P1-43]It wasn‟t such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.A)that
B)which
C)as
D)what [P11-67]___ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.A)That
B)Which
C)As
D)It [P42-58]The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is often the case in other countries.A)as
B)what
C)so
D)that [P63-17]We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable.A)in which
B)which
C)where
D)that [P3-60]The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A)after which
B)for which
C)with which
D)at which 注：1.fight for 为……而奋斗
2.fight with 与谁打架 [P3-56]The engine _______ smoke and steam.A)gives up
B)gives in
C)gives away
D)gives off 注：1.gives up 放弃
2.gives in 屈服
3.gives away 走漏风声，赠送
4.gives off 释放 [P3-57] The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on.A)to be informed
B)on informing
C)informed
D)informing [P42-62]We need a chairman _________.A)for whom everyone has confidence
B)in whom everyone has confidence C)who everyone has confidence of
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注：have confidence in 对……有信心 [P60-46] Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A)with which
B)for which
C)of which
D)which 注：
1.of which 其中
2.On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least（最重要的）
3.face something = be faced with
4.依照原句型造句：
Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words is not the least.Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least [P64-24]This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while.A)that
B)it
C)which
D)what 注：作为介词宾语用which不能用that，但in that 除外 介词 + which + to do 其功能相当于定语从句。The key with which to open the door has been lost.[P59-36] The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A)to be based on
B)to base on
C)which to base on
D)on which to base 注： fici-做
sufficient 足够的 deficient 缺乏的 efficient 有效的（效率）
effect 有效（结果）proficient 熟练的 bene-好
beneficial 有益benediction 祝福
[P12-50]You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent.A)there
B)them
C)where
D)which [P13-59] When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A)broke off
B)broke down
C)broke out
D)broke up 注：1.break off 断裂（部分从整体上下来）
2.break up 打碎
3.break out 爆发 主谓一致
从句/ 不定式/ 动名词做主语，谓语是单数。
Seeing is believing./ To see is to believe.眼见为实。You got 100 is a mystery to me.从句在句子中做什么功能即为什么从句。
1、主语从句：
（1）主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。
（2）主语从句的引导词：how, why, whether, that,what（引导的缺主语或缺宾语的从句）[P7-69]How close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the children.A)have
B)has C)having
D)to have [P13-55] In some countries, _________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.A)which B)one
C)that
D)what
2、定语从句主谓一致：取决于其先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词）
3、随前一致：以前面的名词为准。
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A with B 取决于A
as well as
including
with
together with accompanied by
4、随后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v.与B一致
5、就近原则：以靠近的名词为准。n1 or n2 +v.either n1 or n2 +v.6、A and B 结构：
（1）A and B 指同一个东西，是单数。
a lawyer and teacher
law and order 法律法规
war and peace 战争与和平
bread and butter 基本生活必须品
butterfly 蝴蝶
To love and to be loved 爱与被爱
2）A and B 所指不同，是复数。
a lawyer and a teacher
air and water
7、时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。
Time is money.时间就是金钱。
8、百分比结构：取决于后面的名词。
of+n.+v.（由of后的n.决定）
one+persent
majority
minority
9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n.or two/ every n1.and n2.谓语动词都是单数。
10、The+adj.表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。The rich are always ridiculous.[P42-63]Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.A)assessment
B)assignment
C)exception
D)access [P43-70]The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.A)in which
B)for whom
C)with which
D)of whom 百分比结构取决于后面的名词。
n1.of n2.取决于n1.（非百分比结构）[P60-43] The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A)have allowed
B)allow
C)allowing
D)allows [P60-42] You _______ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A)shouldn't follow
B)mustn't follow C)couldn't have been following
D)shouldn't have been following [P60-41]--“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o'clock tonight?”--“I'm sorry.M.Williams _______ to a conference long before then.” A)will have gone
B)had gone
C)would have gone
D)has gone [P60-44]Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A)assembled
B)accumulated
C)piled
D)joined [P60-45]Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.A)include
B)involve
C)contain
D)comprise 注：involve doing 表示要求做
[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.A)had not worked B)not to work
C)does not work
D)did not work [P54-41]She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she ______ too long.A)has been reading
B)had read
C)is reading
D)read [P54-42] Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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A)attention
B)attraction
C)appointment
D)arrangement [P54-43]I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.A)you to delay making B)your delaying makingC)your delaying to make
D)you delay to make [P54-44]The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A)alter
B)shift
C)transfer
D)vary 注：1.alter 细微的改变
2.shift 本质上的转变，性质上的转变
3.transfer 转学；调任工作
transform 改变
transport 运输
passport 护照 transplant 移植
transmit（疾病/广播电视节目/文化/语言的）传播 emit 释放
omit 省略
4.vary 差异
vary between/ throughout/ from A to B [P43-41]A person‟s calorie requirements vary ________ his life.A)across
B)throughout
C)over
D)within [P37-42]Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.A)for which
B)to which
C)of which
D)in which
[P37-43]Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players‟ personal equipment and uniforms? A)in place of
B)in terms of
C)by means of
D)by way of 注：in terms of 根据
[P30-29]Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from face to face.A)change
B)vary
C)alter
D)convert 注：convert（宗教信仰的）改变
[P54-45]Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.A)being cultivated
B)been cultivated C)having cultivated D)cultivating [P54-46]The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.A)having seated
B)seating
C)seated
D)having been seated 注：seat sb.给某人安排座位
[P55-47]This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.A)is worn
B)wears C)wearing
D)are worn 注：感观动词用主动
[P55-48]Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.A)transplanted
B)transformed
C)transported
D)transmitted [P55-49]Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early? A)go
B)went
C)would go
D)goes coincidence（时间；空间）巧合 意见的）一致 倒装
1、承前否定，前面是否定后面也是否定意义。nor, neither
I cann't answer, nor can I.nor 是连词，neither 既是连词又是副词 I cann't answer, but neither can I。
考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。
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[P3-59]She never laughed, _________ lose her temper.A)or she ever did
B)nor did she ever
C)or did she ever
D)nor she ever did 注: lost one's temper 发脾气
[P35-39] The manager lost his _________ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A)mood
B)temper
C)mind
D)passion 注: 1.in no mood to do 没有心情做某事
2.mind doing 介意做某事 3.passion 热情，激情 [P22-42]I could not persuade him to accept it, _________ make him see the importance of it.A)if only I could no tB)no more than I could C)or I could not D)nor could I [P27-33] The organization had broken no rules, but _________ had it acted responsibly.A)neither
B)so
C)either
D)both [P49-57]We don‟t need air conditioning, _________.A)nor can we afford it B)and nor we can afford it C)neither can afford it D)and we can neither afford it注: afford 负担，承担
2、only 在于句首＋状语/状从，部分倒装。Only at work did he feel happy.Only when you get 85 will I feel better.Only you can go with me to the west heaven.（加主语不倒装）[P19-50]Only by shouting at the top of his voice _______.A)was he able to make himself hear B)he was able to make himself hear C)he was able to make himself heard
D)was he able to make himself heard 注: 1.forum 论坛2.summit 峰会3.convention 国际会议，传统，风俗4.conference 一般性的会议
5.seminar 研讨会
[P16-43]Only under special circumstances ________ to take make-up tests.A)permitted are freshmen
B)freshmen are permitted C)are freshmen permitted
D)are permitted freshmen 注：make-up test 补考
make for 走向
make up for 补偿，弥补
3、否定副词或具有否定意义的词在句首，句子部分倒装。little, no longer，not only...but also，rarely, not until，in no way，scarcely...when，hardly，no sooner...than 主句倒装从句不倒装。
[P6-62]No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _________ we all sat down to rest.A)when
B)then
C)than
D)until [P52-60] We have been told that under no circumstances _______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A)may we use
B)we may use
C)we could use D)did we use [P52-59]Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker.A)batteries
B)bargains C)baskets
D)barrels 注：1.batteries 电池
2.barrels 桶
4、as, though 表尽管时，句子部分倒装。
Beautiful as she is she is stupid.[P35-40]Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _______ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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A)are to challenge B)may be challenged
C)have been challenged D)are challenging
[P26-26]___ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A)Being published
B)Published
C)Publishing
D)To be published P51-48]The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.A)isolated
B)isolating
C)being isolated
D)having been isolated 注：isolate 孤立
stimulate 刺激
prestige 名声，声望
ostrich 鸵鸟 同位语从句Mr.Huang, a CET-4 teacher, is a native to Dalian.主语同位语从句：
Evidence that Mr.Huang killed himself came out.1）主语必须是一个概括性名词，如：evidence, news, believe, 想法，标志等。2）同位语从句用来解释说明名词。
Evidence came out that Mr.Huang killed himself.同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
I knew the news that he killed himself.（同位语从句）I knew the news that was written by you.（定语从句）
1）同位语从句是用来解释前面的名词，而定语从句是用来修饰、限制前面的名词。2）同位语从句必须是特殊的概括性的名词，而定语从句可以是任何名词。3）同位语从句 that 起引导词的作用（从句主谓宾完整），定语从句 that 起关系代词的作用（从句不完整）。
[P59-37]There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A)that
B)which
C)in which
D)whose [P53-69]___ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A)It being B)It is C)There is
D)There being 注：1.+ 名词，选项中的 there be 结构为首选。2.作表语是形容词优于名词。It is evident that...3.evident 明显的 dentist 牙医
[P17-53]The mere fact _________ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A)that B)which C)whatD)why [P7-63]Evidence came up _________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A)what
B)which
C)that
D)whose 难题、短语
[P1-41]The bridge was named _______the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A)after B)with
C)by
D)from 注：1.be named after 以……命名
2.be named by 被……取名 [P1-46]All _______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A)what is needed B)for our needs
C)the thing needed
D)that is needed 注：all that = what [P3-61]I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _________ in a quiet neighbourhood.A)all in all B)above all C)after all D)over all 注：1.above all 首先2.all in all 总的来说3.after all 毕竟、终究4.over all 遍及 5.overall 制服；总的
[P5-44]There were some _________ flowers on the table.A)artificialB)unnaturalC)falseD)unreal 声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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注：1.artificial 人造的2.unnatural 不自然的
3.false 具有欺骗性的“假” false hair 假发false teeth 假牙 4.unreal 不真实的 [P5-47]Children are very curious _________.A)at heart B)in person
C)on purpose
D)by nature 注：1.by nature 天性
2.at heart 在心理上（强调内心世界）3.in person 亲自的 4.on purpose 有目的的、故意的
[P7-67]What _________ would happen if the director knew you felt that way? A)do you suppose B)you suppose
C)will you suppose D)you would suppose 注：do you suppose 做插入语，过去时用did [P6-54]Important people don‟t often have much free time as their work _________ all their time.A)takes away
B)takes over
C)takes up
D)takes in 注：1.take up 占用 2.take away 拿走
3.take over 接管
4.take in 理解；欺骗（口语）
I was simply taken in.[P9-56]The French pianist who had been praised very highly _________ to be a great disappointment.A)tuned up
B)turned in
C)turned out D)turned down 注：1.turn out to be 证明是，结果是2.turn up 出现3.turn in 上交
4.turn down 拒绝；把音量调小[P15-32]You cannot be _________ careful when you drive a car.A)very B)too C)so
D)enough 注：not too+adj 再……也不过分
声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
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