奥巴马关于伊拉克撤军电视讲话(英文)end on military operation over IRAQ.

第一篇：奥巴马关于伊拉克撤军电视讲话(英文)end on military operation over IRAQ.

" Good evening.Tonight, I’d like to talk to you about the end of our combat mission in Iraq, the ongoing security challenges we face, and the need to rebuild our nation here at home.I know this historic moment comes at a time of great uncertainty for many Americans.We’ve now been through nearly a decade of war.We’ve endured a long and painful recession.And sometimes in the midst of these storms, the future that we’re trying to build for our nation — a future of lasting peace and long-term prosperity — may seem beyond our reach.But this milestone should serve as a reminder to all Americans that the future is ours to shape if we move forward with confidence and commitment.It should also serve as a message to the world that the United States of America intends to sustain and strengthen our leadership in this young century.From this desk, seven and a half years ago, President Bush announced the beginning of military operations in Iraq.Much has changed since that night.A war to disarm a state became a fight against an insurgency.Terrorism and sectarian warfare threatened to tear Iraq apart.Thousands of Americans gave their lives;tens of thousands have been wounded.Our relations abroad were strained.Our unity at home was tested.These are the rough waters encountered during the course of one of America’s longest wars.Yet there has been one constant amidst these shifting tides.At every turn, America’s men and women in uniform have served with courage and resolve.As Commander-in-Chief, I am incredibly proud of their service.And like all Americans, I’m awed by their sacrifice, and by the sacrifices of their families.The Americans who have served in Iraq completed every mission they were given.They defeated a regime that had terrorized its people.Together with Iraqis and coalition partners who made huge sacrifices of their own, our troops fought block by block to help Iraq seize the chance for a better future.They shifted tactics to protect the Iraqi people, trained Iraqi Security Forces, and took out terrorist leaders.Because of our troops and civilians — and because of the resilience of the Iraqi people — Iraq has the opportunity to embrace a new destiny, even though many challenges remain.So tonight, I am announcing that the American combat mission in Iraq has ended.Operation Iraqi Freedom is over, and the Iraqi people now have lead responsibility for the security of their country.This was my pledge to the American people as a candidate for this office.Last February, I announced a plan that would bring our combat brigades out of Iraq, while redoubling our efforts to strengthen Iraq’s Security Forces and support its government and people.That’s what we’ve done.We’ve removed nearly 100,000 U.S.troops from Iraq.We’ve closed or transferred to the Iraqis hundreds of bases.And we have moved millions of pieces of equipment out of Iraq.This completes a transition to Iraqi responsibility for their own security.U.S.troops pulled out of Iraq’s cities last summer, and Iraqi forces have moved into the lead with considerable skill and commitment to their fellow citizens.Even as Iraq continues to suffer terrorist attacks, security incidents have been near the lowest on record since the war began.And Iraqi forces have taken the fight to al Qaeda, removing much of its leadership in Iraqi-led operations.This year also saw Iraq hold credible elections that drew a strong turnout.A caretaker administration is in place as Iraqis form a government based on the results of that election.Tonight, I encourage Iraq’s leaders to move forward with a sense of urgency to form an inclusive government that is just, representative, and accountable to the Iraqi people.And when that government is in place, there should be no doubt: The Iraqi people will have a strong partner in the United States.Our combat mission is ending, but our commitment to Iraq’s future is not.Going forward, a transitional force of U.S.troops will remain in Iraq with a different mission: advising and assisting Iraq’s Security Forces, supporting Iraqi troops in targeted counterterrorism missions, and protecting our civilians.Consistent with our agreement with the Iraqi government, all U.S.troops will leave by the end of next year.As our military draws down, our dedicated civilians — diplomats, aid workers, and advisors — are moving into the lead to support Iraq as it strengthens its government, resolves political disputes, resettles those displaced by war, and builds ties with the region and the world.That’s a message that Vice President Biden is delivering to the Iraqi people through his visit there today.This new approach reflects our long-term partnership with Iraq — one based upon mutual interest and mutual respect.Of course, violence will not end with our combat mission.Extremists will continue to set off bombs, attack Iraqi civilians and try to spark sectarian strife.But ultimately, these terrorists will fail to achieve their goals.Iraqis are a proud people.They have rejected sectarian war, and they have no interest in endless destruction.They understand that, in the end, only Iraqis can resolve their differences and police their streets.Only Iraqis can build a democracy within their borders.What America can do, and will do, is provide support for the Iraqi people as both a friend and a partner.Ending this war is not only in Iraq’s interest — it’s in our own.The United States has paid a huge price to put the future of Iraq in the hands of its people.We have sent our young men and women to make enormous sacrifices in Iraq, and spent vast resources abroad at a time of tight budgets at home.We’ve persevered because of a belief we share with the Iraqi people — a belief that out of the ashes of war, a new beginning could be born in this cradle of civilization.Through this remarkable chapter in the history of the United States and Iraq, we have met our responsibility.Now, it’s time to turn the page.As we do, I’m mindful that the Iraq war has been a contentious issue at home.Here, too, it’s time to turn the page.This afternoon, I spoke to former President George W.Bush.It’s well known that he and I disagreed about the war from its outset.Yet no one can doubt President Bush’s support for our troops, or his love of country and commitment to our security.As I’ve said, there were patriots who supported this war, and patriots who opposed it.And all of us are united in appreciation for our servicemen and women, and our hopes for Iraqis’ future.The greatness of our democracy is grounded in our ability to move beyond our differences, and to learn from our experience as we confront the many challenges ahead.And no challenge is more essential to our security than our fight against al Qaeda.Americans across the political spectrum supported the use of force against those who attacked us on 9/11.Now, as we approach our 10th year of combat in Afghanistan, there are those who are understandably asking tough questions about our mission there.But we must never lose sight of what’s at stake.As we speak, al Qaeda continues to plot against us, and its leadership remains anchored in the border regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan.We will disrupt, dismantle and defeat al Qaeda, while preventing Afghanistan from again serving as a base for terrorists.And because of our drawdown in Iraq, we are now able to apply the resources necessary to go on offense.In fact, over the last 19 months, nearly a dozen al Qaeda leaders — and hundreds of al Qaeda’s extremist allies — have been killed or captured around the world.Within Afghanistan, I’ve ordered the deployment of additional troops who — under the command of General David Petraeus — are fighting to break the Taliban’s momentum.As with the surge in Iraq, these forces will be in place for a limited time to provide space for the Afghans to build their capacity and secure their own future.But, as was the case in Iraq, we can’t do for Afghans what they must ultimately do for themselves.That’s why we’re training Afghan Security Forces and supporting a political resolution to Afghanistan’s problems.And next August, we will begin a transition to Afghan responsibility.The pace of our troop reductions will be determined by conditions on the ground, and our support for Afghanistan will endure.But make no mistake: This transition will begin — because open-ended war serves neither our interests nor the Afghan people’s.Indeed, one of the lessons of our effort in Iraq is that American influence around the world is not a function of military force alone.We must use all elements of our power — including our diplomacy, our economic strength, and the power of America’s example — to secure our interests and stand by our allies.And we must project a vision of the future that’s based not just on our fears, but also on our hopes — a vision that recognizes the real dangers that exist around the world, but also the limitless possibilities of our time.Today, old adversaries are at peace, and emerging democracies are potential partners.New markets for our goods stretch from Asia to the Americas.A new push for peace in the Middle East will begin here tomorrow.Billions of young people want to move beyond the shackles of poverty and conflict.As the leader of the free world, America will do more than just defeat on the battlefield those who offer hatred and destruction — we will also lead among those who are willing to work together to expand freedom and opportunity for all people.Now, that effort must begin within our own borders.Throughout our history, America has been willing to bear the burden of promoting liberty and human dignity overseas, understanding its links to our own liberty and security.But we have also understood that our nation’s strength and influence abroad must be firmly anchored in our prosperity at home.And the bedrock of that prosperity must be a growing middle class.Unfortunately, over the last decade, we’ve not done what’s necessary to shore up the foundations of our own prosperity.We spent a trillion dollars at war, often financed by borrowing from overseas.This, in turn, has short-changed investments in our own people, and contributed to record deficits.For too long, we have put off tough decisions on everything from our manufacturing base to our energy policy to education reform.As a result, too many middle-class families find themselves working harder for less, while our nation’s long-term competitiveness is put at risk.And so at this moment, as we wind down the war in Iraq, we must tackle those challenges at home with as much energy, and grit, and sense of common purpose as our men and women in uniform who have served abroad.They have met every test that they faced.Now, it’s our turn.Now, it’s our responsibility to honor them by coming together, all of us, and working to secure the dream that so many generations have fought for — the dream that a better life awaits anyone who is willing to work for it and reach for it.Our most urgent task is to restore our economy, and put the millions of Americans who have lost their jobs back to work.To strengthen our middle class, we must give all our children the education they deserve, and all our workers the skills that they need to compete in a global economy.We must jumpstart industries that create jobs, and end our dependence on foreign oil.We must unleash the innovation that allows new products to roll off our assembly lines, and nurture the ideas that spring from our entrepreneurs.This will be difficult.But in the days to come, it must be our central mission as a people, and my central responsibility as President.Part of that responsibility is making sure that we honor our commitments to those who have served our country with such valor.As long as I am President, we will maintain the finest fighting force that the world has ever known, and we will do whatever it takes to serve our veterans as well as they have served us.This is a sacred trust.That’s why we’ve already made one of the largest increases in funding for veterans in decades.We’re treating the signature wounds of today’s wars — post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury — while providing the health care and benefits that all of our veterans have earned.And we’re funding a Post-9/11 GI Bill that helps our veterans and their families pursue the dream of a college education.Just as the GI Bill helped those who fought World War II — including my grandfather — become the backbone of our middle class, so today’s servicemen and women must have the chance to apply their gifts to expand the American economy.Because part of ending a war responsibly is standing by those who have fought it.Two weeks ago, America’s final combat brigade in Iraq — the Army’s Fourth Stryker Brigade — journeyed home in the pre-dawn darkness.Thousands of soldiers and hundreds of vehicles made the trip from Baghdad, the last of them passing into Kuwait in the early morning hours.Over seven years before, American troops and coalition partners had fought their way across similar highways, but this time no shots were fired.It was just a convoy of brave Americans, making their way home.Of course, the soldiers left much behind.Some were teenagers when the war began.Many have served multiple tours of duty, far from families who bore a heroic burden of their own, enduring the absence of a husband’s embrace or a mother’s kiss.Most painfully, since the war began, 55 members of the Fourth Stryker Brigade made the ultimate sacrifice — part of over 4,400 Americans who have given their lives in Iraq.As one staff sergeant said, “I know that to my brothers in arms who fought and died, this day would probably mean a lot.” Those Americans gave their lives for the values that have lived in the hearts of our people for over two centuries.Along with nearly 1.5 million Americans who have served in Iraq, they fought in a faraway place for people they never knew.They stared into the darkest of human creations — war — and helped the Iraqi people seek the light of peace.In an age without surrender ceremonies, we must earn victory through the success of our partners and the strength of our own nation.Every American who serves joins an unbroken line of heroes that stretches from Lexington to Gettysburg;from Iwo Jima to Inchon;from Khe Sanh to Kandahar — Americans who have fought to see that the lives of our children are better than our own.Our troops are the steel in our ship of state.And though our nation may be travelling through rough waters, they give us confidence that our course is true, and that beyond the pre-dawn darkness, better days lie ahead.Thank you.May God bless you.And may God bless the United States of America, and all who serve her.

第二篇：奥巴马10月22日关于伊拉克撤军的讲话

奥巴马10月22日关于伊拉克撤军的讲话 导读：远在伊拉克快9年的美国军人终于可以回国了！奥巴马在10月22日的电视讲话中亲自作出了承诺，承诺美国部队将在年底前全部从伊拉克撤回，并且可以与家人共度圣诞节！

This week, we had two powerful reminders of how we've renewed American leadership in the world.I was proud to announce that—as promised—the rest of our troops in Iraq will come home by the end of this year.And in Libya, the death of Moammar Qadhafi showed that our role in protecting the Libyan people, and helping them break free from a tyrant, was the right thing to do.In Iraq, we've succeeded in our strategy to end the war.Last year, I announced the end of our combat mission in Iraq.We've already removed more than 100,000 troops, and Iraqi forces have taken full responsibility for the security of their own country.Thanks to the extraordinary sacrifices of our men and women in uniform, the Iraqi people have the chance to forge their own future.And now the rest of our troops will be home for the holidays.In Libya, our brave pilots and crews helped prevent a massacre, save countless lives, and give the Libyan people the chance to prevail.Without putting a single U.S.service member on the ground, we achieved our objectives.Soon, our NATO mission will come to a successful end even as we continue to support the Libyan people, and people across the Arab world, who seek a democratic future.These successes are part of a larger story.After a decade of war, we're turning the page and moving forward, with strength and confidence.The drawdown in Iraq allowed us to refocus on Afghanistan and achieve major victories against al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden.As we remove the last of our troops from Iraq, we're beginning to bring our troops home from Afghanistan.To put this in perspective, when I took office, roughly 180,000 troops were deployed in these wars.By the end of this year that number will be cut in half, and an increasing number of our troops will continue to come home.As we end these wars, we're focusing on our greatest challenge as a nation—rebuilding our economy and renewing our strength at home.Over the past decade, we spent a trillion dollars on war, borrowed heavily from overseas and invested too little in the greatest source of our national strength—our own people.Now, the nation we need to build is our own.We have to tackle this challenge with the same urgency and unity that our troops brought to their fight.That's why we have to do everything in our power to get our economy moving again.That's why I'm calling on Congress to pass the American Jobs Act, so we can rebuild our country – our schools, our roads, our bridges – and put our veterans, construction workers, teachers, cops and firefighters back to work.And that's why I hope all of us can draw strength from the example of our men and women in uniform.They’ve met their responsibilities to America.Now it's time to meet ours.It's time to come together and show the world why the United States of America remains the greatest source for freedom and opportunity that the world has ever known.

第三篇：奥巴马电视讲话

美国总统奥巴马于昨日在白宫发表了面向全国的电视讲话，宣布基地组织1号人物奥萨马•本•拉登在上周被美军击毙。他还透露，此次行动中美军无人受伤，而且他们成功获取了本•拉登的尸体。奥巴马在讲话中谴责了十年前基地组织对美国发起“9•11”恐怖袭击事件，并称拉登之死是美国反恐事业的“重大成就”。

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

For Immediate Release May 02, 2011

THE PRESIDENT: Good evening.Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda, and a terrorist who’s responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children.It was nearly 10 years ago that a bright September day was darkened by the worst attack on the American people in our history.The images of 9/11 are seared into our national memory--hijacked planes cutting through a cloudless September sky;the Twin Towers collapsing to the ground;black smoke billowing up from the Pentagon;the wreckage of Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, where the actions of heroic citizens saved even more

heartbreak and destruction.And yet we know that the worst images are those that were unseen to the world.The empty seat at the dinner table.Children who were forced to grow up without their mother or their father.Parents who would never know the feeling of their child’s embrace.Nearly 3,000 citizens taken from us, leaving a gaping hole in our hearts.On September 11, 2001, in our time of grief, the American people came together.We offered our neighbors a hand, and we offered the wounded our blood.We reaffirmed our ties to each other, and our love of community and country.On that day, no matter where we came from, what God we prayed to, or what race or

ethnicity we were, we were united as one American family.We were also united in our resolve to protect our nation and to bring those who committed this vicious attack to justice.We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al Qaeda--an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe.And so we went to war against al Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies.Over the last 10 years, thanks to the tireless and heroic work of our military and our counterterrorism professionals, we’ve made great strides in that effort.We’ve

disrupted terrorist attacks and strengthened our homeland defense.In Afghanistan, we removed the Taliban 塔利班government, which had given bin Laden and al Qaeda safe haven 港口and support.And around the globe, we worked with our friends and allies to capture or kill scores of al Qaeda terrorists, including several who were a part of the 9/11 plot.Yet Osama bin Laden avoided capture and escaped across the Afghan border into Pakistan.Meanwhile, al Qaeda continued to operate from along that border and operate through its affiliates附属企业；分支机构； across the world.And so shortly after taking office, I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, dismantle废除, and defeat his network.Then, last August, after years of painstaking work by our intelligence community, I was briefed on a possible lead to bin Laden.It was far from certain, and it took many months to run this thread to ground.I met repeatedly with my national security team as we developed more information about the possibility that we had located bin Laden hiding within a compound deep inside of Pakistan.And finally, last week, I

determined that we had enough intelligence to take action, and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice.Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability.No Americans were harmed.They took care to avoid civilian casualties.After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body.For over two decades, bin Laden has been al Qaeda’s leader and symbol, and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends

and allies.The death of bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation’s effort to defeat al Qaeda.Yet his death does not mark the end of our effort.There’s no doubt that al Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us.We must –-and we will--remain vigilant at home and abroad.As we do, we must also reaffirm that the United States is not –-and never will be-– at war with Islam.I’ve made clear, just as President Bush did shortly after 9/11, that our war is not against Islam.Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader;he was a mass murderer of Muslims.Indeed, al Qaeda has slaughtered scores of Muslims in many countries，including our own.So his demise 死亡should be welcomed by all who believe in peace and human dignity.Over the years, I’ve repeatedly made clear that we would take action within Pakistan if we knew where bin Laden was.That is what we’ve done.But it’s important to note that our counterterrorism cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding.Indeed, bin Laden had declared war against Pakistan as well, and ordered attacks against the Pakistani people.Tonight, I called President Zardari, and my team has also spoken with their Pakistani counterparts.They agree that this is a good and historic

day for both of our nations.And going forward, it is essential that Pakistan continue to join us in the fight against al Qaeda and its affiliates.The American people did not choose this fight.It came to our shores, and started with the senseless slaughter of our citizens.After nearly 10 years of service, struggle, and sacrifice, we know well the costs of war.These efforts weigh on me重压于 every time I, as Commander-in-Chief, have to sign a letter to a family that has lost a loved one, or look into the eyes of a service member who’s been gravely wounded.So Americans understand the costs of war.Yet as a country, we will never

tolerate our security being threatened, nor stand idly by when our people have been killed.We will be relentless in defense of our citizens and our friends and allies.We will be true to the values that make us who we are.And on nights like this one, we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to al Qaeda’s terror: Justice has been done.Tonight, we give thanks to the countless intelligence and counterterrorism professionals who’ve worked tirelessly to achieve this outcome.The American people do not see their work, nor know their names.But tonight, they feel the satisfaction of their work and the result of their pursuit of justice.We give thanks for the men who

carried out this operation, for they exemplify the professionalism, patriotism, and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country.And they are part of a generation that has borne the heaviest share of the burden since that September day.Finally, let me say to the families who lost loved ones on 9/11 that we have never forgotten your loss, nor wavered 动摇in our commitment to see that we do whatever it takes to prevent another attack on our shores.And tonight, let us think back to the sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11.I know that it has, at times, frayed.Yet today’s achievement is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the

American people.The cause of securing our country is not complete.But tonight, we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to.That is the story of our history, whether it’s the pursuit of prosperity for our people, or the struggle for equality for all our citizens;our commitment to stand up for our values abroad, and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place.Let us remember that we can do these things not just because of wealth or power, but because of who we are: one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.Thank you.May God bless you.And

may God bless the United States of America.Central Intelligence Agency（中央情报局，美国

第四篇：从语用学角度分析美国总统奥巴马伊拉克撤军演讲

从语用学角度分析美国总统奥巴马伊拉克撤军演讲

一、相关论文：

广州大学外国语学院 程欢 《奥巴马就职演讲的认知语篇分析及译文评析》 湘潭大学外国语学院 陈华娟 《奥巴马就职演讲的人际意义解读》 湖北经济学院法商学院 匡露 《奥巴马就职演讲的批评话语分析》 内蒙古大学人文学院 杨青 《论言语交际中的合作原则》

姜志伟 《中、英政治演讲中礼貌原则对比研究——胡锦涛、布什高校演讲个案研究》

二、人们做了怎样的研究：

人们从语言学各个角度分析政治演讲稿，或从语言修辞角度，或从翻译角度，或从语用学角度，以此提高演讲爱好者公众演讲语言的运用技能，或揣测政治家的政治意图，了解中西方文化差异等等。

三、他们的问题和不足、美国总统就职演说影响广泛,意义重大,是一种独特而重要的实用文体。由于总统就职演说所具有的这种独特性和重要性,长期以来它吸引了不少历史学家,政治学家和语言学家对其进行研究。但是这些研究大多是从政治或文体学的角度展开的,很少有人从语用学的角度进行研究。学术研究最终应当应用于生活。政治与人们的生活息息相关，通过语用学研究政治家的意图、判断获得政治信息的真实性和可靠性，就显得尤为重要。

四、我的观点是：

（一）语境

含义是一种受制于语境的，说话人交际意图的隐含信息。要分析奥巴马伊拉克撤军演讲的语用含义就必须先了解语境。奥巴马演讲的主要听众是在伊拉克战争中战死军人的家属和依旧驻守在伊拉克的美军。伊战战死军人家属是非常心痛的，他们有一个共同的问题，就是：这种牺牲是值得的吗？而仍然驻守在伊拉克的美军主要有两个共同的问题，一是：伊拉克战争已经结束，为什么伊拉克人民仍然被杀，伊拉克反美武装袭击仍然不间断？二是：为什么他们还要驻守在伊拉克？ 奥巴马的演讲主要分三段：结束伊拉克战斗任务、我们正面临的安全挑战和如何重建我们的国家。

（二）合作原则

格赖斯于1967年在哈佛大学做了三次演讲，他指出为了保证会话等言语交际的顺利

进行，说话人和听话人双方必须遵守一些基本原则，特别市合作原则（cooperative principle）.美国学者格林将格赖斯提出的合作原则进行重述，将它们表述为四个准则：a量准则 b准则 c关系准则

d 方式准则

1、合作原则的遵循

A 量准则（Quantity maxim）：所提供的信息室交际所需的且不多也不少

例如：奥巴马解释了美国军队的国度力量仍然留在伊拉克的原因与它们承担的不同的任务，“为伊拉克安全部门提供建议和帮助；支持伊拉克军队针对恐怖主义的行动；保护美国公民”。B 质准则（Quality Maxim）：所提供的信息应当是真实的

例如：奥巴马描述战争带来的弊端“我们派去的年轻男女军人在伊拉克付出了巨大的牺牲，在国内预算紧缺的情况下投入大量资源支持这场战争，是时候翻过新的一页了”。奥巴马在演讲中说美国现在的主要任务是重振经济，这是诚实的说法，他并没有否定战争给美国经济带来的负面影响。C 关系准则（Relevant Maxim）:行为者的行为与他的意图有共有关系

美国媒体普遍认为伊拉克战争的负面影响大于积极成就。《纽约时报》认为这是“一场本不应该打的战争”，美国国内经济一团糟，奥巴马在演讲中并没有回避这一问题，提出要恢复国内经济，帮助数百万失业的美国人重新找到工作；结束对外国石油的依赖；培养企业家的创新意识。

D 方式准则（Manner Maxim）：行为者对具有共同目标的对方清楚地表达自己的行为

在安抚伊战战死军人家属时，奥巴马提到自己的部分责任是确保那些国家

应用服役的军人获得应有的荣誉，包括“为战争中受伤的士兵提供最好的治疗；并为所有老兵提供医疗保障和其它帮助；为9.11恐怖袭击后的老兵和他们的家人追求大学梦乡提供资金支持。”

2、合作原则的违背

A 量准则的违背

奥巴马在描述伊拉克战争的积极意义时说：“伊拉克安全事故已经下降到开战以来的最低水平”，这无疑是一项极其模糊的表达，伊拉克战争到底有何积极意义，为何伊拉克仍然遭受恐怖分子袭击，这些问题都被刻意跳过未作解释。B 质准则的违背

奥巴马说美军已经完成任务，推翻了实行恐怖统治的政权，但是众所周知，伊战并没有消除安全隐患，反而出现更多的恐怖主义，虽然翘倒了萨达姆，同时也打开了禁闭恐怖主义的大门，伊拉克如今乌烟瘴气。这些事实说明奥巴马明显违背了质准则，说了虚假的事。

（三）会话含义的推导

英国哲学家John Austin认为说话者的语言可分为言中(locutionary act)、言外(illocutionary act)和言后(perlocutionary act).言中即说话者的字面意义，言外是指说话者的真正意图，言后则是说话后带来的实际影响。下面简单地列举两个例子来解释会话含义的推导。

例一：“今晚，我宣布美国在伊拉克的战斗任务结束，伊拉克自由行动结束。伊拉克人现在必须承担起保护自己国家安全的重担，这是我竞选美国总统时向美国人民做出的承诺。”

言中：伊拉克战争已经结束了，就像我当年说的那样。

言外：表明自己兑现了承诺，完成了美国人民的心愿，是个守信的值得

信任的人，带有吹嘘的意味。

言后：让人民更加信任他。或者觉得他善于吹嘘。言后效果因人而异。

例二：“伊拉克人是一群骄傲的人，他们拒绝宗派战争，对无休止的破坏不感兴趣。他们知道，最后只有伊拉克人自己能够解决他们之间的分歧，只有伊拉克人能建立自己的民主”

言中： 描述伊拉克人的特征。

言外： 将美国在伊拉克完成任务远少于未完成任务就撤军的事实归结为

遵循伊拉克人的意愿，激励伊拉克人政治改革取得进展（当然也包括自己当年的撤军承诺）。

言后： 人们会认为美国人民是遵循别国意愿的，并提供朋友和伙伴式的支持。

（四）总结 墨西哥湾漏油事件、弗吉尼亚煤矿爆炸、医疗改革„„遇到种种突发情况和重要事这些演讲稿的，是一个由许多才思敏捷的写手组成的团队，他们被称为“奥巴马的大脑”。这篇演讲稿是不是美国总统写的，这个问题并不重要。我们通过分析这篇演讲稿发现驻伊美军作战部队完成撤离并非意味着伊拉克战争取得了最后胜利，但是奥巴马却把这个事件视作兑现竞选承诺的机遇，同时也借此向全世界宣布，他为国际和平做出巨大贡献。伊拉克战争究竟是赢了还是输了？美国《国际日报》日前刊文认为，奥巴马实现了结束驻伊美军作战任务的就任承诺是一件好事；但对伊拉克战争的评价却并非是易事，也并非是体面地输掉了战争那样简单。现在评价伊拉克战争，可能为时过早。

第五篇：从语用学角度分析美国总统奥巴马伊拉克撤军演讲

从语用学角度分析美国总统奥巴马伊拉克撤军演讲

一、相关论文：

广州大学外国语学院 程欢 《奥巴马就职演讲的认知语篇分析及译文评析》 湘潭大学外国语学院 陈华娟 《奥巴马就职演讲的人际意义解读》

湖北经济学院法商学院 匡露 《奥巴马就职演讲的批评话语分析》

内蒙古大学人文学院 杨青 《论言语交际中的合作原则》

姜志伟 《中、英政治演讲中礼貌原则对比研究——胡锦涛、布什高校演讲个案研究》

二、人们做了怎样的研究：

人们从语言学各个角度分析政治演讲稿，或从语言修辞角度，或从翻译角度，或从语用学角度，以此提高演讲爱好者公众演讲语言的运用技能，或揣测政治家的政治意图，了解中西方文化差异等等。

三、他们的问题和不足、美国总统就职演说影响广泛,意义重大,是一种独特而重要的实用文体。由于总统就职演说所具有的这种独特性和重要性,长期以来它吸引了不少历史学家,政治学家和语言学家对其进行研究。但是这些研究大多是从政治或文体学的角度展开的,很少有人从语用学的角度进行研究。学术研究最终应当应用于生活。政治与人们的生活息息相关，通过语用学研究政治家的意图、判断获得政治信息的真实性和可靠性，就显得尤为重要。

四、我的观点是：

（一）语境

含义是一种受制于语境的，说话人交际意图的隐含信息。要分析奥巴马伊拉克撤军演讲的语用含义就必须先了解语境。奥巴马演讲的主要听众是在伊拉克战争中战死军人的家属和依旧驻守在伊拉克的美军。伊战战死军人家属是非常心痛的，他们有一个共同的问题，就是：这种牺牲是值得的吗？而仍然驻守在伊拉克的美军主要有两个共同的问题，一是：伊拉克战争已经结束，为什么伊拉克人民仍然被杀，伊拉克反美武装袭击仍然不间断？二是：为什么他们还要驻守在伊拉克？

奥巴马的演讲主要分三段：结束伊拉克战斗任务、我们正面临的安全挑战和如何重建我们的国家。

（二）合作原则

格赖斯于1967年在哈佛大学做了三次演讲，他指出为了保证会话等言语交际的顺利进行，说话人和听话人双方必须遵守一些基本原则，特别市合作原则（cooperative principle）.美国学者格林将格赖斯提出的合作原则进行重述，将它们表述为四个准则：a量准则 b准则 c关系准则d 方式准则

1、合作原则的遵循

A 量准则（Quantity maxim）：所提供的信息室交际所需的且不多也不少

例如：奥巴马解释了美国军队的国度力量仍然留在伊拉克的原因与它们承担的不

同的任务，“为伊拉克安全部门提供建议和帮助；支持伊拉克军队针对恐怖主义的行动；保护美国公民”。

B 质准则（Quality Maxim）：所提供的信息应当是真实的例如：奥巴马描述战争带来的弊端“我们派去的年轻男女军人在伊拉克付出了巨

大的牺牲，在国内预算紧缺的情况下投入大量资源支持这场战争，是时候翻过新的一页了”。奥巴马在演讲中说美国现在的主要任务是重振经济，这是诚实的说法，他并没有否定战争给美国经济带来的负面影响。

C 关系准则（Relevant Maxim）:行为者的行为与他的意图有共有关系

美国媒体普遍认为伊拉克战争的负面影响大于积极成就。《纽约时报》认为

这是“一场本不应该打的战争”，美国国内经济一团糟，奥巴马在演讲中并

没有回避这一问题，提出要恢复国内经济，帮助数百万失业的美国人重新

找到工作；结束对外国石油的依赖；培养企业家的创新意识。

D 方式准则（Manner Maxim）：行为者对具有共同目标的对方清楚地表达自己的行为

在安抚伊战战死军人家属时，奥巴马提到自己的部分责任是确保那些国家

应用服役的军人获得应有的荣誉，包括“为战争

中受伤的士兵提供最好的治疗；并为所有老兵提

供医疗保障和其它帮助；为9.11恐怖袭击后的老

兵和他们的家人追求大学梦乡提供资金支持。”

2、合作原则的违背

A 量准则的违背

奥巴马在描述伊拉克战争的积极意义时说：“伊拉克安全事故已经下降到开战以来的最低水平”，这无疑是一项极其模糊的表达，伊拉克战争到底有何积极意义，为何伊拉克仍然遭受恐怖分子袭击，这些问题都被刻意跳过未作解释。

B 质准则的违背

奥巴马说美军已经完成任务，推翻了实行恐怖统治的政权，但是众所周知，伊战并没有消除安全隐患，反而出现更多的恐怖主义，虽然翘倒了萨达姆，同时也打开了禁闭恐怖主义的大门，伊拉克如今乌烟瘴气。这些事实说明奥巴马明显违背了质准则，说了虚假的事。

（三）会话含义的推导

英国哲学家John Austin认为说话者的语言可分为言中(locutionary act)、言外

(illocutionary act)和言后(perlocutionary act).言中即说话者的字面意义，言外是指说话者的真正意图，言后则是说话后带来的实际影响。下面简单地列举两个例子来解释会话含义的推导。

例一：“今晚，我宣布美国在伊拉克的战斗任务结束，伊拉克自由行动结束。伊

拉克人现在必须承担起保护自己国家安全的重担，这是我竞选美国总统

时向美国人民做出的承诺。”

言中：伊拉克战争已经结束了，就像我当年说的那样。

言外：表明自己兑现了承诺，完成了美国人民的心愿，是个守信的值得

信任的人，带有吹嘘的意味。

言后：让人民更加信任他。或者觉得他善于吹嘘。言后效果因人而异。例二：“伊拉克人是一群骄傲的人，他们拒绝宗派战争，对无休止的破坏不感兴

趣。他们知道，最后只有伊拉克人自己能够解决他们之间的分歧，只有

伊拉克人能建立自己的民主”

言中： 描述伊拉克人的特征。

言外： 将美国在伊拉克完成任务远少于未完成任务就撤军的事实归结为

遵循伊拉克人的意愿，激励伊拉克人政治改革取得进展（当然也

包括自己当年的撤军承诺）。

言后： 人们会认为美国人民是遵循别国意愿的，并提供朋友和伙伴式的支持。

（四）总结

墨西哥湾漏油事件、弗吉尼亚煤矿爆炸、医疗改革„„遇到种种突发情况和重要事这些演讲稿的，是一个由许多才思敏捷的写手组成的团队，他们被称为“奥巴马的大脑”。这篇演讲稿是不是美国总统写的，这个问题并不重要。我们通过分析这篇演讲稿发现驻伊美军作战部队完成撤离并非意味着伊拉克战争取得了最后胜利，但是奥巴马却把这个事件视作兑现竞选承诺的机遇，同时也借此向全世界宣布，他为国际和平做出巨大贡献。伊拉克战争究竟是赢了还是输了？美国《国际日报》日前刊文认为，奥巴马实现了结束驻伊美军作战任务的就任承诺是一件好事；但对伊拉克战争的评价却并非是易事，也并非是体面地输掉了战争那样简单。现在评价伊拉克战争，可能为时过早。