网络流行语英文PPT范文合集

第一篇：网络流行语英文PPT

2015年即将要过去了。回首一年，都有哪些网络流行语红极一时呢？你知道用英文怎么讲嘛？跟小编一起看看吧！

1.上交给国家(handover sth to the government)“上交给国家”出自电视剧版《盗墓笔记》，为了能顺利过审，主角吴邪一改原著中的盗墓说辞，改成将所有看到的文物“上交国家”，于是片中的所有宝藏，都摆脱不了“上交国家”的命运，由此引发原著粉和看剧党的大规模的吐槽。

这个词组也是属于中国特有滴，所以小编认为直译会比较靠谱，即为handover sth to the government 或者说handover sth to the authority，你觉得呢？ 2.吓死本宝宝了(scared to death)“吓死宝宝了”这里的“宝宝”指的是自己，是吓死我了的意思，自称本宝宝只是为了卖萌，说自己很可爱！可以译成im scared to death或者说it scared my pants off!3.明明可以靠脸吃饭(could have earned a living with face)小编认为这句话用英语表达就是：she could have earned a living with face, but instead, she uses her talent.4.世界那么大，我想去看看(the world is big and i want to see it.)5.睡什么睡，起来嗨(wake up and get high with us!)6.重要的事情说三遍(important things cannot be underscored too much.)最早说的应该是某房地产网站的电台广告语：“走直线，走直线，走直线，重要的事情说三遍。”此广告一经推出，迅速火遍各大电台，重要事情说三遍被各类广告和跟风使用，洗脑作用可见一斑。

7.傻白甜(blonde)傻白甜通常指电视剧或电影中的女主角，蠢萌没有心机，后用来形容没有演技的角色。傻白甜有两个方向，一是指尽管桥段有些老旧，但剧情并不狗血，比较美好温柔甜美的爱情故事；另外可以用来形容爱情故事里的女主角，个性没有心机，蠢萌可爱，让人感觉很温馨。

在英语中相应的表达就是blonde，来形容那些容貌姣好，内心单纯甚至有点小傻的女人。8.我的内心几乎是崩溃的(i lost my control, in my heart.)某公司ceo在接受媒体采访中说了一句：“我的内心几乎是崩溃的”，鸭梨山大的表达道出很多人的心声，在播出之后被不少网友争相借用，成为2015年的热词。9.小鲜肉(he is such a young handsome!)用于形容年轻、帅气、有肌肉的男生，一般是指年龄在12-25岁之间的性格纯良，感情经历单纯，没有太多的情感经验，且长相俊俏的男生。10.城会玩(townies behaviors.)“你们城里人真会玩(we cant understand you townies behaviors.)”的简称，指某些人的行为很作。

11.心塞(feel stifled)12.么么哒(love you, my darling)一般用于情侣、闺蜜或关系较好的人之间，表示亲近的意思，可译为love you, my darling, my dear。

13.你行你上啊(you can you up/if you can do it then you should go up and do it.)14.有钱就是任性(a rich man is capricious.)这句话也在2015年红遍了大江南北，有人明知自己被骗，但还是给骗子汇去54万元。警察问他为什么时，他说就想知道骗子还能骗他多少钱！被广大网友调侃为：有钱就是这么任性！

任性一词在两会上被官方翻译翻成了capricious，更多人觉得willful比较贴切，所以“有钱任性”可以译为a rich man is absolutely capricious/willful.或者you rich men can do anything with the money you’ve got.篇二：英语网络流行语

eps: representative(销售)代表 expd: experienced 有经验的 req: required 需要 ext.: extension 延伸、扩展 sal: salary 工资 fr.ben: fringe benefits 额外福利 sctry: secretary 秘书 f/t: full time 全日制 sh: shorthand 人手不足 gd: good 好sr: senior 资深 grad: graduate 毕业 stdnt: student 学生 hosp: hospital 医院 stmts: statements 报告 hdqtrs : headquarters 总部 tech: technical 技术上 hr: hour 小时 tel/ph: telphone 电话 hrly: hourly 每小时 temp: temporarily 临时性(工作)hs: high school 高中(学历)trans: transportation 交通 immed: immediate 立即 trnee: trainee 实习生 incl: including 包括 typ: typing/typist 打字/打字员 ind: industrial 工业的 wk: week/work 周/工作 inexp: inexperienced 无经验的 wpm: words per minute 打字/每分钟 intl: international 国际性的 yr(s): year(s)年1.素质教育 ：quality education2.eq：分两种，一种为教育商数 educational quotient，另一种情感商数 emotional quotient3.保险业： the insurance industry4.保证重点指出： ensure funding for priority areas5.补发拖欠的养老金： clear up pension payments in arrears6.不良贷款： non-performing loan7.层层转包和违法分包： mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8.城乡信用社： credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9.城镇居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents10.城镇职工医疗保障制度： the system of medical insurance for urban workers11.出口信贷： export credit12.贷款质量： loan quality13.贷款质量五级分类办法： the five-category assets classification for bank loans14.防范和化解金融风险： take precautions against and reduce financial risks15.防洪工程： flood-prevention project16.非法外汇交易 ： illegal foreign exchange transaction17.非贸易收汇： foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18.非银行金融机构： non-bank financial institutions19.费改税： transform administrative fees into taxes20.跟踪审计： foolow-up auditing21.工程监理制度： the monitoring system for projects22.国有资产安全： the safety of state-owned assets23.过度开垦 ： excess reclamation24.合同管理制度： the contract system for governing projects25.积极的财政政策 ： pro-active fiscal policy26.基本生活费： basic allowance27.解除劳动关系： sever labor relation28.金融监管责任制： the responsibility system for financial supervision29.经济安全： economic security30.靠扩大财政赤字搞建设： to increase the deficit to spend more on development31.扩大国内需求 ： the expansion of domestic demand32.拉动经济增长： fuel economic growth33.粮食仓库： grain depot34.粮食收购企业： grain collection and storage enterprise35.粮食收购资金实行封闭 2009年中国十大网络流行语英文版

这是一个充满无限可能的时代，也是一个网络推动的时代。岁末将至，盘点2009年中出现的每一句网络流行语，无一不与我们的生活息息相关；细读每一个网络流行语诙谐和无厘头的背后，无一不是对现实问题的最理性的思考。

值此之际，特别推出2009年度十大网络流行语的英文版，让我们一起来对刚刚走远的集体记忆温故知新。1.不差钱

money is not a problem.出处：2009年央视春晚，赵本山、小沈阳等演出了小品《不差钱》。几乎一夜之间，二人转演员小沈阳连同小品中的多句经典台词，红遍大江南北。2.哥抽的不是烟，是寂寞！

what brother is smoking is not a cigarette, but loneliness!出处：7月初，在百度贴吧里突然有人发了一张一名非主流男子吃面的图片，图片配文“哥吃的不是面，是寂寞”。之后一发不可收拾，有网友相继模仿“哥×的不是×，是寂寞”的句式，“哥上的不是网，是寂寞”、“哥爱的不是你，是寂寞”?? 3.贾君鹏你妈妈喊你回家吃饭！

jia junpeng, your mother wants you to go home to have some food.出处：贾君鹏只是个网络虚拟人物，但是在2009年7月16日百度贴吧里的魔兽世界吧里，一个只有标题《贾君鹏，你妈妈喊你回家吃饭！》的空帖，短短几个小时就被390617名网友浏览，引来超过1.7万条回复，并在接下来的一天时间内吸引了710万点击和30万的回复。入选理由：相当长一段时间内，“×××，你妈妈喊你回家吃饭！”这种兼具家庭式温馨的调侃语录成了最流行的网络问候语，并影响了社会各界和媒体们对此语录的深度分析。4.人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具。

life is like a tea table, with bitter cups placed all over it.出处：首先是易中天因为在一期《百家讲坛》中瞪大眼睛感叹了一句“悲剧啊”，结果就被网友截了图并上传到了网上，随即成为无数网友争相引用的签名档。其实，这句流行语的句式模板来自张爱玲笔下的———“人生是一袭华美的袍，上面爬满了虱子。”

“杯具”一词诞生后，网上出现了“杯具党”，网友们又创造了“餐具（惨剧）”、“洗具（喜剧）”和“茶具（差距）”。

入选理由：在网友看来，“杯具”这个词比“悲剧”能表现内心的无奈，同时又多了一分自嘲的乐观态度，比之前单纯的悲观也多了一分希望。5.不要迷恋哥，哥只是个传说。

dont be obsessed with brother.he is only a legend.出处：这句话的起源是猫扑大杂烩，由网友“不要迷恋哥”的一个帖子引起的恶搞。

入选理由：原本是很自恋的一句话，却给无聊的生活添加了一瓶调味剂，它火到什么程度呢？连国际知名大导演张艺谋的新任“谋男郎”小沈阳都在唱“不要疯狂地迷恋我，我只是个传说??”

6.人情债，我肉偿了！

my debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!出处：《蜗居》用犀利的笔触讲述了现代都市白领阶层对房子的渴望以及房奴生活的酸甜苦辣。虽然仍然以上海为故事背景，但剧中人物每日挣扎与奋斗，付出巨大的大城市生活成本，却是很多都市白领的生活写照，编剧六六的犀利台词也成为很多人新的msn签名。

入选理由：除了关注热门的社会话题外，剧中的台词也很潮，不仅幽默风趣充满智慧，还贴近老百姓的生活。随着《蜗居》的热播，剧中犀利有深度的台词也随之走红，成为观众们讨论的热点。

7.你有什么不开心的？说出来让大家开心一下。

what makes you unhappy? tell us to make us happy.出处：生活很苦，开心很难。所以要看开一点，你有什么不开心的，说出来让大家开心一下。

入选理由：你失业了，那还有失恋的呢；你做生意失败了，那还有自杀未遂的呢；天不遂人愿的事多了去了，要是都如意了，还要上帝干什么——帝哥说了，你们都爽了，我还保佑谁去？！

耍贫嘴才是生活的真谛，你噼里啪啦一顿胡侃，不光自己忘了苦恼，也把别人忽悠的忘乎所以——还一本正经的拉住你的手，放在她手心，一把鼻涕一把泪的说：麦兜，我终于找到生活的真谛了~ 8.你out了！

you are left behind the times.入选理由：据了解，现在国内无论是电视媒体还是平面媒体都在统计2009年度的流行语，对于out这个词儿，有相当一部分人在肯定它流行的同时，也表现出了“深恶痛绝”的态度。这个词儿乍一听没什么杀伤力，可真要摊到自己身上，还真是挺不舒服的。9.雷锋做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都记到日记里。

lei feng does good without seeking recognition, but he records everything in his diary.出处：为什么雷锋做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都记到日记里？这成为今年各大论坛的热贴。人们的回答花样百出，令人捧腹。

入选理由：接过雷锋的枪，雷锋是我们的好榜样；接过雷锋的枪，千万个雷锋在成长??儿时的歌又在耳边响起。也有网友回帖道：雷锋做了好事不留名，但是每一件事情都记到日记里面，而我从来不写日记。10.这事儿不能说太细。

it cannot be explained in detail.入选理由：在天涯、猫扑等论坛，一些帖子下面，常常跟有“这事楼主说得太细了，下回注意”、“这事儿我不能说太细”之类的回帖，与去年“我是来打酱油的”、“做几个俯卧撑就走”等回帖风格十分近似。在“百度知道”，已经出现了“这事儿不能说太细”的解答，并且已有网友建立“这事儿不能说太细”吧，搜狐还有网友列出了“这事儿不能说太细”的俄语、荷兰语、法语、德语等版本译法。

第二篇：英文毕业论文 网络流行语及其英文翻译

本科生毕业论文

网络流行语及其英文翻译

院 系： 外国语学院 专 业： 英 语

I A Study of English Translation of Network Catchwords

摘要

随着中国国际化进程日益加快和互联网的普及，越来越多的外国友人更加密切地关注中国。与此同时，中国网民也创造了不少幽默诙谐、充满智慧的语言，一些鲜活的流行语不仅在网络上迅速传播，还渗透到社会生活中。然而通过对汉语网络流行语翻译的研究现状来看，汉语网络流行语的翻译工作还有待进一步的发展。本文首先介绍了流行语和网络流行语的背景以及它们之间的从属关系。其次，网络流行语主要来源于网络用语、影视用语和外来语。通过对其来源的分析，进一步概括出网络流行语之所以流行的原因。从广义上来说，网络流行语的形成不仅是语言继承性和创新性的有机结合，它的简洁、幽默、流行性和周期性也让众多网民对其更加追捧和使用。然而，在网络流行语不断追求个性、不断创新的洪流中，也不可避免地出现了粗俗化现象。本文根据奈达的功能对等理论，对汉语网络流行语的翻译技巧进行了分析和总结之后发现，在网络流行语的翻译中直译、直译夹注、意译、意译加注、加缀法和改译法仍是十分有效和常用的技巧。

关键词：网络流行语；来源；特征；翻译

II

Abstract

With the accelerating process of China Internationalization and popularity of the Internet, more and more foreigners pay closer attention to China.At the same time, Chinese netizens also create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through Internet and also deeply enter the social life.However, through the translation situations of Chinese network catchwords, the translation problem needs further development.The thesis firstly introduces the background of catchword, network catchwords and their subordinate relationship.Secondly, network catchwords mainly originate from network expression, expression in entertainment industry and foreign words.By analyzing its sources, the causes of popularity of network catchwords have been displayed clear for us.Broadly speaking, network catchwords are not only combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation, but also adored and used by netizens because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity.However, continuous pursuit for uniqueness and innovation also emerge vulgar usage of it.After analyzing and concluding the translation skills of Chinese network catchwords according to Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory, it is found that the translation methods including literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes, affixation method and adapted translation are still effective and common ones.Key Words: Network Catchwords;Sources;Features;Translation

III

Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................错误！未定义书签。摘要................................................................................................................................................II Abstract.......................................................................................................................................III Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................IV Chapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords.....................................................................................3

2.1 From Network Expression.................................................................................................3

2.1.1 From Current Affairs..............................................................................................3 2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar........................................................................................4 2.2 From Entertainment Industry............................................................................................6

2.2.1 From Television Play..............................................................................................6 2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show.................................................................................7 2.3 From Foreign Words..........................................................................................................7 2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords.............................................................8 Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords.................................................................................11 3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation...................................................11 3.2 Economic effect...............................................................................................................12 3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies....................................................................................12 IV 3.4 Vulgarness Expression....................................................................................................13 Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords..............................................................15 4.1 Literal Translation...........................................................................................................15 4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes.......................................................................16 4.3 Free Translation...............................................................................................................17 4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes...........................................................................18 4.5 Affixation Method...........................................................................................................19 4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences..................................................................................19 Chapter 5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................21 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................23

V

本科毕业论文

Chapter 1 Introduction Catchwords as a lexical phenomenon reflect people’s general concern on problems and issues of specific periods of time in one country or one district.Different period has different catchwords.In the early days of new China, the word 同志（people who hold same aspirations/comrade）originated from Soviet Union was popular among different strata;During the cultural revolution period, 阶级斗争（class struggle）,上山下乡(going to the mountainous areas and the countryside)became catchwords of that time;between 1980s and1990s, 脱贫致富（cast off poverty to get rich）, 奔小康（strive for a relatively comfortable life）were prevalent in those two decade years;Since the new century, all kinds of catchwords have become popular by means of network transmission.Furthermore, different social groups also hold distinct catchwords.Therefore, catchword as a piece of social sensitive nerves represents various changes of society and widespread responsive reflection of public attitudes.Having carried out reform and opening-up policy for thirty years, China has given birth to many new thoughts and things while so-called catchwords appropriately bear witness to these changes.Changing times arouses surge in people’s mind, which seeks innovation methods from a linguistic point of view.Therefore, based on complicated psychology and social background, catchwords mostly result form era of social changes which carry much higher cultural contents.Meanwhile, some also originate from dialects and influenced by regional cultures.In a word, the existence and prevalence of catchwords is both a cultural phenomenon and a linguistic phenomenon.From a positive aspect, catchwords are pipelines to multiply lexis and also accesses to some certain social culture or emotional abreactions.Moreover, network catchwords are one type of whole catchwords.Network catchwords namely prevalent words in internet which are the expressions established by netizens through common usage.With popularization of the internet, Chinese netizens create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through internet and also gradually enter the 1

本科毕业论文

social life.These network catchwords as a type of special linguistic variants also hold cultural connotations besides denotations.All in all, network catchwords use vivid forms to express special meanings, which enrich our discourse space, generalize the raw style and content for living together with build up aesthetic value through ridicule person and ridicule words.With social development, cultural diversification and flourishing mass media as well as thriving network, the popularization range of network catchwords will be expanded step by step.Thus, it is necessary to research its Chinese-English translations because they have a realistic meaning in current society.The thesis consists of five chapters.Chapter one is an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword.Chapter two firstly focuses on the sources of network catchwords then concludes the causes of its popularity.Chapter three introduces main features of network catchwords.By means of arduous analysis and generalization, chapter four have given priority to the English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.Finally, the thesis comes to a conclusion.本科毕业论文

Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords The birth of internet to the production of human life brought about profound changes.Network becomes the fourth media after newspaper, radio and television and also creates new information exchanges and dissemination, which has brought communication environment, communication way to update and formed a new variant of network language-network catchwords.Xie Xinzhou(2002)considered that generalized network language could be classified into three types, firstly network technical terms like online, chat room, website, internet bar and hacker and so on.Secondly, language used in chat room, BBS or other forums namely netizens’ communication language.Thirdly, language of network news, network advertisement and network literature.However, narrowly-defined network catchwords refer to the second type.On one hand, lexis is one of the most active aspects in linguistic revolution of which network catchwords are complicated one.Furthermore, the formation and development of any language are linked with social background and cultural accumulation.It is these sources that form the new linguistic style—network catchwords.2.1 From Network Expression

With the coming of internet era, network has penetrated into people’s daily life.Though closely linked with communication activities of daily life, Language used in the virtual world is different from it.2.1.1 From Current Affairs

CNN(Cable News Network)originally is a US cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24 hour television news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States(Wikipedia).In the CNN report of 2008, it appeared foreign media’s twisted coverage of Tibet happenings.Many Chinese thought it was biased.It drew more attention after CNN commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of China 3

本科毕业论文

during the Olympic torch passed in the United States.Later, network catchword做人不能太CNN(do not be too CNN)which means how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events becomes popular among netizens.In previous time, 打酱油(to get some soy sauce)was a true portrayal of people’s daily life.Nowadays, it is given a new meaning it is none of my business to imply audiences’ attitudes of drawing veil over politics and sensitive topics to protect themselves.As far as we know, Phoenix was a miraculous animal and king of birds in Chinese ancient mythology and legend.However, in Western mythology, there still has such kind of bird called fire bird or immortal bird.As Chinese saying goes golden phoenix flying from the deep hill, the new compounding catchword凤凰男(phoenix man)is prevalent in society because it represents a kind of men who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later move to a big city and married a city girl.Are you obsessed with football? If you are, you must know the source of network catchword叉腰肌(Psoas muscle).Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(this is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs ,it is important for motion.)However, nobody knew where the muscle is.Altogether, about the network catchwords of this type, it is hard to find corresponding English versions in the progress of translation.As long as event-backgrounds are defined, translation versions will be better understood by foreigners.2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar

What is paste bar? Paste bar is an online community bound tightly with searching service in which people express what they think about a specific topic, like a big group.In this big group, there are so many smaller groups, each group has its own keywords which is the common interest of every members.Generally, users search or create a bar by keyword.They type the keyword and enter the bar.If the bar has not been created before, it will be created at the time you search it(Wikipedia).Due to the convenience of senting pictures into internet, sometimes, many netizens are struck 4

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dumb with astonishments even without uttering any words to depict them when faced with these weird, peculiar pictures.So the word雷(stun)becomes an replacement to express netizens’

embarrassing feelings of that specific moment.After that, these new lexis 雷人(stunning),雷倒(stunned)and 雷文(stunning words)came out but not briefly translated as surprise or astonishing just with literal meanings.From internet forum mop hodgepodge in March,2009, a netizen named don’t be infatuated with me have a spoof on some pictures and then others quickly transmit the catchword不要迷恋哥，哥只是一个传说(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)in internet.Later, in September, someone posts a photograph of an non-mainstream man eating noodle adding a sentence哥吃的不是面，是寂寞(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude)in Baidu paste bar.After that, this catchword turns out to be the greatest love of people.With fertile imaginations of new generations about new social fashion, they create different kinds of network catchwords to generalize some kinds of people.Nowadays, many job-seeking youngsters including college students devote their time and energy to preparing exams that award an array of certificates in order to prove their language and computer skills in the hope of securing an edge over other applicants in the job market.Because of this phenomenon, the network catchword哈证族(Certificate maniac)emerges as the times require.On the contrary, a graduate student once issued a post to claim that he was employed without knowing.Behind the scenes, we could imagine what the true employment percentage of university graduates is.Additionally, the word 被就业(falsification of graduates employment status)comes into people’s view.In other cases, some traditional words change or completely change its original semantic meanings to some degree in current society.Some small factories started by small workshops imitate famous brands to create low-price, civilian products.Owing to their cheapness and popularity, the catchwords 山寨(copycatting)becomes a top hit because it reflects common phenomenon in Chinese manufacturing industry.Therefore,山寨(copycatting)originally means a mountain fortress but later transforms into new meaning duplicates of world class brands criticized by foreigners on this phenomenon.Moreover, Google gives a suitable 5

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translation version copycatting which has been included to network dictionary.2.2 From Entertainment Industry

The entertainment industry(also informally known as show business or show biz)consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment.However, the term is often used in the mass media to describe the mass media companies that control the distribution and manufacture of mass media entertainment.In the popular parlance, the term show biz in particular connotes the commercially popular performing arts, especially musical theatre, vaudeville, comedy, film, television play and variety shows etc.Broadly speaking, as a type of tertiary industry, the bloom of entertainment not only brings about mental and psychological pleasure in people, but also makes us have an opportunity to taste new-appeared network catchwords.2.2.1 From Television Play

A television sketch不差钱(Money is not a problem)of Spring Festival Evening Party in 2009 becomes popular all over the country after the classic performance of Zhao Benshan,Xiao Shenyang.Nowadays, some guests always use this catchword when having meals in restaurants.Along with audiences’ high concern on house slave of television play蜗居(dwelling narrowness),two catchwords 蚁族(the ant tribe)and 房奴(house slave)of this type are becoming hit catchwords during the two meetings(National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)of 2010.Meanwhile,the classical lines人情债，我肉偿了(My debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!)also receives an unexpected reaction in the recesses of people’s heart.As far as I am concern, the reason why these words of dwelling narrowness are conspicuous in current society is that this teleplay deeply touches white-collar employees to the sweets and bitters of battling strenuously for a house.While at the early time of previous year, Topics in Focus of CCTV broadcasts a programme suspicious toll which immediately causes public concern on it.When questioned how large amounts of Tianjin annual road construction loan, Liu Bo, deputy director of Tianjin municipal highway

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administration fees said that it can not be explained in detail(这事不能细说)which turns into a conspicuous network catchwords implying the dirty trick among some governmental or regional departments.Are you familiar with Lecture Room of CCTV 10? If you are, you may be a fan of Yi Zhongtian.In a programme of Lecture Room, professor Yi Zhongtian once sighed such a sentence,悲剧啊(tragedy,ah).Later, netizens copy this exclamatory sentence into internet filled with allegorical illustration.Thus, netizens has given birth to the usage of such catchwords人生就像茶几，上面摆满了茶具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life)in internet.Besides the above-mentioned catchwords, dialects of some teleplay also arouse audiences’ interest and then popularize over the whole country.For example, dialect catchwords 得瑟(arrogant/rampant)and妥了(something is done)become beloved ones in people’s mouths.2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show

In view of 2008 Chinese network catchwords issued by Google at the beginning of 2009 year, monosyllabic catchwords become eye-catching objects among people.With the hit broadcast of film Lost on Journey, 囧(sunken)originated from ancient Chinese character literally means light shining through a window while refers embarrassing or confused under the circumstance of variety shows.However, official translation issued by Google(2009)is being sunk in accordance with foreign culture because Google considers that embarrassing generally means awkward in Chinese people’s minds.With the popularity of the hit show If You Are the One, a series of catchwords闪婚(shotgun marriage),做秀(make a show)and 拜金主义(money warship)represent new hit topics on personal values towards contemporary society, family relations and individuals.For instance, Ma Nuo, a player of the hit shows If You Are the One once said ‘I would rather cry in the BMW, than smile in the bicycle’.Thought this material girl was well-known by us, how many other worldly girls are there in current society?

2.3 From Foreign Words

Foreign words play a vital role in the formation of network catchwords to some extent of

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which English accounts for large part.In internet, we frequently see the new catchword 酷毙了(ultra cool)and 晒(share)appeared in entertainment programmes.In fact, both two words are originated from transliteration of English words ultra cool and share.The first word is used to express astonishing, exciting feelings about performance.While the latter word is a self-released life style to share personal resources with others including innovation, life condition, pets etc.In summation, whether from network expression, expression in industry or foreign words, the whole sources reflect the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords.It is its unique and popular sources that attract many people’s close attention to the starting and ending of each social event.2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords

American scholar J.B.Pride(1971)once put forward the theory Covariation between Language and Social Structure in his book The Social Meaning of Language.When social life has gradual or sudden changes, language as a social phenomenon will necessarily change in accordance with the tempo of social life progress.Nowadays, being in a transitional period, China has corresponding and intense changes in social structure and life.By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese netizens reaches 457.3 million which leaps to the first place in the world.With the fast development of the Internet, social resources like speech privilege, acquisition right and sensibility towards social events are being redistributed.Under the strict regulation of traditional media in domestic China, the Internet is regarded as a platform on behalf of freedom of speech and grassroots culture which has a dominant role in public opinions.Moreover, Linguists hold that language expresses not only contents but also closely relates to life style, economic level and current affairs.During the period of reform and opening-up, advertisement language was being the greatest love of all among citizens.While in recent years, network catchwords become the top topic in streets and lanes.Innovation of any social behavior always motivates linguistic changes.In other words, linguistic changes are the external representation of 8

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people’s social behavior.For instance, the development of network makes people actively participate into social life to express their thoughts and reach affirmative praise from other people towards their talents and innovations.In this participation society, each person has the right to give free rein to his imagination, unique thoughts.According to the table of 27th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China by China Internet Network Information Center in 19 January, 2011, the age span of Chinese netizens from 10 to 39 takes up 81.9 percent in 2009;80.5% in 2010 compared with the whole ages.Concerning academic degree and educational background of the netizen group, there are large numbers of student netizens holding a college or equivalent degree in China.Filled with agile minds and special pursuits for fashion and innovation, these youngsters spare free time in virtual world without bearing heavy burden on realistic life.Undoubtedly, they provide themselves with private spaces for exerting talents and abilities.Once social events appear in all kinds of media, netizen groups will actively express their personal judgment in the first time in order to amuse themselves or audiences.From the viewpoint of our country, public opinions play a good supervisory role in public affairs;as for audiences themselves, their reflections on social events seem to be like a flavoring of releasing stress of work and life, family friction and interpersonal relationship.Nowadays, network catchwords become fashionable for a time of which each one has an affair happened behind the scene.As for the network catchwords 范跑跑(Running Fan), it emerged in response to Fan Meizhong’s escape from classroom regardless of any student when Wenchuan earthquake happened in May,12,2008.Later, he issued a post named the moment the earth was moving and said ‘at the moment between life and death, I may care sacrificing myself only for my daughter.Other people even like my mother;I would ignore them in that case.’ His escape behavior and outrage speech cause hot topic among netizens and then they give him a nickname running Fan.On one hand, this popular catchword wakens Chinese people the loss of teachers’ virtue in current society.On the other hand, it also reflects collective concern and fierce

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response of Chinese netizens towards this event.Another network catchword 我爸是李刚(My father is Li Gang)refers to the event a 22-year-old student of HeBei University named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away after a Volkswagen sedan he drove raced down a narrow lane and struck two students named Chen Xiaofeng and Zhang Jingjing head-on.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, my father is Li Gang(the deputy police chief in the Beishi district of Baoding).Thus, the transparence of social events not only motivates people’s communication enthusiasms for thoughts, beliefs and participation but also make more netizens actively express their attitudes and judgments towards society events.Accordingly, network catchwords as recorder of social history are closely connected with realistic society in which netizens reveal their genuine attitudes towards thinking, grievances or enjoyment in society.Though being different from rigorous and complete language of traditional mass media, network catchwords always simply arouse public concentrated feelings through netizens’ opinions on top issues.Consequently, in current multicultural society, the appearance of network media provides audiences golden opportunities with new things, rich minds and fashionable life style.At the same time, the transparency of social events and people’s great concern on current affairs both motivate the popularity of network catchwords.本科毕业论文

Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords

Network is just like an open square towards people while anonymity breaks the bound of authority and reverse relations between center and edge.In the network stage, grassroots netizens attain unprecedented freedom of expression, which leads to depressed netizens roaring out special language to audiences.Network catchwords are just special language to some extent.Thus, most netizens regard the popularity of network catchwords as success of common people.On all accounts, network catchwords are the conventional product of social collective thoughts while containing love-hate sentiments and value judgments on social events.Why do so many people like such kind of language style? For many netizens, using network catchwords not only show their close concern on social events but also save their time to reach economic effects due to its popularity and periodic features.Of network catchwords itself, it perfectly combines advantages between linguistic inheritance and linguistic innovation to form this unique language style.3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation

The advancement and development of any language firstly can not depart from linguistic transmission and inheritance.Undoubtedly, network catchwords originate from realistic society.Thus, formations of network catchwords like monosyllable, compounding of lexis and sentence are similar to spoken language or written language in ordinary life.Moreover, innovation includes three features new, unusual and queer.New mostly refers to spoken expressions based on distinctive feature and condition of current life.For instance,富二代(second rich generation)originally appeared from an entertainment programme refers to these rich children who were born in the 1980s and might inherit property of hundred million.Unusual is not a special or rebelling but reflections of minds and dispositions which displays special thoughts of linguistic users.Like Chinese characters 槑(nuts)pronounced mei,the word is a variant of the word for 梅.but it also looks like a double version of the character 呆

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which means stupid.So netizens have borrowed it to mean 槑 nuts.Queer partly means going against even destroying linguistic convention on the basis of arbitrariness and dynamics.Some catchwords surpass lexical collocation standard like被就业(falsification of graduates employment status)and abuse usage of linguistic arbitrariness as 歇菜(finished，dead, napoo).However, just these unconventional usages of network catchwords bring about netizen unique feelings.3.2 Economic effect

Economic principle is a fundamental one to conduct human behaviors.Usage of language as one of human behaviors also accords with the influence of economic principle.In other words, the smallest cognitive expense exchanges the biggest communication profits.American pragmatic scholar Laurence Horn(2002)holds that people are apt to choose the least words to satisfy both speakers and hearers.Formation and pragmatic aspects of network catchwords reflect both concision and condensation trait.Such as Chinese-English abbreviative words Happy(开心)一下,今天太high(兴奋)了(it is so exciting today!),你真out(落伍)了(you are behind the times).3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies

The essential feature of network catchwords is its popularity.Unlike these steady traditional words, some catchwords will be gradually gone out of use until accepted and recognized by citizens to become ordinary lexis.For this reason, network catchwords are dynamic phenomenon and go through the process of appearance-popular-disappearance with exception of turning into ordinary words.In view of late network catchwords found in television programme, and hot social issues by netizens, the catchword打酱油(get some soy sauce)gradually fade away with the end of influence and then is replaced by newly-appeared event magic horses are floating clouds(神马都是浮云).When netizens type Chinese characters 什么啊 by means of Sogou pinyin input method, without remembering the usage of delimiter ′, so pinyin s′m′a always turns

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into s′ma(神马).Thus, magic horses(神马)become a top hit in current internet due to its humorous effect.Whereas, the word floating clouds(浮云)namely illusory or fleeting meaning nothing is worthy of being mentioned.During the national day of 2010, a post named thank you a perfect friend for bringing me a sentimental national day reminds us of these weird and thunderous words spoken by xiaoyueyue.Hence, netizen connect magic horses with floating clouds to describe her because other words are less insipid than these two words.These two catchwords give us desperate but detached feelings which represent certain mental features of social people.Of course, other catchwords also keep its consistent popularity like English abbreviation PK concerned by people in 2005.Though some local government definitely prohibiting its usage in textbooks or media, this word is still prevalent in spoken language, mass media, and advertisement.Another example Gelivable(给力)originally comes from Japanese humorous animation Journey to the West-the destination of Pilgrimage.When the four people reach tianzhu(Just have a flag marked two words tianzhu)through trials and tribulations, meanwhile, Wukong complains ungelivable, master.During the period of 2010 world cup, the word gelivable(给力)becomes all the rage for football fans and netizen.Thereby, popular and periodic features of network catchwords become a general trait accepted by netizens and linguists.3.4 Vulgarness Expression

Network as a virtual space in which netizens hide their ages, genders, identifications and social status in order to gross over their natural countenances.Without concerning about actual condition, they always speak their minds without reservation to show off so-called self-righteous attitudes.Owing to the platform in revealing gloomy sentiments, someone unscrupulously create language rubbishes to get rid of their grievances or satisfy vulgar tastes such as appearances of TMD(他妈的)/ NND(奶奶的)/ SB(傻逼).These vulgar words may penetrate into traditional media step by step even some become new favorite of mainstream press.Therefore, it is necessary for us to draw

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the essence and discard the dregs from current network catchwords.Although network catchwords are prevalent among people because of its weird, special formation, some of which directly form rude even obscene linguistic phenomenon.Thus, it is necessary for us to have right judgments from the scurrilous network catchwords.Certainly, besides above-mentioned four main aspects, there are also other features of network catchwords like background trait, holding strong cultural color, usage of irony and metaphor as well as analogical devices duplicated into network.本科毕业论文

Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords In the informal verbal communication, network catchwords cater to popular tastes and also bring about translators a lot of troubles.In the thesis, it mainly refers to Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory as a whole.Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are two approaches to translation, of which the former attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text(if necessary, at the expense of word order, the source text’s grammatical voice, etc.)while the latter means to render the text word-for-word(if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language).The two approaches respectively represent emphasis on readability and literal fidelity to the source text.There is no sharp boundary between Functional and Formal equivalence.Broadly, the two represent a spectrum of translation approaches.Furthermore, the terms Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are associated with the translator Eugene Nida, and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but nowadays the two approaches are applicable to any translation(Wikipedia).Therefore, Nida acclaims that there are no such things as identical equivalence in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the closest possible equivalent.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence, Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory.In specific translation skills, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.the following translation references all originate from China Daily Website(2009/2010)and Google(2009).4.1 Literal Translation

Literal translation or direct translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word for word rather than conveying the sense of the original(Wikipedia).Spoken network catchwords always refer to new words that appeared in casual or informal circumstance used by netizens.Literal translations of catchwords always appeared in the forum and entertainment

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news like狗仔队(paparazzi/ dog packs),做秀(make a show),拜金主义(money warship).For example, the network catchword狗仔队 translated as paparazzi or dog packs has a vivid which seems to be like a pack of dogs chase something at top speed.Some popular sentences are still used by netizens as follows.哥吃的不是面，是寂寞.(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude.)不要迷恋哥，哥只是一个传说.(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)

4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes While faced with some social events on the basis of backgrounds, when translate it directly, the additional explanations of events are necessary to make foreigners understood clearly and concisely as follows.When a person in Guangzhou was asked to give his opinion of the sex scandal involving Hong Kong star Edison Chen(Chen Guanxi), the man answered, it is none of my business and I am just out to get some soy sauce.Later, this catchword implies audience’s attitudes of being worldly-wise and playing safe.Thus, the network catchword 打酱油 Get some soy sauce(it implies the meaning it is none of my business)become popular in different strata.凤凰男 Phoenix man(a man who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later moved to a big city and married a city girl.)Another case like this, Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(This is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs;it is important for motion.)However, nobody, including the players, knew where the muscle is.So the catchword叉腰肌Psoas muscle(having nothing definite in mind)takes on overnight.At the same time, one night in late October of 2010 in Baoding, China.A college student named Chen Xiaofeng was in-line skating with a friend on the grounds of Hebei University in

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central China.They were gliding past the campus grocery when a Volkswagen sedan raced down a narrow lane and struck them head-on.The impact sent Ms Chen flying and broke the other woman’s leg.The 22-year-old driver named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, ‘My father is Li Gang!’ Later, the network catchword我爸是李刚 My father is Li Gang(it implies morbid psychology of the second officer generation)represents us the genuine psychology of some contemporary adolescents.4.3 Free Translation

Free translation is applied when there is conflict between the source language meaning and the form of target language expression, that is to say, when the language form in the target language can not faithfully convey the meaning that is expressed in the corresponding target language form.In this case, meaning is the first choice.The translator has to give up the original language form and try to keep the meaning instead.Free translation does not mean that the translator can ignore the source text;it only means that the surface structure of the source text is not completely rendered while the deep structure is faithfully reproduced.Free translations always apply to these words when netizens conclude specialized name after reading representative articles such as 闪婚(shotgun marriage),山寨(copycatting),哈证族(certificate maniac).For instance, the word 闪婚 literally gives us a shock feeling of quick marriage as startled as a clap of thunder.So the translation version shotgun marriage just conforms to the charm of source language.Other spoken catchwords originally come from dialect language then become popular in society.For example, Northeastern catchwords 得瑟 was also prevalent along with television play Country love meaning rampant, aggressive or arrogant.妥了(something is ok / done)from television named Happiness of the eldest among siblings is also frequently quoted by netizens.In order to save time and improve efficiency, many monosyllabic catchwords appear to suit 17

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audience tastes as follows.在这里碰到他，雷！(It is embarrassing to meet him here!)可真够雷人的！(It is so stunning!)你女友的身材简直酷毙了！(How slim your girlfriend’s figure is!)人在囧途(Lost on journey)囧事(Embarrassing things)Some network popular sentences have vivid meanings and regional differences.Due to the cultural differences, there might be existing semantic vacancies, namely, Chinese cultural connotations have not corresponding elements in English language.Under this circumstance, translation materials should satisfy foreign culture and psychology.Such as,(R represents right, W represents wrong)不差钱！R: Money is not a big deal / problem!W: there is no lack of money!人情债，我肉偿了！R: I have paid the debt of gratitude by selling my self!

W: I have paid the debt of gratitude with my flesh!

晒工资 R:

Wages online exposure

W:

Shine one’s wages

4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes

During a CCTV interview about a new Internet censorship regulation, a girl said that an uncensored web page once popped up on her computer.She called it ‘very pornographic, very violent’.Some believe the girl was told to say it by CCTV, so it is now used to mock the way the network covers news.So the word很黄很暴力 very pornographic, very violent(it implies some

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websites’ unrestricted regulations on many pornographic pictures)reflect the falsification coverage of some websites on unhealthy web pages.做人不能太CNN do not be too CNN(It emerged in response to foreign media’s falsification of Tibet happenings even the commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of china to express how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events).In this translation version, 做人 could not be given priority to the translation of to conduct yourself, to behave.In western countries, people stress on done or undone in the influence of democracy and freedom.For this reason, do not be too CNN is much better for foreigners’ psychology.4.5 Affixation Method

Nominal catchwords always add to an affixation to state its meaning by use of suffix and prefix.××族(adding a suffix –ers）

刷卡族(card-users), 工薪族(wage-earners)×奴(adding a suffix word slave)房奴(mortgage slave), 婚奴(wedding slave)While 巨搞(spoof), 卧槽族(job-hugging clan)is exception without adding to affixation mega-and –ers.4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences

Some network catchwords are formed in the way of imitation, analogy, pun or conferring traditional words to new meanings, unconventional word-making to receive humorous and ridicule effect.In order to reach this effect, adapted translation skills are good for keeping functional equivalence.人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life).In

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Chinese character, 悲剧(tragedy)is the homonym of 杯具(tableware).So, corresponding translation is fit for delicate touch of pun usage

被就业(Bei jiuye, which is impossible to translate.Literally, is be hired, but it really means be hired without one’s knowing).This is a passive structure and also an unconventional phrase.The word 被 implies a black humor to express unavoidable obsession upon some social phenomenon.Due to the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords, it is difficulty for many translators to have identically accurate English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.As for the translations of network catchwords of this type, acquainting with foreign cultures and target language expressions plays a key role in the translation equivalence between the source text and the target language.本科毕业论文

Chapter 5 Conclusion After previous discuss on the thesis, it will have a conclusion of the whole paper.The thesis starts with an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword, of which their relationship and difference have been displayed clear for us.The second part firstly introduces the sources of network catchwords mainly from network expression, expression in industry and foreign words.With the appearance of network, people gradually indulge in their opinions on social events.It is the concerned thoughts of netizens from transparency of social events that stimulate the popularity of network catchwords.After the detailed analysis of its sources and causes, people begin to pay more attention to features of network catchwords.Thus, on one hand, the formation of network catchwords is a combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation to some extent.On the other hand, because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity features, the usage of network catchwords save most time for audiences but abuse formations also bring about vulgar linguistic phenomenon.By way of detailed and vivid introductions of three previous chapters, the English translations versions of Chinese network catchwords will be represented under the guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory.In specific conditions, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.The famous translator Eugene Nida sets forth the differences in translation, as he accounts for it, within three basic factors.(1)The nature of the message.In some messages, the content is of primary consideration and in others the form must be given a higher priority.(2)The purpose of the author and of the translator.To give information on both form and content;to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message;for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.(3)The type of audiences.Prospective audiences differ both in decoding ability and in potential interest(Wikipedia).As far as I am concerned, based on its 21

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detail causes, sources and features, the English translations of Chinese network catchwords should not only take cultural differences between natives and foreigners into account, but also need finding corresponding or appropriate target-language versions with the accurate grasp of foreign cultures.As long as conforming to reflections of target-people, it might be appearing much better translation versions.Due to its complicated and dynamic features, there are all kinds of network catchwords in different category.What is more, for current linguists, they mainly have given priority to the research on the definition, formation of network catchwords.In view of academic blank in this aspect, the thesis will have a brief discuss on translation methods to find corresponding English versions of Chinese network catchwords according to the four previous aspects.Owing to the lack of relating translation materials, please oblige me with your valuable comments and criticism.At last, I thank all of you for giving me your generous helps and enormous enthusiasms to motivate me complete the thesis.本科毕业论文

Bibliography [1] China’s top 10 Internet buzzwords of 2009 [EB/OL].http://www.xiexiebang.com/wiki/Eugene-Nida.[4] Nord, Christiane.Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist Approach Explained [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.[5] Reiss, Katharine.Translation Criticism-the Potentials and Limitations, Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment [M].Manchester: St.Jerome Publishing, 2000.[6] Suzanne, Romaine.Language in society.An Introduction to sociolinguistics [M].Oxford: Oxford university press, 1994.[7]曾常红.试论现代流行语流行的基本条件[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学).[8]顾源.社会学视野下的网络流行语分析[J].社会学, 2009(3)：15-20． [9]黄涛.流行语与社会时尚文化[M].上海: 上海辞书出版社, 2003.[10]林纲.网络用语的类型及其特征[J].修辞学习, 2002(1).[11]林大津.跨文化交际研究[M].福州: 福建人民出版社, 1996(10).[12]李亮，黄乐平，王翊． 网络流行语探析[J].语文学刊：高等教育版, 2009(7)：116-118． [13]刘志杰.网络热词传播的社会现象透视[J].新闻世界, 2009(6)：143-144． [14]索绪尔.普通语言学教程.高铭凯,译.北京: 商务印书馆, 2001.[15]盛若菁.网络流行语的社会文化分析[J].江淮论坛, 2008(4)：119-121，158． [16]许钟宁.网络词语变异的语言文化解析[J].修辞学习, 2004(6).[17]许斐绚.解读当下青少年流行语.http:// www.xiexiebang.com.hk/Psychtheory.[18]杨玲.从网络流行语看大众文化特征[D].华中师范大学, 2006.[19]中国流行语2009发布榜:文汇新民联合报业集团新闻信息中心,文汇出版社2009年5月版.

第三篇：流行语的英文

1.神马都是浮云 It's all fleeting cloud.2.山寨 fake, counterfeit, copycat

3.宅男 Otaku(“homebody” in English)； geek4.被雷倒(到)了 in shock5.纠结 ambivalent6.忐忑 anxious

7.悲催 a tear-inducing misery

8.坑爹 the reverse of one’s expectation

9.哥只是传说 Brother is only a legend.10.伤不起 vulnerable;be prone to getting hurt

11.你懂的 It goes without saying that…12.吐槽 disclose one’s secret

13.小清新 like [好似] a breath of fresh air14.穿越剧 time-travel TV drama

15.至于你信不信，反正我是信了。Whether you believe it or not, I am convinced.16.拼爹 daddy-is-the-key;parents privilege competition

17.做人呢，最重要是开心。Happiness is the way.18.卖萌 act cute19.腹黑 scheming

20.折翼的天使 an angel with broken wings21.淡定 calm;unruffled22.羡慕嫉妒恨 envious, jealous and hateful23.团购 group purchasing24.微博 Microblog

25.富二代 rich second generation26.林来疯 Linsanity

27.凡客体 Vanclize/Vancl Style

28.微博控 twuilt(来自于twitter和guilt两个字，表示不发微博心里就内疚)29.海归(海龟)overseas returnee

30.搏出位 be a famewhore;seek attention

31.自主招生 university autonomous enrollment

32.北约、华约（高考招生）Beijing University-led enrollment alliance

Tsinghua University-led enrollment alliance33.犀利哥 Brother Sharp34.蚁族 ant-like graduates35.范儿 style36.萝莉 Lolita

37.秒杀 seckill;speed kill

38.剩女 leftover ladies;3S women(3S=single, seventies, stuck)

39.蜗居 dwelling narrowness;a bedsitter

40.人肉搜索 human flesh search engine/cyber manhunt

第四篇：网络流行语演讲稿

网络流行语演讲稿

老师、童鞋们，大家好！偶是176班的康利南，站在这里真真的赶脚灰常地紧张。不造小伙伴们能从我说话的方式中感觉出来有神马不一样的吗？对，网络流行语。

话说，2015年刚过去三分之一，最新最火的十大网络流行语排行榜已经火热出炉。据说，2015年有一种特技叫做duang，有一种男神叫做小鲜肉，有一种人气叫做少女心收割机。2015年，有钱就是任性，没钱就要多读书、多跑步。2015年李建成了猫系理科男，胡彦斌成了国民男票。2015年拉窗帘真的很重要，2015年夸人帅要说颜值爆表，说人丑要说不忍直视。2015年的这些网络流行语，大家造吗？

那么问题就来了，为什么网络词如此流行呢？

首先呢，它和互联网的普及密不可分。互联网为网民创造了一个可以信赖的虚拟空间，在这里，大家可以充分发挥自己的创造力和想象力，天马行空，畅所欲言，表达自己的喜怒哀乐。因此网络流行语是互联网时代催生的产物。

其次，网络流行语具有它自身的优势。第一，形式简洁、形象直观。华中科技大学文学院男生王文谨，耗费了212天，写了16万字的情书，涉及到了散文、诗歌等多种文体，装订成册，还取名为《我不愿让你一个人》。大家看看，这个男生多用心良苦啊！可是结果呢？女孩十分感动，然后拒绝了他。这样一件事，用一句话就可以概括出来：“十动然拒”，够简洁，够形象吧。第二，网络语言自身语言幽默、用语新颖，易于模仿。例如：“元芳，你怎么看”的“元芳体”（我们班有王方，你怎么看）；“且行且珍惜”的“马伊琍体”、“陈欧体”等等。而2015年开年最风趣幽默，最火的要输成龙大哥的duang体了，被改编成不同的版本，有结婚版的，分手版的、三鹿奶粉版的等等，其中我们学生版的是这样写的：“一开始让我去学校的时候，其实我，是拒绝的。不能你让我去我就去。我跟妈妈讲，我拒绝，我要当海贼王的女人，去学校会很没面子的。妈妈跟我讲，去学校会加特技，duang、duang~很帅、很拉风的。加了特技以后呢，我学习也都会是duang~很厉害的。我想让你们看到我上学的时候是这个样子的，你们上学的时候也会是这个样子的。”

再者，网络流行语和人们的日常生活相互影响。网络流行语产生于社会生活。

又再次服务于日常生活，从而推动了它的流行。不知道大家在超市买可口可乐的时候，是否发现了它已经换了新包装。现在的可乐包装上都会出现不同的标签，有“型男”、月光族”、喵星人”、“氧气美女”、白富美”、天然呆”、高富帅”、邻家女孩”、“纯爷们”、文艺青年”、小萝莉”、粉丝”等二十多种网络流行语。他们来自于网络中，在现实中又得到人们的青睐。或许这就是一个标签化的时代。

然而，网络词的流行，是喜，还是忧呢？一些年轻人认为，使用网络流行语可以使网民间的对话和交流变得轻松、活泼、幽默，进而拉近网民之间的距离。可是，网上的距离拉近了，那现实中的距离呢，我们与父母，亲人的距离呢？前不久，在微博上看到我看到过这样一句话：“网络流行语啊，请你慢点走，等等你的爸爸妈妈大爷大妈爷爷奶奶啊”这样的话不觉让人心疼，虚拟世界中的距离近了，现实的距离却愈发远了。你这么做，你妈妈真的不造啊！

频繁使用网络流行语与上一代的代沟越来越大，那现在小孩子的教育，和语言习得环境又怎样呢？我呢，有一个小外甥，他三岁的时候，我带他玩，路过一家超市，他喊道：“姨姨、姨姨，买东西吧”我问他：“买啥”，他老说：买东西，买东西。后来我不耐烦了就说了句：“买毛线啊”于是，就真成了“姨姨，买毛线吧，买毛线吧”还有我们小时候常背诵的《论语》，现在却是这样：“吾日三省吾身，高吗？富吗？帅吗？”这样的做法，其实真的是在误导小朋友，继而就会导致他们在交流、写作时经常出现有不规范的语言现象，甚至不知道什么是规范的语言现象。因此，国家新闻出版广电总局在2014年11月27日已发出通知明令禁止在电视剧等媒体上使用某些网络流行词。而这，估计将会对规范现代汉语扫除些许的障碍，而其未来的道路依然任重而道远。

马上就要五一了，说实话，世界那么大，我想去看看。只是没有钱，只好上网了？不，我要回家陪父母，和小朋友玩耍，那我们就“周一见”喽，谢谢。

第五篇：网络流行语书法

中国书法人的精神气质

中国有着渊源的历史，中国书法艺术也有着渊源的历史。

从现在保留下来的书法作品来看，我们的先辈真的很了不起，从他们的作品里可以看见他们才是真正为了艺术，为了书法，他们简直就是把他们的灵魂永远的保留了下来，不过在看看我们，我们不是有点自愧不如我们的老祖宗吗，可能跟现在的社会有一定的关系吧，不过我们也要为了个性化的追求，应该有我们自己的艺术风格。

书法是高度个性化的艺术，那么就来谈谈我们中国自己的书法吧。

中国历史悠久，故文字起源甚早，把文字的书写性发展到一种审美阶段，融入了创作者的观念、思维、精神，并能激发审美对象的审美情感。有记载可考者，当在汉末魏晋之间，然而，这并不是忽视、淡化甚至否定先前书法艺术形式存在的艺术价值和历史地位。中国文字的滥觞、初具艺术性早期作品的产生，无不具有自身的特殊性和时代性。就书法看，尽管早期文字——甲骨文，还有象形字，同一字的繁简不同，笔画多少不一的情况。但已具有了对称、均衡的规律，以及用笔、结字、章法的一些规律性因素。而且，在线条的组织，笔画的起止变化方面已带有墨书的意味、笔致的意义。因此可以说，先前书法艺术的产生、存在，不仅属于书法史的范畴，而且也是后代的艺术形式发展、嬗变中可以借鉴与思考的重要范例。中国的历史文明是一个历时性、线性的过程，中国的书法艺术在这样大的时代背景下展示着自身的发展面貌。在书法的萌芽时期，文字经历由甲骨文、古文、大篆、小篆、隶、草书、行书、真书等阶段，依次演进。在书法的明朗时期即晋南北朝至隋唐，书法艺术进入了新的境界。由篆隶趋从于简易的草行和真书，它们成为该时期的主流风格。大书法家王羲之的出现使书法艺术大放异彩，他的艺术成就传至唐朝倍受推崇。同时，唐代一群书法家蜂拥而起，如：虞世南、欧阳询、楮遂良、颜真卿、柳公权等大名家。在书法造诣上各有千秋、风格多样。由于唐代是我国政治，经济，文化高度发达的一个朝代，那我们现在就谈谈我国的唐代的书法艺术。

唐代的书法理论在三国、两晋、南北朝基础上更加精密、完善。如：孙过庭的《书谱》、张怀瓘的《书断》、《书仪》及张彦远的《法书要录》都被后人奉为准则，对后世书论的创作产生了深远影响，唐代是晋代以后的又一高峰，此时，在真、行、草、篆、隶各体书中都出现了影响深远的书家，真书、草书的影响最甚。真书的书家大多脱胎于王羲之，但又兼魏晋以来的墨迹与碑帖的双重传统，渐王家书派中脱颖而出，风格转呈严谨雄健、法度森整。行草书家特别是草书家的风格走向飞动飘逸。隶篆虽无大发展，但能承秦汉之遗法，形成或严整紧劲或遒劲圆活的信风。唐代书法可分三个时期，初唐、盛唐、晚唐。这一时代新风格的形式，在初唐时尚处于渐变中，至盛、中唐之际，单是从草书领域中出现了新风，随后真诸体亦别开生面，取得的发展。晚唐书法较少发展。

白也是值得一提的大书家。楷书、行书、草书发展到唐代都跨入了一个新的境地，时代特点十分突出，对后代的影响远远超过了以前任何一个时代，希望现在的中国文化能够重振雄风。

然而唐代的书法有大多数继承了三国、两晋、南北朝的书法特点，那么我们就来讨论一下魏晋时期的书法家王羲之吧，王羲之被后人称为书圣，他的作品流美绝伦。就连当时的唐太宗李世民都十分的欣赏他的作品，从《王羲之传赞》就 可以说明李世民是忠实的继承者。那么王羲之有什么独到之处呢？他的书法成就尽善尽美，古今独步，他的书法有所新变，也不渝旧制，提倡“意在笔先”的主张，也为后来的书法奠定了基础。现在来看看王羲之的生平事迹吧！

王羲之的楷书如《乐毅论》、《黄庭经》、《东方朔画赞》等“在南朝即脍炙人口”，对后世影响很大他的正体世称“书之圣”。王羲之在书法上是个革新家，他的主要成就还是表现在行书和草书上。他的行草书又被世人尊为“草之圣 ”。他把散见于前代、当代的书法作品中的一些用笔、结字优点，融合统一在一种崭新的书法作品中。

中国书法是中国美学的灵魂，意趣超迈的书法表现出中国艺术最潇洒，最灵动的自由的精神，展现出历代书法家灵异的艺术趣味和精神人格价值，正式书法艺术真一独特的魅力，使他成为众多的东方艺术门类中成为座集中，最精妙的体现了东方人精神追求的东方艺术。

中国书法是是线条的艺术，中国书法线条具有生命感，不是很古板的，而是具有灵性的，书法线条中流动着书法家的缕缕情思和艺术感觉，这种创造性的可视语言映衬出书法家的精神意志和个性风貌。更深一层看，中国书法以一画指涉盛衰生灭的时间性长河，并以一根生生不息的欲断还连的线条穿透宇宙人生之谜，中国书法的精髓之处还在于它不以多为多，而以少总多，不以一为有限，而以一为参天地之化育的本源，以一治万，以一孕万，万万归一。

书法线条之美在于用笔用墨。笔意墨象使中国书法成为一种精神形式，一种意向性结构。可以说，书法作为时空拓展的精神迹化，是由笔势、笔意、里法知心性共同完成的。笔意里象之美是书家情感哲思之意与线条运动之象的统一，是书系在线条个融入情绪意态而形成的独具个体性格的书法线条符号意象g这种统一不是在心中之意和象的整合上．而是心中之意物化在外在的线条流动上，即经线条艺术媒介化了的艺术意象，或物态化t的书法艺术体验。

中国书法艺术精神集中体现在气韵境界的创造上。气韵与意境皆是标志艺术本体的范畴。作为美学意义上的“气”具有三层含义：第一，“气”是概括艺木本源的范畴，指大化流行，生生不息的字亩之气；第二，“气”是概括艺术家生命力和创造力的范畴，主要指审美主体之气；第三，“气”是概括艺术作品生命的范畴，抬作品存在的内在生命之气。书家之气与自然之气相通相感、凝结在笔意墨象中而成为书法作品的审美内容。故王羲之曰；“书之气，必达乎道，同混元之理。七宝者贵，万古能名。阳气明则华壁立，阴气大则风神生。

把笔抵锋，肇乎本性。”作为美学意义上的“韵”，最早用来品评人物神态风度，其后才逐渐扩大到书画诗文中，并或为写意艺术流派的风神卓然的理想美。韵在书法中，是超越线条之上的精神意态。中国书法重视线条，但一个伟大的书家追求的是忘掉线条，从线条中解放出来，以表现书家心清境遇之悲喜怒忧，展露其有意识和无意识的内心秩序或失序。书法之韵，通常指一种以书写作者主观审美体验为主，或生动自然、或续密洗炼、或委曲合蓄约意味无穷的芝术氛围。书法得其“钓”，即达到自然随化、笔与其合之境。

中国书法的发展史是人性不断觉醒，不断弘扬生命力的历史，中国书法的转型是中国文化的现代转型的一个侧面，也是现代人感情、理性和生命智慧的不断更新的表现。中国书法艺术精神是中国人文精神的重要纬度，书法是一种超越表象模拟而直指心性的艺术，在意象的抽象线条中展现出人的胸怀。

中国书法艺术的自由精神在今天具有很重要的意义，当代世界笼罩着一种形式化、规格化的气氛，人变得空虚并被虚无化了包括现代的书法在内的现代艺术表现了形式化思想对人的异化，当代艺术家从来没有如此强烈的感受过正投身于一种空前的精神冒险之中。艺术和现代文明正面临着一个世界性的历史困境，如何处理好这个问题，这就是我们的责任了。

中国书法是先人的智慧结晶，也是中华民族灵性的结晶，我们要弘扬民族的优秀文化遗志，发扬光大。

注：本论文的参考文献有：《中国书法文化大观》，《中国书法艺术》，《王羲之王献之年表与东晋大事记》，《中国古代书法家丛书 王羲之》，《中国书法简史》，《书法新论》，《中国书法美学》，《唐代书法考评》，还有参考了网上的一些评论。篇二：书法欣赏 1.东汉隶书形成的历史条件

甲骨文经历了1000多年的漫漫长途到战国末期以至秦，随着社会经济文化的发展，曲折园转、结体繁复的篆书已不能适应社会的需要，一种简便、快捷的书体便在战国末期出现了，这种流行于民间的俗书体，就是早期的隶书。一九八0年四川青川县郝家坪战国墓葬群出土的木牍，就是公元前309年左右人们在木牍上所用“亦篆亦隶”的书体书写的。一九七五年在湖北云梦县睡虎地出土的1100枚竹简，字体为秦代的隶书。从战国后期到西汉历四百余年的发展，大量应用于民间的俗体，逐渐被社会所认可，上升为正体。西汉后期的“五凤二年刻石”就是证明。隶书由民间的俗体上升为正体，是促使其成熟的重要条件之一。

毛笔的改进和帛乃至纸的应用，为东汉隶书的成熟提供了物质条件。中国毛笔的运用由来已久，董作宾先生在《甲骨文五十年》文中说，“殷代写字确实是用精良的毛笔”。据今考古所见到的毛笔实物，有战国时期的楚毛笔和秦朝时的毛笔。楚笔是用兽毛缠在竹竿一端制成的，而秦笔是将笔头藏纳于笔杆之内，对毛笔制作技术进行了重大改革。到了汉代，经济文化空前发达，改进后的毛笔得以更加广泛的使用。据《西京杂记》记载，汉朝天子用的毛笔要在笔杆上镶嵌宝物，笔毛采用秋天野兔的毫毛，并配有笔匣等。汉代已开始讲究毛笔的装饰工艺，客观上促进了制笔业的发展，因而也出现了一批制笔名家。如著名书法家、被称为草圣的东汉张芝所造的“张芝笔”，就很受欢迎。汉恒帝时的李仲甫等都是名载史册的东汉制笔名家。毛笔性能的改善，从而在书写过程中提按顿挫得心应手，大大提高了毛笔的表现能力，所以东汉蔡邕说，“笔软则奇怪生矣”。

秦及以前毛笔的书写载体多为木牍和竹简。据现代考古发现，西汉已有麻纸出土，西汉应是我国植物纤维纸的初创时期。到了东汉和帝永元年间（公元89~105年），蔡伦改进了造纸技术，扩大了造纸原料，使纸的产量和品质有了显著提高。考古发现的东汉纸上，已有了墨书的字迹。

西汉后期，隶书上升为正体后得到了不断的发展，极大地丰富了书法的表现技巧，增强了它的艺术魅力，东汉以后，书法艺术的地位越来越高。据东汉赵壹的《非草书》记载，当时还出现了许多专业书法家。他们不遗余力“专用为务，钻坚仰高”。同时，封建帝王也大力提倡书法，汉灵帝“开鸿都之观，善书之人鳞集，万流仰风，争工笔扎”，举办空前规模的书法比赛。到东汉晚期，出现了张芝、师宜观、钟繇、梁鹄、皇象、韦诞等一批引领时代风尚的书法家，使东汉的书坛，呈现一派群星璀璨、光耀夺目的繁荣局面。2.东汉隶书是中国书法艺术成熟之标志

汉字的书体由篆书到隶书的演变，称之为“隶变”。隶书的出现奠定了现代汉字字形结构的基础，是汉字演变史上的一个重要转折点，是古文字与今文字的分水岭。

以《乙瑛碑》、《礼器碑》、《曹全碑》、《张迁碑》、《熹平石经》、《史晨碑》、《石门颂》等一批名碑为代表的东汉隶书，彻底告别了“书画同源”的原始时代，标志着中国书法艺术的成熟。

① 在结体上，东汉隶书变隶的竖长为偏方，势态由纵变横。强调中宫收紧、左右开张，神姿静中见动，寓岐于平。

② 在线条上，打破篆书回环缭绕线条粗细一律的写法，产生出横、竖、撇、捺、点、钩、折等不同的笔画，简化了篆书复杂的形体，丰富了字的形态。

③ 一波三折，蚕头雁尾是隶书的典型笔画，它极大地增强了隶书的装饰趣味，提高了书法艺术的视觉美感。

④ 隶书用笔方法实现了突破。隶书之前的书体用笔，线条粗细大多一致，毛笔只是一

种平面的纵横运动。而隶书有粗细方圆的各种笔画，尤其是笔画中使用了侧锋，使用笔的方法包括了平面的纵横于上下提按和逆折绞转结合起来，形成了立体用笔方法，从而实现了用笔空间范畴的全部可能性。柔软而富有弹性的毛笔可充分发挥其特性，从而表现各种各样的笔情与墨趣。毛笔的用笔从平面到立体，标志着书法艺术中笔法的成熟。隶书在用笔方法上的突破，在中国书法发展史上具有深远的意义。

⑤ 典籍中第一次明确地把书法称为艺术。在《后汉书》中，称和帝的阴皇后“少聪慧，善书艺”。同时，东汉以蔡邕为代表的一批书家，开创了书法理论研究的先河。蔡邕的书论主要有《笔论》和《九势》两篇。《笔论》主要论述书法创作的所应具备的精神状态，如“书者，散也。欲书先散其怀抱”等名句。《九势》是蔡邕论书最为精彩的篇章，它第一次提出了“令笔心常在点画中行”的中锋用笔学说；以及第一次提出了“转笔”“疾势”“涩势”“掠笔”等用笔和结字的方法。蔡邕的《九势》，为书法艺术中藏锋、中锋等运笔法则奠定了初步的理论基础。

东汉隶书在书法的立体用笔上、在结体上、线条上的突破性成果，以及书法艺术理论研究的出现，充分表明了中国书法艺术的成熟。

三、唐楷、狂草及孙过庭、张怀瓘书论的出现，基本完成了中国书法艺术架构的建设 1.初唐四杰与“颜筋柳骨”

据书史称，楷书始于钟繇，故被称为“楷书之祖”。后经四百余年的继承发展到了唐初，以欧阳询、虞世南、褚遂良与薛稷为代表的初唐楷书四杰，使初唐时期的楷书出现了一个黄金时代。初唐的楷书秉承二王书法的遗风，融汇汉晋以来的精华，完备了结体、行笔的准则，其点画、结字、章法和格调上趋于炉火纯青之境界，对后世产生了深远的影响。尤其是“骨气洞达”“体方笔圆”的欧体，与颜、柳、赵并称，被誉为中国书史上的楷书四大家。

在颜真卿影响下成熟的柳公权，其楷书中宫收紧、行笔圆润、线条寓有弹性，成为楷书中一支重要流派。宋范仲淹在《诔石曼卿文》中称，“延年之笔，颜筋柳骨”。从此“颜筋柳骨”的美誉流传至今。

从初唐到颜柳，把中国的楷书推到了一个极致。就如同二王行书、东汉隶书一样，登上了一种书体历史上的最高峰。

2.狂草的出现与“颠张醉素”

草书是书写起来更加简化便捷，线条连绵的一种书体。自东汉人张芝开创今草之后，得二王之继承与发展，到了文化开明，国势强盛的唐朝，出现了张旭和怀素所创立的狂草。

张旭，字伯高，大致生活在唐安史之乱前。张旭行为颠狂、放荡不羁，他往往在大醉之后，高喊狂奔，然后下笔作书。有时兴起，竟用头发蘸墨写字，故人称“张颠”。传世墨迹有《肚痛帖》、《古诗四首》等。

怀素，字藏真，长沙人，俗姓钱，因家贫少年就出家。怀素性情疏朗倜傥，不拘小节，嗜酒如命，往往一天内醉倒几次。他自称“饮酒以养性，草书以畅志”。有时酒酣兴发，就在寺院墙上、衣服上、器皿上随意挥写。他自叙说“醉来信手两三行，醒来却书书不得”。所以人称“醉素”。怀素的狂草学张旭狂放诡奇的笔法，又把禅佛之学自然的融铸到他的书法作品

中。其传世的《自叙帖》正是怀素把禅意注入草书的典型，是怀素书法成就处于巅峰时留下的稀世珍宝。

以张旭、怀素为代表的唐代狂草，把中国的书法艺术推到了纯艺术的高峰。张旭以前的书法，始终没有脱离中国汉字基本的工具性语言符号的作用，始终没有进入纯艺术的领域。张旭狂草书法的出现，迈出了关键性的一步。他打散了中国汉字的基本构成，以“超绝古今”的“心画”，“雄逸天纵”的线条，开启了中国书法一种崭新的艺术形式。以“观天地事物之变”“有动于心，一寓于书”的创作原则，把自己的情感宣泄凝聚于流动多变、起伏跌宕的书法线条之中。张旭与怀素的狂草，不但丰富了中国书法艺术的园地，而且成为所有艺术形式中最为超逸的艺术形式之一。

3.有唐一代书法理论著述空前繁荣

书法理论是在大量书法艺术实践基础上的提炼与概括。书坛繁荣的盛唐，也出现了书法理论著述的空前繁荣。欧阳询有《八诀》、《用笔论》、《传授诀》等；虞世南有《笔髓论》、《书旨述》等；唐太宗李世民有《论书》、《笔法诀》、《王羲之传论》等，还有颜真卿、徐浩、陆羽、韩愈等一批流传至今的书论著述，可谓蔚为大观、光彩夺目。尤其是孙过庭的《书谱》和张怀瓘的《书断》等书论的问世，成为了我国书法理论史上最为光辉的篇章。

孙过庭是唐代著名书法家和书法理论家，他用小草书写的三千七百余字的《书谱》，通篇闪耀着辩证法的光辉，其中的精辟之论比比皆是。如我们现常被引用的名句“不激不厉而风规自远”，“通会之际，人书俱老”，“违而不犯，和而不同”，“一点成一字之规，一字乃终篇之准”等等。在《书谱》中提出“编列众工，错纵群妙”的命题，以及“绛树青琴，殊姿共艳；隋珠和璧，异质同妍”的艺术风格多样化的主张，集中体现了初唐时期恢宏的审美气度与胸怀，为书法艺术创作个性的多元发展与选择，为颠张醉素的出现，为颜公变法出新意吹响了号角，预示并有力地推动了盛唐浪漫主义艺术高峰的到来。

张怀瓘，唐开元年间海陵（今江苏泰州）人，善真、行、小篆、八分，他不但对自己的书法成就颇为自负，而且对自己的书论也视之甚高。他流传下来的书论较多，有《二王书录》一卷、《书断》三卷、《文字论》一卷、《书估》一卷、《书议》一卷以及《论用笔十法》、《玉堂禁经》各一卷等等。其篇幅之大，论述之广、资料之丰富，唐代无人比肩，且很有价值。在张怀瓘的书论中，对书法艺术本质问题进行了全面深入地探讨。张怀瓘提出了“无声之音”与“无形之相”的概念。他以自然为参照物，但所创作出来的书法作品，在自然界却没有与之相对应的客观的“音”与“相”，它是一种“虚像”、“幻像”，“物类其形，得造化之理”。这种深刻的思想，正是揭示了书法艺术的本质特征，并上升到艺术哲学的高度，因而具有了普遍的美学意义。它不但对书法理论乃至整个中国古典美学都作出了重大贡献。

张怀瓘在《玉堂禁经》中记叙了“永字八法”。唐人尚法，是唐代书坛所取得的重要成就之一，而这一成就的主要标志便是“永字八法”。原文是“大凡笔法，点画八体，备于’永’字”。并且认为楷书本身就是“法”的体现。“楷书者，式也，模也”。张怀瓘的书学思想，对中国书法艺术的发展产生了深刻的影响。

书法艺术由殷墟甲骨起始，经金文、大篆、籀文、小篆，以至秦汉隶书、魏晋行草，到了唐朝，时逢盛世开明，文化艺术繁荣昌盛，加之帝王的推波助澜，使中国的书法艺术从书体建设到理论研究，完善了基本架构，自唐以降，宋元明清到如今，又经历了一千多年的漫长岁月，虽各朝各代不乏书坛大家，但仅是书法艺术风格上的标新立异，再也没有出现新的书体。所以我们可以说，从殷墟甲骨始到唐至，中国书法艺术完成了艺术宝库的架构建设。一代又一代的先哲圣贤，共同搭建起了这座屹立于世界艺术之林的殿堂，成为中华儿女世代钟爱的艺术奇葩。(二00九年十月)篇三：书法欣赏

浅谈书法欣赏

关键字：书法欣赏构成特点

有人将书法誉为“浓缩的东方美学”，也有人说“书法是中国文化中最具有代表性的艺术”。它没有绚丽的色彩，却饱含无色的缤纷；它没有音乐的奏响，却孕育着五音的旋律；它没有舞蹈的彩练当空，却飞扬着心灵的动势。

书法，说得简单些，就是写字，但又不仅仅是写字。书法，在中国传统文化体系中，书法是一门极其特殊的艺术。说其特殊，第一因为在中国历史上，再没有这样一种艺术，利用了平淡无奇的生活实用工具——文字，作为艺术的的载体。第二在书法的内涵，书法的的载体虽然极其简单，稀疏平常，它所负担的历史文化内涵，却极沉重、极渊深。在中国传统文化体系中，书法不光是写字，它还要“写心”，“写志”。

1、书法作品的形式

传统书法作品的形式多种多样，根据不同的形制，可分为匾额、楹联、尺牍、中堂、扇面、镜芯、手卷、册页、斗方等。作为一个在现代意义上形式完整的书法作品，应该包含下列要素：第一，主体文字；第二，款识；第三，印章。

主体文字是一个作品的核心，作者通过书法表达什么思想、感情，首先从文字部分加以展露。书法家们在从事创作时往往选择格言、诗文为作书内容，或歌颂河山壮美，或抒写人生襟怀。款识，是作品中配合主体文字而设的辅助性文字。其中，居前者为上款，居后者为下款，内容包括主文出处、创作时间、作者姓名、作书地点等。印章，是作者真实性的证明物，同时也是作品空间、色彩的一种点缀。印章一般分为两大类，一为名姓印，一为闲章。

2、隐含的书法“生态形式”及其结构

书法除外在的物质形式——宣纸长宽高之外，还有一种由字体、风格构成的笔墨形式，它是书法“物质构成”的一部分，存在于书法艺术作品之中，构成我们书法活动鉴赏的“着陆点”，作为中国笔墨形式的背后，还有体现中国文化精神的更深刻的内容。因此站在历史文化的高度看，书法还有其在中国文化“文化气候”中自然形成的、物质与文化交融的“艺术形态”。这种在中国历史文化发展过程中自然形成的“艺术形态”，我们称之为书法艺术的文化“生态形式”。

书法艺术的文化形态由以下几个层次组成：（1）文字语义

层；（2）笔墨外形层；（3）墨象层；（4）历史文化层；

3、传统书学的书法品评方式 3.1早期拟喻式品评

传统书学描述书法形象的动态美也同样借助这样一种自然事物拟喻方式，包括类型化的人或具有特殊形态的物地形象及其运动形式。如张怀颧形容王献之书法的遒壮气势，即引用了历史上著名的大力士卞庄子，借此人历史特征，拟述王献之书法的“灵巧“和“有力”。这种书法的品评方式，从汉代开始，到魏晋南北朝形式模式，一直延续一千余年，直到现在仍没有改变。

3．2历史、美学、伦理三种标准的确定 3.2.1历史批评

历史批评是传统书学最常见的形式批评方式之一，历代“摹古派”多以此为标准展开批评。它所持以衡量的标准是书法要“笔笔有出处”，合乎“古法”。历史批评具有两种倾向，一种是绝对的拟古，提倡一笔一画，无一笔不肖古人，以此为能；另一种则强调，融古而出新；既讲求笔笔有来历，亦提倡有自己面目，而不以寸计铢较为能。对于不讲“出处”、不重历史继承的书家，他们的态度是一致的，一律予以排斥。3.2.2美学批评

这一种“为艺术而艺术”的书法批评方式，其关注重点在书法造型及笔墨形质所展示的艺术内涵及美感。首先，讲究书法要有骨力，如卫夫人提出：“善力者多骨，不善力者多肉；多骨微肉

者谓之筋书，多肉微骨者谓之墨猪”；其次要求书法血肉丰满，色浓浆黑肉莹骨丰方得为书。如苏轼提出：“书必有神、气、骨、肉、血，五者阙一，不为成书也”。3.2.3道德批评

道德批评也是传统书学非常重要的一种批评方式。从种程度上说，它是中国书法的最高批评形式。道德批评的核心内容是两个：第一，“德成而上，艺成而下”，道德高于艺术；第二，“品高则下笔研雅，不落后尘”高尚道德缔造高雅艺术。道德批评、道德标准是一种非书法批评，它的着眼点在创作者的品行。这是一种不科学的但在传统社会非常流行的批评法，“道德批评”是儒家社会政治理想在书法艺术领域的反映；他的出现，加速了中国书法向“人格化”纵深领域的迈进。3.3传统书学的品级理论

历史批评、美学批评、道德批评三足并立中，美学批评是唯一以书法形式美为评判标准的书法批评；可以说它是较纯粹的艺术批评，最近近于艺术发展的客观规律。美学批评以书法形式美为标准，将书法分为神、妙、能、逸四品。“神”、“妙”、“能”、“逸”四品分类法是纯艺术、纯书法的艺术品评分类，但其思想基础也是“崇古”，所以其早期创说者在品论家书时，把富有创新精神的“逸品”排在了末位。实际上，艺术的大化之境应该是“纵任无方”、“泯规矩于方圆”，越有个性越符合艺术创作规律、审美价值越高。3.4现代书学理论和书法品评

现代书学除了继承古典书学的重传统、重书家个人修养两方面历史内容，还在书法的传统继承与创新问题上，作了调整和探索。具体的说，现代书家既重传统，更重创新；而且随着艺术的发展，创新意识越来越强烈，成为推动当代书法艺术发展的动力。现代艺术评论家评价一个书作，固然首先要看作家的为人、品行及作品的内容，但更主要的还是看作品本身。看他传统继承多寡、传统功底是否雄厚，有没有自己的创造，有没有与古人不同的东西。4书法欣赏的一般规律

4.1书法的“本文”和“召唤结构”

“本文”和“召唤结构”都是西方现代美学学派“接受美学”的术语。“本文”是指作家、艺术家创作的艺术品，它是一个客观存在物，具有一定的物质形式，但在读者介入以前，它是一堆艺术材料而没艺术形象和生命；读者感受到的艺术品以及其中所包含的艺术形象，是读者的主观因素和作品的客观结构互动互应共同“创作”的结果。原作品因创作者的精心设计、创造，为读者、欣赏者的“参与”、“创造”提供了一个联想的框架、结构，在这个框架、结构中留下了许多不直接指向某物，具有很大的不确定性和意义空白点，那个充满空白点、诱导读者去参与创作的艺术原始结构，接受美学家称之为“召唤结构”。而经主观联想、参与创造后形成的作品，接受美学家称之为“本文”。“接受美学”的“本文”理论，对我们理解、阐释书法艺术鉴赏一些理论问题启发意义。