第一篇:论英国女王与议会
论英国女王与议会—— 携手共启发展之路
十七世纪八十年代,在英国发生的一场不流血的政治革命为英国乃至整个世界开启了进入现代社会的大门。金色的王冠自此在风中摇曳,英国议会自此接手了英国的政治大权。但即使如此,英国王室的光辉依旧灿烂,在几百年后的今天依然熠熠生辉。自君主立宪之日起,国王就与议会形成了无声的默契,共同致力于英国人民的幸福生活。
众所皆知,人类历史的每一次前进,都免不了经历战火与鲜血的洗礼。但十七世纪八十年代,在大西洋沿岸的一个弹丸小国里,进行着一场似乎不顾历史遗训的不流血的政治革命,史称“光荣革命”。这场革命完成了英国资产阶级革命的重大任务,自此推翻了数百年来形成的黑暗的英国君主专制统治,从此接过了英国政权的金钥匙。国王从那时起失去了神佑的光辉,回归平民的境地。宪法和法律的权利至高无上,即使是国王也要从中寻求荫蔽。这就是我们常说的君主立宪政体。
英国资产阶级确立的君主立宪政体大大削弱了国王的权力,议会政府逐步掌握了国家政权。这种政治体制虽然有其历史局限性,但他结束了英国的封建君主专制制度,使得英国走上了资产阶级政治民主化道路,有利于资本主义的发展。它代表了历史发展的趋势,是历史的一大进步。英国是世界上第一个建立君主立宪制的国家,这一制度的确立和不断完善,不仅对巩固资产阶级对英国的统治起巨大作用,而且对其他国家的资产阶级建立新的制度,也有着巨大影响。溯源英国国王的发展不难发现,从早期国王专制到国王与议会斗争,再从国王与议会斗争到议会独掌大权,经历了长期的血型与暴力,国王的权力逐渐轮空,最终被完全剥夺了权利。但作为几百年的君主专制国家,国王的威严已深入人心,成为人们享受现世生活的精神支柱,也成为英联邦各个国家的精神领袖和连接纽带,因而虽然国王失去了实权,依旧发挥着不可替代的作用。因而,英国一直保存着“国王”这一称号。
现任的英国女王伊丽莎白二世出生于一九二六年的伦敦,于一九五二年接替父王正式即位,成为英联邦国家元首,国教会最高领袖。女王在普遍英国人心目中,是国家团结的象征。而她的端正品行,亦往往是为全体国民树立了个人行为操守的典范。另外,女王亦时常在一年一度的圣诞节的广播谈话中,鼓励国民互相帮助及彼此团结。作为君主,女王仪态庄重,一丝不苟,总是非常严肃。除了在本国发挥着领导模范作用外,在国际事务上,英国女王也发挥着积极的重大作用。作为英联邦国家元首,在维系英联邦国家关系,保证英国国际地位方面发挥着重要作用。每逢英联邦国家举行重大庆典等活动时,举办方都会邀请女王参加,女王亦积极投身到各种活动中。例如:二零零六年三月十五日,女王出席了在墨尔本举行的英联邦运动会。二零零九年,法国因未邀请英国女王参加诺曼底登陆周年庆典而引起英国王室的愤怒,后法国政府立马改口,表示欢迎女王参加该庆典。由此可见,无论在英联邦国家还是在世界其他国家,英国女王都具有崇高的地位。而作为英国政府的议会,因为女王的存在,光辉自然减少。但作为真正掌握政权的机构,其管理国家事务的能力及对于国家发展产生的作用当然是最强大的。回顾英国议会的历史,一条条纹路清晰地展开。它的产生、发展,内部矛盾及与国王的矛盾,无不体现者一路走来的心酸与艰难。
英国议会创建于十三世纪,迄今已有七百多年的历史,被称为“议会之母”。英国议会是英国政治的中心舞台,是英国的最高立法机关。政府从议会中产生并对其负责。英国议会为两院制,由上议院和下议员组成。上院由王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官、教会大主教和主教组成,五任期限制。上院的立法职能主要是:提出法案;在立法程序中可以拖延法案生效;审判弹劾案;行使国家最高司法权。下院议员由普选产生,任期五年。下院的立法职权主要是:提出重要法案;先行讨论、通过法案;提出质询;财政法案只能由下院提出和通过。国王被看成是“一切权力的源泉”、“国家的化身”,在政治生活中处于“临朝而不理政”、“统而不治”的地位,具有国家的象征意义。在立法职权方面,国王批准并颁布法律;制定文官管理法规;颁布枢密院令和特许状;召集、终止议会会议;解散议会;任免重要官员。但是,国王的这些权力主要是象征性的,行使这些权力主要还是一种形式。例如,国王批准法律,必须先经由议会通过,国王只是履行一下手续;国王解散议会,但必须根据首相的决议才能采取行动。
英国议会居于优越于其他机关的“至上”地位,曾经拥有几乎是无限的立法权。英国议会立法的职权可以说是无所不能,主要包括三个方面:立法、监控财政、监督政府。
英国资产阶级革命后,女王与议会团结协作,共同致力于英国社会经济发展。英国女王领导着英国人民的精神动向,而首相则领导议会政府管理国家大小事务,为英国人民提供医疗、教育、卫生、住房、环境等方面的各种便利。
第二篇:英国女王2015年议会致辞
My Lords and members of the House of Commons。
My government will legislate in the interests of everyone in our country.It will adopt a one nation approach, helping working people get on, supporting aspiration, giving new opportunities to the most disadvantaged and bringing different parts of our country together。
My government will continue with its long-term plan to provide economic stability and security at every stage of life.They will continue the work of bringing the public finances under control and reducing the deficit, so Britain lives within its means.Measures will be introduced to raise the productive potential of the economy and increase living standards。
Legislation will be brought forward to help achieve full employment and provide more people with the security of a job.New duties will require my ministers to report annually on job creation and apprenticeships.Measures will also be introduced to reduce regulation on small businesses so they can create jobs。
Legislation will be brought forward to ensure people working 30 hours a week on the National Minimum Wage do not pay income tax, and to ensure there are no rises in Income Tax rates, Value Added Tax or National Insurance for the next 5 years。
Measures will be brought forward to help working people by greatly increasing the provision of free childcare。
Legislation will be introduced to support home ownership and give housing association tenants the chance to own their own home。
Measures will be introduced to increase energy security and to control immigration.My government will bring forward legislation to reform trade unions and to protect essential public services against strikes。
To give new opportunities to the most disadvantaged, my government will expand the Troubled Families programme and continue to reform welfare, with legislation encouraging employment by capping benefits and requiring young people to earn or learn。
Legislation will be brought forward to improve schools and give every child the best start in life, with new powers to take over failing and coasting schools and create more academies。
In England, my government will secure the future of the National Health Service by implementing the National Health Service’s own 5 year plan, by increasing the health budget, integrating healthcare and social care, and ensuring the National Health Service works on a 7 day basis.Measures will be introduced to improve access to general practitioners and to mental healthcare。
Measures will also be brought forward to secure the real value of the basic State Pension, so that more people live in dignity and security in retirement.Measures will be brought forward to increase the rights of victims of crime。
To bring different parts of our country together, my government will work to bring about a balanced economic recovery.Legislation will be introduced to provide for the devolution of powers to cities with elected metro mayors, helping to build a northern powerhouse。
My government will continue to legislate for high-speed rail links between the different parts of the country。
My government will also bring forward legislation to secure a strong and lasting constitutional settlement, devolving wide-ranging powers to Scotland and Wales.Legislation will be taken forward giving effect to the Stormont House Agreement in Northern Ireland。
My government will continue to work in cooperation with the devolved administrations on the basis of mutual respect。
My government will bring forward changes to the standing orders of the House of Commons.These changes will create fairer procedures to ensure that decisions affecting England, or England and Wales, can be taken only with the consent of the majority of Members of Parliament representing constituencies in those parts of our United Kingdom。
My government will renegotiate the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European Union and pursue reform of the European Union for the benefit of all member states。
Alongside this, early legislation will be introduced to provide for an in-out referendum on membership of the European Union before the end of 2017.Measures will also be brought forward to promote social cohesion and protect people by tackling extremism.New legislation will modernise the law on communications data, improve the law on policing and criminal justice, and ban the new generation of psychoactive drugs。
My government will bring forward proposals for a British Bill of Rights。
Members of the House of Commons。
Estimates for the public services will be laid before you。
My Lords and members of the House of Commons
My government will continue to play a leading role in global affairs, using its presence all over the world to re-engage with and tackle the major international security, economic and humanitarian challenges。
My ministers will remain at the forefront of the NATO alliance and of international efforts to degrade and ultimately defeat terrorism in the Middle East。
The United Kingdom will continue to seek a political settlement in Syria, and will offer further support to the Iraqi government’s programme for political reform and national reconciliation。
My government will maintain pressure on Russia to respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, and will insist on the full implementation of the Minsk agreements。
My government looks forward to an enhanced partnership with India and China。
Prince Philip and I look forward to our state visit to Germany next month and to our state visit to Malta in November, alongside the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.We also look forward to welcoming His Excellency the President of The People’s Republic of China and Madame Peng on a state visit in October。
My government will seek effective global collaboration to sustain economic recovery and to combat climate change, including at the climate change conference in Paris later this year。
My government will undertake a full strategic defence and security review, and do whatever is necessary to ensure that our courageous armed forces can keep Britain safe。
My government will work to reduce the threat from nuclear weapons, cyber attacks and terrorism。
Other measures will be laid before you。
My Lords and members of the House of Commons
I pray that the blessing of almighty God may rest upon your counsels
第三篇:论英美议会政治地位的异同
论英美议会政治地位的异同
摘要:英国和美国由于历史、地理、人文等客观因素方面的差异,这种差异能够很自然的投射在英美的政治制度上。英国是世界历史上第一个通过资产阶级革命建立起君主立宪的议会制国家,而美国则是在总结西方历史经验的基础上建立起的一个新兴的资产阶级民主制的国家。本文对这两个有着“远亲”关系的国家,从议会制的历史起源、发展以及结构功能和国际政治影响力等方面出发对二者的议会制的政治地位的异同做出比较性分析。
关键词:议会制
结构功能
国际政治地位
一个是地处亚欧大陆西边的岛国,一个是与亚欧大陆隔海相望的大陆;一个是历史悠久,一个是初出茅庐;一个是有着皇室传统的君主立宪制国家,一个是自诩民主法治的三权分立制国家;一个叫大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,一个叫美利坚合众国。似乎从一开始这两个国家就注定有着千丝万缕的联系,却又因为时代和机遇等一系列因素而命运殊异。议会制是西方土生土长的产物,是西方资产阶级在前进的过程中努力探索的结晶。议会制在历史的长河中播散到世界各国,在那里生根发芽,由于各国国情的不同,各国的议会制也有自己的特点。
一、议会制在英国起源和在美国的变异发展
1、议会制的英国起源
“议会”,英文Parliament,是“讨论”的意思。
在早期盎格鲁-萨克逊人统治下的英国社会中,就存在着久远的民主和法制的传统。如果追根溯源,就会发现,现代英国议会最早就源于早期郡法庭中集中地方代表的惯例。后来,又出现了贤人(Witan)会议。这种贤人会议本是一个国王的顾问团体,没有具体的组织,人选也要看国王的意旨。不过这种贤人议会在一定程度上开始萌生了英国各阶层民众参政议政的传统。
在11世纪诺曼底公爵威廉征服英国之后,在英国建立了一种以军事服役为交换条件的土地分封制度和包含着地方政务的司法制度。在政治体制上,诺曼诸王在继承了盎格鲁-萨克逊人习俗惯例的基础上又把诺曼底传统的管理国家的方式移植到了英格兰,其中最重要的就是“御前会议”。这种御前会议不同于盎格鲁-萨克逊人的贤人会议。这个团体的一部分是大地主,另一部分是由国王特别召来的顾问。御前会议最初执行国王的一般任务,其任务后来分成了若干部门。在亨利一世统治期间(1100~1135),御前会议有了比较固定的职能,由少数主教、宫廷官员、王室仆役和男爵等组成了一些比较固定的小委员会,其主要任务是协助国王管辖地方政府,处理重大案件,受理郡法庭和百户区法庭的上诉,因而其中的成员被称为“法官”。后来,亨利二世任命其中的5个成员组成一个驻在固定地点的法院,在国王的指导下审理各地的重大案件,这就逐渐演变出了“王座法庭”,即由各州市的代表与国王及其御前会议人员所组成的大会议(Magnum Concilium)。之后,这种大议会在威斯敏斯特的集会最后逐渐转变成了一种国家的立法机构。这实际上就成了近代英国议会制度的起源。1215年6月15日,安茹王朝屡战屡败的国王约翰与25位贵族代表举行谈判,签署了著名的《大宪章》。最为重要的是,《大宪章》的签订确立了“王在议会”和“王在法下”的原则,即英王的权力并非是至高无上的,它只能在法律的约束下行使权力。这实际上也为作为“限政”的宪政开了先河。于是1688年的“光荣革命”推翻了斯图亚特王朝,议会在1689年通过《权利法案》。该法案体现了国王的权力受到议会牵制的宗旨,明确了“议会至上”的原则,把国王的权力转移到了议会。更进一步的是,他们使内阁向议会负责,即国王必须提请获得议会多数的政党来组阁,若议会不信任,内阁必须辞职,或者解散议会。但若新选出的议会仍然不信任内阁,则内阁必须辞职。于是,英国的君主立宪政治通过这次不流血的革命而正式确立下来。这是人类宪政民主史上的一个关键转折点。
英国在1688年“光荣革命”后建立起来的议会权力超过君主的立宪君主制度以及两党制度,不仅对英国以后的历史发展,而且对欧美许多国家的政治都产生了重要影响。英国的政治制度及由此而萌发的政治思想,对欧洲绝对君主专制制度是一个沉重的打击,而对一些民主、进步的思想家,如18世纪法国的启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰等则起了巨大的鼓舞作用,从某种意义上,可以说是法国大革命的一针催化剂。同时,对亚洲的中国也产生了巨大影响,中国的维新派在为改革而奋斗的时候,就常常引用英国的民主政治制度作为楷模。
2、议会制在美国的变异发展
美国最初是哥伦布发现的新大陆,在西方早期殖民过程中,美国本土居民受到迫害,而来自欧洲的移民迅速将西方的文化、思想、政治制度以及生活方式带到这片大陆。
17世纪初,英国开始向北美殖民。最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民,生活艰苦的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。1620年,他们乘“五月花号(Mayflower)”到北美并在船上制定《五月花号公约》。在11月21日于普利茅斯上岸,清教徒与41名自由的成年男人签署共同遵守《五月花号公约》。内容为组织公民团体;拟订法规等。奠定自治政府的基础。
18世纪中叶,英国在美洲的殖民地与英国之间, 已有了裂痕。殖民地的扩张,使他们产生某种自觉, 自觉到英国的迫害,而萌生独立的念头.1774年, 来自12州的代表,聚集在费城, 召开所谓第一次大陆会议,希望能寻出一条合理的途径, 与英国和平解决问题,然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英国国王, 并接受处分。1775年,在麻州点燃战火, 5月,召开第二次大陆会议, 坚定了战争与独立的决心,并起草有名的独立宣言, 提出充分的理由来打这场仗,这也是最后致胜的要素.1776年7月4日,宣告了美国的独立,1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城乔治·华盛顿发表了《独立宣言》。《独立宣言》开宗明义地阐明,一切人生而平等,具有追求幸福与自由的天赋权利;淋漓尽致地历数了英国殖民主义者在美洲大陆犯下的罪行;最后庄严宣告美利坚合众国脱离英国而独立。《独立宣言》的思想来源于对英国的《权力法案》和法国的《人权宣言》的探索和研究,并在此基础上的发展进步。在经过南北战争之后,美国终于建成了一个联邦制的统一的国家。1787年美国联邦宪法是世界上第一步资产阶级成文宪法,核心是实行三权分立原则,这个原则来源于洛克的分权思想,目的是为了通过分权达到互相制衡,避免权力过分的集中于某个个人或组织。
二、英美两国议会制的结构功能比较
议会是英国政治的中心舞台,是英国的最高立法机关。政府从议会中产生,并对其负责。英国的国会为两院制,由上议院和下议院组成。上议院又称贵族院,主要由王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会的重要人物组成。上议院议员不由选举产生,部分是世袭贵族。上议院是英国最高司法机关,议长由大法官兼任。和下议院相比,上议院的权力相对有限,保留着历史上遗留下来的司法权,有权审查下议院通过的法案,并通过必要的修正案,还可以要求推迟它不赞成的立法,最长可达一年。下议院又称平民院或众议院,其议员由直接选举产生,任期5年。下院的主要职权是立法、监督财政和政府。英国全国被划分为多个选民人数基本相同的选区(选区的划分由一个独立的委员会决定),每个选区选举一名下议院议员。大多数选区议员是一个政党的成员,但是没有政党背景的人士也可以参加选举。通常情况下,英国下议院总有一个拥有绝对多数的政党,该党领袖被国王任命为首相。下议院第二大党的领袖则成为反对党领袖。
美国国会行使立法权(legislative authority)。议案(bill)一般经过提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程序。一院通过后,送交另一院,依次经过同样的程序。法案经两院通过后交总统签署;若总统不否决,或虽否决但经两院2/3议员重新通过,即正式成为法律。实际所在地是华盛顿特区国会大厦,由参议院和众议院组成,议员总数为535人。参议员(senator)由各州选民直接选出,每州 2 名,实行各州代表权平等原则。现有议员100名。当选参议员必须年满 30岁,作为美国公民已满9年,当选时为选出州的居民。任期6年,每 2年改选1/3,连选得连任。众议员数按各州人口比例分配,由直接选举产生,每州至少1名,人数固定为435名,必须年满25岁,作为美国公民已满7年,当选时为选出州的居民。任期 2年,连选得连任。两院议员长期连任现象极为普遍。议员不得兼任其他政府职务,国会议员代表其选区的选民,但是最为一个整体代表整个国家选民,通过立法来规范政府与人民的行为。国会还拥有宪法所规定的其他权力,如对外宣战权、修改宪法权等。参众两院各自还拥有特殊权力。如总统与外国缔结的条约及总统任命的高级官员须经参议院“咨询和同意”;参议院还有权审判弹劾案,有权在特殊条件下复选副总统;众议院有权提出财政案和弹劾案,有权在特殊条件下复选总统。国会立法活动常受院外活动集团的影响。国会两院在各自议长主持下工作。众议院议长由全院大会选举产生,副总统是参议院的当然议长。两院均设有许多委员会,还设有由两院议员共同组成的联席委员会,国会工作大多在各委员会中进行。
三、英美议会政治地位的比较
在君主立宪制的英国,名义上国家是国家元首;现实生活中有内阁和首相专权之说;但在法律上,议会拥有至尊至上的地位。
英国宪法赋予了议会“卓越的和绝对的权力”。议会的至尊地位首先体现在它所拥有的立法权上。理论上,它可以制定任何法律,可以修改、废除任何现有的法律,可以制定、修改、废除具有宪法性的法律。除了立法权外,议会至尊还表现在如下几个方面:第一,在行政上,议会下院是行政权力的最高来源。内阁和首相都产生于下院,下院是通往政治权力的必经之路。第二,在财政上,议会下院控制着国家的财政命脉。第三,在中央与地方的关系上,议会可以向地方授权也可以收回权力。
议会至尊,是指其法律地位,并不意味着它可以为所欲为。并且这种法律地位并没有得到任何宪法性文件的规定,仅是一种习惯的表示,是人民对它的默认。议会实际上受到许多约束:首先,它要受到英国多数选民意志的约束,它不得制定任何违背英国国情的法律;其次,它要受到公众舆论的约束,不能通过将会遭到公众普遍反对的法律,而且这种法律即使通过了也难以执行下去;再者,它也不能通过与国际法相违背的任何法律,比如英国议会不能通过与欧盟的法律相冲突的任何法律。
英国议会的至尊地位还体现在议会的特权上。为了维护议会的权威和尊严,也是为了使议会能够不受妨碍地工作,必须给予其特殊的保护,这种保护被以法律的形式固定下来,使议会享有一些特殊的法定权力,就是议会特权。英国议会两院所享受的特权大体相近。这种特权既适用于作为整体的议院,也适用于议会的工作人员和每一位议员。英国议会特权包括:议院言论自由、议会成员被召集与会的优先权(这也意味着议员享有在民事案件中免受逮捕和免除在陪审团中服务或被迫出庭作证的权利)、上/下议院各自作为整体,有接近国王的权利、上/下议院有控制它自己的工作进程的权力、确定议院的合法资格并在此基础上宣布席位空缺的权力、对任何人破坏议会特权的行为作出惩罚的权力。就下院来说,对维护其尊严、保护它能正常工作来说,较有意义的特权有五项,这就是:议院言论自由权、议院不受逮捕权、议会自主管理权、议会的惩处权和议会拜谒国王权。
政府在决策、立法、财政上也逐渐起主导作用,议会只起着配角作用。首先是决策,随着经济、社会的迅速发展,政府所承担的责任越来越多,决策范围日趋扩大,技术性也越来越高,与之相应,政府部门有所增加,专业型也增强,而议会则没有这种相应的变化,因而难以适应决策的需要。尤其是议会的工作特点也不适合作出高效率的决策。于是,内阁和政府就自然成了决策的中心,议会也逐渐失去了对政府决策的干预能力。虽然议会已经成为政府的“奴仆”,但毕竟议会拥有法律上的至尊地位,就与政府的关系来讲,议会在政治生活中仍然起着非常重要的作用。
由于美国实行分权制衡原则,因此美国的国会的权力受到总统和最高法院的制约。根据美国宪法,国会拥有两大类权力:立法权和监督政府的权力。国会通过的法案必须通过总统的审批才能成为法律,总统拥有对国会所通过的法案的否决权。国会的立法必须符合美国宪法的精神。国会在立法权、财证权、人事任命权,弹劾权,条约批准权,否决之否决权和调查权等方面拥有对政府监督和制约的能力。
英国的政府首脑是由议会中的多数党领袖担任并在议会中选择本党议员组成内阁,从议会中产生的内阁集体对议会负责,得不到议会信任时,或集体辞职,或解散议会,议会和政府有着很强的亲和力,而且女王在英国议会中享有声誉性的地位。而美国国会和总统领导的政府各自分立,由选民分别选出。国会与总统领导的政府各有自己的任期与职责,总统对人民负责,不向国会负责,国会没有要求政府辞职的权力,也没有蒋总统免职的权力,国会不想总统负责,总统也没有解散国会的权力,国会和总统彼此独立,没有相互依存的关系,更没有从属关系。
四、英美议会的国际政治地位的比较
前面两点都是从国内政治地位出发,最后一点说说英美议会的国家政治地位的比较。一个国家的国际政治地位实际上是这个国家国内政治的延伸。在一战之前,英国作为老牌殖民帝国和海上殖民帝国,它所拥有的国际政治地位是非同凡响的。根据英国议会的运作原则,那么英国的对外政策的制定很大程度上取决于英国的议会的决策,但是随着英国的国力在经过两次世界大战之后就开始衰落,它在国际社会上的地位也大不如前。相反,美国却在二战中获得暴利,冷战后成为世界上唯一一个超级大国,在美国的wasp文化的影响下,美国希望能够担任“世界警察”的角色,事实也确实如此,而美国的国会却不如英国的议会能够左右美国的对外政策,美国的对外政策是由其政府也即总统掌控的。所以,英美议会在其国内所扮演的角色和所起的作用以及和政府的关系都决定了它们是否能在国际上拥有话语权。
第四篇:英国女王2017年英国议会开幕致辞双语对照版
2017年英国女王议会开幕演讲
MY LORDS AND MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 上议院和下议院众爱卿,My Government’s priority is to secure the best possible deal as the country leaves the European Union.My Ministers are committed to working with Parliament, the devolved administrations, business and others to build the widest possible consensus on the country’s future outside the European Union.A bill will be introduced to repeal the European Communities Act and provide certainty for individuals and businesses.This will be complemented by legislation to ensure that the United Kingdom makes a success of Brexit, establishing new national policies on immigration, international sanctions, nuclear safeguards, agriculture, and fisheries.我的政府,其首要任务是,在国家退出欧洲联盟的过程中,达成最有利的协议。我的大臣致力于与议会、权力下放政府、商界等协作,建立最广泛的共识,共造退欧后的英国未来。
政府将提交法案,废除《欧共体法》,为个人和企业家定心。另外,立法确保了联合王国成功退欧,推出新的关于国家移民、国际制裁、核安全、农业和渔业的政策。
My Government will seek to maintain a deep and special partnership with European allies and to forge new trading relationships across the globe.New bills on trade and customs will help to implement an independent trade policy, and support will be given to help British businesses export to markets around the world.我的政府将谋求与欧洲盟友保持深厚、特别的伙伴关系,并在全球打造新的贸易关系。贸易和关税新法案将有助于推行独立的贸易政策,支持英国商人向全世界市场出口产品。
My Ministers will strengthen the economy so that it supports the creation of jobs and generates the tax revenues needed to invest in the National Health Service, schools, and other public services.我的大臣将促进经济发展,支持就业并征收所需税收,用来投资国民健康服务、学校和其他公共服务。
My Government will continue to improve the public finances, while keeping taxes low.It will spread prosperity and opportunity across the country through a new modern, industrial strategy.我的政府将继续改善公共财政支出,并维持低税收。政府将通过新型现代工业战略,在全国扩大繁荣、增加机会。
My Government will work to attract investment in infrastructure to support economic growth.Legislation will be introduced to ensure the United Kingdom remains a world leader in new industries, including electric cars and commercial satellites.A new bill will also be brought forward to deliver the next phase of high-speed rail.我的政府将努力吸引对基础设施的投资,支撑经济发展;立法确保联合王国在新产业领域继续成为世界领袖,其中包括电动汽车和商业卫星;还要立法推动下一阶段的高铁建设。
My Government will continue to work to ensure that every child has the opportunity to attend a good school and that all schools are fairly funded.My Ministers will work to ensure people have the skills they need for the high-skilled, high-wage jobs of the future, including through a major reform of technical education.我的政府将继续致力于确保每个孩子都有机会上一所好学校,对所有学校进行公平的拨款。我的大臣将致力于确保人民获得所需技能,在未来谋到高技能、高工资的岗位,包括通过对技术教育进行重大改革。
The National Living Wage will be increased so that people who are on the lowest pay benefit from the same improvements in earnings as higher paid workers.MyMinisters will seek to enhance rights and protections in the modern workplace.提高国民最低工资,让收入最低的人民与高收入工人共享繁荣。我的大臣将设法增强现代工作场所的权利保护。My Government will make further progress to tackle the gender pay gap and discrimination against people on the basis of their race, faith, gender, disability or sexual orientation.我的政府将进一步解决性别收入差距,消除因种族、信仰、性别、身体残疾、性取向等产生的歧视。
Legislation will be brought forward to protect the victims of domestic violence and abuse.政府将提议立法保护家庭暴力的受害者。
My Government will reform mental health legislation and ensure that mental health is prioritised in the National Health Service in England.我的政府将改革精神健康法,确保在英格兰国民健康服务中,优先关注精神健康。
Proposals will be brought forward to ban unfair tenant fees, promote fairness and transparency in the housing market, and help ensure more homes are built.政府将提案禁止不公平租金,推动住房市场的公平和透明,确保建造更多的房屋。
My Ministers will work to improve social care and will bring forward proposals for consultation.我的大臣将致力于改善社会关怀服务,提交议案供议会商讨。
My Government will ensure fairer markets for consumers, this will include bringing forward measures to help tackle unfair practices in the energy market to help reduce energy bills.我的政府将确保消费者市场更加公平,包括采取措施消除能源市场的不公平做法,降低能源开支。
A priority will be to build a more united country, strengthening the social, economic and cultural bonds between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.一个首要任务是让国家更加统一,强化英格兰、北爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士间的社会、经济和文化联系。
My Government will work in cooperation with the devolved administrations, and it will work with all of the parties in Northern Ireland to support the return of devolved government.我的政府将与权力下放政府合作,与北爱尔兰所有的党派合作,支持权力下放政府的回归。
A new law will ensure that the United Kingdom retains its world-class regime protecting personal data, and proposals for a new digital charter will be brought forward to ensure that the United Kingdom is the safest place to be online.新立法将确保联合王国继续作为保护个人数据的世界级政府,政府将提交新的数字宪章,确保英国是最安全的网络空间。
Legislation will also be introduced to modernise the courts system [Courts Bill] and to help reduce motor insurance premiums.My Government will initiate a full public inquiry into the tragic fire at Grenfell Tower to ascertain the causes, and ensure that the appropriate lessons are learnt.政府将立法使法院系统现代化,并降低机动车保险金。
我的政府将对格伦费尔塔大火悲剧展开全面调查,查清原因,汲取教训。To support victims, my Government will take forward measures to introduce an independent public advocate, who will act for bereaved families after a public disaster and support them at public inquests.为了支持受害者,我的政府将采取措施,设立独立的公益辩护人,在公共灾难后为失去亲属的家庭代言,在公共调查方面对他们提供支持。My Ministers will continue to invest in our gallant Armed Forces, meeting the NATO commitment to spend at least two per cent of national income on defence, and delivering on the Armed Forces Covenant across the United Kingdom.我的部长将继续为英勇的军队投入,履行北约承诺,至少将国民收入的百分之二用于国防,在全国履行对军人的承诺。
My Government will bring forward proposals to ensure that critical national infrastructure is protected tosafeguard nationalsecurity 我的政府将提出议案,确保兴建关键的国家基础设施,保卫国家安全。A commission for countering extremism will be established to support the Government in stamping out extremist ideology in all its forms, both across society and on the internet, so it is denied a safe space to spread.将建立反对极端主义委员会,支持政府在全社会及网上打击各种形式的极端主义思想,创造安全的空间。
In the light of the terrorist attacks in Manchester and London, my Government’s counter-terrorism strategy will be reviewed to ensure that the police and security services have all the powers they need, and that the length of custodial sentences for terrorism-related offences are sufficient to keep the population safe.因为在曼彻斯特和伦敦发生了恐怖袭击,将重审政府的反恐战略,确保警方和安全部队获得所需权力,确保足够长的刑期震慑恐怖犯罪,确保人民安全。
My Ministers will ensure that the United Kingdom’s leading role on the world stage is maintained and enhanced as it leaves the European Union.我的大臣将确保联合王国在退出欧盟后,在世界舞台继续保持领先地位,并有所增强。
As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, committed to spending zero point seven per cent of national income on international development, my Government will continue to drive international efforts that increase global security and project British values around the world.作为联合国安理会常任理事国,并将国民收入的0.7%用于国际开发,我的政府将继续推动增进全球安全的国际努力,将英国价值推广至全世界。My Government will work to find sustainable political solutions to conflicts across the Middle East.It will work to tackle the threat of terrorism at source by continuing the United Kingdom’s leading role in international military action to destroy Daesh in Iraq and Syria.我的政府将为中东地区诸多冲突寻求可持续的政治解决方案。政府将从源头解决恐怖主义威胁,继续保持联合王国在打击伊斯兰国的国际军事行动中的领导地位。
It will also lead efforts to reform the international system to improve the United Kingdom’s ability to tackle mass migration, alleviate poverty, and end modern slavery.政府还将努力改革国际制度,改进英国在解决大规模移民、减贫和消除现代奴工方面的能力。
My Government will continue to support international action against climate change, including the implementation of the Paris Agreement.我的政府将继续支持应对气候变化的国际行动,包括履行巴黎气候协定。Prince Philip and I look forward to welcoming Their Majesties King Felipe and Queen Letizia of Spain on a State Visit in July.菲利普亲王和我盼望着西班牙费利佩国王陛下和雷蒂西亚王后7月份对我国进行国事访问。
My Government will host the Commonwealth Summit in April of next year to cement its relevance to this, and future generations.明年四月,我的政府将举办英联邦峰会,巩固联系,为后代打下基础。MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 下议院卿家,Estimates for the public services will be laid before you.你们面前是公共服务预算。
MY LORDS AND MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 上议院和下议院众卿家,Other measures will be laid before you.你们面前是其他提案。
I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels.我祈祷万能的上帝保佑众卿的讨论。
第五篇:英国女王演讲稿
My Lords and Members of the House of Commons,I am most grateful for your Loyal Addresses and the generous words of the Lord Speaker and Mr.Speaker.This great institution has been at the heart of the country and the lives of our people throughout its history.As Parliamentarians, you share with your forebears a fundamental role in the laws and decisions of your own age.Parliament has survived as an unshakeable cornerstone of our constitution and our way of life.History links monarchs and Parliament, a connecting thread from one period to the next.So, in an era when the regular, worthy rhythm of life is less eye-catching than doing something extraordinary, I am reassured that I am merely the second Sovereign to celebrate a Diamond Jubilee.As today, it was my privilege to address you during my Silver and Golden Jubilees.Many of you were present ten years ago and some of you will recall the occasion in 1977.Since my Accession, I have been a regular visitor to the Palace of Westminster and, at the last count, have had the pleasurable duty of treating with twelve Prime Ministers.Over such a period, one can observe that the experience of venerable old age can be a mighty guide but not a prerequisite for success in public office.I am therefore very pleased to be addressing many younger Parliamentarians and also those bringing such a wide range of background and experience to your vital, national work.During these years as your Queen, the support of my family has, across the generations, been beyond measure.Prince Philip is, I believe, well-known for declining compliments of any kind.But throughout he has been a constant strength and guide.He and I are very proud and grateful that The Prince of Wales and other members of our family are travelling on my behalf in this Diamond Jubilee year to visit all the Commonwealth Realms and a number of other Commonwealth countries.These overseas tours are a reminder of our close affinity with the Commonwealth, encompassing about one-third of the world’s population.My own association with the Commonwealth has taught me that the most important contact between nations is usually contact between its peoples.An organisation dedicated to certain values, the Commonwealth has flourished and grown by successfully promoting and protecting that contact.At home, Prince Philip and I will be visiting towns and cities up and down the land.It is my sincere hope that the Diamond Jubilee will be an opportunity for people to come together in a spirit of neighbourliness and celebration of their own communities.We also hope to celebrate the professional and voluntary service given by millions of people across the country who are working for the public good.They are a source of vital support to the welfare and wellbeing of others, often unseen or overlooked.And as we reflect upon public service, let us again be mindful of the remarkable sacrifice and courage of our Armed Forces.Much may indeed have changed these past sixty years but the valour of those who risk their lives for the defence and freedom of us all remains undimmed.The happy relationship I have enjoyed with Parliament has extended well beyond the more than three and a half thousand Bills I have signed into law.I am therefore very touched by the magnificent gift before me, generously subscribed by many of you.Should this beautiful window cause just a little extra colour to shine down upon this ancient place, I should gladly settle for that.We are reminded here of our past, of the continuity of our national story and the virtues of resilience, ingenuity and tolerance which created it.I have been privileged to witness some of that history and, with the support of my family, rededicate myself to the service of our great country and its people now and in the years to come.本篇文章来源于爱英语吧_英语学习网站(http://