第一篇：2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
（五）Book Review;Queen Elizabeth II
书评;伊丽莎白二世
Royal bow;Why the queen has to be seen to bebelieved?
向女王致敬;女王为什么要与众不同?
The Real Elizabeth: An Intimate Portrait of QueenElizabeth II.By Andrew Marr.《真实的伊丽莎白：近观伊丽莎白二世》安德·鲁马尔著。
Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times.By SarahBradford.《伊丽莎白二世：她生活在我们这一代》莎拉·布莱德福德著。
A Brief Life of the Queen.By Robert Lacey.《女王一生简观》罗伯特·拉西著。
Our Queen.By Robert Hardman.《我们的女王》罗伯特·哈德曼著。
Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch.By Sally Bedell Smith.《伊丽莎白女王：一位现代君主的一生》莎莉·贝德尔·史密斯著。
Being on show is a serious business for Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne 60years ago next month.On royal tours and walkabouts, she is careful to choose bright coloursand small-brimmed hats, glides through crowds “like a liner” and seemingly never tires.“Ohlook!She s keeled over again,” the queen once noted at a stifling-hot palace reception,spotting her then prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, pale and slumped in a chair.对于伊丽莎白二世来说，出席公众场合是一项非常重要的任务，下个月就是她登基六十周年的纪念了。在参加皇室的出访和视察时,她小心翼翼地选择明亮色调的衣服和窄檐礼帽，优雅地走过人群，像“一艘远洋油轮”静静驶过，看上去永远都不知疲倦。“哦!看，她又跌倒了”在一次皇宫的招待宴会上，室内的温度令人窒息，女王眼尖地发现了当时的首相撒切尔夫人脸色惨白，跌落于椅子中。
On several occasions she has been urged to retreat behind more obtrusive layers ofsecurity.Each time she has refused with something between a joke and a motto for her sixdecades on the 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
throne, telling aides: “I have to be seen to be believed.”
有许多次，女王被劝说退居二线，每一次，她都以一个介于玩笑和座右铭似的话来描述她在位的六十年，她如此告诉副官：“我是如此与众不同”。
Yet for the 85-year-old monarch, pictured above with Prince Charles shortly before hercoronation, belief requires distance, too.Younger generations of royals have kissed and told.But the queen has never given an interview.Though some of her 12 British prime ministerswere convinced they forged a special bond during weekly audiences with their sovereign,her personal politics remain unknown.上面图片中和查尔斯王子的合照拍摄于女王加冕后不久。然而，对于八十五岁的女王来说，信仰也是需要距离的。皇室里年轻的一代受到宠爱，都被如此教育着。但是女王自己从来都不接受任何采访。英国的十二任首相都认为自己是民众和女王之间的特殊纽带，女王对政治的看法仍不为大众所知。
Over the years, various aristocrats, cousins and horse-racing grandees have been more orless plausibly identified as her friends.Even among such intimates, boundaries areobserved, for fear of crossing an unseen line and triggering a stare of blank, silent rebuke.“She is never—you know—not the Queen,” advises an unnamed friend, quoted in the openinglines of a new biography by the BBC s senior political interviewer, Andrew Marr.许多年来，各种贵族，皇亲国戚，参加赛马的显贵们都或多或少地证实了哪些为女王的朋友。即使在和这些密友相处的过程中，也有界线需要遵守，朋友们害怕越过无形的界线会使女王受惊，从而招致无声的指责。“她从来都不是-你知道的-不是女王”一位不愿透漏姓名的朋友说道，这句话被BBC资深政治记者安德鲁· 马尔所引用，写在了关于伊丽莎白二世的一本新传记的首页几行。
Yet as a constitutional monarch, ruling with the tacit consent of the majority, she is notthe only judge of the trade-off between necessary display and indispensable discretion.The public have a say as well.Some of the queen s closest brushes with disaster haveinvolved a lack of visibility, most painfully in 1997 when she remained in Scotland with theroyal family after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.She only returned to London afterpleas from her new, young prime minister, Tony Blair.作为一名立宪制君主，女王和大众保持着一致。她不仅仅要为自己在公众面前必要的露面负责，也要不失谨慎小心。因为公众也有发言权。在一些事情上，女王对灾祸的处理还缺乏透明度，最为深痛的是在1997年，当戴安娜--威尔士王妃去世时，女王仍留在苏格兰和皇室成员们在一起。在当时新上任的年轻的首相托尼·布莱尔的恳请下，女王才回到了伦敦。
The double nature of the queen—an unusually private woman with extraordinary publicduties—poses a test for all who try to write about her.Including Mr Marr s book, five newbiographies have been prepared for 2012, the queen s diamond jubilee year.The authorsboast of watching the queen at work, interviewing officials from the royal household and 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
oftrawling through archives.They quote family members, friends and people with a claim toknow the queen.女王的双重特性——一个非常低调的女子肩负着重大的公共责任——对于所有想描写她的人都是一个难题。2012年，在女王登基60周年之际，纪念包括马尔这本书在内的五本新传记都将出版。作者们吹嘘曾看过女王办公的样子，采访了皇室家族的成员们，翻阅无数文献资料。他们引用了皇室家族成员，朋友和一些自称认识女王的人的话。
In the process, all five biographers wrestle with the question neatly framed by their subjectherself: if to see the queen is to believe in her, what vantage point allows the mostauthentic experience of faith? Which queen is the most “real”, the private woman or thepublic figure? Each offers a different answer.在此过程中，五本传记都在试图回答一个问题，这个问题都和女王有关：如果要信任我们所看到的女王，那么我们应站在什么角度来获得这些最为真实的信任?哪一个女王是最“真实”的?那个低调的女子还是那个公共人物?每个人心中都有不同的答案。
Two of the authors, Sarah Bradford and Robert Lacey, are veteran royal historians, whose2012 biographies draw on previously published work.With the frankness of an old pro, atone point Ms Bradford names different schools of royal-watching.There is the “work of theQueen” genre, as pioneered by the 1969 television film “Royal Family”, which showed themonarch working through boxes of state papers, preparing state visits or relaxing with herfamily.Alas, she explains, once the public had seen inside royal drawing rooms, they soonwanted to peer into the bedroom.Thus arose the “royal soap opera” genre.Ms Bradfordtakes readers on a brisk, assured canter through the familiar landmarks of both genres,adding a dose of history as she goes.Mr Lacey, who has been writing about the queen fornearly 40 years, advertises his slim volume as a “pleasant afternoon s reading”, which it isnot.At once knowledgeable and jaundiced, Mr Lacey seems slightly sick of his royalsubjects, as do the unnamed courtiers and insiders whom he quotes.这其中的两个作者，沙拉·布拉德福德和罗伯特·拉西都是经验丰富的皇家历史学家，他们在2012年出版的作品援引了之前已经出版著作的内容。布拉德福德女士坦白她是支持皇室的，她曾经将几种关注皇室的不同行为进行了分类。有一种是“女王的工作”派别，是由1969年电视节目“皇室家族”开启，展现女王伏案工作的场景，桌上堆满了国务文件，准备国事访问以及和家人休闲娱乐。啊，她解释道，一旦公众看到了皇家的画室，他们会好奇卧室是什么样子。因此出现了 “皇室肥皂剧”流派。布拉德福德女士引入一部分历史事实，以轻松的笔调带领读者信步于这两派熟知的情节之间。拉西曾用了将近40年的时间来写女王，他将自己单薄的一本书定义为“午后休闲阅读”，但事实上并非如此。拉西博学多才，对女王怀有偏见，他似乎有些反感这些皇室成员，在他书中一些没有提及姓名的官员和圈内人也此表示了同感。
Robert Hardman, a royal correspondent for the Daily Mail, offers a convincing tour of theBritish monarchy as an institution, apeing the vantage point of the fly-on-the-walldocumentary.His access produces an interview with Prince William and several 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
lesserscoops—a rarity in the world of royal biography, in which the same anecdotes turn up ineach book.But access has its limitations.The young prince is more loyal than revelatoryabout his grandmother, explaining that her “gravitas” awes even her family, that she offersgood advice and was “so excited” by her 2011 state visit to Ireland.Some lesser sourcesappear to be quoted largely to thank them for their time.罗伯特·哈德曼是《每日邮报》的一名王室事务记者，他模仿电视真人秀的纪实特点，展现了英国女王的生活中很重要的部分。他有机会接触到皇室成员，在此过程中，他访问了威廉王子，采访几个次要人物，获取了一些独家新闻—这在描写皇室的传记中是非常稀有的材料，以前的传记中总是出现千篇一律的趣闻轶事。但是与皇室成员的接触也是有其限制之处。年轻的王子对他的祖母十分忠诚，并不会透露女王的事情，他解释道，祖母的“庄重”使她整个家族深感敬畏，女王也常常提出意见，2011年出访爱尔兰使她感到“很兴奋”。一些次要人物在接受采访中大都表示生正逢时的幸运。
Sally Bedell Smith, an American society biographer, offers her readers the illusion ofknowing the queen as a friend.Ms Bedell Smith brightly describes her own brief chats withthe monarch at a Washington garden party and a London reception, before sprinkling heraccount with minute indiscretions from other people who have met her.The elder PresidentBush reveals that Elizabeth II is “rather formal” but not “standoffish”.A witness describeshow a puppy defecated in front of the queen during a visit to a Kentucky horse-breeder,breaking the ice.Nancy Reagan recalls a breakfast with the queen, Prince Philip and PrinceCharles at Windsor Castle;she was surprised that everyone poured their own cereal fromthe box.It is reported that the queen likes a travel rug round her knees and used to wear ahard hat when watching stallions cover her mares.This footling stuff is only of any interest because it is aboutthe queen.But—fatally—those same domestic details have nothing to do with why ElizabethII, as queen, is interesting.美国的社会传记作家莎莉·贝德尔·史密斯向读者描述了女王作为朋友的一面。贝德尔·史密斯女士生动地记叙了她在华盛顿一个花园派对和在伦敦的一次招待会上同女王简短的谈话，也写到了一些遇见女王的人的轻率之举动。老布什总统透露，伊丽莎白二世“非常遵守礼节”但又不“冷淡”。一个目击者描述，在女王去肯塔基州一户养马人家时，一只小狗当着女王的大便，这打破了沉默的气氛。南希·里根回忆：有一次和女王，菲利普亲王以及查尔斯王子在温莎城堡里共进早餐，当她看到在座的每个人都自己从一个大盒子里倒出吃的食物，她很惊讶。据报道，女王喜欢在膝盖上裹一条毯子，在看她的种马和母马交配时喜欢戴一顶安全帽。这些无足轻重的事情一点都不有趣，仅仅因为它们和女王有关。但不幸的是，这些家庭生活的细节和作为女王的伊丽莎白二世是否有趣一点关系都没有。
Mr Marr, a former political editor of the BBC and author of some shrewd books on modernBritain, sets himself a more ambitious task: to explain what the queen s role and positiontell us about her subjects.It is an admiring portrait, of an unfashionably dutiful monarchwho in her weekly audiences offers prime ministers what he calls “a kind of highertherapy”—a chance to share anxieties or explanations which will never leak, with someonewho has read almost every state secret of the past 60 years.He describes the queen and her strong sense of vocation, as a monarch “God-called” togive her life to her people as a sacrifice.Only by understanding that calling, he writes, canthe queen be understood.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
马尔以前是英国广播公司的一位政治编辑，曾写过几本关于现代英国的书，很有见地。现在他给自己定下了一个甚为庞大的目标：要解释清楚女王的角色和位置，告诉我们她的民众的看法。这是一本令人钦佩的传记，它记述了一位守旧、尽职的女王每周会见首相时提供的 “高级疗法”—用马尔的话来说—这是首相和女王分担焦虑、共谋计策的时刻，这些谈话的内容永远不会泄露出去。在过去的六十年，女王几乎知晓所有的国家机密。在书中，马尔描述了女王和她强烈的使命感：女王是“受到了上帝召唤”，要将自己的生命献给民众。“只有理解了这种召唤，才能理解女王”马尔如此写到。
In perhaps a claim too far, Mr Marr emphasises the comfort offered by the queen as asymbol of the continuing British state.By representing those who did not vote for thecurrent government or did not vote at all, she strengthens democracy, he suggests.It is aclever thought, but may overstate the degree to which most Britons suffer fromconstitutional angst.马尔强调了女王作为大英帝国延续的标志给人们带来的慰藉，这一点可能说的有些过头了。为了那些反对现任政府和那些根本没有投票的人，女王要推进民主。这个想法非常明智，但是这过度夸大了大多数英国人对现行体制的担心。
But a symbol she certainly is.And in modern Britain—a restless, exhibitionist place—MrMarr s Queen Elizabeth stands out for her discretion, and for understanding that symbolsare “better off keeping mostly quiet”.There is a lesson there for her heir, the Prince of Wales,Mr Marr suggests sharply.但是女王肯定是一个标志。在现代英国—处于一个焦躁不安，要出风头的位置—马尔笔下的伊丽莎白二世以她的谨慎而名，也深知作为标志性的人物“最好保持沉默”。马尔毫不留情的指出，对于她的继承人--威尔士亲王来说，还有许多经验需要学习。
Mr Marr palpably likes the queen, whether for touring the country to greet and thank peoplemostly ignored by “London power brokers”, or for relaxing when her work is done with “aglass of something cheerful”.Yet liking is not really the point.In Mr Marr s words, there isonly a little space, though “an interesting space”, between the queen and the woman wholives her life.Her calling gives her meaning.She “is what she does”.能感觉的出来，马尔是欣赏女王的。不论是出访全国会见问候被““伦敦权势掮客”忽略的人们，还是完成“很满意的工作” 之后的放松。然而喜好无关紧要。用马尔的话来说，在女王和过普通生活的女子之间只有一点点的距离，尽管这个距离很“有趣”。女王应有的使命感赋予了她意义。女王的言行举止即代表了女王。
Mr Marr s sober conclusion feels right.To adapt the queen s one-liner: for all that thespectacle and unattainable glamour of royalty still fascinates , forBritain s jubilee monarch the show is a means to an end.Being seen is about being believed.马尔发人深省的结论可能是正确的。为了改编了女王一脉相承的生活：所有的规模宏大的庆典和难以企及的皇室魅力仍然散发着强大的吸引力，对于已经登基了六十周年的英国女可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
王来说这场秀可能是一个结束。所见即所信。
第二篇：2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语复习阅读文章推荐
（七）Premarital sex
婚前性行为
The waiting game
等待的游戏
Chastity before marriage may have its uses afterall
婚前守贞可能的确有作用
WHEN is it the right time to do the deed?
什么时候做爱做的事情合适呢?
If priests had their way, it would be shortly after the wedding ceremony—but recent studiesshow such advice is rarely heeded.如果让神父们来说，这档事应当发生在在结婚典礼的不久之后—但是最近的研究显示，这样的建议很少得到人们的重视。
Roughly 85% of the American population, for example, approves of premarital sex.比如说，大约85%的美国人赞同婚前性行为。
Faced with numbers like that, what hope do the Vatican and its ilk really have?
面对这样子的数据，梵蒂冈和它的同仁们又到底是做何想法呢?
More than they did a week ago.相对于已在一周前
Until now, the argument that couplesshould wait until they are married before they have sex has rested on mere assertion andanecdote.亲热过的情侣来说，现今依旧认为夫妇应将童贞留于婚后的论调，已仅仅成了一种口头宣言或是奇闻轶事。
Dean Busby and his colleagues at Brigham Young University, in Utah, however, havegathered some data which support delay.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
然而，犹他州杨百翰大学的院长Busby和他的同事却收集了一些数据来支持延迟性行为的做法。
Little is known about the influence of sexual timing on how relationships develop.目前，还不清楚性交往的时间节奏安排对两性关系发展会产生怎样的影响。
Even so, opinions abound.但即便如此，各种意见观点仍然比比皆是。
Some argue that the sexual organs, both physical and mental need a test drive to make surethe chemistry between a couple means they will stay together both in sickness and in health.有人认为，性器官包括生理和心理两部分，它们需要一种驱动性的考验以确保情侣两人身上的化学吸引能够维持长久，让两人能够同甘共苦。
Others suggest that couples who delay or abstain from sexual intimacy early on allowcommunication to become the foundation of their attraction，还有人认为，推迟过早的亲密性行为或者禁欲的情侣，他们之间的沟通理解成为了相互间吸引力的基础，and that this helps to ensure that companionship and partnership keep them together whenthe initial flames of lust die down.这样以来，即使他们最初燃烧着的爱之欲火慢慢熄灭，他们也可以保持长久的友谊和伙伴关系。
To examine these suggestions more closely, Dr Busby and his colleagues recruited 2,035married people ranging in age from 19 to 71, and in length of marriage from less than sixmonths to more than 20 years.为了更进一步的去检验这些意见观点，Busby博士和他的同事征集到了2,035对已婚夫妇的数据，他们的年龄从19岁到70岁不等，婚龄从不满六个月到超过20年不等，Their religious affiliations varied widely;many had none.而且他们的宗教信仰差异也非常之大，很多人没有宗教信仰。
All were asked to complete an online questionnaire normally used to help couplesunderstand their strengths and weaknesses.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
所有的夫妇都被要求填写一份网上问卷调查，以帮助夫妇了解自己的长处和弱点。
Among the nearly 300 questions, participants were asked when they first had sex with theirpartners, whether their sex lives were currently good，在将近300个问题中，参与者被问及到他们第一次与自己伴侣发生性行为的时间，他们的性生活目前是否良好，how they resolved conflicts, and how often they thought of ending their relationship.和他们如何处理矛盾冲突以及他们考虑终结伴侣关系这种想法的频繁程度。
In addition, the questionnaire had 14 items that evaluated how good participants were atexpressing empathy and understanding to their partners and how prone they were to becritical or defensive.此外，这项问卷调查还有14个项目，评估参与者能够多好的向他们的伴侣表达自己的同情和理解，以及他们在面临批评或自我防御辩护时将倾向于做什么。
All questions, apart from those about frequency of sex, were answered on a five-pointscale, with one indicating strong disagreement and five indicating strong agreement.所有的问题，除了性爱频度以外，选择的回答都是五分制计量的，由初始的1分表达强烈的反对到5分表达强烈的赞同。
Because religiosity delays sexual activity, Dr Busby and his colleagues also asked participantshow often they attended church, how often they prayed and whether they felt spirituality wasan important part of their lives.由于笃信宗教可以延缓性活动，Busby博士和他的同事同样也询问调查参与者他们出入教堂参与教会活动的频率，他们多久祷告一次以及他们是否认为精神生活是他们生活中重要的一部分。
They used the answers to control for religiosity.They also controlled for income, education,race and length of relationship.他们采用的答案限定了信仰虔诚度，同样他们的答案也划分限制了不同的收入、受教育程度、种族以及两性关系维系长度。
Their report, just published in the Journal of Family Psychology, suggests that people whodelay having sex do indeed have better relationships, on four different measures.他们刚刚在《家庭心理学杂志》发表的的报告认为，那些延缓推迟性行为的伴侣在四种不同的测量比较上的确拥有一份更良好的两性关系。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
That result applies to both men and women.并且这个结果同时适用于男性和女性。
Unfortunately, Dr Busby s method cannot distinguish the cause of this.但不幸的是，Busby的方法不能区分到底是什么原因导致的这个结果。
It could be, as many moralists preach, that the delay itself is improving.正如很多道德说教所言，这结果很有可能是因为延缓推迟本身就正在经历改变。
It could, though, be that the sort of people who are happy to delay having sex are alsobetter at relationships.然而，这也有可能是因为乐于推迟性生活的人更善于经营两性关系。
Correlation, in other words, rather than causation.换言之，这是一种相互左右的关系，而不是因果关系。
That is material for another study.谈到婚姻则是另一份研究学问了。
If the result persists, though, even when personality is taken into account, it will provideuseful ammunition for priests and marriage-guidance counsellors.如果这个结论还是坚持其所持观点，那么即使考虑到人不同的性格问题，它也不免成为神父和婚姻指导顾问的强力攻击火药。
词语解释
1.marriage n.结婚;婚姻
The news of their marriage knocked me for a loop.他们结婚的消息使我大吃一惊。
2.ceremony n.仪式;礼节
The marriage ceremony took place in the church.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
婚礼在教堂举行。
3.population n.人口
What is the population of this country? 这个国家的人口是多少?
4.approve v.批准;赞成
The city council approved the building plan.市议会批准了这项建筑计划。
5.anecdote n.轶事;奇闻
He departs from the text to tell an anecdote.他没讲课文而讲了一段轶事。
第三篇：2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读
（五）The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism aboutadvertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermalenergy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradictingthe principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternativelyfrom its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.The refrigerant,starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor drivenby an electric motor.The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, densevapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfersheat from the refrigerant to a body of air.Now the refrigerant, as ahigh-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes thepressure to drop.As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partiallyvaporizes, becoming chilled.It then passes through a second heat exchanger,the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducingthe temperature of this second body of air.Of the two heat exchangers, one islocated inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact witha different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlledby valves.When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switchfunction.This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat orcool room air.Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermalenergy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energyconservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input ofthermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts forthe difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately there is one real problem.The heating capacity of aheat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls.The drop in capacity iscaused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressorat one time.The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: theless the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it cantransfer through the heat-pump cycle.The volume flow rate of refrigerant vaporthrough the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximatelyconstant.But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressurethan warmer vapor.Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant — and thusthe thermal energy it carries — is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer beforecompression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely coldclimates — where the most heat is needed — heat pumps areleast able to supply enough heat.1.The primary purpose of the text is to
[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoortemperature changes.[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.2.The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to theprinciple of energy conservation by
[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to thisquestion.[C] supplying additional relevant facts.[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.3.It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, theheating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when
[A] heating is least essential.[B] electricity rates are lowest.[C] its compressor runs the fastest.[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
4.If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, whichof the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn fromthis case?
[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying topromote.[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implicationsinstead of on facts.[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospectiveclient’s ability to believe.[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know eventhe most elementary scientific principles.5.The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if
[A] they could also be used as air conditioners.[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.[答案与考点解析]
1.【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的第二、三、四段描述了“heat pumps”的相关物理原理，第一、五、六段谈到了影响“heat pumps”应用的原因。由此可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要对全文的整体结构有所认识，并将各段的主题句联系起来加以理解。
2.【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系题。通过题干中的“the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle ofenergy conservation”可迅速确定本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段，因为第一段就是本题的题干。通过仔细阅读原文可发现本题的答案信息来源在第二、三、四段，在这三段中本文作者为解决相关问题给出了“relevant facts”（相关事实）。可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的相互关系。
3.【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。通过本题题干中的“heating season”可迅速将本题的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段中的“extremely cold climates”暗示出“heating season”。通过仔细阅读和理解尾段并且进行相应的推导就可得出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力，另外在解题时不能仅仅停留于字面含义，要多动脑子进行合理的推导。
4.【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。题干把本题所涉及的问题确定在第一段，而本文作者对于该问题的解释和说明确在第四段。通过对这两段的综合归纳推导，可得出本题的正确选项是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解释帮助解决了人们心中的疑惑，但是这两段的深层含义暗示我们：人们在做广告时要避免使用超出消费者可信度的信息。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意作者所要传递的深层含义。
5.【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与段落间关系题。通过题干中的“heat pumps would be used more widely”可迅速确定本题的题干来自于首段，在首段中我们也可以得知阻碍“heat pumps”被大家广泛接受的原因是“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。在本文的第四段作者对第一段中所涉及的问题给出了合理的解释，指出“heat pumps”并没有“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。问题出在人们对于“evaporator”缺乏了解。综合这两段的内容我们可得知：如果人们对“evaporator”有所认识，他们对“heat pumps”就不会心存疑虑，同时他们就会接受“heat pumps”，从而“heat pumps”就会得到广泛的利用。可见本题的正确选项应该中D。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意反推即逆向思维的应用。
[参考译文]
热泵使用受到阻碍，主要是人们怀疑广告上所宣称的，热泵能够提供两倍于其所消耗电能的热能，这显然与能量守恒定理相悖。
热泵循环使用的是液体制冷剂，这个循环使得制冷剂在一个封闭环路内从液体到气体交替变化。循环开始时，制冷剂以低温低压的蒸气，可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
进入一个电机驱动的压缩机。出了压缩机后，制冷剂变为高温稠密的气体，流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器，这个冷凝器把制冷剂的热量传送到一个气团。制冷剂就变成了高压冷却的液态，然后经过一个节流器，节流器使其压力下降。压力下降时，制冷剂就会膨胀并且使部分液体气化，制冷剂变冷。然后经过第二个热交换器即蒸发器，蒸发器把热量从空气中传到制冷剂中，使得第二个气团温度降低。这两个热交换器，一个在室内工作，另外一个位于室外，所以每个热交换器接触各自不同的气团：室内空气和室外空气。
制冷剂在热泵内的流动方向受阀门控制。当制冷剂逆向流动时，两个交换器就交换它们的功能。这个逆向流动的能力使得热泵对室内空气加温或冷却。
现在，如果在某些条件下一个热泵输出的热能多于其消耗的电能，则能量守恒法则受到挑战了么？不，丝毫没有：通过蒸发器进入了制冷剂循环的额外热能，可以说明能量平衡上的差异。
不幸的是，这里有一个现实的问题。热泵的加热能力随着室外温度的下降而减少，其减少是由于在固定时间内流经压缩机的制冷剂数量上的减少而造成的。热容量和制冷剂质量流动速率成比例：被压缩的制冷剂越少，加载到热机循环中传输的热量越少。在使用单速旋转式压缩机的热泵中，制冷剂气体的体积流动速率近似一个常数。但进入压缩机的制冷剂气体，其冷却的气体压力比热气压力要小。因此，冷的制冷剂气体质量，也就是它携带的热能小于在压缩之前比较热的制冷剂气体的质量。
这样，那么热泵存在的真正障碍在于：在极端寒冷气候地区，那里最需要热量，热泵却最不能够提供充足的热量。
二．
One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionicsalt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt.The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules thathave become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons.Informing sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron and chlorine atoms gain an electron.The ions are attracted to one another by theiropposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packedspheres.Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kindof crystal called an electride.In electrides, the anions arecompletely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formedcavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations.Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionicsites are occupied solely by electrons.Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as ifthey were simple charged spheres.In particular, because of their low mass andtheir tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannotbe “pinned down” to any one location.Instead, they wander close to and among theatoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhapschanging places with them.The properties of an electride depend largely on the distancebetween the cavities that hold trapped electrons.When the trapped electronsare far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like anarray of isolated negative charges.When they are closer together, they beginto display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles.When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they areno longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free topass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can varythe geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surroundingcations.The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to becomea basis for economically useful 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
new materials and devices.For instance,because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystalscould be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photonliberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current.The same weakbinding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and ascathodes in batteries.One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decomposethrough reaction with air and water.Researchers are seeking ways to increasetheir stability.1.The text is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] a way to isolate electrons.[B] the characteristics of a new kind of crystal.[C] the structure of an ionic salt.[D] commercial uses for electrides.2.In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory.[B] describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged.[C] describing some early research at Michigan State University.[D] providing background for the technical discussion to follow.3.According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electrideis which of the following?
[A] Its positive are of particularly low mass.[B] Its ions possess identical electrical charges.[C] It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions.[D] Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.4.It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “simplecharged spheres” could be expected to
[A] readily lose electrons and become positively charged.[B] move freely in and out of their cavities.[C] respond to photons by liberating electrons.[D] remain fixed relative to their cations.5.With which of the following statements regarding electrides wouldthe author most likely agree?
[A] They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value.[B] Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain.[C] They are interesting but of no practical value.[D] They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications.[答案与考点解析]
1.【答案】B
【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在第二段的第一句，如果抓住了这句话并且联系每段的中心主旨句，就可得出本题的正确选项B。其实本文第二段就是在讲一种新的晶体的与众不同的“characteristics”（特点）。考生在解题时一定要首先找出全文的中心主旨句，并与上下文联系。
2.【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道段落关系题。从第二段到尾段是本文作者阐述其中心思想的段落。在展开中心思想之前，作者为中心思想的展开进行了铺垫（讲述一般晶体的特点），从而为第二段到尾段的陈述（讲述一种新晶体的特点）提供明确的对比。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的关系。
3.【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中没有给出明确的审题定位信息。破解此题需要考生平时的阅读积累，这是一道较难的题目。题干中所涉及的是“the defining characteristic of an electride”（电子晶体的特点）。在第二段作者第一次在文章中谈到了“electride”，所以其特点也应该在第二段向读者交待，故本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段。综合第二段第二、三句的内容可推导出本题的正确选项D。考生在解题时一定要具备出色的审题定位能力。
4.【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系与反推题。题干中的信息以将本题的答案信息确定在第三段。根据第三段所陈述的内容进行反推可得出本题的正确选项D。在进行反推时一定要注意第一句中的“do not behave as if„”以及第二句中的“cannot be pinned down”所起的作用。考生在解题时一定要具备反推即逆向推理的能力。
5.【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。本题的题干没有提供任何审题定位可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com 的信息。但是善于阅读的考生应该知道每篇文章尾段的重要性。在本题到来之前本文的尾段还没有涉及任何一道题，故考生应该首先从尾段中寻找本题的答案信息。尾段的第二句第四句表明新的晶体在商业方面的可利用性；尾段的第五句表明这种新的晶体的不足之处。可见本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要对文章结构以及出题点有所认识，最好对全文有整体的把握。
[参考译文]
在各种最简单和最常见的晶体中，离子盐是其中一例，它典型的实例就是氯化钠，或普通的食盐。离子盐的基本组成成份便是离子，也就是那些由于得到或失去一个或多个电子而带有电荷的原子或分子。例如，在形成氯化钠的过程中，钠原子释放一个电子（从而带有正电荷）而氯电子得到一个电子（从而带有负电荷）。这些离子由于带有相反的电荷而相互吸引，它们紧密地堆砌在一起就象紧密挤压在一起的球体。
最近，密西根州立大学的科学家们研制出一种新的被称为电子晶体的晶体。在电子晶体中，阴离子（即带负电荷的离子）全部被电子替代，这些电子被困在自然形成的空穴中，而空穴位于规则堆砌的阳离子（即带正电荷的离子）的框架内。电子晶体是第一种阴离子空间全被电子占据的离子盐。
和其它类型的阴离子不同，作为阴离子的电子不像那些简单的带电球体。特别地，由于它们的质量很小而且有与远距离的离子进行相互作用的倾向，它们不会被固定在任何一个位置。相反，它们会到处游离，或者紧靠那些在空穴边上的原子，或者在这些原子之间游离，并且还和附近空中的电子发生相互作用，甚至于可能与它们交换位置。
电子晶体的特征很大程度上依赖于空穴间的距离，而这些空穴便是容纳被捕获电子的地方。当这些被捕获的电子相距很远时，它们之间的相互作用不强，因而在某种程度上表现为一组相互孤立的负电荷。但当它们间的距离很近时，它们便表现出一些特征来，很像大量相同离子的集合。当它们间的距离更近时，群体集合属性更占主导地位，而且电子也出现“离位”现象：它们不再被束缚于单个的空穴之上，而是或多或少地可以在正离子的构架之间穿越。
通过从不同的材料来合成电子晶体，科学家们可以改变阴离子空穴的几何结构，以及改变它们同周围阴离子之间的关系。这些随之而来的特征使得电子晶体可能成为经济实用的新材料和新设备的基础。例如，由于在某些电子晶体中，电子结合得非常微弱，从而使得这些晶体可以有效地用作光敏探测器。在这种探测器中，一束光子可以释放一个电子，从而形成一股小电流。这种结合微弱的特性同样可使电子晶体对太阳能转换器和电池的阴极很有用。可电子晶体的一个缺陷在于它易于与空气和水发生反应而分解。目前，研究人员正设法寻找提高电子晶体稳定性的方法。
第四篇：2018年可锐考研英语完形填空模拟题
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语完形填空模拟题
（一）Text1．
Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon.The first civilisations arose____________(1)water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge__________(2)man’s ingenuity.The Egyptians invented the 365___________(3)calendar in response___________(4)the Nile’s annual flooding.The Babylonians, who were among ___________(5)most famous law-makers___________(6)antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage.Water inspired the Chinese___________(7)build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system___________(8), after nearly 2,500 years, ___________(9)still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers.But the ancients never found complete solutions ____________(10)their water problems.The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River, is also known___________(11)“China’s Sorrow”;it is so erratic and dangerous___________(12)in a single flood it has caused a million deaths.Floods harassed the great civilisation of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much__________(13)its land.Today____________(14)dominates man as it always has___________(15).Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities;its tempestuous variability can kill ___________(16)or his herds or his crops;its routes link him to____________(17)fellows;its immense value may add___________(18)already dangerous political conflicts.There are many examples__________(19)this in our___________(20)time.参考答案：
1.where 2.to 3.day 4.to 5.the 6.of/in 7.to 8.which/that 9.is/remains 10.to 11.as 12.that 13.of 14.it/water 15.done 16.him/man 17.his 18.to 19.of 20.own
Text2．
SectionⅠ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1 agreed upon among linguists, this 2 covers four important aspects: system, arbitrary, symbol and vocal.It is a system, 3 linguistic elements are arranged systematically, 4 chaotically.Its being a system ensures a common 5 on which the users can 6 it and understand it.Arbitrary, in the 7 that there is usually without 8 connection between a word(dog, for instance)and the thing referred to by the word “dog”.A 9 from Shakespeare would make a good example: “a rose by any other name 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
would smell as sweet。” That is why there are 10 languages in the world, with so many different sounds and writings, all of which 11 more or less the same meanings.It is symbolic, because words(writings/pictogram)are associated 12 objects, concepts, actions, by nothing more than 13.In other words, language users 14 the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize 15 they wish to convey.It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary 16 for all human languages.17 systems developed much later than the spoken forms.This recognition can be proved by the fact 18 every normal human can 19 in a certain language but not 20 is able to write。
1.[A] Presumably [B] Broadly [C] Incidentally [D] Cheerfully
2.[A] interference [B] access [C] impact [D] definition
3.[A] since [B] if [C] unless [D] while
4.[A] other than [B] now that [C] rather than [D] except that
5.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] ground [D] reform
6.[A] grasp [B] urge [C] oblige [D] assess
7.[A] cost [B] sense [C] sight [D] risk
8.[A] paradoxical [B] continuous [C] incompatible [D] intrinsic
9.[A] maintenance [B] quotation [C] existence [D] survival
10.[A] complex [B] racial [C] numerous [D] prominent
11.[A] bind [B] carry [C] restrain [D] sustain
12.[A] to [B] from [C] by [D] with
13.[A] convention [B] conviction [C]conservation [D] consensus
14.[A] substitute [B] wreck [C] employ [D] propel
15.[A] when [B] that [C] which [D] what
16.[A] version [B] weapon [C] contest [D] medium
17.[A] Recording [B] Decoding [C] Writing [D] Quoting
18.[A] that [B] whereas [C] which [D] once 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
19.[A] speak [B] talk [C] say [D] put
20.[A] necessarily [B] generally [C] hardly [D] confusedly
参考答案
SectionⅠ Use of English(10 points)
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A
全文翻译
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号的体系。这是语言学家们普遍认同的定义。它包含四个重要概念：系统性，任意性，符号性以及语音性。语言是一个体系，因为语言成分是有条理地而不是凌乱地拼凑在一起。因为语言有体系，使用者就有共同处，便于掌握和理解。说语言是任意性的，意思是，某个词(如“狗”)与它所指的物体之间通常没有本质的内在的固有的联系。援引莎氏的一句名言很能说明，“一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字，闻起来都是一样香。”所以，世界上有如此众多不同的语音和书面文图，其含义都略同或相同。说语言是符号，因为词语跟客观世界的物体，行动，想法等的联系是约定俗成的。换言之，人们用一定的音和语言形式去象征地表达和交流事物。语言是有声的，是因为语音或口头对于全人类的语言都是第一性的，文字是第二性的。这种观点可从下列事实得到证明：所有正常人都能讲一种语言，但并不一定能写它。
Text3．
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection.__4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.__5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
of blessing.Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common.Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1.A.by way of
B.with regard to
C.on behalf of
D.as well as 2.A.decide on
B.provide for
C.compete with
D.adapt to 3.A.close
B.arrange
C.renew
D.Postpone 4.A.In theory
B.Above all
C.In time
D.For example 5.A.Unless
B.Less
C.After
D.Although 6.A.into
B.within
C.from
D.through 7.A.or
B.since
C.but
D.so
8.A.test
B.copy
C.recite
D.create 9.A.folding
B.piling
C.wrapping
D.tying 10.A.passing
B.lighting
C.hiding
D.serving
11.A.association B.meeting
C.collection
D.union 12.A.deal
B.part
C.grow
D.live 13.A.whereas
B.until
C.for
D.if
14.A.avoid
B.follow
C.challenge
D.obtain
15.A.isolated
B.persuaded
C.viewed
D.exposed 16.A.wherever
B.whatever
C.whenever
D.However 17.A.changed
B.brought
C.shaped
D.pushed 18.A.invested
B.divided
C.donated
D.withdrawn 19.A.warms
B.clears
C.shows
D.breaks 20.A.while
B.so that
C.once
D.in that
1.[标准答案] [D]as well as
[考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系
[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身处大环境not only„..but also之中，这是一个明显的并列关系，表示“不仅„„而且„„”该空与前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列关系，表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母朋友相关” 所以答案只能是D.as well as.A.by way of通过 B.with regard to 关于 C.on behalf of 代表
2.[标准答案] [A] decide on
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析] 根据该句的主语a young man与宾语a likely spouse的关系，答案只能是A.decide on 决定。表示自己决定自己的对象。B.provide for 为„„提供准备 C.compete with与„„竞争 D.adapt to适用
3.[标准答案] [B]arrange
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词辨析
[选项分析] 该句意思为，他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母_____相关事务。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
四个选项中，A.close 关闭 C renew 更新；恢复 D postpone“推迟”，语义不正确，只有B arrange安排是符合语境。
4.[标准答案] [A]In theory
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析]逻辑判断题。主要是看前后两句的含义，前面是说“
他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母安排相关事务，或者几乎不参与，完全让父母选择自己的对象。” 空格后面说“女方可以拒绝她父母所选择的对象。”这两句之间没有举例说明的关系，且有一个may，更证明A.In theory的正确性。而其他选项 B.Above all 最重要的是，C.In time 准时 D.For example举例，均不符合题意。
5.[标准答案] [C]After
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析]根据下文“______a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other„„”知道，只有对象选择好后，父母才会去调查研究对方的背景。所以只有after才对。其他选项A.Unless 除非，否则 B.Lest 以免，唯恐 D.Although 尽管 都不符合题意。
6．[标准答案] [A]into
[考点分析] 上下文语义及介词词义辨析
[选项分析] 这里主要是看marry与相关介词的固定搭配。这里marry into就是指嫁到，而其他选项均没有这层含义。
7.[标准答案] [C]but [考点分析] 逻辑关系题 [选项分析]根据上文，说传统的婚礼时间跨度很长，但是到了1980s, 婚礼只持续一天半。所以与前文发生转变。因此要选择but转折关系。8． [标准答案] [C]recite [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析 [选项分析]空格处需要填一个动词，和后面的prayers of blessing所搭配，C选项recite 为背诵的意思，与所给短语搭配最为合理，译为“为祈祷者做祈福”。9． [标准答案] [D]tying [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] 本题需要根据上下文语义分析，空格处需要搭配后文“棉花线头”，纵观四个选项[A]折叠
[B]堆积 [C]包裹 [D]系上，根据选项含义，只有D和后文的“棉花线头”搭配最为合理。10．[标准答案] [A]passing [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
[选项分析] 本题根据选项[A]传递[B]点亮 [C]隐藏 [D]服务，原文空格需要填写一个动词与后文“around a circle”来搭配，译为“将蜡烛传一圈”，故[A]传递为正确选项。
11．[标准答案] [D]union [考点分析] 名词词义辨析 [选项分析] 本题根据选项[A]协会，社团[B]会议，会面 [C]集合 [D]结合。本句语义为“这些受尊敬的夫妻祈祷„”根据语境，结婚是一种夫妻二人的结合，因此，选项[D]结合更符合语境。12.[标准答案] [D]live [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] 本题比较简单。根据语义“根据传统，新婚夫妇要搬到妻子父母家，与父母____一年”根据语境，应为[D]居住为最佳答案。13．[标准答案] [B]until [考点分析] 时间逻辑关系
[选项分析] 根据原文，“_____他们在附近建造一栋新房子” [A]然而[B]直到 [C]为 [D]如果 结合语境，[B]直到最符合原文语境，搭配最为合理。14．[标准答案] [D]obtain [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析 [选项分析] Divorce is legal and relatively easy to __14__, but not common.该句句意为离婚是合法的，且相对容易____.A.avoid 避免B.follow 跟随C.chanllenge挑战，质疑D.obtain获得。这里出现and,所以对于离婚这件事不可能是避免或是挑战，但是跟随和离婚之间语义不符，但是获得离婚（的批准）是可以的。选D.15.[标准答案] [D] viewed [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析 [选项分析] Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.离婚的人„一些不赞同。在段首，已经注明离婚是合法的且相对容易得到批准，但是不常见。这说明离婚在现实中肯定是不太受到人们的欢迎的。而接下来这句就说离婚的人„一些不赞同。再看选项：A.isolated孤立 B.persuaded劝说C.viewed看做 D.exposed接触，受到„的影响 C选项固定搭配被认为，放进。
16.[标准答案] [B]whatever [考点分析] 语法
[选项分析Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, 17个空对应的都是动词，所以该句意思为：夫妇双方保有„财产，这个财产是他或她„(动词)进婚姻的。结合选项A whenever“无论何地；任何（地方）=any place where(定从)”。B whatever“无论什么；任何（东西）=anything that/any+N that”。C whenever无论何时；任何（时间=any time when）D however 无论如何；无论多么。根据语义，这里应该不是让步的关系,而可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
且填的这个词还要能修饰property。因此，选择B =retains any property that he or she „.17.[标准答案] [B]brought [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词义辨析
[选项分析] Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage,结合选项A changed“改变”。B brought “带来”。C shaped“形成” D pushed“推，逼迫”。结合语境只有B符合，把财产带入婚姻。18.[标准答案] [B]divided [考点分析] 上下文语义及动词义辨析
[选项分析] „and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.结合选项A invested投资.[B]divided平分 [C] donated 捐赠[D]withdrawn撤出，提取。根据语义应该是共同财产被（夫妻双方）平分。
19.[标准答案] [C]shows [考点分析] 动词固定搭配 [选项分析] Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.该句语义为离过婚的人或许会再婚，但是性别偏见„。结合选项A.warm（up）加热 B.clear(up)变晴C.show(up)显现D.break（up）分裂，分开；，显然C是正确选项。
20.[标准答案] [A]while [选项分析] 上下文语义 [考点分析] 很明显的两类人的对比比较关系。只能选择while.
第五篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
（九）The view from the top, and bottom
老板与员工的意见分歧
Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板们认为公司对员工关怀备至，但其下属却不以为然。
AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.随着沃尔玛发展成为全球最大零售商，其员工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆规则的限制。
Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃尔玛已经认识到其以规则为基础的公司文化过于死板，无法应对全球化和科技变革所带来的挑战。
and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃尔玛正尝试逐渐培养一种以价值观为基础的公司文化，在这种文化中，员工了解公司的主张，所以能够得到公司的信任，去做他们认为正确的事情。
Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.价值观念 是管理学思维最新的热门话题。
PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可乐公司已开始宣扬一个信条： 目的性绩效。
Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龙在自己的商标上印上 ‘人类体能 的供应商 的字样，尽管它大概并非真的希望你用人力车代步。
Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
几乎每一家大型企业都宣称自身正在发展更为关怀体贴、合乎道德的企业文化。
A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一项新的研究显示，实际情况与商家们所标榜的有差距。
Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同时也是《怎么做到的?》
a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士顿研究集团进行这项 国家治理、文化和领导能力评估 的研究，该研究是以对来自公司各个级别的数千位美国雇员的调查为基础的。
It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究发现，有43%的调查对象对其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指挥为基础、自上而下的管理模式或强制式的领导——塞德曼先生称之为 盲目服从型。
The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的调查对象，即有54%的人认为其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的领导也有技巧可言，只是规则繁多并存在软硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生称这种为 知情服从型。
Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的调查对象属于 自我管理型，即每个员工都被一套 核心原则和价值 所引导，这套原则和价值激励每个员工以公司的宗旨为中心进行工作。
The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也发现一些证据，证明这些公司文化之间的差异事关重大。
Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服从型企业中，几乎有过半数员工都称在前一年目睹过有违职业道德的行为，而在其他类型的企业中只有四分之一的员工有此经历。
Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服从型企业中只有约四分之一的员工说他们可能会揭发这种行为，而在自我管理型企业中却有90%的员工会进行揭发。
Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同样，上下级之间缺乏信任会抑制员工创新。
More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超过90%的员工承认 绝妙的想法很容易会被公司采纳，选择性顺从型公司中也有三分之二的员工这样认为。
At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服从型公司中，持这种想法的人少于五分之一。
Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究还发现老板们时常对自己瞎掰的那一套信以为真，即便员工们不以为然。
Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板们相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通员工高八倍。
Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大约27%的老板认为自己公司的员工能够被公司所激励。
Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的员工同意此说。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同样，41%的老板称其公司对绩效的奖励是建基于价值观之上的，而不仅是业绩。
Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的员工接受此说。
二．
A big, bad business
点肥成金不现实
Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments
制药公司试图从减肥治疗中获利
OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖症对某些人来说是传染病，对别的一些人来说则是机遇。
More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超过三分之二的美国人已经超重。
Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找个办法和肥胖对抗，说必定就此大赚一笔。
On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找个办法和肥胖对抗，说必定就此大赚一笔。
A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制药公司朝着这个目标前进了一步。给美国食品药物管理局做咨询的一家委员会推荐，Vivus公司的减肥药Qnexa。
However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
但是，如果获得批准，该药品的漫长的最终肯定直到四月份才会到来。
The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人们，这是一场点肥成金的抗争。
Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制药和医疗器械公司非常善于解决肥胖带来的问题。
However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他们无法帮助消费者战胜肥胖本身，减少体重。
This is not for lack of trying.这不是因为缺乏尝试。
Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束带为例。
Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治疗手术可以帮助患者在较长的时间内减少体重。医院就是从这些减肥疗程中赚钱，包括胃绕道手术，但是胃部束带却是一个罕见的例子，被当成一个器械制造商用来从减肥中赚钱的法子。
Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以销售肉毒杆菌而出名，尝试用产品Lap-Band打入减肥市场。
It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松紧带，外科医生可以用它绕住患者胃的上部，这样患者会提前有腹饱感。
Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束带和充气袋市场占有率达70%，但是如今销量却有所下降。
The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.经济不景气让消费者忍住做昂贵的手术的欲望。
Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至连束带也不用了，因为束带打滑或者没有效果。
Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美国食品药物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保险公司却拒绝付款。
In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席执行官David Pyott说，他将放弃在年轻人束带市场的努力。
He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前试图让保险公司也看到Lap-Band的优点，他认为两万美元手术费可以在四年之内通过减少医疗支出收回。
There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人怀疑他是否能成功：“事实上使用束带不必胃绕道手术好，所有人都知道，除了束带的公关公司，”马萨诸塞州中心医院体重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是说。
Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制药公司的麻烦甚至比医疗器械公司的还要多。
It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.从美国食品药物管理局批准减肥药为处方药到如今已经过了十三年。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com
That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士罗氏制药公司的Xenical臭名昭著，该药会引发胃肠功能的副作用。
The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美国食品药物管理局于2010年拒绝批准Vivus公司的Qnexa，因为担心该药对孕妇的安全造成伤害，担心该药会加快患者的心率。
Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的数据显然让管理局的咨询委员会满意。
However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是该局还是可能拒绝批准该药。
Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa获得批准，患者会不会买账仍不明了。
Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa结合了两种市面上上有的疗效。
Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.这两种药物都是非专利药，这说明医生可能会给患者开已有的药而不选择Qnexa，后者更贵。
For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前为止，治疗肥胖患者还是要比让他们减肥更有利可图。
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