第一篇:清代官职英语表达
清代官职§
府学生员 Prefectural School / government student 内阁(大)学士(grand)secretary of the Grand Secretariat
中宪大夫 grand master exemplar 军机大臣 grand minister of state
荣禄大夫 grand master for glorious happiness
驻藏大臣 grand minister resident of Tibet 太史 grand scribe(da-shi);grand astrologer(tai-shi-ling);
伊犁将军 general of Yili
兵部员外郎 vice director of Bureau of Military Personnel;
湖广总督 governor-general of Hu-Guang
直隶候补知府 reserve prefect of a superior prefecture 库伦办事大臣 grand minister superintendent of KULUN
太守 prefect(知州、知府)
御前大臣 grand minister in attendance 经筵官 participant in the classics colloquium
录事司 Administration Office 翰林(侍读)学士 awaiting/ studying Hanlin Academician
(南)御史台椽(院?)the(south)Censorate
参知政事 assistant administrator
燕南宪司照磨闽海宪司知事
兵部郎中director of the Bureau of Military of War(燕南)宪司经历 registrar of Judicial Commission(SONG);the Surveillance
Commission(in YUAN)(热河)兵备道 Military Defense Circuit
秀才 scholar;skilful writer 举人 provincial graduate 祭酒 libationer;chancellor 进士 metropolitan graduate(燕南河北道)提刑judicial commissioner
封疆大吏 provincial magnate
按察副使 vice surveillance commissioner
翻译生员 translation student 翰林学士 Hanlin Academician 理藩院 court of Colonial Affairs
笔帖式 clerk 丞相 grand councilor;counselor-in-chief平章政事 manager of governmental affairs 昭文馆大学士grand academician of the Institute for the Glorification of Li
terature平章军国大事manager of important national security matters 中丞事 vice-manager of important national security matters
刑部尚书ministry of Justice
工部尚书 ministry of Works 户部尚书 Ministry of Revenue 吏部尚书 Ministry of Personnel 理藩院尚书 Ministry of the Court of Clonial Affairs
兵部尚书minister of war
第二篇:英语表达
有关电视节目的英文:
TV show/program 电视节目 TV channel 电视频道 cable TV 有线电视 satellite TV 卫星电视 talent show 选秀节目 quiz show 智力竞赛节目 reality show 真人秀节目 variety show 综艺节目 sports show 体育节目 news program 新闻节目
sitcom(Situation Comedy)情景喜剧 game show 游戏节目 documentary 纪录片 online TV 在线电视
HD TV(High Definition Television)高清电视
definition 清晰度、分辨率 viewing rate 收视率 episode 一集
the 2nd season 第二季 loyal viewers 忠实的观众 TV guide 收视指南
home entertainment 家庭娱乐活动 a couch potato 懒散在家看电视的人 a live performance 现场演出
educational and entertaining 寓教于乐 time-consuming 消耗时间
常见经济类词汇:
government bond 政府债券; exchange rate汇率; appreciate升值; depreciate 贬值; capitalism 资本主义; inflation通货膨胀;
government regulation 政府调控; trade deficit贸易逆差; trade surplus贸易顺差
各种道路词汇:
国道:national highway 高速路:highway/expressway 收费路:turnpike road 隧道:tunnel 公交线路:bus route 单行道:one-way street 双行道:dual carriageway 内环路:inner ring road 外环路:outer ring road 人行道:pavement/sidewalk 人行横道:zebra crossing 地下通道:underpass
各种关于宴会的英文: party animal 舞会狂; ball party舞会;
house warming party 乔迁之喜的宴会;leaving party告别会; reading party读书会;wedding party结婚宴会
bachelor party单身派对 bachelorette/hens party单身女性派对 tea party 茶话会;
birthday party 生日宴会; fancy ball 化妆舞会; banquet 宴会;
cocktail party 鸡尾酒会; farewell party 惜别会; congress 代表大会;
symposium 讨论会、座谈会; study group 学习研讨会 关于各种爱情的英文: 初恋:first love 早恋:puppy love 黄昏恋:twilight romance 姐弟恋:romance with younger man 三角恋:love triangle 精神恋爱:platonic love 单恋:unrequited love 相思:lovesick 相亲:blind date 速配:speed dating 老情人:old flame 一夜情:one-night stand 网恋:cyber love
无所谓的英文表达: 1.I'm ok(fine)with this.我无所谓的.2.Suit yourself.随你的便.3.As you wish./If you want.随你吧。
4.Do whatever you want.爱咋咋地。
5.I don't give a damn.我一点儿也不在乎.6.Anything will do.怎么都行。
7.I don’t care.我不在乎。8.Whatever.随你便。
解决拖沓的英文:
1.Don't think about it that much.不要想太多
2.Find alternative ways to do it.不走寻常路(发现替代选作去做)3.Do it as soon as you can 越快越好
4.Break the task into small pieces.能够分解任务
5.Praise yourself for starting the task 自我表扬
6.Remember your past experiences 善于回顾经验
关于工作的英文: resume/CV 个人履历
HR department 人力资源部 find employment 找工作 job hunting 求职
be out of work/out of a job 待业 work overtime 加班 overtime pay 加班费
double pay/triple pay 双薪/三薪 paid annual vacation 带薪年假 sick leave 病假 maternity 产假
compassionate leave 照顾性准假 related to my major 与我的专业有关 working environment 工作环境 company culture 公司文化 well-paid 高薪的 business trip 出差
promotion prospect 晋升空间
performance assessment 业绩评估 flexible working hours 灵活工作时间 be in charge of 掌管、管理 main responsibility 主要职责
关于旅游的英文:
solo travel 独自旅行
backpack travel 背包旅行 package tour 跟团旅游 travel agency 旅行社 tour guide 导游 tour leader 领队
take a package tour 抱团游 independent travel 自助游 self-drive travel 自驾游 backpackers 背包客 tour around a place 游览 go sightseeing 观光
be packed with travelers 挤满了游客 holiday-makers 度假者 holiday resort 度假胜地
show sb.around a place 带某人参观 enjoy the local delicacies 品尝当地美食 shopping paradise 购物天堂 take photos of...为某人照相 gorgeous view 极美的风景
share one's happiness 分享某人的快乐 local specialities 地方特产 travel destinations 旅游目的地 places of interest 名胜
places of historical attractions 名胜古迹
关于交通的英文:
traffic regulation 交通规则 guide post 路标
traffic light 红绿灯 traffic police 交通警 zebra crossing 斑马线 carriageway 车行道 bikeway 自行车道 rough road 不平整的马路 curve road 弯路
excessive speed 超速 speed limit 限速
dangerous driving 危险驾驶 rear-end collision 追尾 fatigue driving 疲劳驾驶 run red light 闯红灯 drink driving 酒后驾驶
dangerous lane change 强行超车 rush hour 交通高峰
aquatic sport 水上运动 go for a swim 去游泳 swim suit 泳衣
swimming goggles 泳镜 ear plugs 耳塞
swimming cap 泳帽 swimming ring 游泳圈 life jacket 救生衣
swimming coach 游泳教练 locker room 衣帽间 life guards 救生员 swim a few lap 游几圈 float on water 在水上漂浮 side through water 在水中滑行 a 5-meter diving platform 五米跳台 to cool down and wind down 镇定和放松下来 a great stress killer 一个很棒的减压方式
swimming lovers 游泳爱好者 water slide 水滑道
water play activities 水上活动 swimming strokes 泳姿 do the freestyle 自由泳 back stroke 仰泳 breast stroke 蛙泳 butterfly 蝶泳
dog paddle 狗爬式泳姿 No swimming 禁止游泳 have a fear for water 怕水 drown to death 淹死 关于骑自行车的英文:
ride the bike 骑车 cyclist 骑车的人
cycle to work and back home骑车上下班 to get around 出行 short trips 短途出行 economical 经济型的 eco-friendly 环保的
bike-friendly 适合骑着的 road conditions 道路条件 bike lanes 自行车道 to watch out 密切注视
a means of transport 交通方式 for the sake of health 为了健康
关于形容一天的天气:
sunny days 晴天
azure skies 蔚蓝的天空 crisp and mild 清新,温和 neither too cold nor too hot 既不太冷也不太热
The sky is clear and high.天高云淡 The air is cool and refreshing.空气凉爽 Weather varies from season to season.天气随季节的变化
关于食物烹饪的英文:
health food 健康食物 sugar free food 无糖食物 junk food 垃圾食物 snack 零食
food critic 美食家 big eater 能吃的人 light eater 吃的少的人 picky 挑剔
be particular about food 对食物很挑剔 be on a diet 节食中 appetite 胃口
have a sweet tooth 爱吃甜食 be big on hot food 爱吃辣的 mouth-watering 流口水的 have no appetite 没胃口 order takeaway 叫外卖 chef 厨师 recipe 食谱
cookery book 烹饪书 mix 拌 stew 炖
braise 小火炖 fry 炒
stir-fry 爆炒 steam 蒸 bake 烤 smoke 熏 sour 酸的 sweet 甜的 bitter 苦的 spicy 辣的 crisp 脆的 tender 嫩的
描绘室内装饰的英文:
2-bedroom apartment 两居室公寓 a bright and spacious sitting room 宽敞明亮的客厅
a reasonable-sized study room 大小合适的书房
a clean and tidy kitchen 干净整洁的厨房
curl up the curtain 卷起窗帘 be exposed under the sunshine 暴露在阳光之下
cozy and comfortable 温馨且舒适 decorate 装修
layout 格局,布局
exquisitely-decorated 精装修的 well-furnished 精装修的 luxurious 豪华的 cozy 温馨的
spotless 一尘不染的 terrace 露台
open-air balcony 露天阳台 creative laid out 格局新颖 interior decoration 内部装修 dinner table 餐桌
European-style furniture 欧式家具 antique furniture 古董家具
contemporary furniture 当代家具 fancy wallpaper 别致的壁纸 main tone 主色调 ceiling 天花板
French window 落地窗 windowsill 窗台 shutters 百叶窗 south-facing 朝阳的
chandelier 树枝形的水晶灯 floor lamp 落地灯 couch 长条沙发 tapestry 挂毯 oil painting 油画
landscape painting 风景画
Chinese ink painting 中国水墨画 Chinese calligraphy works 书法作品 wall clock 挂钟 rug 小地毯
carpet 大块地毯 wood floor 木地板
eight-training exercise 力量型训练 a brisk walk 快走 stair-climbing 爬楼梯
treadmill exercise 跑步机练习go hiking 远足 sit-up 仰卧起坐 push-up 俯卧撑
fitness level 身体水平quick response 快速反应
take a break from...从中获得放松 build up 建立,培养 team spirit 团队精神 strong will 毅力
ability to cope with failure 应对失败的能力 stress-reliever 减压
circle of friends 朋友圈子 great joy 极大的乐趣 sedentary 关于久坐的 overweight 超重 obesity 肥胖
back and neck trouble 背部和颈部问题 keep fit 保持健康
fitness center 健身中心 extreme sports 极限运动 rock climbing 攀岩 bungee jumping 蹦极 sky-diving 跳伞
team sports 团队运动
to develop team spirit 培养团队精神 to boost one's self-confidence 增强某人的自信心
football field/pitch 足球场 a marvelous stress reducer/killer 一个非常棒的缓解压力的方法 get a slim figure 拥有苗条的身材
关于颜色的英文:
bright color 亮色 light color 浅色 dark color 深色 warm color 暖色 wind red 酒红色 scarlet 鲜红的 reddish 淡红 coral 珊瑚色
baby pink 淡粉红色 peach 桃红色 cream 奶油色
moss green 苔绿色 emerald 祖母绿 olive green 橄榄绿 bronze 青铜色 navy blue 深蓝色 sky blue 天蓝色 iron gray 象牙白 ivory 象牙白 beige 米黄色 lavender 淡紫色 snow white 雪白色 natural color 自然色 translucent 半透明 transparent 透明
soothing color 令人舒心的颜色
关于工作境况的英文:
a new mode of working 新的工作方式 the Information Age 信息时代 reduce office rent 降低办公室租金 cost-effect 有最佳利润的
employment strategy 雇佣策略 mutual benefit 互惠
progress in working methods 改进工作方法
technological advance 技术上的进步 SOHO(small office & home office)小型办公室与家庭办公室 flexible schedule 灵活的计划 have access to 有权使用,接近
enjoy more freedom 享受更多的自由 flexible hours 弹性工时
flexible way of working 灵活的工作方式 suit personal needs 满足个人需要 boost employee morale 提升员工士气 working motivation 工作动力
the traditional nine-to-five office routine 传统的朝九晚五的办公时间 office-bound worker 束缚在办公室的工作者
desk potato 长期伏案工作的人 under the supervision of...在...的监督之下
slack off 放松,缓和
erroneous operation 错误的操作 slacker 懒人
absenteeism 矿工,旷课 the constraint of office work 办公室工作的约束
关于 水资源 和 节水 的英文 :
water resource 水资源
water pollution 水污染 limited supply 限量供应 poor quality water 水质不好 tap water 自来水
water for industry usage 工业用水 take measures 采取措施
feasible way 切实可行的方式
raise public awareness 提高公众意识 form water-saving habit 养成节水的习惯
water-conscious community 节约用水的社会
water-wise life style 节水的生活方式 water and sewerage charges 水费和排污费
incontinent use 无节制使用 surface water 地表水
underground water 地下水 distribution of water 水的分布 abuse 滥用
discharge 排除,放出 sewage 污水,污物 sewage spill 污水溢出
sewerage 排水系统,污水处理 sewerage system 排水系统 drain 下水道,排水管
waste water disposal 污水处理 water treatment infrastructure 水处理设施
household chemical product 家用化学产品
washing powder containing phosphorus 含磷洗衣粉
synthetic detergent 合成洗涤剂 disinfectant 消毒剂
关于垃圾处理,环境问题的英文:
waste dump 垃圾倾倒
illegal dumping 非法垃圾倾倒 litter 垃圾,废弃物,杂物 litterbug 公共场所乱扔垃圾的人(美)dustbin 垃圾箱
waste disposal plant 垃圾处理厂 urban garbage 城市垃圾 household rubbish 家庭垃圾
disposable packaging 一次性包装 dishware 碗碟的总称 cutlery 刀叉和匙
disposable dishware 一次性餐具 crockery 烤箱用的碗碟 plastic cutlery 塑料餐具 packaging material 包装材料 plastic bag 塑料袋
undegradable 不可降解的 = hard to decompose 很难分解 = difficult to break down 难易分解
unsanitary 不卫生的,有碍健康的 = unwholesome 不卫生的
effluent 废气,废水
industrial waste 工业垃圾
industrial waste water 工业废水 industrial waste gases 工业废气
nonrenewable 不可再生的
waste disposal technology 垃圾处理技术 biochemical technology 生化技术 recycling scheme 循环利用的计划 environmentally-friendly material 环保材料
on-the-spot fine 当场处罚
conscious preserver 自觉的环保者 incinerate 焚毁
(v.)clean-up 清扫,清除(n.)
第三篇:官职级别
中国现今官职级别
国家级正职:
中共中央总书记,国家主席,中央军委主席,全国人大常委会委员长,国务院总理,全国政协主席,国家副主席,中共中央政治局常委。
国家级副职:
中共中央政治局委员,候补委员,中央纪委书记,中央书记处书记,全国人大常委会副委员长,国务院副总理,国务委员,最高人民法院院长,最高人民检察院检察长,全国政协副主席。
省部级正职:
中共中央纪委副书记,中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协下属部委行署室和事业单位(党组)正职领导人(特殊规定的副职),各人民团体(党组)正职,各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的正职领导人(特殊规定的副职),国家正部级企业正职领导。
省部级副职:
中共中央纪委常委,中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协下属部委行署室和事业单位副职领导人(党组成员)和副部级机关(党组)正职,各人民团体(党组)副职,各省、自治区、直辖市党委(副书记、常委)、人大、政府、政协的副职领导人,省纪委书记,副省级城市党委、人大、政府、政协的正职领导人(特殊规定的副职),副部级高校党政正职。
厅局(地)正职:
中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协直属部委行署室和事业单位的下属司局室正职,中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协副部级机关(党组)副职,各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的直属机关和事业单位的正职,副省级城市党委(副书记,常委)、人大、政府、政协的副职领导人,纪委书记,各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的正职。
厅局(地)副职:
中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协直属部委行署室和事业单位的下属司局室副职,各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的直属机关和事业单位的副职,副厅级正职,副省级城市党委、人大、政府、政协的下属机关正职,各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的副职,纪委书记。
县处级正职:
各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的直属机关和事业单位的下属处室正职,副省级城市党委、人大、政府、政协的下属机关副职,各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的下属单位正职,各县市党委、人大、政府、政协的正职。
县处级副职:
各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的直属机关和事业单位的下属处室副职,各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的下属单位副职和副处级单位正职,各县市党委、人大、政府、政协的副职,纪委书记。
乡科级正职:
各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的下属单位所属科室正职,各县市党委、人大、政府、政协的下属单位正职,各乡镇党委,政府正职。
乡科级副职:
各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的下属单位所属科室副职,各县市党委、人大、政府、政协的下属单位副职,各乡镇党委,政府正副职。
正省级干部(正部级干部):
国务院各部委正职干部(如教育部部长、国家发改委主任)
各省、自治区、直辖市政府正职干部(如广东省省长、北京市市长)部队正军职干部(如广东省军区司令员、42军军长)
副省级干部(副部级干部):
国务院各部委副职干部(如公安部副部长、国家体育总局副局长)国务院部委管理的国家局正职干部(如国家文物总局局长)
各省、自治区、直辖市政府副职干部(如广东省副省长、重庆市副市长)各副省级市政府正职干部(如广州市市长)部队副军职干部(如浙江省警备司令部副司令、31军副军长)
正厅级干部(地市级干部):
国务院部委各司正职干部(如教育部社会科学研究与思想政治工作司司长)各省、自治区、直辖市厅局正职干部(如湖南省交通厅厅长,北京市财政局局长)各副省级市政府副职干部(如宁波市副市长)各地级市政府正职干部(如无锡市市长)
部队正师职干部(如1军后勤部部长、34师政委)
(注:以上为高级干部)
副厅级干部:
国务院部委各司副职干部(如人事部人才流动开发司副司长)
各省、自治区、直辖市厅局副职干部(如黑龙江省建设厅副厅长、上海市文化局副局长)
副省级市所属各局及各区县政府正职干部(如深圳市教育局局长、宝安区区长)各地级市政府副职干部(如苏州市副市长)
部队副师职干部(如35师副政委、179旅旅长)
正处级干部(县团级干部):
国务院部委各司所属处室正职干部(如农业部种植业管理司经济作物处处长)各省、自治区、直辖市厅局所属处室正职干部(如江苏省科技厅农村科技处处长)副省级市所属各局及各区县政府副职干部(如沈阳市卫生局副局长、徐汇区副区长)
地级市所属各局及各区县政府正职干部(如扬州市劳动局局长、揭东县县长)部队正团职干部(如105团政委)
副处级干部:
国务院部委各司所属处室副职干部(如农业部兽医局防疫处副处长)
各省、自治区、直辖市厅局所属处室副职干部(如江苏省教育厅人事处副处长)副省级市所属各局处室及区县各局正职干部(如南京市科技局科技成果处处长、玄武区卫生局局长)
地级市所属各局及各区县政府副职干部(如镇江市民政局副局长、张家港市副市长)
部队副团职干部(如105团参谋长)
(正科级、副科级干部略)
注:各高等院校、科研院所、医院等事业单位,其各级干部参照政府各级干部待遇,但不具有行政级别,不属于公务员编制
政府各级干部如为上一级党委常委,则其行政级别升一级。如张家港市市长为正处级干部,若为苏州市市委常委,则为副厅级干部
按例,高级干部在60或65岁以后往往调往相应级别的人大、政协担任领导职务,俗称“退居二线”
正省级干部约略相当于清代之巡抚与布政使,为从二品 副省级干部约略相当于清代之按察使,为正三品 正厅级干部约略相当于清代之知府,为从四品 副厅级干部约略相当于清代之同知,为正五品 正处级干部约略相当于清代之知县,为正七品 副处级干部约略相当于清代之县丞,为正八品
现在新的《公务员法》第16条、17条规定了公务员的职级层次,分别是:
国家级正职:总理
国家级副职:副总理,国务委员等
省部级正职:各省省长,各部、委、总局的部长、主任、局长等
省部级副职:副省长、副部长,部委归口的国家局局长,副省级市市长等
厅局级正职:各省厅、局长,各部委司、局长,省辖地、市的专员、市长等,外加属于非领导职务的巡视员
厅局级副职:副厅、局长,副司、局长,副专员、地级市副市长等,外加属于非领导职务的副巡视员
县处级正职:县长、地级市的各局(处级局)局长、区长,省部委各司厅局的处长等,外加属于非领导职务的调研员
县处级副职:副县长、副区长,副处长,处级局的副局长等,外加属于非领导职务的副调研员
乡科级正职:乡长、镇长,处级局的科长,县局(科级局)局长等,外加属于非领导职务的主任科员
乡科级副职:副乡长、副镇长、副科长,科级局副局长等,外加属于非领导职务的副主任科员
科员:基层公务员,个别地区在这一级还分设了正、副股级领导职务
办事员:基层公务员
国家级正职:
中共中央总书记,国家主席,中央军委主席,全国人大常委会委员长,国务院总理,全国政协主席,国家副主席,中共中央政治局常委。
国家级副职:
中共中央政治局委员,候补委员,中央纪委书记,中央书记处书记,全国人大常委会副委员长,国务院副总理,国务委员,最高人民法院院长,最高人民检察院检察长,全国政协副主席。
省部级正职:
中共中央纪委副书记,中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协下属部委行署室和事业单位(党组)正职领导人(特殊规定的副职)
各人民团体(党组)正职
各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的正职领导人(特殊规定的副职),国家正部级企业正职领导。
省部级副职:中共中央纪委常委,中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协下属部委行署室和事业单位副职领导人(党组成员)和副部级机关(党组)正职,各人民团体(党组)副职
各省、自治区、直辖市党委(副书记、常委)人大、政府、政协的副职领导人,省纪委书记,副省级城市党委、人大、政府、政协的正职领导人(特殊规定的副职),副部级高校党政正职。
厅局(地)正职:
中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协直属部委行署室和事业单位的下属司局室正职中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协副部级机关(党组)副职。
各省、自治区、直辖市党委、人大、政府、政协的直属机关和事业单位的正职,副省级城市党委(副书记,常委)、人大、政府、政协的副职领导人,纪委书记。
各地市(设区)党委、人大、政府、政协的正职,厅局(地)副职:
中共中央,全国人大常委会,国务院,全国政协直属部委行署室和事业单位的下属司局室副职,清朝和现在的官职对照
(1)、清总体情况
清朝是中国历史上最后一个王朝,集各种权力于一身的皇帝,总结历史上各朝代的经验,为加强中心集权,削弱、分化大臣权利,以防权臣篡位,建立了一套有别于以前各朝的官制。(2)内阁【相当于国务院的领导班子】
明朝时为了进一步集权而不设宰相、中书省等机构,宰相的权利转移到内阁,由内阁来处理国家政务。清朝继续了这一做法,内阁的首辅大学士以及协办大学士都被称为中堂,即宰相的别称,但实权则由军机处把握,在军机处任职的官员称为军机大臣,统称大军机,军机大臣的僚属称为军机章京,又称小军机。【这些宰相相当于政治局常委】。(3)中心行政机构:
清朝沿袭明朝传统,设六部(吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工),各部长官(管部的大学士及尚书、侍郎等)称堂官。【由于部比较少,所以这些堂官相当于主抓某线条的副总理兼部长】。部下属各司的郎中、员外郎、主事以及主事一下的七品小京官称为司官。
在六部之外和六部并立的中心行政机构有:大理寺、太常寺、光禄寺、太仆寺、鸿胪寺、国子监、钦天监、翰林院、太医院、理藩院、宗人府、詹事府、内务府。【相当与中心的直属机构】。
(4)军事系统:
清朝军队主要分八旗和绿营两个系统。八旗又分京营和驻防两部分,京营中侍卫皇帝的称为亲军【北京卫戍区】,由侍卫处(领侍卫府)领侍卫内大臣和御前大臣分掌,而御前大臣持掌乾清门侍卫和皇帝出行随扈【中心警备团】,权位尤重。其他守卫京师的有骁骑营、前锋营、护军营、步兵营、健锐营、火器营、神机营、虎枪营、善扑营等。骁骑营由八旗都统直辖;前锋营、护军营、步兵营各设统领管辖;健锐营、火器营、神机营由于都是特种兵,设掌印总统大臣或治理大臣管辖;虎枪营专任扈从、围猎等,设总统管辖;善扑营则专门练习摔角。
驻防八旗【大军区】驻扎于全国各重要之地,视情况不同设将军、都统、副都统、城守尉、防守尉等官。内地将军等只管军事,而驻扎边疆的将军等要兼管民政。清朝的将军是满官的称号,战时则任命亲王为大将军。
绿营即汉兵,驻扎京师的称巡捕营,归步军统领管辖。绿营的建制分标、协、营、汛几级,标又分为督标、抚标、提标、镇标、军标、河标、漕标等,分别由总督、巡抚、提督、总兵、八旗驻防将军、河道总督、漕运总督统率。督标、抚标、军标、河标、漕标都是兼辖,实际各省绿营独立组织为提标、镇标,提督实为一省的最高武官,总兵略低于提督。总兵以下,副将所属为协,参将、游击、都司、守备所属为营,千总、把总、外委所属为汛。(5)监查机构:
清朝沿袭明代设监察院【中纪委】,左都御史、左副都御史为监察院长官,右都御史、右副都御史则为总督、巡抚的加衔。
(6)地方行政:
清沿袭明制,大致分省、府、县三级,总督、巡抚为把握行政、军事、监察大权的高级地方官员【大区书记】、【省委书记】,布政【省长】、按察【政法委书记】两使为督、抚的属官。与督、抚平行的有驻防将军【省军区司令】和提督学政,不过驻防将军只管八旗驻军;提督学政只管学校与科举考试,其权力不能与督、抚相比的。省以下有道【地委】的设臵,道为监察区性质,不算正式行政区。道主要有分守道和分巡道两种,兼兵备衔,另有一些不属布政、按察二司的道,如海关道、管河道、督粮道、盐法道等。省以下为府,设知府【市委书记】、同知、通判等官,与府平行的有直隶厅,设同知、通判。府以下为县,设知县【县委书记】、县丞、主簿等官,与县平行的为散厅,设臵同直隶厅。在少数民族地区则设专门机构治理,即土司,一般分为两种:一种由军事部门管辖,如宣慰司、宣抚司、安抚司、招讨司、长
清朝官职与现代官职对应表
清代职官的品级是按官吏职位高低来分,分为十一个品级,品级数越大,职位越低。最低的职位是法官,最高的职位是正一品。中文名 清代职官品级简表 目录 宗室爵秩 2 一品 3 二品 4 三品 5 四品 6 五品 7 六品 8 七品 9 八品 10 九品
宗室爵秩编辑
和硕亲王、多罗郡王、多罗贝勒、固山贝子、奉恩镇国公、奉恩辅国公、不入八分镇国公、不入八分辅国公、镇国将军、辅国将军、奉国将军、奉恩将军 以显祖宣皇帝本支为宗室,其封爵十二个
正一品:【正国级】
文职京官:太师、太傅、太保、【荣誉官职,相当于人大、政协之类的】
殿阁大学士【政治局常委】
文职外官:无
武职京官:领侍卫内大臣【北京军区司令】
掌銮仪卫事大臣【中央机关事物局、安全局长】
武职外官:无
从一品:【正国级减】
文职京官:少师、少傅、少保、太子太师、太子太傅、太子太保【荣誉官职,相当于人大、政协之类的副职】
协办大学士【政治局委员】
各部院尚书【副总理兼部长】
督察院左右督御史【中纪委书记兼最高监察长】
文职外官:无
武职京官:提督九门步军巡捕五营统领【北京卫戍区司令兼北京市公安局长】
内大臣
武职外官:将军【八旗军大军区司令】
都统【八旗军首都及陪都军区司令】
提督【绿营军区司令】
正二品:【副国级】
文职京官:太子少师、太子少傅、太子少保【荣誉称号,相当于总工会主席】
各部院左右侍郎【国务委员兼副部长】
内务府总管【中央办公厅主任】
文职外官:各省总督【大区书记,如以前的东北局、华北局等】
武职京官:左右翼前锋营统领【中央警备团司令】
八旗护军统领、銮仪使【中央仪仗队】
武职外官:副都统、总兵【绿营集团军司令】
从二品:【部级】
文职京官:内阁学士【国务委员】
翰林院掌院学士【社科院院长】
文职外官:巡抚【省委书记】
布政使司布政使【省长】
武职京官:散秩大臣
武职外官:副将
正三品:【副部级】
文职京官:督察院左右督御史【中纪委副书记】
宗人府丞、通政使司通政使【信访办主任】
大理寺卿【最高法院院长】
詹事府詹事、太常寺卿
文职外官:顺天府府尹【北京市长】
奉天府府尹【直辖市长】
按察使司按察使【省纪委书记】
武职京官:一等侍卫、火器营翼长、健锐营翼长、前锋参领、护军参领、骁骑参领、王府长史【军级军队领导】
武职外官:城守尉、参将、指挥使
从三品:【副部级减】
文职京官:光禄寺卿、太仆寺卿
文职外官:都转盐运使司运使
武职京官:包衣护军参领、包衣骁骑参领、王府一等护卫
武职外官:游击、五旗参领、协领、宣慰使、指挥同知
正四品:【厅级加】
文职京官:通政使司副使【中央信访办副主任】
大理寺少卿【最高法院副院长】
詹事府少詹事、太常寺少卿、太仆寺少卿、鸿胪寺卿【外交部长】
督察院六科掌院给事中
京职外官:顺天府丞【北京市副市长】
奉天府丞【直辖市副市长】
各省守巡道员【地委专区书记】
武职京官:二等侍卫、云麾使、副护军参领、副前锋参领、副骁骑参领、太仆寺马厂驼厂总管、贝勒府司仪长、侍卫领班
武职外官:防守尉、佐领、都司、指挥佥事、宣慰使司同知
从四品:【厅级】
文职京官:内阁侍读学士、翰林院侍读学士、翰林院侍讲学士、国子监祭酒【中央党校校长】
文职外官:知府【市委书记】
土知府【自治市市委书记】
盐运使司运同
武职京官:城门领、包衣副护军参领、包衣副骁骑参领、包衣佐领、四品典仪、二等护卫
武职外官:宣抚使、宣慰使司副使
正五品:【厅级减】
文职京官:左右春坊庶子、通政司参议、光禄寺少卿、给事中、宗人府理事官、各部郎中【各部司长】
太医院院使【首长医院院长】
文职外官:同知、土同知、直隶州知州
武职京官:三等侍卫、治仪正、步军副尉、步军校、监守信礮官、分管佐领
武职外官:关口守御、防御、守备、宣慰使司佥事、宣抚使司同知、千户
从五品:【副厅级加】
文职京官:翰林院侍读、翰林院侍讲、鸿胪寺少卿、司经局洗马、宗人府副理事、御使、各部员外郎
文职外官:各州知州【直辖县书记】
土知州、盐运司副使、盐课提举司提举
武职京官:四等侍卫、委署前锋参领、委署护军参领、委署鸟枪护军参领、委署前锋侍卫、下五旗包衣参领、五品典仪、印物章京、三等护卫
武职外官:守御所千总、河营协办守备、安抚使、招讨使、宣抚使司副使、副千户
正六品:【副厅级减】
文职京官:内阁侍读、左右春坊中允、国子监司业、堂主事、主事、都察院都事、经历、大理寺左右寺丞、宗人府经历、太常寺满汉寺丞、钦天监监判、钦天监汉春夏中秋冬五官正、神乐署署正、僧录司左右善事、道录司左右正一
文职外官:京府通判、京县知县、通判、土通判
武职京官:兰翎侍卫、整仪尉、亲军校、前锋校、护军校、鸟枪护军校、骁骑校、委署步军校
武职外官:门千总、营千总、宣抚使司佥事、安抚使司同知、副招讨使、长官使、长官、百户
从六品:【县处级加】
文职京官:左右春坊赞善、翰林院修撰、光禄寺署正、钦天监满洲蒙古五官正、汉军秋官正、和声署正、僧录司左右阐教、道录司左右演法
文职外官:布政司经历、理问、允判、直隶州州同、州同、土州同
武职京官:内务府六品兰翎长、六品典仪
武职外官:卫千总、安抚使司副使
正七品:【县处级】
文职京官:翰林院编修、大理寺左右评事、太常寺博士、国子监监丞、内阁典籍、通政司经历、知事、太常寺典籍、太仆寺主薄、部寺司库、兵马司副指挥、太常寺满洲读祝官、赞礼郎、鸿胪寺满洲鸣赞
文职外官:京县县丞【首都县副县长】
顺天府满洲教授、训导、知县【县委书记】
按察司经历、教授
武职京官:城门史、太仆寺马厂协领
武职外官:把总、安抚使司佥事、长官司副长官
从七品:【副处级】
文职京官:翰林院检讨、銮仪卫经历、中书科中书、内阁中书、詹事府主薄、光禄寺署丞、典薄、国子监博士、助教、钦天监灵台郎、祀祭署奉祀、和声署署丞
京职外官:京府经历、布政司都事、盐运司经历、直隶州州判、州判、土州判
武职京官:七品典仪
武职外官:盛京游牧副尉
正八品:【科级】
文职京官:司务、五经博士、国子监学正、学录、钦天监主薄、太医院御医、太常寺协律郎、僧录司左右讲经、道录寺左右至灵
文职外官:布政司库大使、盐运司库大使、盐道库大使、盐课司大使、盐引批验所大使、按察司知事、府经历、县丞、士县丞、四氏学录、州学正、教谕
武职京官:无
武职外官:外委千总
从八品:【副科级】
文职京官:翰林院典薄、国子监典薄、鸿胪寺主薄、钦天监挚壶正、祀祭署祀丞、神乐署署丞、僧录司左右觉义、道录司左右至义
文职外官:布政司照磨、盐运司知事、训导
武职京官:八品典仪、委署亲军校、委署前锋校、委署护军校、委署骁骑校
武职外官:无
正九品:【股级】
文职京官:礼部四译会同馆大使、钦天监监侯、司书、太常寺汉赞礼郎
文职外官:按察司照磨、府知事、同知知事、通判知事、县主薄
武职京官:各营兰翎长
武职外官:外委把总
从九品:【副股级】
文职京官:翰林院侍诏、满洲孔目、礼部四译会同官序班、国子监典籍、鸿胪寺汉鸣赞、序班、刑部司狱、钦天监司晨、博士、太医院吏目、太常寺司乐、工部司匠
文职外官;府厅照磨、州吏目、道库大使、宣课司大使、府税课司大使、司府厅司狱、司府厅仓大使、巡检、土巡检
武职京官:太仆寺马厂委署协领
武职外官:额外外委
第四篇:英语书面表达
寒假作业Chinese Young People’s Life Goals Today
A recent survey shows that in today’s society, Chinese young people’s life goals have become more diversified than before.When young people are asked what they will struggle for, more than half of the respondents choose to earn enough money to buy a house and a car for themselves.In addition to this practical goal, some people, about 44%, pick up their life goal as improving their life quality or to be rich while 23.9% of the respondents are simply satisfied to have a good job.As for how to achieve their life goals, most of them prefer struggling to realize their dreams.The survey shows that the society is making progress and people’s life goals have become more practical.A recent investigation shows that nowadays the young in China have more diversified goals than ever before.More than half of the respondents aim at making more money to buy themselves a car and a house.44% of them want to improve their living standard while 43.3% of them hope to become rich.Besides, about a quarter of them wish to get a good job in the future.To achieve their goals, 71.9% of these young people said that they would struggle to overcome difficulties on their ways to success.Keeping optimistic
We can know from the passage if we are optimistic we can conquer different kinds of difficulties in life when we meet them, and we will succeed in the end.In my study, I will get discourage when I fail in an exam.I think I’m hopeless and can’t go to my ideal university.Whenever I am in bad mood, my teachers, especially my homeroom teacher, encourages me to be optimistic by saying the proverb “Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.” They also tell me to study harder and give me good advice on my study.I’m grateful to them and agree with them.From now on, I’ll no longer feel frustrated when I fail in an exam.On the contrary, I will still keep optimistic and study harder because I know failure is the mother of success.As long as I don’t loose heart and work hard, I’m sure I’ll succeed in the end.第三周:基础写作:
上周六下午,你们宿舍几个同学去森林公园野炊,回来途中淋了雨。晚上李华头疼得厉害。你给她量体温,发现她发高烧。你马上带她去看医生。医生说她得了重感冒,要卧床休息三天。请你代她给刘老师写一张请假条说明情况,并帮她请假两天(周一、周二),因此她不能参加周二的羽毛球比赛了。
Last Saturday afternoon, I went to Forest Park for a picnic with my roommates.Unfortunately we were caught in the rain on our way home and Li Hua got a dreadful headache.I took her temperature, finding that she was having a fever.So I took her to see the doctor right now and she was advised to be in bed for 3 days.Now I’d like to ask for two days’ sick leave for her, including Monday and Tuesday, and therefore she cannot take part in the badminton game on Tuesday
任务型写作
总结:The writer tried to tell us the importance of setting goals through a beaver’s story.After it built a house for the winter, it set another goal for the spring—to chew down a big tree and succeeded by working hard.你认为制订目标很重要吗?The quest for success always begins with a target.Goal setting is the focus of will to move in a certain direction.Without goals, one will never know what he’s doing, neither will he try his best to do it.你认为制订目标后怎样才能成功?There goes the saying, “Hard work leads to success.” If we want to achieveour goals, we must work hard.Also, we should stick to our goals and never give up when we are faced with setbacks.举例:Last year I took part in an English speech contest.At the beginning I made up my mind to perform best though my English was not good enough.I tried every means and even stood in front of the mirror to practise again and again.Finally I succeeded and become one of the 10 students in the final competition.第四周:基础写作
社会实践是学校教育的一个重要组成部分;书本知识有限;社会实践有诸多好处,能用所学的知识解决实际问题,获取经验,了解社会,端正学习态度,激励学习。
Most of the students think that social practice is not important.In fact social practice is an important part of school education.After all the knowledge we obtain from books is limited.Participation in social practice does a lot of good to us.For example, We can apply what we’ve learned to practical problems, from which we can get more
experience and have more knowledge about our society.Thus we will take correct attitude towards our studies and work harder.任务型写作
总结:From this passage,we know sometimes difficult conditions can really make a man strong, so parents should let their children eat bitter foods, do hard work and experience a hard life.描述你的童年生活 I grew up in an ordinary family, which is notso well off.I could understand the hardshipsmy parents were bearing at that time.Therefore, I work very hard now in the hopeof entering the university and changing thesituation of my family and me.你对童年生活的认识 我认为从某种意义上来说,艰苦的环境可以激发一个人的潜能,为他的成功铺平道路。I think that in a certain sense, difficult situations can stimulate a person’s potential and pave the way for him to succeed.一个人在经历了磨难之后可以变得坚强,勇敢和忠实可靠。One can be strong, brave and faithful after all the hardships he has gone through.总而言之,我认为温室里的花朵经受不起风暴的洗礼,艰苦的生活对孩子来说是有好处的。All in all, I think that flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm and that a hard life is good for children.第四周周六下午
热爱社会工作,性格乐观,富有爱心和责任心;英语口语流利,具有相关的教学经验;工作时间:周六和周日,按每小时5元付费;这份工作给自己在经济和人际关系方面的好处;:表达自己做好工作的决心:把快乐和舒适带给自己工作的对象。
Dear Sir or Madam
I cannot wait to join in the social workers team in our neighborhood.Being optimistic, caring and responsible, I develop a passion for social work.Besides, I am so fluent in spoken English that I was once invited to teach a group of young kids English last summer.What’s more, I have no class on both Saturday and Sundays.If I’m lucky to get the position, It not only provides me a regular source of income by paying me 5 yuan by the hour but also does a lot to improve my skills in interpersonal relationships.It is certain that I will do what I can to bring joy and comfort to whomever I work for.I’m looking forward to your reply very soon.Sincerely yours
Ling ming
就学校取消高三音乐课这一事件给校长写一封信
Dear principal ,I am writing in answer to the decision the school made several days ago.It reminds me of the British school where music plays a big part.In Britain,pupils can study an instrument like the piano or violin or the guitar.They also play music together as a class and have fun, even take part in concerts and organize bands.同学们对学校取消音乐课意见不一Therefore, no sooner had the school announced not to offer music lessons to Senior Two and Three students than we held a heated discussion about its advantages and disadvantages.So far, there has been no consensus on it.你对此决定赞成或反对?Personally, I am among those who argue against the decision largely because music lesson provide us with an opportunity to relieve our heavy academic pressure and promote the mutual understanding between students.(理由)以你自己或他人的感受来说明开设音乐课的利或弊。Actually, nothing please me than music lessons, for I am completely relaxed, not caring about study for a while.Also, I am ready to bear my heart to my classmates and feel close to each other.It is the charm of music that brings all of us a realization that there is still joy in our dull life.So it is better to continue music lessons
汕头一模
1.为何与人合作:现代社会必备;可省时间和精力;更多互相学习的机会
2.与谁合作:A与喜欢的人合作:心情愉快,同甘共苦B与不喜欢的人合作:学会容忍,学会挖
掘其优点
3.你的看法:倾听别人意见,不把你的观点强加给别人,有礼貌地指出别人的错误
Good afternoon,everyone!the topic of my speech today is “being a good parner.”In this busy ,modern world ,if we want to complete our work more efficiently ,we must all learn to cooperate with others ,because not only can cooperation save us a lot of time and energy ,but also we can learn much each other.We`ll be lucky enough to find someone we like to cooperate with due to the fact that we can share our joy and sadness with him.however ,it can be difficult to cooperate with someone we dislike.In this case ,we`ll have to put up with some of his shortcomings and try to discover his advantages.In my opinion ,to be a good partner ,we should try to listen to others`opinions ,never force our ideas on others and if he makes mistakes ,try to point out in a polite way.Thank you for your listening!
失败是件坏事吗?
概括短文要点Failure is a commom thing in life.But there are different attitudes towards failure.Whoever draws a lesson from every failure becomes experienced and succeeds.失败并非坏事,但从失败中站起来并非易事So failure has a different effect on anyone who has a different attitude.As for me ,I like success.Meanwhile I don`t mind failure because it isn`t a bad matter ,and we cen stand up in the failure ,which isn`t indeed an easy matter.失败对胜利者是必修课,重要的基本功As is known ,the defeat to a victor is actually an important basic skill and the required course.你对失败的看法和态度(1)In my opinion ,we should take a positive attitude towards failure.As a matter of fact ,I think failure can stimulate our potential and from it we can learn a lot ,with which we can achieve success.Just as the saying goes ,”Failure is the mother of success.”
(2)In my opinion ,we should take an active attitude towards failure ,because most of us experience the failure thongh few of us are so lucky as to succeed.Failure tells us such things as why we failed and what should we do to correct the mistakes.Failure also tells us how to approach our goals and ensures us failure is the mother of success.广州一模
基础写作简介学校的植物园
1.概况:位于校园西南角,面积1000平方米 2.历史:20年的历史,2008年重建 3.特色:各种花卉、树木、药用植物 4.功能:美化校园、研究植物场所、休闲之地 5.其他:观赏至少许一小时
Located at the south-west corner of our school, the botanical garden is spread over an area of approximately 1000 square meters.The garden is over 20 years old and was rebuilt in 2008.as you walk through the garden, you can see various kinds of beautiful flowers, trees and herbs.If you’re planning to explore the garden, set aside at least one hour.The garden makes our schoool more beautiful and it’s a fantastic place for students to study and learn more about plants or simply to relax for a while.读写任务就学生违纪的处理方式写一篇简评
(1)Should Schools Suspend Troublesone Students?
概括要点:校长的做法、想法、结果I recentl I recently read a news story about a school in Egland whose headmaster often suspends misbehaving students.The headmster believes that strong discipline improves hoth students’ behaviour and academic performance.His school’s exam results have greatly improved during his time in charge.你是否支持该校长的做法,理由While I congratulate the headmaster on his success I do not agree with the methods he uses to achieve it.Suspending students should be the final type of punishment used for misbehaving students, not the first.Quickly removing such students from the school may be of some benefit to the remaining students but it doesn’t solve the problem of poor behaviour.It only shifts the problem from the school to the community.If these naughty students are not in school then they will only be making trouble out of school.Moreover, as the parents of many of these students are working, the students are unsupervised and thus are in danger of falling in with local criminals who will only encourage such bad behaviour and even teach them worse things.假设你是校长,你会如何处理违纪学生?If I was in charge of his school I would place the naughty students in a class of their own, this way the other students could study in peace but the naughty studetns could remain under the supervision of the school and its teachers.The teachers in the naughty class would also have more time to focus on correcting the actions of these misbehaving students.(2)Should Schools Suspend Troublesone Students?
I recently read a news story about a school in Egland whose headmaster often suspends misbehaving students.The headmster believes that strong discipline improves hoth students’ behaviour and academic performance.His school’s exam results have greatly improved during his time in charge.I believe the headmaster is correct to take this action.If a few students are always behaving poorly in class then it will negatively affect other students’ learning.As a result, many innocent studetns will suffer and they will fail to achieve their full potential.If the naughty students are removed from the class then the others can learn in peace.Hopefully the misbehaving students will learn their lessons and when they return their behaviour will be better.If I was in charge of a school I would also be very strict with students who don’t behave well.I would first warn and then suspend students who interrupt the learning of others or disrespect their teachers.But I would also visit the poor student’s home and discuss the problem with his paents so we could find a solution.梅州一模写一篇短文介绍大豆的生长过程
1.发芽的条件:水分充足,温度适宜,种子就开始发芽了 2.第一步:出现幼根,并朝下生长 3.第二步:幼苗出现,并朝上生长,直至变成绿色 4.第三步:主根、旁根、枝叶出现 5.第四步:数月后开花结果
Where there is enough water and the temperature is right, the bean seed begins to grow.In the first stage , a small root comes out and begins to grow downwards.Then a small shoot begins to grow upswards, getting longer and longer until it turns green.At the same time the root continues to grow downward, becoming the main root together with side roots developing around it while the shoot develops leaves all around.It takes only a few months before the plant flowers and bears fruit.经济危机,大学生就业难
概括材料主要内容This passage mainly tells us…;The story is mainly about…
Increasing unemployment would the biggest challenge for China this year with great numbers of rural and urban workers laid off.The government has launched a stimulus package of 4 trillion yuan to stimulate the country’s economy.现状:经济危机影响全球,就业机会少,工人工资低As it is known to all, nearly all countries in the world have been hit by the global economic crisis, leaving few job chances and lower wages and salaries for ordinary people.建议:树立正确的择业观,降低预期工资,先就业再择业,自己创业,开公司,展示自己的才华Under this circumstance, university graduates should have a proper attitude towards their future jobs.It is my suggestion that they should lower their expectation of their future wages or salaries.It’s a good idea for them to take up a job before considering which job to take.To make good advantage of tehir knowledge, they may set up their own business so as to show off their own talent.政府提供各种优惠政策,免除各种税费,提供一定数量的无息贷款In order to help those new graduates, the government has offered many favorable policies such as freeing all kinds of taxes.Supplying certain amount of loans without interest.I’m sure they will succeed and can have a bright future with the help of the government.
第五篇:接吻 英语表达
关于各类接吻的英语表达
如果要评选人类最美丽的词语,“吻”(kiss)应该算一个。王子吻醒了睡美人,青蛙因为公主的吻而变回王子„„一个打动人心的童话似乎总是不能离开一个“生命之吻”,而一个深情的吻开启的不仅是爱人的双唇,而是她(他)的心。
blow / throw a kiss 飞吻(这是某些明星非常喜欢做的事情)
He blew a kiss at the pretty girl.他对那个漂亮女孩做了一个飞吻动作。
snatch a kiss 接吻,冷不防接个吻
Ha fair maiden, I've come to snatch a kiss and fill your soul with hope.嗨,美女,我来是为了吻你,让你的灵魂充满希望。
steal a kiss 偷吻,冷不防接个吻
You have to be bold to steal a kiss.想要偷吻你就得大胆点。
vacuum kiss 真空吻(sucking the air out of one's partner's mouth and lungs,听起来有点恶心哦)
French kiss 法式接吻(kiss with your mouth open and your tongues touching)(舌吻英文Tongue kiss,是不对的,是照字面意思译的,就跟facetest一样!)
Platonic kiss 柏拉图之吻(short kiss on the cheek for greeting)
kiss of peace(宗教的)接吻礼,表示欢迎
The kiss of peace was freely given between all members of the church.教众可以自由行接吻礼。
give a kiss 接个吻
He gave her a kiss.他吻了她一下。
以上说的都是kiss作为名词的各种吻,作为动词,kiss除了表示“接吻”的动作,也可以“吻出感情来”,比如:
They kissed passionately.他们热吻。
They kissed good-bye at the station.他们在车站吻别。
She kissed away his pain.她吻了他,他不再痛苦。
再来学两个不一样的“吻”:
smooch 与„„搂抱亲吻
He planted a big smooch on her.他深深地吻了她。
peck 匆匆一吻
She gave him a peck on the cheek.她在他脸颊上匆匆一吻。