解放黑人奴隶宣言演讲稿

第一篇：解放黑人奴隶宣言演讲稿

《解放黑人奴隶宣言》（The Emancipation Proclamation）是一份由美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯公布的宣言，其主张所有美利坚联邦叛乱下的领土之黑奴应享有自由，然而豁免的对象未包含未脱离联邦的边境州，以及联邦掌控下的诸州。此宣言虽仅立即解放少部分奴隶，但实质上强化联邦军掌控联邦的领土后这些黑奴自由的权威性，并为最终废除全美奴隶制度预先铺路。

整份宣言分成两个部分发布：第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是份概述第二部分目的的准备公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕·林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。有十个州的名字在第二部分公布时被逐一提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州（特拉华州）（当时皆未脱离联邦）、田纳西州（已确实在联邦控制之下）、密苏里州以及肯塔基州（已存有几个被联邦接受的派系政府，但仍未正式脱离联邦）。特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚州以及其他被举列的维吉尼亚州郡表述；另外还包含纽奥良和几个被列举为联邦掌控之下的路易斯安那州郡。

Text of the Emancipation Proclamation(second part)

A Proclamation.Whereas, on the 22d day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

1862年9月22日，合众国总统曾发出一道宣言，其内容如下：

That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free;and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.“1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；合众国政府行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何压制他们的行为。

That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States;and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States.政府的行政部门将于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地区的人民当时尚在反抗合众国，如果有的话；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多数合法选举人参加选举出来的代表参加合众国国会，同时没有强有力的反证时，这种事实就是该州及其人民没有反抗合众国的确实证据”。

Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:

所以现在我，合众国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯，以在反抗合众国政府当局的武装叛变时期被授权为合众国海陆军总司令的职权，作为一个适当的、必须的战略措施以便镇压上述叛变，特于1863年元月1日，从上面第一次所说之日起至今足足一百天的期间，根据这样的目的公开宣布现在反对合众国者有如下诸州及某些州的下列地区及其人民：

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana(except the Parishes of St.Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St.John, St.Charles, St.James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St.Mary, St.Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia(except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomack, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts, are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.阿肯色、得克萨斯、路易西安那（除去圣伯尔拿、普拉奎明、哲斐孙、圣约翰、圣查理、圣詹姆士、亚森湘、亚森普欣、得里保恩、拉伐什、圣马利、圣马丁以及奥尔良等郡，包括新奥尔良城在内）、密西西比、亚拉巴马、佛罗里达、乔治亚、南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳和弗吉尼亚（除去西弗吉尼亚四十八个郡以及柏克立、阿康玛克、诺珊普顿、依利萨伯、约克、安公主、诺福克等郡包括诺福克和朴茨茅斯两城在内），这些除开的地区现在仍暂时维持本公告发出之前的原有状况。

And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free;and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.为着上述的目的，我利用我的职权，正式命令并宣告在上述诸州以及某些州的上述地区以内所有作为奴隶的人现在和今后永远获得自由；合众国政府，包括海陆军当局在内，将承认并保持上述人们的自由。

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence;and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.我现在命令这些被宣布自由的人们，除非是必须的自卫，不得有违法行为；我劝告他们，在任何可能的情况下，他们应当忠实地为合理的工资而劳动。

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.我进一步宣告在适当条件下，这些人们可参加合众国的军事工作，驻守炮台、阵地、卫戍区域以及其他地区，以及在各种军舰上服役。

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.我真诚地相信这个举动是一个正义的举动，合于法律的规定，根据军事的需要。我祈求人类的慎重判断和万能上帝的恩典。

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.作为证明，我署名于此并加盖合众国国玺。

Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.于华盛顿，1863年元月1日

合众国独立第87周年。

By the President: Abraham Lincoln

亚伯拉罕·林肯

William H.Seward, Secretary of State.威廉·西华德（国务卿）

历史背景：南北战争爆发后，相当多的黑奴自愿为自身自由而协助联邦作战，但对如何处理占领地黑奴观点上仍有所冲突。林肯一开始收回某些将军自行发布的解放黑奴命令，而此政策严厉执行则造成逃亡黑奴必须回到他们南方主子那儿，但1862年3月13日邦联政府禁止所有联邦军指挥官遣返逃亡黑奴，如此影响了《1850年逃亡奴隶法》的废除。1862年4月11日，国会宣布联邦政府将保障释放黑奴的奴隶主，所有在华盛顿的黑奴于1862年4月16日获得解放。1862年7月19日国会废止联邦领土上的奴隶制度，如此使美国最高法院于1857年《得福德·史考特诉桑福德案》（Dred Scott v.Sandford）作出的决议失去效力：此决议曾导致国会一度无权监督国土上的黑奴制度。

林肯曾宣称他自己没有法律赋予的权力解放黑奴，此外，解放黑奴是种具有风险的政治行为，因为仍有部分畜奴州效忠于联邦，且战争初始的目的集中在保护联邦的完整而非解放黑奴。基于如此，这份宣言当时只是份而由林肯自己理解为以三军统帅的身份所发表的军事命令，而非由国会公布具同等地位的法案或法律增修条文。另外有些论点认为解放奴隶宣言本身乃违宪，且是种领袖扩权指挥军队行动，而非创造新法（可参考《杨斯顿钢铁公司总统权限案》Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.v.Sawyer, 343 U.S.579(1952)其主张总统无权以三军统帅的身份掌控炼钢厂使其为韩战效力）。解放奴隶宣言也把解放黑奴的同意权让渡给联邦军队（虽然军队本身实行种族隔离），这难得的机会使将近20万多曾为奴隶的黑人受惠，也让北方人获得额外的人力资源而南方人却直到战败前几天还无法仿效。

林肯第一次与其内阁讨论宣言是在1862年7月，但考虑到此举对政治的种种影响（包括对联邦内的畜奴州），他觉得在发布前需要场联邦军的胜仗。在安地潭之役，联邦军队击退邦联对马里兰州的进犯后，他于1862年9月22日发布一份准备宣言，而最终的宣言则于隔年1月发布。

解放奴隶宣言自身受限于对奴隶制度的立即效用，仅能在联邦纳入控制下的邦联领土上生效，边界州（德拉瓦州、肯塔基州、马里兰州、密苏里州和西维吉尼亚州）的奴隶制度因其仍效忠联邦而丝毫不受影响。国务卿威廉·西华德（William Seward）曾于评论中谈到：“我们表达对奴隶制度的同情手法是解放那些我们管不著的奴隶以及奴役那些我们能解放的人们。”任何脱离联邦的州只要在宣言生效前重新加入联邦（或仅仅送他们的国会议员回华盛顿）便具有等同边际州的地位，并至少在当下能保有奴隶制度（虽然马里兰州、密苏里州和西维吉尼亚州早在 1865年美国法律第13号修正案批准解除全国奴隶制度的合法性以前，便透过内部政治运作逐步废除奴隶制度）。

第二篇：林肯解放黑人奴隶宣言(中英文对照)

林肯：解放黑人奴隶宣言

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: By the President of the United States of America:

1862年9月22日，一个瘦弱而伟大的总统用颤抖的双手签署了这份宣言，他知道虽然该宣言会激起奴隶主们的反抗，可能会造成国家

第三篇：林肯解放黑人奴隶宣言(中英文对照)

林肯：解放黑人奴隶宣言

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: By the President of the United States of America:

1862年9月22日，一个瘦弱而伟大的总统用颤抖的双手签署了这份宣言，他知道虽然该宣言会激起奴隶主们的反抗，可能会造成国家南北的分裂。但为了结束一个资本主义与奴隶制并存的畸形社会，他用颤抖的双手签了，虽然此后他的担心成真了，而且自己还被同情奴隶制的蒲斯刺杀了。但统一后的美利坚合众国在通往现代化的道路上一路狂飙，创造了无数现代文明，引领了整个20世纪。这个丑陋而羸弱的总统也成就了美国历史上最伟大的总统。

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: By the President of the United States of America: A PROCLAMATION Whereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D.1862, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit: “That on the 1st day of January, A.D.1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free;and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States;and the fact that any State or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States." Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D.1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana(except the parishes of St.Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St.John, St.Charles, St.James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St.Mary, St.Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia(except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Morthhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free;and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence;and I recommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.On Jan.1, 1863, U.S.President Abraham Lincoln declared free all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal government.This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people.It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side;nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control.Naturally, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincoln„s order.But the proclamation did show Americans--and the world--that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery.Lincoln had been reluctant to come to this position.A believer in white supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms of preserving the Union.As pressure for abolition mounted in Congress and the country, however, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea.On Sept.22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation announcing that emancipation would become effective on Jan.1, 1863, in those states still in rebellion.Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in America--this was achieved by the passage of the 13TH Amendment to the Constitution on Dec.18, 1865--it did make that accomplishment a basic war goal and a virtual certainty.DOUGLAS T.MILLER Bibliography: Commager, Henry Steele, The Great Proclamation(1960);Donovan, Frank, Mr.Lincoln„s Proclamation(1964);Franklin, John Hope, ed., The Emancipation Proclamation(1964).1862年9月22日，合众国总统曾发出一道宣言，其内容如下：

“1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；公众国政府行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何压制他们的行为。

政府的行政部门将于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地区的人民当时尚在反抗合众国，如果有的话；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多数合法选举人参加选举出来的代表参加合众国国会，同时没有强有力的反证时，这种事实就是该州及其人民没有反抗合众国的确实证据”。

所以现在我，合众国总统阿伯拉罕·林肯，以在反抗合众国政府当局的武装叛变时期被授权为合众国海陆军总司令的职权，作为一个适当的、必须的战略措施以便镇压上述叛变，特于1863年元月1日，从上面第一次所说之日起至今足足一百天的期间，根据这样的目的公开宣布现在反对合众国者有如下诸州及某些州的下列地区及其人民： 阿肯色、得克萨斯、路易西安那（除去圣伯尔拿、普拉奎明、哲斐孙、圣约翰、圣查理、圣詹姆士、亚森湘、亚森普欣、得里保恩、拉伐什、圣马利、圣马丁以及奥尔良等郡，包括新奥尔良城在内）、密西西比、阿拉巴马、弗罗里达、乔治亚、南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳和佛吉尼亚（除去西佛吉尼亚四十八个郡以及柏克立、阿康玛克、诺珊普顿、依利萨伯、约克、安公主、诺福克等郡包括诺福克和朴茨茅斯两城在内），这些除开的地区现在仍暂时维持本公告发出之前的原有状况。

为着上述的目的，我利用我的职权，正式命令并宣告在上述诸州以及某些州的上述地区以内所有作为奴录的人现在和今后永远获得自由；合众国政府，包括海陆军当局在内，将承认并保持上述人们的自由。

我现在命令这些被宣布自由的人们，除非是必须的自卫，不得有违法行为；我劝告他们，在任何可能的情况下，他们应当忠实地为合理的工资而劳动。

我进一步宣告在适当条件下，这些人们可参加合众国的军事工作，驻守炮台、陈地、卫戍区域以及其他地区，以及在各种军舰上服役。

我真诚地相信这个举动是一个正义的举动，合于宪法的规定，根据军事的需要。我祈求人类的慎重判断和万能上帝的恩典。作为证明，我署名于此并加盖合众国国玺。于华盛顿，1863年元月1日 合众国独立第87周年。阿伯拉罕·林肯 威廉·西华德（国务卿）

第四篇：《黑奴解放宣言》（小编推荐）

课件附属讲稿《解放黑奴宣言》

ppt4：国内背景：

1）北方废奴运动高涨：美国废奴运动是从19世纪30年代初开始的在美国北部兴起的要求彻底废除黑人奴隶的一场运动。早在殖民时代和独立战争时期，富兰克林和杰弗逊等人就提出废除奴隶制。美国独立之后，北部各州先后废除奴隶制，但是南部各州由于棉花种植业的迅速发展，种植园奴隶制经济畸形繁荣，造成南方各省迟迟不肯废除奴隶制。建国之初，南北方势力在政府的权力分配上形成了平衡的态势，但是随着国际市场棉花需求量猛增，南方奴隶制种植园经济有进一步扩大的趋势，与北方工业资本主义经济的发展相抵触，废奴运动在北方兴起。19世纪20年代之后，废奴组织在北方出现，1833年4月在费城成立了全国性的美国反对奴隶制协会，总部设在纽约。随后反奴隶制协会在北部各地纷纷建立，到40年代这类组织达到2000个，成员超过二十万人，形成声势浩大的群众性废奴运动。2）林肯的政治造势：美国内战爆发之初，尽管北方的军队人数多于南方，但是南方拥有训练有素的兵员，而北方的军队大多数都缺乏训练，临时招募的。南方同时还有非常出色的军事将领，比如说罗伯特*李将军，而北方的将领大多是政客担任，没有作战经验，因此在战争初期北方接连失利，损失惨重，因此北方竭力对南方进行政治攻势，因此奴隶制不可避免的遭到攻击。3）内战爆发是南北矛盾激化的产物：在美国建国之后的几十年中，南北方的政治势力在一定程度上达成了妥协，工业资产阶级与南方奴隶主在政府中的权力分配是比较平衡的，但是到了1850年左右，南部和北部为奴隶制之间的争执开始白热化，争论的焦点集中在新加入的州里是不是允许奴隶制，这关系到自由州与奴隶州在联邦政府中的权力分配上的平衡。1850年之后，美国共和党在北方崛起，共和党希望美国西部能够避免奴隶制，实行自由劳工制度，因此坚决反对奴隶制向西部扩张。特别是共和党人林肯上台之后，南北矛盾爆发。

4）国际背景：欧洲金融势力对美国的内战有着不为人知却又十分深远的影响。国际金融势力妄图在美国内战中捞到好处，通过向北方政府提供高息国债等方式赚取利润。欧洲金融势力对于南方则起到鼓动和支持的作用，无论任何一方取得胜利，真正的赢家都是他们。可以参照德国罗斯柴尔德家族。ppt5： 主要原因：

1）北方内战时的工业资本主义经济发展状况：在北方，资本主义经济发展迅速，从19世纪20年代开始，北部和中部各州开始了工业革命的浪潮，到19世纪50年代完成。1860年，北方工业生产位居世界第四位，工业的迅速发展需要大量的自由劳动力，而南方的奴隶制种植园经济束缚了大量人力，因此废奴运动势在必行。

2）废奴主义者之前的舆论造势：著名废奴主义者道格拉斯和塔潘兄弟组织的推行废奴主义纲领的自由党，1852年斯托夫人写的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》等舆论造势。

3）国际环境的压力：英法暗地里支持南方的反叛，为南方军队提供武器装备，为南方的军队进行训练为了增大对北方的军事压力，1861年年底英国增兵8 000人到加拿大，随时准备策应南军的进攻，从北部边界威胁林肯政府。1862年，英国、法国和西班牙联军在墨西哥港口登陆，在美国南方边境地区完成集结，必要时将进入美国南方直接与北方开战。1863年10月3日，法军将领耶列又增兵三万，并占领了墨西哥城。这时北方有必要利用废奴运动来占领内战的舆论制高点，避免他国的干涉，并尽力取得国际社会的支持。

4）之前林肯的政治承诺：作为坚决反对蓄奴的共和党的一员，林肯自身也是一个坚定的废奴者，而他竞选联邦总统的竞选口号也是这个。逐步废除奴隶制是他的政治承诺。

直接原因：内战爆发之初，北方联邦军队一度作战失利，损失惨重

为了瓦解南方的军事力量，达到平定叛乱的目的，《宣言》成为林肯一个必然的选择。

ppt6： 即时影响：

1）这份宣言象征着北方人战争目的的转变，在《宣言》发布之前，北方联邦军队进行战争的目的是为了平定叛乱，维护联邦的统一和完整，但是《宣言》发布之后，联邦军队进行战争的目的转变为为了解放南方的奴隶，废除南方的奴隶制。这就上升到人权的高度。

2）这份《宣言》在军事上起到了很大的作用，它在很大程度上化解了南方的军事实力，南方奴隶不断发生**起义，这就不断削弱南方的抵抗势力，北方最终赢得了战争，占领了南方首府里士满。

3）《宣言》将内战上升到解放奴隶的高度，联邦军队因此也得到了解放者的称号，战争的目的是为了废除奴隶制，为了奴隶的人权。这就使欧洲大国任何干涉的借口都没有正义性可言。此宣言使他国民意转而支持联邦终结奴隶制的承诺，这最终导致南方邦联政府得不到国际社会的承认，在道义上陷入孤立。长远影响：战争末期，美国共和党中的废奴者推断一旦战争结束之后《解放黑奴宣言》将可能被解读为一份违宪的战时命令，故他们千方百计保障黑奴的自由，而非仅仅是宣言赋予的解放，这对于黑奴解放运动来说是有极为深刻的意义的。

ppt9: 林肯人生轨迹与《宣言》的颁布之间的关系：

1）1809年林肯出生在肯塔基州一个普通家庭里，1831年年轻的林肯来到新奥尔良，在那里，他看到的很多南方奴隶悲惨的生活现状，这使他非常震惊，因此萌发了解放黑奴的想法 2）带着对奴隶制的仇恨，林肯踏上从政的道路，他鲜明的反对奴隶制，这也影响到了他的仕途。

3）当他重返政坛时，他变得比以前圆滑和保守，他并没有直接反对南方的奴隶制，在这一时期，他不再激进的反对奴隶制，而是希望通过一种温和的方式来解决问题。他只是反对奴隶制在西部的扩张，而并不主张立刻废除南方的奴隶制。

《解放黑奴宣言》-看林肯对战争主题的转变：

内战之后虽然南北双方互有得失，但是北方的损失远远超出林肯的想象。北方人开始质疑这场战争的正义性。美国是一个宪政国家，而宪政并没有明确规定州不能脱离联邦，而当时美国的州权力很大，联邦与州处理事情是商讨而不是命令。内战进行到胶着状态，战争的正义性开始出现争议，甚至出现政府信任危机，在这种情况下，林肯决定发布《解放黑奴宣言》来转变战争主题。对于美国人来说，没有什么能够高过人权理念，因此这是个绝好的理由。林肯“我在这场战争中的最高目标是拯救联邦，既不是保全奴隶制，也不是摧毁奴隶制，如果我能拯救联邦而不解放任何一个奴隶，我愿意这样做。”所以，《解放黑奴宣言》也就成为了一种精神手段。

第五篇：黑人历史英文演讲稿

African Americans also referred to as Black Americans, are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.Slavery era

In 1565, the colony of Saint Augustine in Florida, founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, became the first permanent European settlement in North America.It included an unknown number of free and enslaved Africans that were part of this colonial expedition.The first recorded Africans in British North America were “20 and odd negroes” who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants.As English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery.Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away.Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom.They raised families, marrying other Africans and sometimes intermarrying with Native Americans or English settlers.The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century.The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves into New Amsterdam.All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the British.Massachusetts was the first British colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641.In 1670 the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Negroes from purchasing Christians but allowing them to buy persons “of their own nation.”

The first black congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening.By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after the English.During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American Independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution..American Civil War

April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865(by declaration)[1]

Date(4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days)

(last shot fired June 22, 1865)

Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United Location States, Atlantic Ocean

Union victory

 Territorial integrity preserved Result  Reconstruction

 Slavery abolished

Reconstruction and Jim Crow

African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools, community and civic associations, to have space away from white control or oversight.While the post-war reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, in the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement.In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States.These discriminatory acts included racial segregation which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or

resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.Great Migration and Civil Rights Movement

The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century, combined with a growing African American community in the Northern United States, led to a movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans.The Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968 was directed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans, particularly in the Southern United States.The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on President John F.Kennedy and Lyndon B.Johnson.By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.Post-Civil Rights era

Politically and economically, blacks have made substantial strides during the post-civil rights era.In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African-American elected governor in U.S.history.In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman elected to the U.S.Senate.There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.In 2001 there were 484 black mayors.On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected President.At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama.He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans picking up a number of new states in the

Democratic electoral column.Obama lost the overall white vote, although he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous no incumbent Democratic

presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter.The following year Michael S.Steele was elected the first African-American chairman of the national Republican Party.