翻译七八章教案

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第一篇:翻译七八章教案

Unit 7 Amplification I Amplification in English-Chinese Translation 1.1 Semantic Amplification 1.1.1 Amplifying Verbs

We have mention in unit 4 that agent nouns are repeatedly used to replace verbs in English, while more verbs are used in a single sentence in Chinese.Thus, based on context, verbs should be amplified before and after nouns to make the Chinese version clear and accurate.1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后,他还得起草最后公报。2.He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.他赞成为了同所有爱好和平的国家改善关系而进行努力。

3.They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into night.他们谈了差不多8个小时,中间吃了一顿晚饭,接着谈到深夜。

4.Born in 1963 and a student of medicine at Alexandria, in Egypt, he had the same profile as many of the September hijackers: a middle class background, a good education and a willingness to adopt western habits.他1963年出生,曾在埃及亚历山大学医,其大致经历和许多“9"11”劫机分子相同:出生中产阶级,受过良好教育,愿意接受西方习俗。

1.1.2 Amplifying Nouns 1.Amplifying Nouns behind Intransitive Verbs Some English verbs can be used both as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.For intransitive verbs, the meaning of the objectives is implied in the sentence.While in Chinese version, we should add the implied nouns after such verbs to make the meaning clear and complete.For example: 1).He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.他吃点东西,喝点酒,因为他疲惫不堪了。

2).The general firmly believed that he was destined to conquer and win.将军坚信自己注定要征服敌人,赢得战争的胜利。

3).Steel and iron products are often coated less they should rust.钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。

4).Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世以后,就靠洗衣服维持生活。5).First you borrow, then you beg.头一遭借钱,下一遭就讨饭。

6).After my conversion I soon became sufficiently known as a socialist orator.在我改变信仰以后,很快就以社会主义演说家而闻名。(注〕:一些由动词派生而来的名词增补适当的名词。2.Amplifying Nouns before Adjectives 1).This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。

2).She was small and slight in person, pale, sandy-haired.她身材瘦小,脸色苍白,头发是淡黄色的。

3).He is a complicated man---stubborn, coward and sensitive.他是一个性格复杂的人—固执、怯懦、敏感。4.She took the news very palely and calmly.她获悉这个消息的时候,脸色苍白,神情镇静。〔注〕:一些由形容词派生而来的名词和副词也要增补适当的名词。

3.Amplifying Nouns behind Abstract Nouns For some abstract nouns deriving from verbs or adjectives, we usually add category words such as现象, 情况, 工作, 任务, 因素, 态度, 局面, 状况, 问题 etc.to make the Chinese version more smooth.For example: 1).evaporation—蒸发作用 favoritism—徇私作风 loftiness—崇高品质 modesty—谦虚态度

2).After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across New York to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就飞越纽约去旧金山。

3).He decided to change the backwardness of his hometown.他下决心改变家乡的落后状态。

4).The power is strong enough to shatter complacency.这种力量大得足以打破自满情绪。

6).In my 30-plus years of leadership experience, I've noticed that knowing how to deal with adversity and failure is one of the most overlooked and underestimated skills to achieve a fulfilling life.在担任领导职务的30多年中,我注意到如何对待逆境与失败正是人们在达到完善人生时最容易忽视和低估的技巧之一。

4.Amplifying Nouns behind Concrete Nouns Occasionally, some concrete nouns in English may express the abstract meaning.In this case, we usually add proper nouns after them in Chinese version.For example: 1).He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

2).He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情,而判他儿子有罪。

3).Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer.基辛格感到罗杰斯是在挑刺儿。但是,律师出身的尼克松支持了他的同行的挑刺儿。1.1.3 Amplifying Adjectives To complete the meaning and reach the rhetoric effect of the original sentence, we can add some proper adjectives before the nouns in Chinese version.For example:

1.“This is grasping at straws, I know,” said the helpless man.“我知道,这是在抓救命稻草。”这个无助的人说道。2.“It’ll make a man of him,” said Jack, “army is the place.” “一定会把他造就成一个堂堂的男子汉,”杰克说,“就应当去参军。”

3.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are preparing for the 2008 Olympic Games.中国人民正在以多么高的热情为2008年奥运会做准备啊。1.1.4 Amplifying Adverbs We can also add some proper adverbs before verbs to make the meaning vivid and smooth in English-Chinese translation.For example: 1.The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。

2.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就开讲了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

3.Now and then his boots shone.他的靴子时常闪闪发光。

1.1.5 Putting in Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 1.The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老头说:“听人说,从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样穷。”

2.They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他们从前一向是能够控制局面的,现在他们大家正在丧失控制局面的能力。3.We won’t retreat;we never have and never will.我们不会后退,我们从来没有后退过,我们将来也不会后退。1.1.6 Putting Some Classifiers before Some Nouns 1.A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

2.A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.一湾溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇合到江里去。

1.6.7 Putting in Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality 1.The Americans and Japanese have signed the agreement.美日双方签署了协议。

2.Our country has developed rapidly militarily, politically and economically.我国在军事、政治、经济等方面都得到飞速发展。3.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.他伸出双腿,露出腿上的道道疤痕。

4.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。1.2 Syntactical Amplifying

This kind of amplification is used when the grammatical structures of the two languages concerned are quite different.1.2.1 Amplifying the Verbs Omitted in the original 1.He majors in English and I in French.他主修英语,我主修法语。

2.A sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled.声音必须倾听,颜色必须观看,味道必须品尝,气味必须吸闻。

3.Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。

4.Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能量,能量也可以转化为物质。1.2.2 Amplifying the Nouns Omitted in the original 1.We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.我们能够戒除不良作风,保持优良作风。

2.We will establish a government of, by and for the people.我们将建立一个民有、民治、民享的政府。

1.2.3 Amplifying the Component Parts Omitted in the Original 1.The guard inside the prison had no guns.But those in the towers did.牢房里的狱警不带枪,但瞭望塔内的狱警是带枪的。

2.Yes, I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧!3.The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were to their own mistress.仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。(通过增词来表达助动词do, does, did所代替的意义。)

II Amplification in Chinese-English Translation 2.1 Syntactical Amplification

2.1.1 Adding Necessary Pronouns or nouns 2.1.1.1 Adding Pronouns or Nouns as subjects In Chinese, there are a lot of sentences without subjects.While, for English sentences, except the idioms and imperative sentences, each has its own subject.Therefore, in Chinese-English translation, the amplification of pronouns or nouns as subjects is very common.1.恐怕他不会来了。

I am afraid he will not come.2.大作收到,十分高兴。

I was very glad to have received your writing. 3.没有调查研究就没有发言权。

He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.

汉语中有些表示存在或带有哲理性的无主句可以采用there be句型来翻译

4.剩下的时间不多了。

There is very little time left.5.没有顺利,无所谓困难;没有困难,也无所谓顺利。

Without smoothness, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no smoothness.汉语中某些无主句有时也可采用it作其主语,或以it 为形式主语,即It is...to do/ that...6.不是因为不存在问题,而是因为看不见问题。

It is not because the problem is not here;it is just not visible.2.1.1.2 Adding Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used more often in English than in Chinese.In English, when we refer to the possessions of or things related to a person, we should add possessive pronouns.For example: 1.孩子们天天带午饭到学校吃。

The children take their lunches to school every day.2.她用手蒙住脸,好像是为了保护眼睛。

She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.2.1.1.3 Adding Pronouns as Objects 1.把这些故事看完以后,用你自己的话讲一遍。

After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.After your reading these stories, you tell them in your own words.2.交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。

Before handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.

2.1.2 Adding Necessary Articles

Article is a special part of speech in English;in Chinese, there is no article.It is easy but necessary for the translator to add articles in translation.1.他们一听说有新任务,就坐不住了。

When they learnt that they would be given a new task, they just could not sit still any longer.2.我们对问题要做全面的分析,才能解决得妥当。

We must make a comprehensive analysis of the problem before it can be properly solved. 3.耳朵是用来听声音的器官,鼻子用来嗅气味,舌头用来尝滋味。

The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling.The tongue is used for tasting.

2.1.3 Adding Necessary Connectives We have mentioned in the comparison between English and Chinese languages that English grammar is overt, while Chinese grammar is covert.In English connectives are frequently used to closely connect each part of the sentence.Thus, in Chinese=English translation, it is very common to add connectives.1.他不来,我不走。

I shall not go until he comes.2.早知这样就不来了。

If I had known it earlier, I would not have come.3.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。

Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

4.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。

So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 2.1.4 Adding Necessary Prepositions 1.十号清晨这里发生了一起火灾。

On the early morning of the 10th there was a big fire.2.这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.3.你是白天工作还是夜间工作?

Do you work in the daytime or at night? 2.2 Semantic Amplification English and Chinese as tow languages have different idiomatic expressions.For some Chinese sentences clear in meaning, if we translate them word to word into English, the meaning of English sentences may be not expressive, causing misunderstanding.In this case, semantic amplification is necessary.1.天未下雪,但叶落草枯。

There is no snow, but the leaves are gone from the trees, and the grass is dead.2.谁都知道那里很艰苦。

Everyone knows that life there was rather hard.3.要提倡顾全大局。We should develop the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.4.法律是上层建筑。

Laws form part of the superstructure.5.天色已经相当晚了,我们决定在那座庙里过夜。

As it was getting quite late, we decided to stop at that temple for the night.2.3 Cultural Amplification

There are different cultures supporting English and Chinese.In translation, the adding of explanations of cultural allusions or figures and background knowledge is necessary.1.班门弄斧。

Showing off one’s proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter 2.三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.3.这真是俗话说的,“旁观者清”。

It is just as the proverb goes “The onlookers see most of the game.”

Unit 8 Omission

I Omission in English-Chinese Translation 1.1 Syntactical Omission 1.1.1 The Omission of Pronouns Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese.Therefore, when translated into Chinese, many English pronouns can be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expression.1.He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴,看上去一副可怜相。

2.He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。

3.Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in the city.这座城市处处可见到新人新事。

(2,3,有时候,当泛指的英语人称代词做主语时,即使是作第一个主语,译文中往往也可以省略。)4.You must excuse me.I shall not speak of the matter again.请你原谅,我以后不再提这件事了。

5.The more you elaborate on empty theories, the more people disgust them.你越讲空洞的大道理,人家就越感到讨厌。

6.The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.普通美国人一生中换九到十次工作。7.It is our duty to attend to this matter.处理这件事是我们的责任。

8.He believes it necessary to learn some rules before doing it.他认为有必要先掌握一些规律,然后再干。1.1.2 The Omission of Articles

The article is the hallmark of English nouns.When translated into Chinese, it is usually omitted except the indefinite intended to indicate the numeral “one”, or “a certain”.1.The boy sitting at the table is my brother.坐在桌旁的(那个)男孩是我弟弟。(这里The boy 后有定语从句作修饰,the可省可不省)

2.A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.骆驼不如大象力量大。

3.She stared at me without saying a word.她瞪着我,一句话不说。

(不定冠词a或an 指“一”时,不能省略)

4.The taxi driver said that he was getting a pound a mile.出租汽车司机说他(开车)每开一英里可赚一英镑。(不定冠词a或 an 指“每一”时不能省略)5.The two boys are of an age.这两个男孩同岁。

(不定冠词a 或an 指“同一”时,不能省略)6.The traveler saw the bird fly away.这个旅行者看到那只鸟飞走了。

(定冠词the强调“这”、“那”时,也不能省略)

1.1.3 The Omission of Preposition Chinese is characterized by its succinctness and the preposition appears less frequently in Chinese than in English, and therefore omission preposition is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.1.On weekends we have no school.周末我们不上课。

2.The products produced in this factory are good in quality and low in price.该厂生产的产品物美价廉。

3.Regarding marriage, I have my own way.婚姻的事,我自己做主。

4.The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.中国共产党成立于1921年。1921年中国共产党成立。

1.1.4 The Omission of Conjunctions

Chinese is considered an analytic language and many conjunctions that are indispensable in English may seem redundant in Chinese.1.1.4.1 The Omission of Coordinating Conjunctions 1.The door was opened, and they came in.门开了,他们走了进来。

2.He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army.他在大学念过两年书,后来就去参军了。

3.Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that Americans have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world.然而,外国人有时抱怨说,美国人对外部世界漠不关心,一无所知。1.1.4.2 The Omission of Subordinating Conjunctions 1.If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?

2.One will not succeed unless one works hard.不努力就不会成功

3.As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.温度增高,水的体积就增大。

4.When the board was spinning slowly, you could see all the different colors.纸板慢慢旋转,你就能看出各种不同的颜色。1.1.5 The Omission of Predicate Verbs As Chinese is a language of parataxis, its grammar is not so strict as that of English, and predicative verbs in Chinese sometimes my also be omitted.(汉语的描述句可以直接用形容词、名词、介词、短语或主谓结构作谓语,而英文句子的谓语则必须是动词,所以在英译汉时,描述句中的动词有时要省略。)1.1.5.1 The Omission of Link Verbs 1.He was sixty-eight.In two years he would be seventy.他68岁,再过两年就70了。

2.When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低,沸点就低。

3.She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。

1.1.5.2 The Omission of Other Verbs

1.Eight o’clock found Tom up and dressed.八点钟,汤姆起床穿衣。

2.The year of 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic China.1949年,中华人民共和国成立。

3.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家土地辽阔,人口众多,资源丰富。

1.2 Rhetorical Omission We have mentioned Chinese is a succinct and concise language.In English-Chinese translation we can omit some minor or unnecessary parts to make the translation smooth and fluent.1.2.1 The Omission of Some Repeated Words

1.He was arrested, convicted and sentenced to prison

他已被捕判刑,监禁在狱。

2.He is a man of culture and learning.他是个有学问的人。

3.She stood there calm and quiet, waiting for their decision.她镇静地站在那,等待他们的决定。

4.William Sidney Porter, who is known under his pen name, O.Henry, is one of the best known writers of America.威廉•悉尼•波特尔,笔名欧•亨利,为美国最知名的作家之一。1.2.2 The Omission of Unnecessary Words 1.Could you help me in any way? 你能帮帮我吗? 2.What is the shortest possible way to the railway station? 去火车站哪条路最近?

3.Part-time waitress applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.应聘业余女招待,有工作经验者优先。

4.The radio consisting of five tubes can receive various signals.五管收音机能接受各种信号。

5.There is no month in the whole year in which nature wears s more beautiful appearance than in the month of October.一年之中,大自然的美景莫过于十月金秋。

ⅡOmission in Chinese-English Translation 2.1Omission of Category Words Sometimes, omission is used in Chinese-English translation when the original Chinese indicates not a specific case but a conceptual category, especially such nouns as “任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面”、“情景”、“面貌” and so on.1.干热环境 dry heat

计划生育工作 family planning 落后状态 backwardness

在文革时期 during the cultural revolution 3.他们在在讨论他访问香港的事情。

They are discussing about his trip to Hong Kong.4.关于利润分配的问题,我就说这些。

On profit distribution, that’s all I have got to say.2.2 Omission of Redundant words 2.2.1 Omitting the Repeated Words 1.要是下三天雨,难道我就在这儿住三天不成? Am I to stay here for three days if it rains that long? 2.生也好,死也好,我们要忠于党,忠于人民,忠于祖国。

Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.3.人们利用科学去了解自然,改造自然。

People use science to understand and change nature.4.我们必须培养分析问题,解决问题的能力。

We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.5.他从小就认真读书,刻苦学习。

He worked hard at his studies even in early childhood.6.海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞,手足兄弟。

The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same flesh and blood.2.2.2 Omitting the Unnecessary Words 1.他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。

They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.2.他一开口总是三句话不离他女朋友。

He can hardly open his mouth without talking about his girlfriend.2.2.3 Omitting the Empty Words We have many empty words in Chinese such as “就”、“又”、“还”、“都”,etc.Usually, such empty words can be omitted in Chinese-English translation.1.师生关系愈好,就愈有利于教学水平的提高。

The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances there are for improving teaching.2.她就是这种脾气。That is her temper.3.朋友们听到他家中的困难情况后,都主动伸出援助之手。

After his friends heard about his family difficulties, they offered his a helping hand.4.那时候党中央的所在地就在保安,政治影响可谓大矣。

The Central Committee of the Party was then in Bao’an,and our political influence could be considered very great in deed.2.2.4 Omitting Verbs(有些前后意思已经很明确的动宾短语,可以省去搭配的动词不译,只译宾语。)1.总理在出席音乐会之前,还有许多工作要做。The premier had a lot of work to do before the concert.(没有必要译成before attending…)

2.她连续讲了两个小时的法语,没有出现任何错误。

She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.3.我在等待几个高中同学的到来。

I’m waiting for some classmates in middle-school.2.3 Omission of Meticulous Descriptions

Occasionally, omission is used to simplify the sentence structure, especially when the original Chinese is too meticulous in description.1.这时天空黑云密布,阴阴沉沉,和下午三四点钟的时候大不一样。It is now overcast and sullen, so changed from the early afternoon.2.花园里面是人间的乐园。有的是吃不了的大米白面,穿不完的绫罗绸缎,花不完的金银财宝。

The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.

第二篇:马克思传读后感七八章

《马克思传》读后感(八,九章)

对于马克思与恩格斯,他们无疑都是天才,然而天才仿佛永远都远离不了苦难与不幸,并且被社会所排斥。这本书中说到:“庸人之所以预言每一个天才终将胜利,正因为向他们是庸人。

马克思,一个处在资产阶级社会中的天才,孤独的十字架是他的归宿,天才在这个社会里是无家可归的。因此,马克思也遭受了资本主义对天才的摧残与折磨。

在马克思进行社会的头十年,他一直同贫困进行斗争,过着亡命的生活,这种普罗米修斯式的命运一直到他去世。马克思所过的生活并不是一般意义上天才的生活,他有着过人的勤奋与过人的精力,他曾说失去工作能力对于每个人来说是宣告死刑,当他为了面包而写作时,他说一个作家不应该为谋生而写作,而应该为写作去谋生。1851年起,十年的时间马克思喂《纽约每日论坛报》撰稿,马克思受到出版家的资本主义剥夺,沦为一个简单的劳动力,为此马克思曾说无论遇到什么障碍,我都要朝着我的目标前进,而不让资产阶级社会把我变成一个赚钱的机器。对于无产阶级的运动他也一直以这种钢铁的意志担负着,他是一位指望着后世承认的天才。

恩格斯是曼彻斯特证卷交易所令人尊敬的一员,他经常参加资产阶级娱乐活动,总是衣冠整洁,恩格斯深入钻研军事科学,命运的悲剧是他没有完成这个领域的研究,而他没有悲叹,他认为同马克思并肩战斗的四十年是他一生最大的幸福。这样两个天才的友谊是史无前例的,他们两个的生活在共同事业中不分你我的紧密融合在一起,存在着独

特的意志,独特的思想,各个是完整的。他们的友谊是全部历史上无于伦比的联盟。

在充斥着金钱,利益的资本主义的侵蚀下,那些与马克思,恩格斯并肩作战的战士有些变得温柔了,渐渐的他们醉心于卑鄙的物质利益,马克思曾经挽留怒斥,最终只能是断绝了往来。这艰辛的道路上,走的越远,越需要钢铁的意志,这种意志可能大多都存在于天才身上。1855年马克思唯一的儿子埃德加尔死了,从他写给恩格斯的信中看出他陷入极大的悲伤当中,家庭幸福也变得黯然,而信中提及,当时支撑这位天才的就是无产阶级事业。1851年,恩格斯患病了,自此,他的精力明显的下降了,两位天才终终因过度消耗自己而不在经历充沛了。

1857年欧洲终于也发生了经济危机,这对于无产阶级来说是福音。1859年,马克思的“政治经济学”的手稿终于完成,但这本伟大的书即将问世是,却因为作者没有钱将他寄给出版人而一波三折,恐怕再也没有什么人会在这样缺钱的情况下去写关于“金钱”的著作了。在这本晚期的著作《政治经济学批判》中,马克思走出了决定性的一步,它的最高成就就是用劳动时间来确定商品的价值。

马克思一生是我们无法评价的,他留给后世的是一片新的天地,而自己却受尽了摧残,上帝赐予人间的天才并不少,只是愿意用这才能全人类工作的只有马克思一人。

第三篇:七——HBM公司简介翻译

HBM公司简介翻译

HBM – Products and services from virtual to physical testing

Since 1950, HBM has built a globally-respected reputation in the Test and Measurement industry, based on the supply of reliable precision transducers and measurement solutions across a.从1950年以来,HBM依靠提供可靠的精度和测量解决方案给广泛的行业,在测试和测量行业建立了享誉全球的信誉。

As a technology and market leader worldwide, the company today offers products and services across the entire measurement spectrum, from virtual to physical testing.作为一个全球范围的技术和市场领导者,公司现今通过整个测量光谱向全世界提供的产品和服务,从虚拟到物理的性能测试。

Products

产品

Products comprise ,as well as

产品包含传感器,仪表和数据采集系统,以及耐久性、测试和分析软件。

In addition, HBM has dedicated resources worldwide for the design, development and production of customized sensors.另外,HBM在全球范围内拥有专门设计,发展和生产定制的传感器的资源。

Sales network

销售网络

HBM’sprovides you with highly competent technical partners and fast measurement support around the world.HBM operates 27 subsidiaries and sales offices in ,andwith approximately 1,700 employees.In addition, the company is represented in a further 40 countries worldwide.HBM的销售网络在全球范围内提供给你有能力的技术合作伙伴和快速测试系统。HBM在欧洲,美洲和亚洲经营了27家子公司和销售办公室大约有1700名职工。此外,公司在40多个国家拥有代理。R&D and production facilities

研发和生产基地

R&D and production facilities are located in Darmstadt, Germany, as well as in Marlborough, MA, U.S.A.and Suzhou in China.研发和生产基地坐落于达姆施塔特,德国,以及在万宝路,麻萨诸塞州、美国和中国苏州。

Our high-quality standards are well documented: In 1986, HBM was the first company in Germany to be awarded.In 1996, HBM’s environmental management system received.我们高品质的标准文件:在1986年,HBM是德国第一个被授予ISO9001证明的公司。在1996年,HBM的坏境管理系统获得了ISO14001证明。

HBM is a wholly-owned subsidiary of , the precision instrumentation and controls company.HBM是由Spectris plc的全资附属公司,精密仪器仪表及控制的公司。

第四篇:《马克思主义基本原理概论》第五、六、七、八章复习重点

《马克思主义基本原理概论》第五、六、七、八章复习重点

1.简述级差地租两种形态的形成条件及本质。

答:(1)级差地租有两种形态:级差地租Ⅰ和级差地租Ⅱ。

(2)级差地租Ⅰ的形成条件有两个:一是不同地块土地肥沃程度的差别,二是不同地块地理位置的差别。

(3)级差地租Ⅱ的形成条件是同一块土地连续追加投资的劳动生产率不同。即追加投资所生产的农产品个别生产价格低于社会生产价格的超额利润。

(4)级差地租的本质:形成级差地租的超额利润是耕种优等和中等地的农业工人所创造的超额剩余价值。

2.简述垄断的形成及垄断组织的主要形式。

答:(1)垄断是从自由竞争中产生的。自由竞争必然会引起生产和资本的集中,当生产和资本集中发展到一定程度时,就会自然而然地走向垄断。

(2)垄断主要是通过一定的垄断组织实现的。最初的垄断组织形式是通过一些临时的、短期的垄断协议。随着生产和资本的进一步集中,垄断势力的增强,垄断组织也逐步发展、规范和完善起来。较为重要的垄断组织形式有:卡特尔、辛迪加、托拉斯和康采恩。20世纪后半叶,垄断组织的形式又有较大发展,主要特征是混合联合企业的兴起。

(3)垄断的实质是为了获取高额垄断利润。

3.简述国家垄断资本主义的含义及基本形式。

答:(1)国家垄断资本主义即资本主义的国家与垄断资本相结合的资本主义,其基本的、主要的形式有三种类型:①国家直接掌握的垄断资本,②国家和私人资本在企业内部的结合,③国家和私人资本在企业外部的结合。

4.简述经济全球化的内容。

答:经济全球化本质上是资源配置的国际化,其内容主要包括:

(1)生产的全球化;(2)贸易的全球化;(3)资本的全球化。

5.简述科学社会主义的产生及其与空想社会主义的区别。

答:(1)马克思和恩格斯在工人运动的实践中,在总结、吸收前人优秀思想成果的基础上,逐步形成了科学社会主义理论。(2)科学社会主义与空想社会主义的区别

①空想社会主义者看到了资本主义必然灭亡的命运,但因为他们没有正确认识社会历史发展的必然规律,不能揭示出资本主义必然灭亡的经济根源和客观必然性。②他们要求埋葬资本主义,却找不到埋葬资本主义的力量。③他们憧憬社会主义的理想社会,却找不到通往理想社会的现实道路。马克思主义的社会主义理论则正好相反,它使社会主义从空想变成科学,并在实践中不断发展。

6.试述社会主义的本质和基本特征。

答:(1)邓小平把社会主义的本质概括为“解放生产力,发展生产力,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到共同富裕”。这是对社会主义根本性质的科学概括,是对科学社会主义的重大发展。

(2)在社会主义实践中,特别是中国的改革开放实践中,人们关于社会主义基本特征的认识可归纳为以下几个方面:

第一,解放和发展生产力,创造高度发达的生产力和比资本主义更高的劳动生产率。这是社会主义制度优越性最根本的一条。社会主义的根本的和首要的任务就是解放和发展生产力。

第二,建立和完善社会主义的生产资料公有制,逐步消灭剥削,消除两极分

化,最终达到共同富裕。

第三,社会主义的分配原则是按劳分配,这是由社会主义所有制关系决定的。第四,社会主义事业要有以马克思主义为指导的共产党的领导,建立起社会主义国家政权,发展社会主义民主,完善社会主义法制,建设社会主义的政治文明。

第五,以马克思主义为指导的社会主义文化和精神文明建设。

7.简述共产主义社会的生产力和物质基础。

答:(1)共产主义社会是人类社会发展的最高社会形态,它的物质基础,是远远高于以往一切社会的高度发达的社会生产力。只有在社会生产力高度发展的基础上,才有可能建立起共产主义的经济基础和上层建筑,从而人类社会才能进入共产主义社会。所以,社会生产力的高度发展,是实现共产主义社会的根本条件和基础。(2)共产主义社会的社会生产力的高度发展,是伴随着科学技术的高度发展和人们的科技水平极大提高而实现的,从而创造出前所未有的高水平的劳动生产率,这是共产主义社会制度具有巨大优越性的根本保证。

(3)共产主义社会在社会生产力高度发展的基础上,实现了社会财富的极大丰富,这就为最大限度地满足社会成员的物质和文化生活需求提供了可靠的物质保证。

8.简述共产主义社会生产资料所有制的特点。

答:(1)共产主义社会高度社会化的生产,要求由社会占有全部生产资料,实行生产资料社会公有制。

(2)在共产主义社会全体社会成员成为生产资料的共同所有者,真正体现人们在生产资料面前的完全平等关系。

(3)共产主义社会不在存在社会主义公有制条件下的多种公有制形式,公有制经济单位之间的利益差别也随之消除。

(4)在共产主义社会中全体社会成员组成的联合体,共同占有并共同使用生产资料,生产的成果也归全体社会成员共同所有,为满足他们的物质文化需要和全面发展服务。

9.如何理解人的自由而全面的发展? 答:(1)人的自由全面发展,是指每个社会成员的体力智力获得全面发展和自由运用,个人的全部智慧、力量和潜能素质都能全面自由地尽量发挥,每个社会成员可以按照自己的兴趣、爱好、意愿以及社会的需要自由地选择职业和变换工作,把从事不同社会职业作为相互交替的活动方式。

(2)实现人的自由而全面发展的必要条件是:人们完全摆脱了生产资料私有制和阶级压迫的束缚、旧式分工的束缚、劳动仅仅是谋生手段的束缚、接受教育和训练的限制。

(3)共产主义社会所实现的人的自由而全面发展,使人自身个性的发展达到了一个极高的境界,人不仅完全摆脱了自然界的奴役,创造出高度发达的社会生产力,成为自然界的主义,而且成为社会的主人和自身的主人,实现了真正的自由发展。同时,共产主义社会中人的自由全面发展和社会的全面发展是相互联系、相互促进、密不可分的。

10.试述实现共产主义是一个不断实践的长期过程。

答:(1)共产主义作为一个新生事物的成长道路,必然要在实践中经历长期的探索过程。因为,共产主义事业毕竟是人类历史上完全崭新的事业,无产阶级在争取解放、建设社会主义和实现共产主义的过程中,没有现成的经验可循,不可能有事先设计好的完美蓝图,必须在实践中去探索和创新。

(2)社会主义的充分发展和社会主义历史阶段的长期性,决定了向共产主义过渡必然是一个长期的实践过程。必须经过发达社会主义的长期发展,逐步创造向共

产主义过渡的主客观条件,在具备了这些条件的时候,才能逐步实现向共产主义社会的过渡。

(3)经济发展相对落后的社会主义国家要经过更长的社会主义发展阶段,才能在将来实现共产主义。

(4)共产主义事业本质上是国际性的,只在全世界范围内主要的和多数的国家转变为社会主义制度以后,人类在将来才有可能进入共产主义社会。社会义主义在世界范围内取代资本主义,进而在全世界实现共产主义,必然要经历一个长期、曲折、复杂的历史过程。

11.为什么要把共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想结合起来? 答:(1)共产主义是历史发展的必然趋势,体现了社会发展规律的客观要求,是人类最美好最崇高的社会制度,因而我们要顺应历史发展的潮流,树立共产主义的远大社会理想。共产主义远大理想的树立,可以为人们从事各种社会实践活动提供强大的精神支柱和思想动力。共产主义远大理想是我们实现人生价值的 基础和归宿,是凝聚一切进步社会力量、推动社会不断前进的精神航标。

(2)我国当前正处于社会主义初级阶段,建设中国特色社会主义是我国人民的历史使命和共同理想。中国特色社会主义开创了我国社会主义发展的崭新道路,是科学社会主义理论与中国国情相结合的产物。

(3)共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想,二者相辅相成,相互促进,有机联系和统一。一方面,远大理想是现阶段共同理想的奋斗目标。另一方面,现阶段的共同理想是远大理想的坚实基础。实现共产主义远大理想,要经过社会主义历史阶段的长足发展,实现中国特色社会主义的共同理想,是为实现共产主义远大理想而服务。中国特色社会主义共同理想在我国的成功实践,必然为实现共产主义远大理想奠定坚实的基础。

第五篇:七、教案

(一)教案的定义和作用

教案是教师自我设计制定的教学方案,一般以一篇课文或一个课时为单位。

教案是教师备课的基本方式之一,是教师讲课时所依据的具体方案。除此之外,教案的作用还表现在两个方面:第一,它是检查教师教学工作的基本依据;第二,它是教师总结教学成绩、传授教学经验以提高教学水平的重要资料。

(二)教案的特点

1.规范化

教案写作有着自身的一套行文规范,就一个课题而言,其教学目的、教学重点、教学方法、课前预习设计、每一课时的具体教学内容等,都需要依次写出。就一个课时具体内容而言,基本的教学内容和步骤、教具的使用、板书的设计以及布置作业等项环节,也要依次写出。这些规范化的操作程序是教学工作的自身规律所规定的,应当遵守。

2.细节化

教案比起教学大纲来,要细致得多,它甚至包括某一个概念的讲析,某一个语词的解释,某一次板书的设计,某一次教具的使用等教学工作中的细小环节。教案的细节化可以使教学工作细致精确,从而保证教学质量。

3.经验化

教案并不是教师本人闭门造车的产物,它以教学大纲为依据,同时需要调动自身的教学经验并汲取别人成功经验之后才得以完成,在教学实践中还要根据经验教训不断修改使之完善。它是个人经验和集体经验相结合的产物。

(三)教案的写作

1.标题

教案的标题原则上以教学内容加文种组成。教学内容可以是一个课题、一个单元,如《唐诗三首教案》,或《议论文写作教案》。有时,为了区分得更细致,还可加上课时次序,如《〈威尼斯的小艇〉第一课时教案》。

2.正文

教案的正文内容繁多,必不可少的项目有:

本课题的教学目的;本课题的教学重点;本课题的教学方式等,这些项目属于本课题的总体设计,放在正文的开头部分。

接下来是每个课时教学内容和方法的具体安排,涉及一个课时之内的所有教学内容和步骤。包括本课时的教学目的、教学重点、基本步骤、课文讲解、教具使用、板书设计、提问方式、教学检查与反馈、练习题目等。

除此之外,根据学校的要求,教案有时还会包括学生成绩分析、教学改革设想、单元知识结构概括等内容。

教案以课时为基本单位组织写作,若干个课时构成一个课题或一个教学单元,从而形成其体系性。

【 例 文 】

《【般涉调】哨遍·高祖还乡》教学方案

一、教学目的1.了解元曲的一般常识,懂得小令、套数、杂剧的异同,体会本篇的特色。

2.理解本篇思想内容的积极意义及其局限性。

二、教学重点、难点

1.重点: 思想内容的积极意义及其局限性。

2.难点: 体会这一历来被传诵的元曲名篇的“新奇“之所在。

三、教学时数

两课时。

四、教学步骤:

第一课时

作者简介:(略)

背景简介:(略)

元曲简介:(略)

课文分析:

这套曲子由八支曲子组成,大体可分为三部分。

第一部分: 写汉高祖来到村前,村里一片忙乱。

第一层:社长派差摊税,农民议论纷纷的忙乱情况。(略)

第二层: 写王乡老、赵忙郎一个手里捧着个瓦台盘,一个怀里抱着个酒葫芦在等候接驾。(略)

第二部分: 写皇帝仪仗队进村的场面。(略)

第二课时

第三部分:写见驾、骂驾。

第一层: 写见驾。(略)

第二层: 写骂驾。(略)

小结:

1.结构严谨,层次分明(略)

2.语言诙谐、幽默(使用口语、俚语)

比如用“白胡阑套住个迎霜兔”、“红曲连打着个毕月乌”、“鸡学舞”、“狗生双翅”、“蛇缠葫芦”等一系列幽默诙谐的语言来描写日、月、龙、虎、凤五面旗,这就富有讽刺的意味。元曲最大的特点是使用口语、俚语,读起来明白、流畅、生动,与唐诗宋词用语力求典雅完全不同。由于口语运用得好,使人物性格特别鲜明清晰。

3.动作传神

本篇全文只有457 个字(不计标点符号),但却塑造出了一些栩栩如生的人物形象。比如: 作品主人公的形象之所以能呼之欲出,使人如见其人,如闻其声,如见其面,就是由于作者善于运用“猛可里抬头觑,觑多时认得,险些气破我胸脯”等一连串传神的动作,和运用了“你须身姓刘,你妻须姓吕,把你两家儿根脚从头数”等个性化的语言。汉高祖刘邦的形象也就是如此。“那大汉下的车,众人施礼数”,“那大汉觑得人如无物”,“那

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